1
|
Rohdenburg M, Kawa S, Ha-Shan M, Reichelt M, Knorke H, Denecke R, Warneke J. Probing fragment ion reactivity towards functional groups on coordination polymer surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10306-10309. [PMID: 39101945 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Functionalization of surface-grown coordination polymer layers by ion soft-landing of highly reactive molecular fragment ions is demonstrated. The ions form covalent bonds to terminal functional groups of the polymer at the vacuum interface, opening new perspectives for controlled bond formation using reactive ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Maegan Ha-Shan
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Manuela Reichelt
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Denecke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang FX, Wang M, Ma JB. Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into a Series of CB xO y- Compounds Mediated by LaB 3,4O 2- Anions: Synergy of the Electron Transfer and Lewis Pair Mechanisms to Construct B-C Bonds. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14206-14215. [PMID: 39012836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Converting CO2 into value-added products containing B-C bonds is a great challenge, especially for multiple B-C bonds, which are versatile building blocks for organoborane chemistry. In the condensed phase, the B-C bond is typically formed through transition metal-catalyzed direct borylation of hydrocarbons via C-H bond activation or transition metal-catalyzed insertion of carbenes into B-H bonds. However, excessive amounts of powerful boryl reagents are required, and products containing B-C bonds are complex. Herein, a novel method to construct multiple B-C bonds at room temperature is proposed by the gas-phase reactions of CO2 with LaBmOn- (m = 1-4, n = 1 or 2). Mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations are applied to investigate these reactions, and a series of new compounds, CB2O2-, CB3O3-, and CB3O2-, which possess B-C bonds, are generated in the reactions of LaB3,4O2- with CO2. When the number of B atoms in the clusters is reduced to 2 or 1, there is only CO-releasing channel, and no CBxOy- compounds are released. Two major factors are responsible for this quite intriguing reactivity: (1) Synergy of electron transfer and boron-boron Lewis acid-base pair mechanisms facilitates the rupture of C═O double bond in CO2. (2) The boron sites in the clusters can efficiently capture the newly formed CO units in the course of reactions, favoring the formation of B-C bonds. This finding may provide fundamental insights into the CO2 transformation driven by clusters containing lanthanide atoms and how to efficiently build B-C bonds under room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samayoa-Oviedo HY, Knorke H, Warneke J, Laskin J. Spontaneous ligand loss by soft landed [Ni(bpy) 3] 2+ ions on perfluorinated self-assembled monolayer surfaces. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10770-10783. [PMID: 39027285 PMCID: PMC11253159 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02527j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition metal (TM) complexes are widely used in catalysis, photochemical energy conversion, and sensing. Understanding factors that affect ligand loss from TM complexes at interfaces is important both for generating catalytically-active undercoordinated TM complexes and for controlling the degradation pathways of photosensitizers and photoredox catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate that well-defined TM complexes prepared on surfaces using ion soft landing undergo substantial structural rearrangements resulting in ligand loss and formation of both stable and reactive undercoordinated species. We employ nickel bipyridine (Ni-bpy) cations as a model system and explore their structural reorganization on surfaces using a combination of experimental and computational approaches. The controlled preparation of surface layers by mass-selected deposition of [Ni(bpy)3]2+ cations provides insights into the chemical reactivity of these species on surfaces. Both surface characterization using mass spectrometry and electronic structure calculations using density functional theory (DFT) indicate that [Ni(bpy)3]2+ undergoes a substantial geometry distortion on surfaces in comparison with its gas-phase structure. This distortion reduces the ligand binding energy and facilitates the formation of the undercoordinated [Ni(bpy)2]2+. Additionally, charge reduction by the soft landed [Ni(bpy)3]2+ facilitates ligand loss. We observe that ligand loss is inhibited by co-depositing [Ni(bpy)3]2+ with a stable anion such as closo-dodecaborate dianion, [B12F12]2-. The strong electrostatic interaction between [Ni(bpy)3]2+ and [B12F12]2- diminishes the distortion of the cation due to interactions with the surface. This interaction stabilizes the soft landed cation by reducing the extent of charge reduction and its structural reorganization. Overall, this study shows the intricate interplay of charge state, ion surface interactions, and stabilization by counterions on the structure and reactivity of metal complexes on surfaces. The combined experimental and computational approach used in this study offers detailed insights into factors that affect the integrity and stability of active species relevant to energy production and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Y Samayoa-Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA +1-765-494-5434
