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Kumar P, Banik SP, Ohia SE, Moriyama H, Chakraborty S, Wang CK, Song YS, Goel A, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Current Insights on the Photoprotective Mechanism of the Macular Carotenoids, Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Safety, Efficacy and Bio-Delivery. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:505-518. [PMID: 38393321 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2024.2319090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Ocular health has emerged as one of the major issues of global health concern with a decline in quality of life in an aging population, in particular and rise in the number of associated morbidities and mortalities. One of the chief reasons for vision impairment is oxidative damage inflicted to photoreceptors in rods and cone cells by blue light as well as UV radiation. The scenario has been aggravated by unprecedented rise in screen-time during the COVID and post-COVID era. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are oxygenated carotenoids with proven roles in augmentation of ocular health largely by virtue of their antioxidant properties and protective effects against photobleaching of retinal pigments, age-linked macular degeneration, cataract, and retinitis pigmentosa. These molecules are characterized by their characteristic yellow-orange colored pigmentation and are found in significant amounts in vegetables such as corn, spinach, broccoli, carrots as well as fish and eggs. Unique structural signatures including tetraterpenoid skeleton with extensive conjugation and the presence of hydroxyl groups at the end rings have made these molecules evolutionarily adapted to localize in the membrane of the photoreceptor cells and prevent their free radical induced peroxidation. Apart from the benefits imparted to ocular health, lutein and zeaxanthin are also known to improve cognitive function, cardiovascular physiology, and arrest the development of malignancy. Although abundant in many natural sources, bioavailability of these compounds is low owing to their long aliphatic backbones. Under the circumstances, there has been a concerted effort to develop vegetable oil-based carriers such as lipid nano-emulsions for therapeutic administration of carotenoids. This review presents a comprehensive update of the therapeutic potential of the carotenoids along with the challenges in achieving an optimized delivery tool for maximizing their effectiveness inside the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- R&D Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Sunny E Ohia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hiroyoshi Moriyama
- Department of Scientific Affairs, The Japanese Institute for Health Food Standards, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulation Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | | | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
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Huang B, Li Y, Jia K, Wang X, Wang H, Li C, Sui X, Zhang Y, Nie J, Yuan Y, Jia D. The MdMYB44-MdTPR1 repressive complex inhibits MdCCD4 and MdCYP97A3 expression through histone deacetylation to regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in apple. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:540-556. [PMID: 38662911 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids are photosynthetic pigments and antioxidants that contribute to different plant colors. However, the involvement of TOPLESS (TPL/TPR)-mediated histone deacetylation in the modulation of carotenoid biosynthesis through ethylene-responsive element-binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR)-containing transcription factors (TFs) in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is poorly understood. MdMYB44 is a transcriptional repressor that contains an EAR repression motif. In the present study, we used functional analyses and molecular assays to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which MdMYB44-MdTPR1-mediated histone deacetylation influences carotenoid biosynthesis in apples. We identified two carotenoid biosynthetic genes, MdCCD4 and MdCYP97A3, that were confirmed to be involved in MdMYB44-mediated carotenoid biosynthesis. MdMYB44 enhanced β-branch carotenoid biosynthesis by repressing MdCCD4 expression, whereas MdMYB44 suppressed lutein level by repressing MdCYP97A3 expression. Moreover, MdMYB44 partially influences carotenoid biosynthesis by interacting with the co-repressor TPR1 through the EAR motif to inhibit MdCCD4 and MdCYP97A3 expression via histone deacetylation. Our findings indicate that the MdTPR1-MdMYB44 repressive cascade regulates carotenoid biosynthesis, providing profound insights into the molecular basis of histone deacetylation-mediated carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. These results also provide evidence that the EAR-harboring TF/TPL repressive complex plays a universal role in histone deacetylation-mediated inhibition of gene expression in various plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchang Huang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiuqi Sui
- Yantai Modern Fruit Development limited company, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yongbing Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dongjie Jia
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
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Zhang Y, Jin J, Wang N, Sun Q, Feng D, Zhu S, Wang Z, Li S, Ye J, Chai L, Xie Z, Deng X. Cytochrome P450 CitCYP97B modulates carotenoid accumulation diversity by hydroxylating β-cryptoxanthin in Citrus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100847. [PMID: 38379285 PMCID: PMC11211522 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids in plant foods provide health benefits by functioning as provitamin A. One of the vital provitamin A carotenoids, β-cryptoxanthin, is typically plentiful in citrus fruit. However, little is known about the genetic basis of β-cryptoxanthin accumulation in citrus. Here, we performed a widely targeted metabolomic analysis of 65 major carotenoids and carotenoid derivatives to characterize carotenoid accumulation in Citrus and determine the taxonomic profile of β-cryptoxanthin. We used data from 81 newly sequenced representative accessions and 69 previously sequenced Citrus cultivars to reveal the genetic basis of β-cryptoxanthin accumulation through a genome-wide association study. We identified a causal gene, CitCYP97B, which encodes a cytochrome P450 protein whose substrate and metabolic pathways in land plants were undetermined. We subsequently demonstrated that CitCYP97B functions as a novel monooxygenase that specifically hydroxylates the β-ring of β-cryptoxanthin in a heterologous expression system. In planta experiments provided further evidence that CitCYP97B negatively regulates β-cryptoxanthin content. Using the sequenced Citrus accessions, we found that two critical structural cis-element variations contribute to increased expression of CitCYP97B, thereby altering β-cryptoxanthin accumulation in fruit. Hybridization/introgression appear to have contributed to the prevalence of two cis-element variations in different Citrus types during citrus evolution. Overall, these findings extend our understanding of the regulation and diversity of carotenoid metabolism in fruit crops and provide a genetic target for production of β-cryptoxanthin-biofortified products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiajing