1
|
Yuan Q, Fan Z, Huang W, Huo X, Yang X, Ran Y, Chen J, Li H. Human cytomegalovirus UL23 exploits PD-L1 inhibitory signaling pathway to evade T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. mBio 2024:e0119124. [PMID: 38829126 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01191-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a widely prevalent human beta-herpesvirus, establishes lifelong persistence in the host following primary infection. In healthy individuals, the virus is effectively controlled by HCMV-specific T cells and typically exhibits asymptomatic. The T cell immune response plays a pivotal role in combating HCMV infection, while HCMV employs various strategies to counteract it within the host. Previously, we reported that UL23, a tegument protein of HCMV, facilitates viral immune evasion from interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses, and it is well known that IFN-γ is mainly derived from T cells. However, the involvement of UL23 in viral immune evasion from T cell-mediated immunity remains unclear. Herein, we present compelling evidence that UL23 significantly enhances viral resistance against T cell-mediated cytotoxicity during HCMV infection from the co-culture assays of HCMV-infected cells with T cells. We found that IFN-γ plays a major role in regulating T cell cytotoxicity mediated by UL23. More interestingly, we demonstrated that UL23 not only regulates the IFN-γ downstream responses but also modulates the IFN-γ secretion by regulating T cell activities. Further experiments indicate that UL23 upregulates the expression and signaling of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is responsible for inhibiting multiple aspects of T cell activities, including activation, apoptosis, and IFN-γ secretion, as determined through RNA-seq analysis and inhibitor-blocking experiments, ultimately facilitating viral replication and spread. Our findings highlight the potential role of UL23 as an alternative antagonist in suppressing T cell cytotoxicity and unveil a novel strategy for HCMV to evade T cell immunity. IMPORTANCE T cell immunity is pivotal in controlling primary human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, restricting periodic reactivation, and preventing HCMV-associated diseases. Despite inducing a robust T cell immune response, HCMV has developed sophisticated immune evasion mechanisms that specifically target T cell responses. Although numerous studies have been conducted on HCMV-specific T cells, the primary focus has been on the impact of HCMV on T cell recognition via major histocompatibility complex molecules. Our studies show for the first time that HCMV exploits the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitory signaling pathway to evade T cell immunity by modulating the activities of T cells and thereby blocking the secretion of IFN-γ, which is directly mediated by HCMV-encoded tegument protein UL23. While PD-L1 has been extensively studied in the context of tumors and viruses, its involvement in HCMV infection and viral immune evasion is rarely reported. We observed an upregulation of PD-L1 in normal cells during HCMV infection and provided strong evidence supporting its critical role in UL23-induced inhibition of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The novel strategy employed by HCMV to manipulate the inhibitory signaling pathway of T cell immune activation for viral evasion through its encoded protein offers valuable insights for the understanding of HCMV-mediated T cell immunomodulation and developing innovative antiviral treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaosong Fan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Huo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Ran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chaudhry MZ, Borkner L, Kulkarni U, Berberich-Siebelt F, Cicin-Sain L. NFAT signaling is indispensable for persistent memory responses of MCMV-specific CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012025. [PMID: 38346075 PMCID: PMC10890734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) induces a unique T cell response, where antigen-specific populations do not contract, but rather inflate during viral latency. It has been proposed that subclinical episodes of virus reactivation feed the inflation of CMV-specific memory cells by intermittently engaging T cell receptors (TCRs), but evidence of TCR engagement has remained lacking. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a family of transcription factors, where NFATc1 and NFATc2 signal downstream of TCR in mature T lymphocytes. We show selective impacts of NFATc1 and/or NFATc2 genetic ablations on the long-term inflation of MCMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses despite largely maintained responses to acute infection. NFATc1 ablation elicited robust phenotypes in isolation, but the strongest effects were observed when both NFAT genes were missing. CMV control was impaired only when both NFATs were deleted in CD8+ T cells used in adoptive immunotherapy of immunodeficient mice. Transcriptome analyses revealed that T cell intrinsic NFAT is not necessary for CD8+ T cell priming, but rather for their maturation towards effector-memory and in particular the effector cells, which dominate the pool of inflationary cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Zeeshan Chaudhry