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Leibniz Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA +1-765-494-5434
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kawa S, Kaur J, Knorke H, Warneke Z, Wadsack M, Rohdenburg M, Nierstenhöfer M, Jenne C, Kenttämaa H, Warneke J. Generation and reactivity of the fragment ion [B 12I 8S(CN)] - in the gas phase and on surfaces. Analyst 2024; 149:2573-2585. [PMID: 38469706 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02175k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Gaseous fragment ions generated in mass spectrometers may be employed as "building blocks" for the synthesis of novel molecules on surfaces using ion soft-landing. A fundamental understanding of the reactivity of the fragment ions is required to control bond formation of deposited fragments in surface layers. The fragment ion [B12X11]- (X = halogen) is formed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) from the precursor [B12X12]2- dianion. [B12X11]- is highly reactive and ion soft-landing experiments have shown that this ion binds to the alkyl chains of organic molecules on surfaces. In this work we investigate whether specific modifications of the precursor ion affect the chemical properties of the fragment ions to such an extent that attachment to functional groups of organic molecules on surfaces occurs and binding of alkyl chains is prevented. Therefore, a halogen substituent was replaced by a thiocyanate substituent. CID of the precursor [B12I11(SCN)]2- ion preferentially yields the fragment ion [B12I8S(CN)]-, which shows significantly altered reactivity compared to the fragment ions of [B12I12]2-. [B12I8S(CN)]- has a previously unknown structural element, wherein a sulfur atom bridges three boron atoms. Gas-phase reactions with different neutral reactants (cyclohexane, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl amine) accompanied by theoretical studies indicate that [B12I8S(CN)]- binds with higher selectivity to functional groups of organic molecules than fragment ions of [B12I12]2- (e.g., [B12I11]- and [B12I9]-). These findings were further confirmed by ion soft-landing experiments, which showed that [B12I8S(CN)]- ions attacked ester groups of adipates and phthalates, whereas [B12I11]- ions only bound to alkyl chains of the same reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Myriam Wadsack
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marc Nierstenhöfer
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hilkka Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang F, Urban RD, Lorenz J, Griebel J, Koohbor N, Rohdenburg M, Knorke H, Fuhrmann D, Charvat A, Abel B, Azov VA, Warneke J. Control of Intermediates and Products by Combining Droplet Reactions and Ion Soft-Landing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314784. [PMID: 37917653 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite being recognized primarily as an analytical technique, mass spectrometry also has a large potential as a synthetic tool, enabling access to advanced synthetic routes by reactions in charged microdroplets or ionic thin layers. Such reactions are special and proceed primarily at surfaces of droplets and thin layers. Partial solvation of the reactants is usually considered to play an important role for reducing the activation barrier, but many mechanistic details still need to be clarified. In our study, we showcase the synergy between two sequentially applied "preparative mass spectrometry" methods: initiating accelerated reactions within microdroplets during electrospray ionization to generate gaseous ionic intermediates in high abundance, which are subsequently mass-selected and soft-landed to react with a provided reagent on a substrate. This allows the generation of products at a nanomolar scale, amenable to further characterization. In this proof-of-concept study, the contrasting reaction pathways between intrinsically neutral and pre-charged reagents, respectively, both in microdroplets and in layers generated by ion soft-landing are investigated. This provides new insights into the role of partially solvated reagents at microdroplet surfaces for increased reaction rates. Additionally, further insights into reactions of ions of the same polarity under various conditions is obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangshun Yang
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raphael D Urban
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Lorenz
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nima Koohbor
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Fuhrmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ales Charvat
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Azov