Jin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nan Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quan Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Feng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shenchao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zexin Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shunxin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Qin Z, Liu M, Ren X, Zeng W, Luo Z, Zhou J. De Novo Biosynthesis of Lutein in Yarrowia lipolytica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5348-5357. [PMID: 38412053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Lutein is a high-value tetraterpenoid carotenoid that is widely used in feed, cosmetics, food, and drugs. Microbial synthesis of lutein is an important method for green and sustainable production, serving as an alternative to plant extraction methods. However, an inadequate precursor supply and low catalytic efficiency of key pathway enzymes are the main reasons for the low efficacy of microbial synthesis of lutein. In this study, some strategies, such as enhancing the MVA pathway and localizing α-carotene synthase OluLCY within the subcellular organelles in Yarrowia lipolytica, were adopted to enhance the synthesis of precursor α-carotene, which resulted in a 10.50-fold increase in α-carotene titer, reaching 38.50 mg/L. Subsequently, by improving hydroxylase activity with truncated N-terminal transport peptide and locating hydroxylases to subcellular organelles, the final strain L9 producing 75.25 mg/L lutein was obtained. Eventually, a lutein titer of 675.40 mg/L (6.13 mg/g DCW) was achieved in a 5 L bioreactor by adding the antioxidant 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol. This study realizes de novo synthesis of lutein in Y. lipolytica for the first time and achieves the highest lutein titer reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengsu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Vieira EA, Gaspar M, Caldeira CF, Munné-Bosch S, Braga MR. Desiccation tolerance in the resurrection plant Barbacenia graminifolia involves changes in redox metabolism and carotenoid oxidation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1344820. [PMID: 38425802 PMCID: PMC10902171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1344820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Desiccation tolerance in vegetative tissues enables resurrection plants to remain quiescent under severe drought and rapidly recover full metabolism once water becomes available. Barbacenia graminifolia is a resurrection plant that occurs at high altitudes, typically growing on rock slits, exposed to high irradiance and limited water availability. We analyzed the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, carotenoids and its cleavage products, and stress-related phytohormones in fully hydrated, dehydrated, and rehydrated leaves of B. graminifolia. This species exhibited a precise adjustment of its antioxidant metabolism to desiccation. Our results indicate that this adjustment is associated with enhanced carotenoid and apocarotenoids, α-tocopherol and compounds of ascorbate-glutathione cycle. While α-carotene and lutein increased in dried-leaves suggesting effective protection of the light-harvesting complexes, the decrease in β-carotene was accompanied of 10.2-fold increase in the content of β-cyclocitral, an apocarotenoid implicated in the regulation of abiotic stresses, compared to hydrated plants. The principal component analysis showed that dehydrated plants at 30 days formed a separate cluster from both hydrated and dehydrated plants for up to 15 days. This regulation might be part of the protective metabolic strategies employed by this resurrection plant to survive water scarcity in its inhospitable habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilia Gaspar
- Biodiversity Conservation Center, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcia Regina Braga
- Biodiversity Conservation Center, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fan YG, Zhao TT, Xiang QZ, Han XY, Yang SS, Zhang LX, Ren LJ. Multi-Omics Research Accelerates the Clarification of the Formation Mechanism and the Influence of Leaf Color Variation in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:426. [PMID: 38337959 PMCID: PMC10857240 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Tea is a popular beverage with characteristic functional and flavor qualities, known to be rich in bioactive metabolites such as tea polyphenols and theanine. Recently, tea varieties with variations in leaf color have been widely used in agriculture production due to their potential advantages in terms of tea quality. Numerous studies have used genome, transcriptome, metabolome, proteome, and lipidome methods to uncover the causes of leaf color variations and investigate their impacts on the accumulation of crucial bioactive metabolites in tea plants. Through a comprehensive review of various omics investigations, we note that decreased expression levels of critical genes in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids, activated chlorophyll degradation, and an impaired photosynthetic chain function are related to the chlorina phenotype in tea plants. For purple-leaf tea, increased expression levels of late biosynthetic genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway and anthocyanin transport genes are the major and common causes of purple coloration. We have also summarized the influence of leaf color variation on amino acid, polyphenol, and lipid contents and put forward possible causes of these metabolic changes. Finally, this review further proposes the research demands in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gen Fan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Qin-Zeng Xiang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Xiao-Yang Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Shu-Sen Yang
- Yipinming Tea Planting Farmers Specialized Cooperative, Longnan 746400, China;
| | - Li-Xia Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Li-Jun Ren
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
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Zhou J, Huang D, Liu C, Hu Z, Li H, Lou S. Research Progress in Heterologous Crocin Production. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:22. [PMID: 38248646 PMCID: PMC10820313 DOI: 10.3390/md22010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Crocin is one of the most valuable components of the Chinese medicinal plant Crocus sativus and is widely used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Traditional planting of C. sativus is unable to fulfill the increasing demand for crocin in the global market, however, such that researchers have turned their attention to the heterologous production of crocin in a variety of hosts. At present, there are reports of successful heterologous production of crocin in Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microalgae, and plants that do not naturally produce crocin. Of these, the microalga Dunaliella salina, which produces high levels of β-carotene, the substrate for crocin biosynthesis, is worthy of attention. This article describes the biosynthesis of crocin, compares the features of each heterologous host, and clarifies the requirements for efficient production of crocin in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.Z.); (D.H.); (C.L.); (Z.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Danqiong Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.Z.); (D.H.); (C.L.); (Z.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Chenglong Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.Z.); (D.H.); (C.L.); (Z.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhangli Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.Z.); (D.H.); (C.L.); (Z.H.); (H.L.)