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Borkner
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Upasana Kulkarni
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine, a joint venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deng Y, Ostermann E, Brune W. A cytomegalovirus inflammasome inhibitor reduces proinflammatory cytokine release and pyroptosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:786. [PMID: 38278864 PMCID: PMC10817922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to viral infection, cells can initiate programmed cell death (PCD), leading to a reduction in the release of viral progeny. Viruses have therefore evolved specific mechanisms to curb PCD. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are sophisticated manipulators of cellular defenses and encode potent inhibitors of apoptosis and necroptosis. However, a CMV inhibitor of pyroptosis has not been clearly identified and characterized. Here we identify the mouse cytomegalovirus M84 protein as an inhibitor of pyroptosis and proinflammatory cytokine release. M84 interacts with the pyrin domain of AIM2 and ASC to inhibit inflammasome assembly. It thereby prevents Caspase-1-mediated activation of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and Gasdermin D. Growth attenuation of an M84-deficient MCMV in macrophages is rescued by knockout of either Aim2 or Asc or by treatment with a Caspase-1 inhibitor, and its attenuation in infected mice is partially rescued in Asc knockout mice. Thus, viral inhibition of the inflammasome-pyroptosis pathway is important to promote viral replication in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Deng
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cappelletti G, Colombrita C, Limanaqi F, Invernizzi S, Garziano M, Vanetti C, Moscheni C, Santangelo S, Zecchini S, Trabattoni D, Silani V, Clerici M, Ratti A, Biasin M. Human motor neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1285836. [PMID: 38116398 PMCID: PMC10728732 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1285836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 typically causes Q7 respiratory disorders, but a high proportion of patients also reports neurological and neuromuscular symptoms during and after SARSCoV-2 infection. Despite a number of studies documenting SARS-CoV-2 infection of various neuronal cell populations, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 exposure on motor neuronal cells specifically has not been investigated so far. Methods Thus, by using human iPSC-derived motor neurons (iPSC-MNs) we assessed: (i) the expression of SARS-CoV-2 main receptors; (ii) iPSC-MN infectability by SARS-CoV-2; and (iii) the effect of SARS-CoV-2 exposure on iPSC-MN transcriptome. Results Gene expression profiling and immunofluorescence (IF) analysis of the main host cell receptors recognized by SARS-CoV-2 revealed that all of them are expressed in iPSC-MNs, with CD147 and NRP1 being the most represented ones. By analyzing SARS-CoV-2 N1 and N2 gene expression over time, we observed that human iPSC-MNs were productively infected by SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of cytopathic effect. Supernatants collected from SARS-CoV-2-infected iPSC-MNs were able to re-infect VeroE6 cells. Image analyses of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid proteins by IF confirmed iPSC-MN infectability. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection in iPSCMNs significantly altered the expression of genes (IL-6, ANG, S1PR1, BCL2, BAX, Casp8, HLA-A, ERAP1, CD147, MX1) associated with cell survival and metabolism, as well as antiviral and inflammatory response. Discussion These results suggest for the very first time that SARS-CoV-2 can productively infect human iPSC-derived MNs probably by binding CD147 and NRP1 receptors. Such information will be important to unveil the biological bases of neuromuscular disorders characterizing SARS-CoV-2 infection and the so called long-COVID symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Cappelletti
- Laboratory of Immune-Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Colombrita
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Laboratory of Immune-Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Invernizzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Laboratory of Immune-Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Laboratory of Immune-Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- Laboratory of Immune-Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Santangelo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Laboratory of Immune-Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Laboratory of Immune-Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari” Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Laboratory of Immune-Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ren Y, Wang A, Zhang B, Ji W, Zhu XX, Lou J, Huang M, Qiu Y, Zhou X. Human cytomegalovirus UL36 inhibits IRF3-dependent immune signaling to counterbalance