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kawa S, Knorke H, Jin J, Rohdenburg M, Asmis KR, Tonner-Zech R, Bernhardt E, Jenne C, Finze M, Warneke J. Binding Properties of Small Electrophilic Anions [B 6 X 5 ] - and [B 10 X 9 ] - (X=Cl, Br, I): Activation of Small Molecules Based on π-Backbonding. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302247. [PMID: 37749942 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Superelectrophilic anions constitute a special class of molecular anions that show strong binding of weak nucleophiles despite their negative charge. In this study, the binding characteristics of smaller gaseous electrophilic anions of the types [B6 X5 ]- and [B10 X9 ]- (with X=Cl, Br, I) were computationally and experimentally investigated and compared to those of the larger analogues [B12 X11 ]- . The positive charge of vacant boron increases from [B6 X5 ]- via [B10 X9 ]- to [B12 X11 ]- , as evidenced by increasing attachment enthalpies towards typical σ-donor molecules (noble gases, H2 O). However, this behavior is reversed for σ-donor-π-acceptor molecules. [B6 Cl5 ]- binds most strongly to N2 and CO, even more strongly than to H2 O. Energy decomposition analysis confirms that the orbital interaction is responsible for this opposite trend. The extended transition state natural orbitals for chemical valence method shows that the π-backdonation order is [B6 X5 ]- >[B10 X9 ]- >[B12 X11 ]- . This predicted order explains the experimentally observed red shifts of the CO and N2 stretching fundamentals compared to those of the unbound molecules, as measured by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy. The strongest red shift is observed for [B6 Cl5 N2 ]- : 222 cm-1 . Therefore, strong activation of unreactive σ-donor-π-acceptor molecules (commonly observed for cationic transition metal complexes) is achieved with metal-free molecular anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jiaye Jin
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Knut R Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Tonner-Zech
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eduard Bernhardt
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rohdenburg M, Warneke Z, Knorke H, Icker M, Warneke J. Chemical Synthesis with Gaseous Molecular Ions: Harvesting [B 12 Br 11 N 2 ] - from a Mass Spectrometer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308600. [PMID: 37531598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry frequently reveals the existence of transient gas phase ions that have not been synthesized in solution or in bulk. These elusive ions are, therefore, often considered to be primarily of analytical value in fundamental gas phase studies. Here, we provide proof-of-concept that the products of ion-molecule reactions in mass spectrometers may be collected on surfaces to generate condensed matter and thus serve as building blocks to synthesize new compounds. The highly reactive fragment anion [B12 Br11 ]- was generated in a mass spectrometer and converted to [B12 Br11 N2 ]- in the presence of molecular nitrogen followed by its mass-selection and soft-landing on surfaces. The molecular structure of [B12 Br11 N2 ]- , which has not been synthetically obtained before, was confirmed by conventional methods of molecular analysis, including nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The [B12 Br11 N2 ]- ion is stable on surfaces and in solution at room temperature, but thermal annealing induces elimination of N2 and provides access to the highly reactive intermediate [B12 Br11 ]- in the condensed phase, which can be further used as a reagent, for example, for electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Thus, isolation of [B12 Br11 N2 ]- expands the repertoire of the available diazo ions that can be employed as versatile intermediates in various chemical transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Icker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gholipour-Ranjbar H, Samayoa-Oviedo HY, Laskin J. Controlled Formation of Fused Metal Chalcogenide Nanoclusters Using Soft Landing of Gaseous Fragment Ions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17427-17435. [PMID: 37638846 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The complete ligation of nanoclusters significantly reduces their chemical reactivity, catalytic activity, and charge transfer properties. Therefore, in applications, nanoclusters are activated through partial ligand removal to take advantage of their full potential. However, the precise control of ligand removal in the condensed phase is challenging. In this study, we examine the reactivity of well-defined activated nanoclusters on surfaces prepared through controlled ligand removal in the gas phase. To accomplish this, we utilized a specially designed ion soft-landing instrument equipped with a collision cell to prepare mass-selected fragment ions, which were then deposited onto self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces. Specifically, we generated fragment ions by selectively removing one or two ligands from a series of atomically precise ligated metal sulfide