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.Z.); (D.H.); (C.L.); (Z.H.); (H.L.)
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Sulin Lou
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.Z.); (D.H.); (C.L.); (Z.H.); (H.L.)
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Diaz-Bárcena A, Fernandez-Pacios L, Giraldo P. Structural Characterization and Molecular Dynamics Study of the REPI Fusion Protein from Papaver somniferum L. Biomolecules 2023; 14:2. [PMID: 38275743 PMCID: PMC10813097 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
REPI is a pivotal point enzyme in plant benzylisoquinoline alkaloid metabolism as it promotes the evolution of the biosynthetic branch of morphinan alkaloids. Experimental studies of its activity led to the identification of two modules (DRS and DRR) that catalyze two sequential steps of the epimerization of (S)- to (R)-reticuline. Recently, special attention has been paid to its genetic characterization and evolutionary history, but no structural analyses of the REPI protein have been conducted to date. We present here a computational structural characterization of REPI with heme and NADP cofactors in the apo state and in three complexes with substrate (S)-reticuline in DRS and intermediate 1,2-dehydroreticuline in DRS and in DRR. Since no experimental structure exists for REPI, we used its AlphaFold model as a scaffold to build up these four systems, which were submitted to all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A comparison of MD results for the four systems revealed key dynamic changes associated with cofactor and ligand binding and provided a dynamic picture of the evolution of their structures and interactions. We also explored the possible dynamic occurrence of tunnels and electrostatic highways potentially involved in alternative mechanisms for channeling the intermediate from DRS to DRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Diaz-Bárcena
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-P.); (P.G.)
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang G, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Wang W. New insight into biodegradation mechanism of phenylurea herbicides by cytochrome P450 enzymes: Successive N-demethylation mechanism. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108332. [PMID: 37988774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) present one of the most important herbicides, which have cause serious effects on ecological environment and humans. Nowadays enzyme strategy shows great advantages in degradation of PUHs. Here density functional theory (DFT), quantitative structure - activity relationship (QSAR) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approaches are used to investigate the degradation mechanism of PUHs catalyzed by P450 enzymes. Two successive N-demethylation pathways are identified and two hydrogen abstraction (H-abstraction) reaction pathways are identified as the rate-determining step through high-throughput DFT calculations. The Boltzmann-weighted average energy barrier of the second H-abstraction pathway (19.95 kcal/mol) is higher than that of the first H-abstraction pathway (16.80 kcal/mol). Two QSAR models are established to predict the energy barriers of the two H-abstraction pathways based on the quantum chemical descriptors and mordred molecular descriptors. The determination coefficient (R2) values of QSAR models are > 0.9, which reveal that the established QSAR models have great predictive capability. QM/MM calculations indicate that human P450 enzymes are more efficient in degradation of PUHs than crop and weed P450 enzymes. Correlations between energy barriers and key structural/charge parameters are revealed and key parameters that have influence on degradation efficiency of PUHs are identified. This study provides lateral insights into the biodegradation strategy and removal method of PUHs and valuable information for designing or engineering of highly efficient degradation enzymes and genetically modified crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Shandong Nuclear and Radiation Safety Monitoring Center, Jinan 250117, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Qiao Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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10
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Yang M, Wan S, Chen J, Chen W, Wang Y, Li W, Wang M, Guan R. Mutation to a cytochrome P 450 -like gene alters the leaf color by affecting the heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathways in Brassica napus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:432-445. [PMID: 37421327 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The regulated biosynthesis of chlorophyll is important because of its effects on plant photosynthesis and dry biomass production. In this study, a map-based cloning approach was used to isolate the cytochrome P450 -like gene BnaC08g34840D (BnCDE1) from a chlorophyll-deficient mutant (cde1) of Brassica napus obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenization. Sequence analyses revealed that BnaC08g34840D in the cde1 mutant (BnCDE1I320T ) encodes a substitution at amino acid 320 (Ile320Thr) in the conserved region. The over-expression of BnCDE1I320T in ZS11 (i.e., gene-mapping parent with green leaves) recapitulated a yellow-green leaf phenotype. The CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system was used to design two single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting BnCDE1I320T in the cde1 mutant. The knockout of BnCDE1I320T in the cde1 mutant via a gene-editing method restored normal leaf coloration (i.e., green leaves). These results indicate that the substitution in BnaC08g34840D alters the leaf color. Physiological analyses showed that the over-expression of BnCDE1I320T leads to decreases in the number of chloroplasts per mesophyll cell and in the contents of the intermediates of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway in leaves, while it increases heme biosynthesis, thereby lowering the photosynthetic efficiency of the cde1 mutant. The Ile320Thr mutation in the highly conserved region of BnaC08g34840D inhibited chlorophyll biosynthesis and disrupted the balance between heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Our findings may further reveal how the proper balance between the chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis pathways is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shubei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yangming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongzhan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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11
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Wang X, Jin B, Yan W, Wang J, Xu J, Cai C, Qi X, Xu Q, Yang X, Xu X, Chen X. Cucumber abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase Csyf2 regulates yellow flesh by modulating carotenoid biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1001-1015. [PMID: 37394925 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) flesh is typically colorless or pale green. Flesh with yellow or orange pigment, determined mainly by carotenoid content and composition, is mostly found in semi-wild Xishuangbanna cucumber, which has a very narrow genetic background. Here, we identified a spontaneous cucumber mutant with yellow flesh (yf-343), which accumulated more β-cryptoxanthin and less lutein than regular cultivated European glasshouse-type cucumbers. Genetic analysis revealed that the yellow flesh phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. Through fine mapping and gene sequencing, we identified the candidate gene C. sativus yellow flesh 2 (Csyf2), encoding an abscisic acid (ABA) 8'-hydroxylase. Overexpression and RNAi-silencing of Csyf2 in cucumber hairy roots produced lower and higher ABA contents than in non-transgenic controls, respectively. Further, RNA-seq analysis suggested that genes related to ABA signal transduction were differentially expressed in fruit flesh between yf-343 and its wild type, BY, with white flesh. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway was specifically enriched in fruit flesh at 30 days after pollination when yf-343 fruit flesh turns yellow. Our findings highlight a promising target for gene editing to increase carotenoid content, expanding our genetic resources for pigmented cucumber flesh breeding for improving the nutritional quality of cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Boyan Jin