its immunoenhancement as apoptotic inhibitor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi6586. [PMID: 37792941 PMCID: PMC10550242 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic inhibition and immune evasion have particular importance to efficient viral infection, while a dilemma often faced by viruses is that inhibiting apoptosis can up-regulate antiviral immune signaling. Herein, we uncovered that in addition to inhibiting caspase-8/extrinsic apoptosis, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded UL36 suppresses interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent immune signaling by directly targeting IRF3 to abrogate IRF3 interaction with stimulator of interferon genes or TANK-binding kinase 1 and inhibit IRF3 phosphorylation/activation. Although UL36-mediated caspase-8/extrinsic apoptosis inhibition enhances immune signaling, the immunosuppressing activity of UL36 counterbalances this immunoenhancing "side effect" undesirable for virus. Furthermore, we used mutational analyses to show that only the wild-type, but not the UL36 mutant losing either inhibitory activity, is sufficient to support effective HCMV replication in cells, showing the functional importance of the dual inhibition by UL36 for the HCMV life cycle. Together, our findings demonstrate a sophisticated mechanism by which HCMV tightly controls innate immune signaling and extrinsic apoptosis for efficient infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenting Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Muhan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu C, He S, Zhu W, Ru P, Ge X, Govindasamy K. Human cytomegalovirus in cancer: the mechanism of HCMV-induced carcinogenesis and its therapeutic potential. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1202138. [PMID: 37424781 PMCID: PMC10327488 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1202138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a well-studied herpesvirus, has been implicated in malignancies derived from breast, colorectal muscle, brain, and other cancers. Intricate host-virus interactions are responsible for the cascade of events that have the potential to result in the transformed phenotype of normal cells. The HCMV genome contains oncogenes that may initiate these types of cancers, and although the primary HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic, the virus remains in the body in a latent or persistent form. Viral reactivation causes severe health issues in immune-compromised individuals, including cancer patients, organ transplants, and AIDS patients. This review focuses on the immunologic mechanisms and molecular mechanisms of HCMV-induced carcinogenesis, methods of HCMV treatment, and other studies. Studies show that HCMV DNA and virus-specific antibodies are present in many types of cancers, implicating HCMV as an important player in cancer progression. Importantly, many clinical trials have been initiated to exploit HCMV as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, particularly in immunotherapy strategies in the treatment of breast cancer and glioblastoma patients. Taken together, these findings support a link between HCMV infections and cellular growth that develops into cancer. More importantly, HCMV is the leading cause of birth defects in newborns, and infection with HCMV is responsible for abortions in pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Suna He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Penghui Ru
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xuemei Ge
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kavitha Govindasamy
- School of Arts and Science, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bošnjak B, Lueder Y, Messerle M, Förster R. Imaging cytomegalovirus infection and ensuing immune responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102307. [PMID: 36996701 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) possess exquisite mechanisms enabling colonization, replication, and release allowing spread to new hosts. Moreover, they developed ways to escape the control of the host immune responses and hide latently within the host cells. Here, we outline studies that visualized individual CMV-infected cells using reporter viruses. These investigations provided crucial insights into all steps of CMV infection and mechanisms the host's immune response struggles to control it. Uncovering complex viral and cellular interactions and underlying molecular as well as immunological mechanisms are a prerequisite for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for successful treatment of CMV-related pathologies in neonates and transplant patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yadav SK, Gawargi FI, Hasan MH, Tandon R, Upton JW, Mishra PK. Differential effects of CMV infection on the viability of cardiac cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:111. [PMID: 37012234 PMCID: PMC10070260 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widely prevalent herpesvirus that reaches seroprevalence rates of up to 95% in several parts of the world. The majority of CMV infections are asymptomatic, albeit they have severe detrimental effects