clusters, Co5MS8(L1)6+ (M = Co, Mn, Fe, or Ni, L1 = PEt3). Removal of one ligand from Co5MS8(L1)6+ (M = Co, Mn, Ni) generates Co5MS8(L1)5+ species, which undergo selective dimerization on SAMs. Meanwhile, Co5FeS8(L1)5+ is unreactive and remains intact when it is deposited onto a SAM surface. In contrast, fragments formed by the removal of two ligands, Co5MS8(L1)4+, undergo several nonselective reactions and generate larger fused clusters. We found that the reactivity of the Co5MS8(L1)5+ fragment ions is correlated with the gas phase stability of the corresponding precursor ion toward ligand loss. Specifically, the relatively unstable precursor ion, Co5FeS8(L1)6+, generates the least reactive fragment. Meanwhile, the more stable precursor ions generate more reactive Co5MS8(L1)5+ fragments that dimerize on surfaces. This observation was also confirmed by co-deposition of fragment ions with two different ligands, Co5MS8(L1)5+ and Co5MS8(L2)5+ (L1 = PEt3 and L2 = PEt2Ph), where fragments generated from more stable precursor ions tend to dimerize and generate dimers with mixed ligands. This study unveils the previously unrecognized potential of fragment ions in generating compounds that are difficult to synthesize using conventional methods. Additionally, it provides a mechanistic understanding of the observed reactivity. Mass-selected deposition of well-defined fragment ions emerges as a powerful approach for designing materials by precisely activating and depositing undercoordinated ligated nanoclusters onto surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Y Samayoa-Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gholipour-Ranjbar H, Hu H, Su P, Samayoa Oviedo HY, Gilpin C, Wang H, Zhang Y, Laskin J. Soft landing of polyatomic anions onto three-dimensional semiconductive and conductive substrates. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1672-1680. [PMID: 36926574 PMCID: PMC10012853 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soft landing of well-characterized polyoxometalate anions, PW12O40 3- (WPOM) and PMo12O40 3- (MoPOM), was carried out to explore the distribution of anions in the semiconducting 10 and 6 μm-long vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes as well as 300 μm-long conductive vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs). The distribution of soft-landed anions on the surfaces and their penetration into the nanotubes were studied using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We observe that soft landed anions generate microaggregates on the TiO2 nanotubes and only reside in the top 1.5 μm of the nanotube height. Meanwhile, soft landed anions are uniformly distributed on top of VACNTs and penetrate into the top 40 μm of the sample. We propose that both the aggregation and limited penetration of POM anions into TiO2 nanotubes is attributed to the lower conductivity of this substrate as compared to VACNTs. This study provides first insights into the controlled modification of three dimensional (3D) semiconductive and conductive interfaces using soft landing of mass-selected polyatomic ions, which is of interest to the rational design of 3D interfaces for electronics and energy applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | - Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | | | - Christopher Gilpin
- Life Science Microscopy Facility, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Su P, Warneke Z, Volke D, Espenship MF, Hu H, Kawa S, Kirakci K, Hoffmann R, Laskin J, Wiebeler C, Warneke J. Gas Phase Reactivity of [Mo 6X 14] 2- Dianions (X = Cl - I). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:161-170. [PMID: 36630296 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [Mo6X14]2- (X = Cl, Br, I) and the reactivity of fragment ions of these precursors with background gases. Ion mobility measurements and theoretical calculations provide structural information for some of the observed ions. Sequential losses of MoX2 units dominate the dissociation pathways of [Mo6Cl14]2-. Meanwhile, loss of X radicals is the main channel for X = Br and I. Ion mobility measurements and computational investigations indicate minor structural changes in the octahedral Mo6 unit for [Mo6Im]- (m = 6-13) fragments. We observe that mass spectra obtained using CID substantially vary among mass spectrometers: Specifically, ions with molecular formula [Mo6Xm(O2)n]- (X = Br and I) are observed as dominant species produced through reactions with O2 in several mass spectrometers, but also adduct free fragment ions were observed in other instruments, depending on the background conditions. Ion-trap fragmentation combined with theoretical investigations indicates that spontaneous losses of X radicals occur upon binding of O2 to [Mo6Im]- fragments (m ≤ 12). Theoretical investigations indicate that both oxygen atoms are bound to the vacant sites of the Mo6 units. This study opens up a new vista to generate and study a large variety of hexanuclear Mo6Xm(O2)n anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Volke
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig04103Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael F Espenship