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Congxi Cai
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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12
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Huang J, Qin Y, Xie Z, Wang P, Zhao Z, Huang X, Chen Q, Huang Z, Chen Y, Gao A. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveal that the white and yellow mango pulp colors are associated with carotenoid and flavonoid accumulation, and phytohormone signaling. Genomics 2023; 115:110675. [PMID: 37390936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a widely appreciated tropical fruit for its rich color and nutrition. However, knowledge on the molecular basis of color variation is limited. Here, we studied HY3 (yellowish-white pulp) and YX4 (yellow pulp), reaped with 24 h gap from the standard harvesting time. The carotenoids and total flavonoids increased with the advance of harvest time (YX4 > HY34). Transcriptome sequencing showed that higher expressions of the core carotenoid biosynthesis genes and flavonoid biosynthesis genes are correlated to their respective contents. The endogenous indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonic acid contents decreased but abscisic acid and ethylene contents increased with an increase in harvesting time (YX4 > HY34). Similar trends were observed for the corresponding genes. Our results indicate that the color differences are related to carotenoid and flavonoid contents, which in turn are influenced by phytohormone accumulation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Huang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Yuling Qin
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Ziliang Xie
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, 325006 Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Zhichang Zhao
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaolou Huang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Qianfu Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | | | - Yeyuan Chen
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Aiping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China.
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13
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Agustinus B, Gillam EMJ. Solar-powered P450 catalysis: Engineering electron transfer pathways from photosynthesis to P450s. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 245:112242. [PMID: 37187017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing focus on green chemistry, biocatalysis is becoming more widely used in the pharmaceutical and other chemical industries for sustainable production of high value and structurally complex chemicals. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are attractive biocatalysts for industrial application due to their ability to transform a huge range of substrates in a stereo- and regiospecific manner. However, despite their appeal, the industrial application of P450s is limited by their dependence on costly reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and one or more auxiliary redox partner proteins. Coupling P450s to the photosynthetic machinery of a plant allows photosynthetically-generated electrons to be used to drive catalysis, overcoming this cofactor dependency. Thus, photosynthetic organisms could serve as photobioreactors with the capability to produce value-added chemicals using only light, water, CO2 and an appropriate chemical as substrate for the reaction/s of choice, yielding new opportunities for producing commodity and high-value chemicals in a carbon-negative and sustainable manner. This review will discuss recent progress in using photosynthesis for light-driven P450 biocatalysis and explore the potential for further development of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadius Agustinus
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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14
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Wang N, Peng H, Yang C, Guo W, Wang M, Li G, Liu D. Metabolic Engineering of Model Microorganisms for the Production of Xanthophyll. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1252. [PMID: 37317226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthophyll is an oxidated version of carotenoid. It presents significant value to the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its specific antioxidant activity and variety of colors. Chemical processing and conventional extraction from natural organisms are still the main sources of xanthophyll. However, the current industrial production model can no longer meet the demand for human health care, reducing petrochemical energy consumption and green sustainable development. With the swift development of genetic metabolic engineering, xanthophyll synthesis by the metabolic engineering of model microorganisms shows great application potential. At present, compared to carotenes such as lycopene and β-carotene, xanthophyll has a relatively low production in engineering microorganisms due to its stronger inherent antioxidation, relatively high polarity, and longer metabolic pathway. This review comprehensively summarized the progress in xanthophyll synthesis by the metabolic engineering of model microorganisms, described strategies to improve xanthophyll production in detail, and proposed the current challenges and future efforts needed to build commercialized xanthophyll-producing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huakang Peng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Caifeng Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenfang Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dehu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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15
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Zhao K, Zhou T, Yang J, Li Y, Qin J, Wang S, Li D, Chen J, Zheng WV. Lutein shows a protective effect against the aging of mesenchymal stem cells by downregulating inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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16
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Lautier T, Smith DJ, Yang LK, Chen X, Zhang C, Truan G, Lindley ND. Cytochrome P450 Surface Domains Prevent the β-Carotene Monohydroxylase CYP97H1 of Euglena gracilis from Acting as a Dihydroxylase. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020366. [PMID: 36830734 PMCID: PMC9953315 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular biodiversity results from branched metabolic pathways driven by enzymatic regioselectivities. An additional complexity occurs in metabolites with an internal structural symmetry, offering identical extremities to the enzymes. For example, in the terpene family, β-carotene presents two identical terminal closed-ring structures. Theses cycles can be hydroxylated by cytochrome P450s from the CYP97 family. Two sequential hydroxylations lead first to the formation of monohydroxylated β-cryptoxanthin and subsequently to that of dihydroxylated zeaxanthin. Among the CYP97 dihydroxylases, CYP97H1 from Euglena gracilis has been described as the only monohydroxylase. This study aims to determine which enzymatic domains are involved in this regioselectivity, conferring unique monohydroxylase activity on a substrate offering two identical sites for hydroxylation. We explored the effect of truncations, substitutions and domain swapping with other CYP97 members and found that CYP97H1 harbours a unique N-terminal globular domain. This CYP97H1 N-terminal domain harbours a hydrophobic patch at the entrance of the substrate channel, which is involved in the monohydroxylase activity of CYP97H1. This domain, at the surface of the enzyme, highlights the role of distal and non-catalytic domains in regulating enzyme specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lautier