on immunocompromised individuals. Congenital CMV infection is a leading cause of developmental abnormalities in the USA. CMV infection is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in individuals of all ages. Like other herpesviruses, CMV regulates cell death for its replication and establishes and maintains a latent state in the host. Although CMV-mediated regulation of cell death is reported by several groups, it is unknown how CMV infection affects necroptosis and apoptosis in cardiac cells. Here, we infected primary cardiomyocytes, the contractile cells in the heart, and primary cardiac fibroblasts with wild-type and cell-death suppressor deficient mutant CMVs to determine how CMV regulates necroptosis and apoptosis in cardiac cells. Our results reveal that CMV infection prevents TNF-induced necroptosis in cardiomyocytes; however, the opposite phenotype is observed in cardiac fibroblasts. CMV infection also suppresses inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, CMV infection improves mitochondrial biogenesis and viability in cardiomyocytes. We conclude that CMV infection differentially affects the viability of cardiac cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Yadav
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Flobater I Gawargi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mohammad H Hasan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jason W Upton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Alabama, AL, USA
| | - Paras K Mishra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mocarski ES. Programmed Necrosis in Host Defense. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 442:1-40. [PMID: 37563336 DOI: 10.1007/82_2023_264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Host control over infectious disease relies on the ability of cells in multicellular organisms to detect and defend against pathogens to prevent disease. Evolution affords mammals with a wide variety of independent immune mechanisms to control or eliminate invading infectious agents. Many pathogens acquire functions to deflect these immune mechanisms and promote infection. Following successful invasion of a host, cell autonomous signaling pathways drive the production of inflammatory cytokines, deployment of restriction factors and induction of cell death. Combined, these innate immune mechanisms attract dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages as well as innate lymphoid cells such as natural killer cells that all help control infection. Eventually, the development of adaptive pathogen-specific immunity clears infection and provides immune memory of the encounter. For obligate intracellular pathogens such as viruses, diverse cell death pathways make a pivotal contribution to early control by eliminating host cells before progeny are produced. Pro-apoptotic caspase-8 activity (along with caspase-10 in humans) executes extrinsic apoptosis, a nonlytic form of cell death triggered by TNF family death receptors (DRs). Over the past two decades, alternate extrinsic apoptosis and necroptosis outcomes have been described. Programmed necrosis, or necroptosis, occurs when receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) activates mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL), causing cell leakage. Thus, activation of DRs, toll-like receptors (TLRs) or pathogen sensor Z-nucleic acid binding protein 1 (ZBP1) initiates apoptosis as well as necroptosis if not blocked by virus-encoded inhibitors. Mammalian cell death pathways are blocked by herpesvirus- and poxvirus-encoded cell death suppressors. Growing evidence has revealed the importance of Z-nucleic acid sensor, ZBP1, in the cell autonomous recognition of both DNA and RNA virus infection. This volume will explore the detente between viruses and cells to manage death machinery and avoid elimination to support dissemination within the host animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Mocarski
- Robert W. Woodruff Professor Emeritus, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li M, Wu L, Chen M, Dong Y, Zheng L, Chen D, Qiao Y, Ke Z, Shi X. Co-activation of Caspase-1 and Caspase-8 in CMV-induced SGN death by inflammasome-associated pyroptosis and apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
11
|
Viral manipulation of host cell necroptosis and pyroptosis. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:593-605. [PMID: 34933805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell death forms an essential component of the antiviral immune response. Viral infection elicits different forms of host cell death, including the lytic and inflammatory cell death modes necroptosis or pyroptosis. The induction of both types of cell death not only eliminates virus-infected cells but also contributes to the development of innate and adaptive immunity through the release of inflammatory mediators. The importance of necroptosis and pyroptosis in host defence is evident from the numerous viral evasion mechanisms that suppress these cell death pathways. Here, we review the emerging principles by which viruses antagonise host cell necroptosis and pyroptosis to promote their spread and block host