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Husinec-R̆ez̆ 1001, 250 68R̆ez̆, Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig04103Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Christian Wiebeler
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma X. Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry-Based Structural Elucidation Techniques. Molecules 2022; 27:6466. [PMID: 36235003 PMCID: PMC9572214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become the central technique that is extensively used for the analysis of molecular structures of unknown compounds in the gas phase. It manipulates the molecules by converting them into ions using various ionization sources. With high-resolution MS, accurate molecular weights (MW) of the intact molecular ions can be measured so that they can be assigned a molecular formula with high confidence. Furthermore, the application of tandem MS has enabled detailed structural characterization by breaking the intact molecular ions and protonated or deprotonated molecules into key fragment ions. This approach is not only used for the structural elucidation of small molecules (MW < 2000 Da), but also crucial biopolymers such as proteins and polypeptides; therefore, MS has been extensively used in multiomics studies for revealing the structures and functions of important biomolecules and their interactions with each other. The high sensitivity of MS has enabled the analysis of low-level analytes in complex matrices. It is also a versatile technique that can be coupled with separation techniques, including chromatography and ion mobility, and many other analytical instruments such as NMR. In this review, we aim to focus on the technical advances of MS-based structural elucidation methods over the past five years, and provide an overview of their applications in complex mixture analysis. We hope this review can be of interest for a wide range of audiences who may not have extensive experience in MS-based techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fremdling P, Esser TK, Saha B, Makarov AA, Fort KL, Reinhardt-Szyba M, Gault J, Rauschenbach S. A Preparative Mass Spectrometer to Deposit Intact Large Native Protein Complexes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14443-14455. [PMID: 36037396 PMCID: PMC9527803 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ion-beam deposition (ES-IBD) is a versatile tool to study the structure and reactivity of molecules from small metal clusters to large protein assemblies. It brings molecules gently into the gas phase, where they can be accurately manipulated and purified, followed by controlled deposition onto various substrates. In combination with imaging techniques, direct structural information on well-defined molecules can be obtained, which is essential to test and interpret results from indirect mass spectrometry techniques. To date, ion-beam deposition experiments are limited to a small number of custom instruments worldwide, and there are no commercial alternatives. Here we present a module that adds ion-beam deposition capabilities to a popular commercial MS platform (Thermo Scientific Q Exactive UHMR mass spectrometer). This combination significantly reduces the overhead associated with custom instruments, while benefiting from established high performance and reliability. We present current performance characteristics including beam intensity, landing-energy control, and deposition spot size for a broad range of molecules. In combination with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we distinguish near-native from unfolded proteins and show retention of the native shape of protein assemblies after dehydration and deposition. Further, we use an enzymatic assay to quantify the activity of a noncovalent protein complex after deposition on a dry surface. Together, these results not only indicate a great potential of ES-IBD for applications in structural biology, but also outline the challenges that need to be solved for it to reach its full potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fremdling
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tim K. Esser
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Bodhisattwa Saha
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander A. Makarov
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, Bremen 28199, Germany
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joseph Gault
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Rauschenbach
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma X, Rohdenburg M, Knorke H, Kawa S, Liu JKY, Aprà E, Asmis KR, Azov VA, Laskin J, Jenne C, Kenttamaa HI, Warneke J. Binding of Saturated and Unsaturated C6-Hydrocarbons to the Electrophilic Anion [B12Br11]−: A Systematic Mechanistic Study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21759-21772. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highly reactive gaseous ion [B12Br11]– is a metal-free closed-shell anion which spontaneously forms covalent bonds with hydrocarbon molecules, including alkanes. Herein, we systematically investigate the reaction mechanism for binding...