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Toulouse Biotechnolgy Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS@CREATE, 1 Create Way, #08-01 Create Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-567048813
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Lay Kien Yang
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Xixian Chen
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Congqiang Zhang
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Gilles Truan
- Toulouse Biotechnolgy Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Nic D Lindley
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Toulouse Biotechnolgy Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
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17
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Liu X, Jiao X, Cheng Y, Ma Y, Bu J, Jin B, Li Q, Hu Z, Tang J, Lai C, Wang J, Cui G, Chen Y, Guo J, Huang L. Structure-function analysis of CYP719As involved in methylenedioxy bridge-formation in the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and its de novo production. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:23. [PMID: 36737755 PMCID: PMC9898898 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a type of secondary metabolite with clinical application value. (S)-stylopine is a special BIA which contains methylenedioxy bridge structures. CYP719As could catalyze the methylenedioxy bridge-formation on the A or D rings of protoberberine alkaloids, while displaying significant substrate regiospecificity. To explore the substrate preference of CYP719As, we cloned and identified five CyCYP719A candidates from Corydalis yanhusuo. Two CyCYP719As (CyCYP719A39 and CyCYP719A42) with high catalytic efficiency for the methylenedioxy bridge-formation on the D or A rings were characterized, respectively. The residues (Leu 294 for CyCYP719A42 and Asp 289 for CyCYP719A39) were identified as the key to controlling the regioselectivity of CYP719As affecting the methylenedioxy bridge-formation on the A or D rings by homology modeling and mutation analysis. Furthermore, for de novo production of BIAs, CyCYP719A39, CyCYP719A42, and their mutants were introduced into the (S)-scoulerine-producing yeast to produce 32 mg/L (S)-stylopine. These results lay a foundation for understanding the structure-function relationship of CYP719A-mediated methylenedioxy bridge-formation and provide yeast strains for the BIAs production by synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyu Liu
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China ,grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Road, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Xiang Jiao
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yatian Cheng
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Ying Ma
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Junling Bu
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Baolong Jin
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Qishuang Li
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Zhimin Hu
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Jian Wang
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Yun Chen
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juan Guo
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Luqi Huang
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Neinanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700 China
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18
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Bian Q, Jiao X, Chen Y, Yu H, Ye L. Hierarchical dynamic regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced lutein biosynthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:536-552. [PMID: 36369967 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lutein, as a carotenoid with strong antioxidant capacity and an important component of macular pigment in the retina, has wide applications in pharmaceutical, food, feed, and cosmetics industries. Besides extraction from plant and algae, microbial fermentation using engineered cell factories to produce lutein has emerged as a promising route. However, intra-pathway competition between the lycopene cyclases and the conflict between cell growth and production are two major challenges. In our previous study, de novo synthesis of lutein had been achieved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by dividing the pathway into two stages (δ-carotene formation and conversion) using temperature as the input signal to realize sequential cyclation of lycopene. However, lutein production was limited to microgram level, which is still too low to meet industrial demand. In this study, a dual-signal hierarchical dynamic regulation system was developed and applied to divide lutein biosynthesis into three stages in response to glucose concentration and culture temperature. By placing the genes involved in δ-carotene formation under the glucose-responsive ADH2 promoter and genes involved in the conversion of δ-carotene to lutein under temperature-responsive GAL promoters, the growth-production conflict and intra-pathway competition were simultaneously resolved. Meanwhile, the rate-limiting lycopene ε-cyclation and carotene hydroxylation reactions were improved by screening for lycopene ε-cyclase with higher activity and fine tuning of the P450 enzymes and their redox partners. Finally, a lutein titer of 19.92 mg/L (4.53 mg/g DCW) was obtained in shake-flask cultures using the engineered yeast strain YLutein-3S-6, which is the highest lutein titer ever reported in heterologous production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bian
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic and Developmental Disorders, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
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19
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The protein conformational basis of isoflavone biosynthesis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1249. [PMID: 36376429 PMCID: PMC9663428 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavonoids play important roles in plant defense and also exhibit a range of mammalian health-promoting activities. Their biosynthesis is initiated by two enzymes with unusual catalytic activities; 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase (2-HIS), a membrane-bound cytochrome P450 catalyzing a coupled aryl-ring migration and hydroxylation, and 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase (2-HID), a member of a large carboxylesterase family that paradoxically catalyzes dehydration of 2-hydroxyisoflavanones to isoflavone. Here we report the crystal structures of 2-HIS from Medicago truncatula and 2-HID from Pueraria lobata. The 2-HIS structure reveals a unique cytochrome P450 conformation and heme and substrate binding mode that facilitate the coupled aryl-ring migration and hydroxylation reactions. The 2-HID structure reveals the active site architecture and putative catalytic residues for the dual dehydratase and carboxylesterase activities. Mutagenesis studies revealed key residues involved in substrate binding and specificity. Understanding the structural basis of isoflavone biosynthesis will facilitate the engineering of new bioactive isoflavonoids. The structure and function of two isoflavone biosynthetic enzymes are reported revealing a novel cytochrome P450 conformation and identification of key residues for dual dehydratase and carboxylesterase activities
