1
|
Berryhill BA, Gil-Gil T, Witzany C, Goldberg DA, Vega NM, Regoes RR, Levin BR. The dynamics of Staphylococcal infection and their treatment with antibiotics and bacteriophage in the Galleria mellonella model system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.23.609294. [PMID: 39229007 PMCID: PMC11370618 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.23.609294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Critical to our understanding of infections and their treatment is the role the innate immune system plays in controlling bacterial pathogens. Nevertheless, many in vivo systems are made or modified such that they do not have an innate immune response. Use of these systems denies the opportunity to examine the synergy between the immune system and antimicrobial agents. In this study we demonstrate that the larva of Galleria mellonella is an effective in vivo model for the study of the population and evolutionary biology of bacterial infections and their treatment. To do this we test three hypotheses concerning the role of the innate immune system during infection. We show: i) sufficiently high densities of bacteria are capable of saturating the innate immune system, ii) bacteriostatic drugs and bacteriophages are as effective as bactericidal antibiotics in preventing mortality and controlling bacterial densities, and iii) minority populations of bacteria resistant to a treating antibiotic will not ascend. Using a highly virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus and a mathematical computer-simulation model, we further explore how the dynamics of the infection within the short term determine the ultimate infection outcome. We find that excess immune activation in response to high densities of bacteria leads to a strong but short-lived immune response which ultimately results in a high degree of mortality. Overall, our findings illustrate the utility of the G. mellonella model system in conjunction with established in vivo models in studying infectious disease progression and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Berryhill
- Department of Biology, Emory University; Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Teresa Gil-Gil
- Department of Biology, Emory University; Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | | | - David A Goldberg
- Department of Biology, Emory University; Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Nic M Vega
- Department of Biology, Emory University; Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Roland R Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce R Levin
- Department of Biology, Emory University; Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kraus S, Fletcher ML, Łapińska U, Chawla K, Baker E, Attrill EL, O'Neill P, Farbos A, Jeffries A, Galyov EE, Korbsrisate S, Barnes KB, Harding SV, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Blaskovich MAT, Pagliara S. Phage-induced efflux down-regulation boosts antibiotic efficacy. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012361. [PMID: 38941361 PMCID: PMC11239113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The interactions between a virus and its host vary in space and time and are affected by the presence of molecules that alter the physiology of either the host or the virus. Determining the molecular mechanisms at the basis of these interactions is paramount for predicting the fate of bacterial and phage populations and for designing rational phage-antibiotic therapies. We study the interactions between stationary phase Burkholderia thailandensis and the phage ΦBp-AMP1. Although heterogeneous genetic resistance to phage rapidly emerges in B. thailandensis, the presence of phage enhances the efficacy of three major antibiotic classes, the quinolones, the beta-lactams and the tetracyclines, but antagonizes tetrahydrofolate synthesis inhibitors. We discovered that enhanced antibiotic efficacy is facilitated by reduced antibiotic efflux in the presence of phage. This new phage-antibiotic therapy allows for eradication of stationary phase bacteria, whilst requiring reduced antibiotic concentrations, which is crucial for treating infections in sites where it is difficult to achieve high antibiotic concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kraus
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Megan L Fletcher
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Urszula Łapińska
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Krina Chawla
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Evan Baker
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Erin L Attrill
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O'Neill
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Farbos
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Jeffries
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard E Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kay B Barnes
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah V Harding
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stefano Pagliara