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang F, Behrend KA, Knorke H, Rohdenburg M, Charvat A, Jenne C, Abel B, Warneke J. Anion-Anion Chemistry with Mass-Selected Molecular Fragments on Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24910-24914. [PMID: 34523217 PMCID: PMC9293123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
While reactions between ions and neutral molecules in the gas phase have been studied extensively, reactions between molecular ions of same polarity remain relatively unexplored. Herein we show that reactions between fragment ions generated in the gas phase and molecular ions of the same polarity are possible by soft-landing of both reagents on surfaces. The reactive [B12 I11 ]1- anion was deposited on a surface layer built up by landing the generally unreactive [B12 I12 ]2- . Ex-situ analysis of the generated material shows that [B24 I23 ]3- was formed. A computational study shows that the product is metastable in the gas phase, but a charge-balanced environment of a grounded surface may stabilize the triply charged product, as suggested by model calculations. This opens new opportunities for the generation of highly charged clusters using unconventional building blocks from the gas phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangshun Yang
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - K. Antonio Behrend
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische ChemieFachbereich 2-Biologie/ChemieUniversität Bremen28359BremenGermany
| | - Ales Charvat
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und NaturwissenschaftenAnorganische Chemie, BergischeUniversität WuppertalGaußstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang F, Behrend KA, Knorke H, Rohdenburg M, Charvat A, Jenne C, Abel B, Warneke J. Anionen‐Anionen‐Chemie mit massenselektierten Fragmentionen auf Oberflächen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangshun Yang
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - K. Antonio Behrend
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie Universität Bremen 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Ales Charvat
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Anorganische Chemie Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Deutschland
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Samayoa-Oviedo HY, Behrend KA, Kawa S, Knorke H, Su P, Belov ME, Anderson G, Warneke J, Laskin J. Design and Performance of a Soft-Landing Instrument for Fragment Ion Deposition. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14489-14496. [PMID: 34672519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a new high-flux electrospray ionization-based instrument for soft landing of mass-selected fragment ions onto surfaces. Collision-induced dissociation is performed in a collision cell positioned after the dual electrodynamic ion funnel assembly. The high duty cycle of the instrument enables high-coverage deposition of mass-selected fragment ions onto surfaces at a defined kinetic energy. This capability facilitates the investigation of the reactivity of gaseous fragment ions in the condensed phase. We demonstrate that the observed reactions of deposited fragment ions are dependent on the structure of the ion and the composition of either ionic or neutral species codeposited onto a surface. The newly developed instrument provides access to high-purity ion fragments as building blocks for the preparation of unique ionic layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Y Samayoa-Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kay-Antonio Behrend
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mikhail E Belov
- Spectroglyph, LLC, Kennewick, Washington 99338, United States
| | - Gordon Anderson
- GAA Custom Electronics, LLC, POB 335, Benton City, Washington 99338, United States
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Warneke J, Wang XB. Measuring Electronic Structure of Multiply Charged Anions to Understand Their Chemistry: A Case Study on Gaseous Polyhedral closo-Borate Dianions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6653-6661. [PMID: 34323504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on multiply charged anions (MCAs) in the gas phase has been intensively performed during the past decades, mainly to understand fundamental molecular physics phenomena, for example, intramolecular Coulomb repulsion and existence of the repulsive Coulomb barrier. However, the relevance of these investigations with respect to understanding MCAs' chemistry appears often vague. Here, we discuss how insights into the electronic structure obtained from negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy (NIPES) combined with theoretical calculations and collision-induced dissociation can provide a fundamental understanding of the intrinsic chemical reactivity of MCAs and their fragments. This is exemplified in our studies on polyhedral closo-borate dianions [BnXn]2- (n = 6, 10, 11, 12; X = H, F-I, CN) and their fragment ions. For example, the rational design of closo-borate dianions with specific electronic properties is described, which leads to generating highly reactive fragments. Depending on the dianionic precursor, these fragments are tuned to either bind noble gases effectively or activate small molecules like CO and N2. The intrinsic electronic properties of closo-borate dianions are further compared to their electrochemistry in solutions, revealing solvent effects on the redox potentials. Neutral host molecules such as cyclodextrins are found to bind strongly to [BnXn]2-, and gas phase NIPES provides insights into the intrinsic host-guest interactions. Finally, outlooks including the direct NIPES of molecular fragment ions that cannot be generated in the condensed phase and their utilization in preparative mass spectrometry are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mayer M, Rohdenburg M, Kawa S, Horn F, Knorke H, Jenne C, Tonner R, Asmis KR, Warneke J. Relevance