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Jia R, Zhang R, Gangurde SS, Tang C, Jiang B, Li G, Wang Z. Integrated analysis of carotenoid metabolites and transcriptome identifies key genes controlling carotenoid compositions and content in sweetpotato tuberous roots ( Ipomoea batatas L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:993682. [PMID: 36340393 PMCID: PMC9632283 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) with different depths of yellow color contains different compositions of carotenoids, which are beneficial for human health. In this study, we performed an integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic to identify key genes playing a major role in carotenoid coloration in sweetpotato tuberous roots. Herein, 14 carotenoids were identified in five sweetpotatoes. Orange-red and orange cultivars were dominated by β-carotene (385.33 μg/g and 85.07 μg/g), yellow cultivar had a high β-cryptoxanthin (11.23 μg/g), light-yellow cultivar was rich in zeaxanthin (5.12 μg/g), whereas lutein (3.34 μg/g) was the main carotenoid in white cultivar. Furthermore, 27 differentially expressed genes involved in carotenoid metabolism were identified based on comparative transcriptome. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 15 transcription factors highly associated with carotenoid content in sweetpotatoes. These results provide valuable information for revealing the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid metabolism in different-colored sweetpotato tuberous roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Jia
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Changli, China
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sunil S. Gangurde
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Chaochen Tang
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingzhi Jiang
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guilan Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Changli, China
| | - Zhangying Wang
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Ha W, Yamaguchi T, Iwakami S, Sunohara Y, Matsumoto H. Comparison of herbicide specificity of CYP81A cytochrome P450s from rice and a multiple-herbicide resistant weed, Echinochloa phyllopogon. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4207-4216. [PMID: 35705850 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CYP81A cytochrome P450s (CYP81As) play a key role in herbicide detoxification in Poaceae plants. Crop CYP81As confer natural tolerance to multiple herbicides, whereas CYP81As in weeds disrupt herbicide action. Identifying differences in CYP81A herbicide specificity between crops and weeds could provide valuable information for controlling weeds. In this study, we quantitatively compared herbicide specificity between CYP81A6 from rice (Oryza sativa) and CYP81A12 and CYP81A21 from a weed, Echinochloa phyllopogon, using transgenic Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis. RESULTS All three CYP81As metabolized the five tested herbicides and formed similar metabolites, with the highest relative activities of 400 to 580% toward bentazone compared to their activity on bensulfuron-methyl (defined as 100%). However, they showed differing activity toward propyrisulfuron. The relative activities of Echinochloa phyllopogon CYP81A12 (12.2%) and CYP81A21 (34.4%) toward propyrisulfuron were lower than that of rice CYP81A6 (98.5%). Additionally, rice CYP81A6 produced O-demethylated propyrisulfuron and hydroxylated products, whereas Echinochloa phyllopogon CYP81As produced only hydroxylated products. Arabidopsis expressing CYP81A12 and CYP81A21 exhibited lower levels of resistance against propyrisulfuron compared to that in Arabidopsis expressing CYP81A6. Homology modeling and in silico docking revealed that bensulfuron-methyl docked well into the active centers of all three CYP81As, whereas propyrisulfuron docked into rice CYP81A6 but not into Echinochloa phyllopogon CYP81As. CONCLUSION The differing herbicide specificity displayed by rice CYP81A6 and Echinochloa phyllopogon CYP81A12 and CYP81A21 will help design inhibitors (synergists) of weed CYP81As, as well as develop novel herbicide ingredients that are selectively metabolized by crop CYP81As, to overcome the problem of herbicide resistance. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Ha
- School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwakami
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukari Sunohara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Ampomah-Dwamena C, Tomes S, Thrimawithana AH, Elborough C, Bhargava N, Rebstock R, Sutherland P, Ireland H, Allan AC, Espley RV. Overexpression of PSY1 increases fruit skin and flesh carotenoid content and reveals associated transcription factors in apple ( Malus × domestica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:967143. [PMID: 36186009 PMCID: PMC9520574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.967143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of the carotenoid metabolic pathway is still emerging and here, we have misexpressed a key biosynthetic gene in apple to highlight potential transcriptional regulators of this pathway. We overexpressed phytoene synthase (PSY1), which controls the key rate-limiting biosynthetic step, in apple and analyzed its effects in transgenic fruit skin and flesh using two approaches. Firstly, the effects of PSY overexpression on carotenoid accumulation and gene expression was assessed in fruit at different development stages. Secondly, the effect of light exclusion on PSY1-induced fruit carotenoid accumulation was examined. PSY1 overexpression increased carotenoid content in transgenic fruit skin and flesh, with beta-carotene being the most prevalent carotenoid compound. Light exclusion by fruit bagging reduced carotenoid content overall, but carotenoid content was still higher in bagged PSY fruit than in bagged controls. In tissues overexpressing PSY1, plastids showed accelerated chloroplast to chromoplast transition as well as high fluorescence intensity, consistent with increased number of chromoplasts and carotenoid accumulation. Surprisingly, the expression of other carotenoid pathway genes was elevated in PSY fruit, suggesting a feed-forward regulation of carotenogenesis when this enzyme step is mis-expressed. Transcriptome profiling of fruit flesh identified differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) that also were co-expressed with carotenoid pathway genes. A comparison of differentially expressed genes from both the developmental series and light exclusion treatment revealed six candidate TFs exhibiting strong correlation with carotenoid accumulation. This combination of physiological, transcriptomic and metabolite data sheds new light on plant carotenogenesis and TFs that may play a role in regulating apple carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Caitlin Elborough
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
- BioLumic Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nitisha Bhargava
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Guan P, Li X, Zhuang L, Wu B, Huang J, Zhao J, Qiao L, Zheng J, Hao C, Zheng X. Genetic dissection of lutein content in common wheat via association and linkage mapping. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3127-3141. [PMID: 35951035 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetic architecture controlling grain lutein content of common wheat was investigated through an integration of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and linkage analysis. Putative candidate genes involved in carotenoid metabolism and regulation were identified, which provide a basis for gene cloning and development of nutrient-enriched wheat varieties through molecular breeding. Lutein, known as 'the eye vitamin', is an important component of wheat nutritional and end-use quality. However, the genetic manipulation of grain lutein content (LUC) in common wheat has not previously been well studied. Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the LUC measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were first identified by integrating a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and linkage mapping. A Chinese wheat mini-core collection (MCC) of 262 accessions and a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from Jinchun 7 and L1219 were genotyped using the 90K SNP array. A total of 124 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) on all 21 wheat chromosomes except for 1A, 4D, and 5B that formed 58 QTL were detected. Among them, six stable QTL were identified on chromosomes 2AL, 2DS, 3BL, 3DL, 7AL, and 7BS. Meanwhile, three of the ten QTL identified in the DH population, QLuc.5A.1 and QLuc.5A.2 on chromosome 5AL and QLuc.6A.2 on 6AS, were stable and independently explained 5.58-10.86% of the phenotypic variation. The QLuc.6A.2 region colocalized with two MTAs identified by GWAS. Moreover, 71 carotenoid metabolism-related candidate genes were identified, and the allelic effects were analyzed in the MCC panel based on the 90K array. Results revealed that the genes CYP97A3 (Chr. 6B) and CCD1 (Chr. 5A) were significantly associated with LUC. Additionally, the gene PSY3 (QLuc.5A.1) and several candidate genes involved in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways colocalized with stable QTL regions. The present study provides potential targets for future functional gene exploration and molecular breeding in common wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Guan