immunity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Flommersfeld S, Böttcher JP, Ersching J, Flossdorf M, Meiser P, Pachmayr LO, Leube J, Hensel I, Jarosch S, Zhang Q, Chaudhry MZ, Andrae I, Schiemann M, Busch DH, Cicin-Sain L, Sun JC, Gasteiger G, Victora GD, Höfer T, Buchholz VR, Grassmann S. Fate mapping of single NK cells identifies a type 1 innate lymphoid-like lineage that bridges innate and adaptive recognition of viral infection. Immunity 2021; 54:2288-2304.e7. [PMID: 34437840 PMCID: PMC8528403 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Upon viral infection, natural killer (NK) cells expressing certain germline-encoded receptors are selected, expanded, and maintained in an adaptive-like manner. Currently, these are thought to differentiate along a common pathway. However, by fate mapping of single NK cells upon murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, we identified two distinct NK cell lineages that contributed to adaptive-like responses. One was equivalent to conventional NK (cNK) cells while the other was transcriptionally similar to type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s). ILC1-like NK cells showed splenic residency and strong cytokine production but also recognized and killed MCMV-infected cells, guided by activating receptor Ly49H. Moreover, they induced clustering of conventional type 1 dendritic cells and facilitated antigen-specific T cell priming early during MCMV infection, which depended on Ly49H and the NK cell-intrinsic expression of transcription factor Batf3. Thereby, ILC1-like NK cells bridge innate and adaptive viral recognition and unite critical features of cNK cells and ILC1s. Adaptive-like NK cell responses to MCMV encompass conventional and ILC1-like lineages ILC1-like NK cells show enhanced cytokine production and splenic residency ILC1-like NK cells show EOMES expression, target-specific cytotoxicity, and clonal expansion ILC1-like NK cells drive cDC1 clustering and CD8+ T cell priming dependent on Ly49H and Batf3
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Flommersfeld
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Flossdorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Philippa Meiser
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig O Pachmayr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Justin Leube
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Inge Hensel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Qin Zhang
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Immanuel Andrae
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mandal P, Nagrani LN, Hernandez L, McCormick AL, Dillon CP, Koehler HS, Roback L, Alnemri ES, Green DR, Mocarski ES. Multiple Autonomous Cell Death Suppression Strategies Ensure Cytomegalovirus Fitness. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091707. [PMID: 34578288 PMCID: PMC8473406 DOI: 10.3390/v13091707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death pathways eliminate infected cells and regulate infection-associated inflammation during pathogen invasion. Cytomegaloviruses encode several distinct suppressors that block intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, and necroptosis, pathways that impact pathogenesis of this ubiquitous herpesvirus. Here, we expanded the understanding of three cell autonomous suppression mechanisms on which murine cytomegalovirus relies: (i) M38.5-encoded viral mitochondrial inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA), a BAX suppressor that functions in concert with M41.1-encoded viral inhibitor of BAK oligomerization (vIBO), (ii) M36-encoded viral inhibitor of caspase-8 activation (vICA), and (iii) M45-encoded viral inhibitor of RIP/RHIM activation (vIRA). Following infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages, the virus initially deflected receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3-dependent necroptosis, the most potent of the three cell death pathways. This process remained independent of caspase-8, although suppression of this apoptotic protease enhances necroptosis in most cell types. Second, the virus deflected TNF-mediated extrinsic apoptosis, a pathway dependent on autocrine TNF production by macrophages that proceeds independently of mitochondrial death machinery or RIPK3. Third, cytomegalovirus deflected BCL-2 family protein-dependent mitochondrial cell death through combined TNF-dependent and -independent signaling even in the absence of RIPK1, RIPK3, and caspase-8. Furthermore, each of these cell death pathways dictated a distinct pattern of cytokine and chemokine activation. Therefore, cytomegalovirus employs sequential, non-redundant suppression strategies to specifically modulate the timing and execution of necroptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, and intrinsic apoptosis within infected cells to orchestrate virus control and infection-dependent inflammation. Virus-encoded death suppressors together hold control over an intricate network that upends host defense and supports pathogenesis in the intact mammalian host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Mandal
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.S.M.); Tel.: +404-727-0563 (P.M.); +404-727-4273 (E.S.M.)