of π-Backbonding for the Reactivity of Electrophilic Anions [B 12 X 11 ] - (X=F, Cl, Br, I, CN). Chemistry 2021; 27:10274-10281. [PMID: 34014012 PMCID: PMC8362024 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic anions of type [B12 X11 ]- posses a vacant positive boron binding site within the anion. In a comparatitve experimental and theoretical study, the reactivity of [B12 X11 ]- with X=F, Cl, Br, I, CN is characterized towards different nucleophiles: (i) noble gases (NGs) as σ-donors and (ii) CO/N2 as σ-donor-π-acceptors. Temperature-dependent formation of [B12 X11 NG]- indicates the enthalpy order (X=CN)>(X=Cl)≈(X=Br)>(X=I)≈(X=F) almost independent of the NG in good agreement with calculated trends. The observed order is explained by an interplay of the electron deficiency of the vacant boron site in [B12 X11 ]- and steric effects. The binding of CO and N2 to [B12 X11 ]- is significantly stronger. The B3LYP 0 K attachment enthapies follow the order (X=F)>(X=CN)>(X=Cl)>(X=Br)>(X=I), in contrast to the NG series. The bonding motifs of [B12 X11 CO]- and [B12 X11 N2 ]- were characterized using cryogenic ion trap vibrational spectroscopy by focusing on the CO and N2 stretching frequencies ν C O and ν N 2 , respectively. Observed shifts of ν C O and ν N 2 are explained by an interplay between electrostatic effects (blue shift), due to the positive partial charge, and by π-backdonation (red shift). Energy decomposition analysis and analysis of natural orbitals for chemical valence support all conclusions based on the experimental results. This establishes a rational understanding of [B12 X11 ]- reactivety dependent on the substituent X and provides first systematic data on π-backdonation from delocalized σ-electron systems of closo-borate anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mayer
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francine Horn
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ralf Tonner
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Knut R Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wulf T, Warneke J, Heine T. B 12X 11(H 2) −: exploring the limits of isotopologue selectivity of hydrogen adsorption. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28466-28475. [PMID: 35478551 PMCID: PMC9038111 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06322g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the isotopologue-selective binding of dihydrogen at the undercoordinated boron site of B12X11− (X = H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN) using ab initio quantum chemistry. With a Gibbs free energy of H2 attachment reaching up to 80 kJ mol−1 (ΔG at 300 K for X = CN), these sites are even more attractive than most undercoordinated metal centers studied so far. We thus believe that they can serve as an edge case close to the upper limit of isotopologue-selective H2 adsorption sites. Differences of the zero-point energy of attachment average 5.0 kJ mol−1 between D2 and H2 and 2.7 kJ mol−1 between HD and H2, resulting in hypothetical isotopologue selectivities as high as 2.0 and 1.5, respectively, even at 300 K. Interestingly, even though attachment energies vary substantially according to the chemical nature of X, isotopologue selectivities remain very similar. We find that the H–H activation is so strong that it likely results in the instantaneous heterolytic dissociation of H2 in all cases (except, possibly, for X = H), highlighting the extremely electrophilic nature of B12X11− despite its negative charge. Unfortunately, this high reactivity also makes B12X11− unsuitable for practical application in the field of dihydrogen isotopologue separation. Thus, this example stresses the two-edged nature of strong H2 affinity, yielding a higher isotopologue selectivity on the one hand but risking dissociation on the other, and helps define a window of adsorption energies into which a material for selective adsorption near room temperature should ideally fall. The extreme H2 affinity of B12X11− gives a glimpse of how higher selectivities in adsorptive isotopologue separation may be achieved.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Wulf
- Wilhelm Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rohdenburg M, Azov VA, Warneke J. New Perspectives in the Noble Gas Chemistry Opened by Electrophilic Anions. Front Chem 2020; 8:580295. [PMID: 33282830 PMCID: PMC7691601 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.580295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of noble gases (NGs) is commonly considered to be the realm of highly reactive electophiles with cationic or at least non-charged character. Herein, we summarize our latest results evidencing that the incorporation of a strongly electrophilic site within a rigid cage-like anionic structure offers several advantages that facilitate the binding of noble gases and stabilize the formed NG adducts. The anionic superelectrophiles investigated by us are based on the closo-dodecaborate dianion scaffold. The record holder [B12(CN)11]− binds spontaneously almost all members of the NG family, including the very inert argon at room temperature and neon at 50 K in the gas phase of mass spectrometers. In this perspective, we summarize the argumentation for the advantages of anionic electrophiles in binding of noble gases and explain them in detail using several examples. Then we discuss the next steps necessary to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the binding properties of electrophilic anions with NGs. Finally, we discuss the perspective to prepare bulk ionic materials containing NG derivatives of the anionic superelectophiles. In particular, we explore the role of counterions using computational methods and discuss the methodology, which may be used for the actual preparation of such salts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rohdenburg
- Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Azov
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|