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Lei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bangbang Wu
- Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Ling Qiao
- Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Chenyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xingwei Zheng
- Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Taiyuan, 030031, China.
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24
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Kim V, Kim D, Lee S, Lee G, Lee SA, Kang LW, Kim D. Structural characterization and fatty acid epoxidation of CYP184A1 from Streptomyces avermitilis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109338. [PMID: 35779593 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Streptomyces avermitilis contains 33 cytochrome P450 genes. Among the P450 gene products of S. avermitilis, we characterized the biochemical function and structural aspects of CYP184A1. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed that CYP184A1 induced an epoxidation reaction to produce 9,10-epoxystearic acid. Steady-state kinetic analysis yielded a kcat value of 0.0067 min-1 and a Km value 10 μM. The analysis of its crystal structures illustrated that the overall CYP184A1 structure adopts the canonical scaffold of cytochrome P450 and possesses a narrow and deep substrate pocket architecture that is required for binding to linear chain fatty acids. In the structure of the CYP184A1 oleic acid complex (CYP184A1-OA), C9-C10 of oleic acid was bound to heme for the productive epoxidation reaction. This study elucidates the roles of P450 enzymes in the oxidative metabolism of fatty acids in Streptomyces species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, South Korea
| | - Dogyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, South Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, South Korea
| | - Gyuhyeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, South Korea
| | - Sang-A Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, South Korea
| | - Lin-Woo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, South Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, South Korea.
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25
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Production and structural characterization of the cytochrome P450 enzymes in carotene ring hydroxylation. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:223-241. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Alagoz Y, Mi J, Balakrishna A, Almarwaey L, Al-Babili S. Characterizing cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in plant apocarotenoid metabolism by using an engineered yeast system. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:527-552. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Kajino T, Yamaguchi M, Oshima Y, Nakamura A, Narushima J, Yaguchi Y, Yotsui I, Sakata Y, Taji T. KLU/CYP78A5, a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Identified via Fox Hunting, Contributes to Cuticle Biosynthesis and Improves Various Abiotic Stress Tolerances. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:904121. [PMID: 35812904 PMCID: PMC9262146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.904121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acquired osmotolerance after salt stress is widespread among Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) accessions. Most salt-tolerant accessions exhibit acquired osmotolerance, whereas Col-0 does not. To identify genes that can confer acquired osmotolerance to Col-0 plants, we performed full-length cDNA overexpression (FOX) hunting using full-length cDNAs of halophyte Eutrema salsugineum, a close relative of Arabidopsis. We identified EsCYP78A5 as a gene that can confer acquired osmotolerance to Col-0 wild-type (WT) plants. EsCYP78A5 encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and the Arabidopsis ortholog is known as KLU. We also demonstrated that transgenic Col-0 plants overexpressing AtKLU (AtKLUox) exhibited acquired osmotolerance. Interestingly, KLU overexpression improved not only acquired osmotolerance but also osmo-shock, salt-shock, oxidative, and heat-stress tolerances. Under normal conditions, the AtKLUox plants showed growth retardation with shiny green leaves. The AtKLUox plants also accumulated higher anthocyanin levels and developed denser cuticular wax than WT plants. Compared to WT plants, the AtKLUox plants accumulated significantly higher levels of cutin monomers and very-long-chain fatty acids, which play an important role in the development of cuticular wax and membrane lipids. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by osmotic or heat stress was reduced in AtKLUox plants compared to WT plants. These findings suggest that KLU is involved in the cuticle biosynthesis, accumulation of cuticular wax, and reduction of ER stress induced by abiotic stresses, leading to the observed abiotic stress tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kajino
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshimi Oshima
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakamura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jumpei Narushima
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Yaguchi
- Electron Microscope Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Yotsui
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakata
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruaki Taji
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Teruaki Taji,
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28
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Elevating fruit carotenoid content in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh). Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:63-98. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Structural insights revealed by crystal structures of CYP76AH1 and CYP76AH1 in complex with its natural substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 582:125-130. [PMID: 34710827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CYP76AH1 is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which are famous natural products with activities against various heart diseases and others. CYP76AH1 is a membrane-associated typical plant class II cytochrome P450 enzyme and its catalytic mechanism has not to be clearly elucidated. Structural determination of eukaryotic P450 enzymes is extremely challenging. Recently, we solved the crystal structures of CYP76AH1 and CYP76AH1 in complex with its natural substrate miltiradiene. The structure of CYP76AH1 complexed with miltiradiene is the first plant cytochrome P450 structure in complex with natural substrate. The studies revealed a unique array pattern of amino acid residues, which may play an important role in orienting and stabilizing the substrate for catalysis. This work would provide structural insights into CYP76AH1 and related P450s and the basis to efficiently improve tanshinone production by synthetic biology techniques.