| | | | - Liliana Hernandez
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
| | | | | | - Heather S. Koehler
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Linda Roback
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Emad S. Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Douglas R. Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Edward S. Mocarski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.S.M.); Tel.: +404-727-0563 (P.M.); +404-727-4273 (E.S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Müller TR, Jarosch S, Hammel M, Leube J, Grassmann S, Bernard B, Effenberger M, Andrä I, Chaudhry MZ, Käuferle T, Malo A, Cicin-Sain L, Steinberger P, Feuchtinger T, Protzer U, Schumann K, Neuenhahn M, Schober K, Busch DH. Targeted T cell receptor gene editing provides predictable T cell product function for immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100374. [PMID: 34467251 PMCID: PMC8385324 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells expressing a transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) has the potential to revolutionize immunotherapy of infectious diseases and cancer. However, the generation of defined TCR-transgenic T cell medicinal products with predictable in vivo function still poses a major challenge and limits broader and more successful application of this "living drug." Here, by studying 51 different TCRs, we show that conventional genetic engineering by viral transduction leads to variable TCR expression and functionality as a result of variable transgene copy numbers and untargeted transgene integration. In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TCR replacement enables defined, targeted TCR transgene insertion into the TCR gene locus. Thereby, T cell products display more homogeneous TCR expression similar to physiological T cells. Importantly, increased T cell product homogeneity after targeted TCR gene editing correlates with predictable in vivo T cell responses, which represents a crucial aspect for clinical application in adoptive T cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Müller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Justin Leube
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Bettina Bernard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Effenberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - M. Zeeshan Chaudhry
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresa Käuferle
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Malo
- Institute of Virology, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Feuchtinger
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Neuenhahn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Clinical Features, Immunopathogenesis, and Therapeutic Strategies in Vitiligo. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 61:299-323. [PMID: 34283349 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin characterized by epidermal melanocyte loss resulting in white patches, with an approximate prevalence of 0.5-2% worldwide. Several precipitating factors by chemical exposure and skin injury present commonly in patients with vitiligo. Although the diagnosis appears to be straightforward for the distinct clinical phenotype and specific histological features, vitiligo provides many challenges including chronicity, treatment resistance, frequent relapse, associated profound psychosocial effect, and negative impact on quality of life. Multiple mechanisms are involved in melanocyte disappearance, including genetics, environmental factors, and immune-mediated inflammation. Compelling evidence supports the melanocyte intrinsic abnormalities with poor adaptation to stressors leading to instability and release of danger signals, which will activate dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells to initiate innate immunity, ultimately resulting in T-cell mediated adaptive immune response and melanocyte destruction. Importantly, the cross- talk between keratinocytes, melanocytes, and immune cells, such as interferon (IFN)-γ signaling pathway, builds inflammatory loops that give rise to the disease deterioration. Improved understanding of the immune pathogenesis of vitiligo has led to the development of new therapeutic options including Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors targeting IFN-γ signaling pathways, which can effectively reverse depigmentation. Furthermore, definition of treatment goals and integration of comorbid diseases into vitiligo management have revolutionized the way vitiligo is treated. In this review, we highlight recent developments in vitiligo clinical aspects and immune pathogenesis. Our key objective is to raise awareness of the complexity of this disease, the potential of prospective therapy strategies, and the need for early and comprehensive management.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Y, Garron TM, Chang Q, Su Z, Zhou C, Qiu Y, Gong EC, Zheng J, Yin YW, Ksiazek T, Brasel T, Jin Y, Boor P, Comer JE, Gong B. Cell-Type Apoptosis in Lung during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050509. [PMID: 33922476 PMCID: PMC8145065 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has inspired renewed interest in understanding the fundamental pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following infection. However, the pathogenesis of ARDS following SRAS-CoV-2 infection remains largely unknown. In the present study, we examined apoptosis in postmortem lung sections from COVID-19 patients and in lung tissues from a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a cell-type manner, including type 1 and 2 alveolar cells and vascular endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, and T cells. Multiple-target immunofluorescence assays and Western blotting suggest both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 fails to induce apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells (i.e., BEAS2B cells) and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which are refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, infection of co-cultured Vero cells and HUVECs or Vero cells and BEAS2B cells with SARS-CoV-2 induced apoptosis in both Vero cells and HUVECs/BEAS2B cells but did not alter the permissiveness of HUVECs or BEAS2B cells to the virus. Post-exposure treatment of the co-culture of Vero cells and HUVECs with a novel non-cyclic nucleotide small molecule EPAC1-specific activator reduced apoptosis in HUVECs. These findings may help to delineate a novel insight into the pathogenesis of ARDS following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Tania M. Garron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.G.); (T.B.)
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Zhengchen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Eric C. Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Junying Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Y. Whitney Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.G.); (T.B.)
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Paul Boor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (J.E.C.); (B.G.); Tel.: +1-409-772-2813 (P.B.); +1-409-266-6915 (J.E.C.); +1-409-266-6682 (B.G.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.G.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (J.E.C.); (B.G.); Tel.: +1-409-772-2813 (P.B.); +1-409-266-6915 (J.E.C.); +1-409-266-6682 (B.G.)
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (J.E.C.); (B.G.); Tel.: +1-409-772-2813 (P.B.); +1-409-266-6915 (J.E.C.); +1-409-266-6682 (B.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu Z, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang X, Jiang S, Wang B. Apoptosis Disorder, a Key Pathogenesis of HCMV-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084106. [PMID: 33921122 PMCID: PMC8071541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) belongs to the β-herpesvirus family, which is transmitted in almost every part of the world and is carried by more than 90% of the general population. Increasing evidence indicates that HCMV infection triggers numerous diseases by disrupting the normal physiological activity of host cells, particularly apoptosis. Apoptosis disorder plays a key role in the initiation and development of multiple diseases. However, the relationship and molecular mechanism of HCMV-related diseases and apoptosis have not yet been systematically summarized. This review aims to summarize the role of apoptosis in HCMV-related diseases and provide an insight into the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induced by HCMV infection. We summarize the literature on HCMV-related diseases and suggest novel strategies for HCMV treatment by regulating apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Yashuo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Xianjuan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; (X.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Shasha Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; (X.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-8532-6203
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
HCMV-Mediated Interference of Bortezomib-Induced Apoptosis in Colon Carcinoma Cell Line Caco-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010083. [PMID: 33435377 PMCID: PMC7827311 DOI: 10.3390/v13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been implicated in the development of human malignancies, for instance in colon cancer. Proteasome inhibitors were developed for cancer therapy and have also been shown to influence HCMV infection. The aim of this study was to investigate if proteasome inhibitors have therapeutic potential for colon carcinoma and how this is influenced by HCMV infection. We show by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry that the colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 is susceptible to HCMV infection. Growth curve analysis as well as protein expression kinetics and quantitative genome analysis further confirm these results. HCMV has an anti-apoptotic effect on Caco-2 cells by inhibiting very early events of the apoptosis cascade. Further investigations showed that HCMV stabilizes the membrane potential of the mitochondria, which is typically lost very early during apoptosis. This stabilization is resistant to proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib treatment, allowing HCMV-infected cells to survive apoptotic signals. Our findings indicate a possible role of proteasome inhibitors in colon carcinoma therapy.
Collapse
|
19
|
TNF Signaling Dictates Myeloid and Non-Myeloid Cell Crosstalk to Execute MCMV-Induced Extrinsic Apoptosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111221. [PMID: 33126536 PMCID: PMC7693317 DOI: 10.3390/v12111221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses all encode the viral inhibitor of caspase-8-induced apoptosis (vICA). After binding to this initiator caspase, vICA blocks caspase-8 proteolytic activity and ability to activate caspase-3 and/or caspase-7. In this manner, vICA has long been known to prevent apoptosis triggered via tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family death receptor-dependent extrinsic signaling. Here, we employ fully wild-type murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and vICA-deficient MCMV (∆M36) to investigate the contribution of TNF signaling to apoptosis during infection of different cell types. ∆M36 shows the expected ability to kill mouse splenic hematopoietic cells, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), and dendritic cells (BMDC). Antibody blockade or genetic elimination of TNF protects myeloid cells from death, and caspase-8 activation accompanies cell death. Interferons, necroptosis, and pyroptotic gasdermin D (GSDMD) do not contribute to myeloid cell death. Human and murine fibroblasts or murine endothelial cells (SVEC4-10) normally insensitive to TNF become sensitized to ∆M36-induced apoptosis when treated with TNF or TNF-containing BMDM-conditioned medium. We demonstrate that myeloid cells are the natural source of TNF that triggers apoptosis in either myeloid (autocrine) or non-myeloid cells (paracrine) during ∆M36 infection of mice. Caspase-8 suppression by vICA emerges as key to subverting innate immune elimination of a wide variety of infected cell types.
Collapse
|