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30
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Hansen CC, Nelson DR, Møller BL, Werck-Reichhart D. Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1244-1265. [PMID: 34216829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algae-specific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxa-specific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniele Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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31
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Mitra S, Rauf A, Tareq AM, Jahan S, Emran TB, Shahriar TG, Dhama K, Alhumaydhi FA, Aljohani ASM, Rebezov M, Uddin MS, Jeandet P, Shah ZA, Shariati MA, Rengasamy KR. Potential health benefits of carotenoid lutein: An updated review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112328. [PMID: 34111488 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids in food substances are believed to have health benefits by lowering the risk of diseases. Lutein, a carotenoid compound, is one of the essential nutrients available in green leafy vegetables (kale, broccoli, spinach, lettuce, and peas), along with other foods, such as eggs. As nutrition plays a pivotal role in maintaining human health, lutein, as a nutritional substance, confers promising benefits against numerous health issues, including neurological disorders, eye diseases, skin irritation, etc. This review describes the in-depth health beneficial effects of lutein. As yet, a minimal amount of literature has been undertaken to consider all its promising bioactivities. The step-by-step biosynthesis of lutein has also been taken into account in this review. Besides, this review demonstrates the drug interactions of lutein with β-carotene, as well as safety concerns and dosage. The potential benefits of lutein have been assessed against neurological disorders, eye diseases, cardiac complications, microbial infections, skin irritation, bone decay, etc. Additionally, recent studies ascertained the significance of lutein nanoformulations in the amelioration of eye disorders, which are also considered in this review. Moreover, a possible approach for the use of lutein in bioactive functional foods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan.
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
| | | | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- V M Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Talalikhina St., Moscow, 109316, Russian Federation; Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, 38 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, PO Box 1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Zafar Ali Shah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University (MSUTM), Russian Federation
| | - Kannan Rr Rengasamy
- Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
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Bian Q, Zhou P, Yao Z, Li M, Yu H, Ye L. Heterologous biosynthesis of lutein in S. cerevisiae enabled by temporospatial pathway control. Metab Eng 2021; 67:19-28. [PMID: 34077803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The market-expanding lutein is currently mainly supplied by plant extraction, with microbial fermentation using engineered cell factory emerging as a promising substitution. During construction of lutein-producing yeast, α-carotene formation through asymmetric ε- and β-cyclization of lycopene was found as the main limiting step, attributed to intra-pathway competition of the cyclases for lycopene, forming β-carotene instead. To solve this problem, temperature-responsive expression of β-cyclase was coupled to constitutive expression of ε-cyclase for flux redirection to α-carotene by allowing ε-cyclization to occur first. Meanwhile, the ε-cyclase was engineered and re-localized to the plasma membrane for further flux reinforcement towards α-carotene. Finally, pathway extension with proper combination of carotenoid hydroxylases enabled lutein (438 μg/g dry cells) biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. The success of heterologous lutein biosynthesis in yeast suggested temporospatial pathway control as a potential strategy in solving intra-pathway competitions, and may also be applicable for promoting the biosynthesis of other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Wang H, Wang Q, Liu Y, Liao X, Chu H, Chang H, Cao Y, Li Z, Zhang T, Cheng J, Jiang H. PCPD: Plant cytochrome P450 database and web-based tools for structural construction and ligand docking. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:102-109. [PMID: 33997360 PMCID: PMC8094579 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cytochrome P450s play key roles in the diversification and functional modification of plant natural products. Although over 200,000 plant P450 gene sequences have been recorded, only seven crystalized P450 genes severely hampered the functional characterization, gene mining and engineering of important P450s. Here, we combined Rosetta homologous modeling and MD-based refinement to construct a high-resolution P450 structure prediction process (PCPCM), which was applied to 181 plant P450s with identified functions. Furthermore, we constructed a ligand docking process (PCPLD) that can be applied for plant P450s virtual screening. 10 examples of virtual screening indicated the process can reduce about 80% screening space for next experimental verification. Finally, we constructed a plant P450 database (PCPD: http://p450.biodesign.ac.cn/), which includes the sequences, structures and functions of the 181 plant P450s, and a web service based on PCPCM and PCPLD. Our study not only developed methods for the P450-specific structure analysis, but also introduced a universal approach that can assist the mining and functional analysis of P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huanyu Chu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Hong Chang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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