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baquero F, Rodríguez-Beltrán J, Levin BR. Bacteriostatic cells instead of bacteriostatic antibiotics? mBio 2024; 15:e0268023. [PMID: 38126752 PMCID: PMC10865802 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02680-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This year we commemorate the centennial of the birth of the mature concept of bacteriostasis by John W. Churchman at Cornell University Medical School. The term bacteriostasis has primarily been applied to antibiotics (bacteriostatic antibiotics). In this Opinion paper, we are revisiting this concept by suggesting that bacteriostasis essentially reflects a distinct cellular status (or "cell variant") characterized by the inability to be killed as a consequence of an antibiotic-induced stress impacting on bacterial physiology/metabolism (growth). Note that the term "bacteriostasis" should not be associated only with antimicrobials but with many stressful conditions. In that respect, the drug promotion of bacteriostasis might resemble other types of stress-induced cellular differentiation, such as sporulation, in which spores can be considered "bacteriostatic cells" or perhaps as persister bacteria, which can become "normal cells" again when the stressful conditions have abated.IMPORTANCEThis year we commemorate the centennial of the birth of the mature concept of bacteriostasis by John W. Churchman at Cornell University Medical School. The term bacteriostasis has primarily been applied to antibiotics (bacteriostatic antibiotics). In this Opinion paper, we are revisiting this concept by suggesting that some antibiotics are drugs that induce bacteria to become bacteriostatic. Cells that are unable to multiply, thereby preventing the antibiotic from exerting major lethal effects on them, are a variant ("different") type of cells, bacteriostatic cells. Note that the term "bacteriostasis" should not be associated only with antimicrobials but with many stressful conditions. In that respect, the drug promotion of bacteriostasis might resemble other types of stress-induced cellular differentiation, such as sporulation, in which spores can be considered "bacteriostatic cells" or perhaps as persister bacteria, which can become "normal cells" again when the stressful conditions have abated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Rodríguez-Beltrán
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruce R. Levin
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yakoup AY, Kamel AG, Elbermawy Y, Abdelsattar AS, El-Shibiny A. Characterization, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of silver nanoparticles using the whole biofilm layer as a macromolecule in biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:364. [PMID: 38172225 PMCID: PMC10764356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria are responsible for a large number of infectious diseases that can be life-threatening. Globally, new approaches are targeted to solve this essential issue. This study aims to discover novel antibiotic alternatives by using the whole components of the biofilm layer as a macromolecule to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a promising agent against MDR. In particular, the biosynthesized biofilm-AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopes, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), zeta sizer and potential while their effect on bacterial strains and normal cell lines was identified. Accordingly, biofilm-AgNPs have a lavender-colored solution, spherical shape, with a size range of 20-60 nm. Notably, they have inhibitory effects when used on various bacterial strains with concentrations ranging between 12.5 and 25 µg/mL. In addition, they have an effective synergistic effect when combined with phage ZCSE9 to inhibit and kill Salmonella enterica with a concentration of 3.1 µg/mL. In conclusion, this work presents a novel biosynthesis preparation of AgNPs using biofilm for antibacterial purposes to reduce the possible toxicity by reducing the MICs using phage ZCSE9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aghapy Yermans Yakoup
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Azza G Kamel
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Elbermawy
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Abdallah S Abdelsattar
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt.
- Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish, 45511, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kulshrestha M, Tiwari M, Tiwari V. Bacteriophage therapy against ESKAPE bacterial pathogens: Current status, strategies, challenges, and future scope. Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106467. [PMID: 38036110 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The ESKAPE pathogens are the primary threat due to their constant spread of drug resistance worldwide. These pathogens are also regarded as opportunistic pathogens and could potentially cause nosocomial infections. Most of the ESKAPE pathogens have developed resistance to almost all the antibiotics that are used against them. Therefore, to deal with antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent requirement for alternative non-antibiotic strategies to combat this rising issue of drug-resistant organisms. One of the promising alternatives to this scenario is implementing bacteriophage therapy. This under-explored mode of treatment in modern medicine has posed several concerns, such as preferable phages for the treatment, impact on the microbiome (or gut microflora), dose optimisation, safety, etc. The review will cover a rationale for phage therapy, clinical challenges, and propose phage therapy as an effective therapeutic against bacterial coinfections during pandemics. This review also addresses the expected uncertainties for administering the phage as a treatment against the ESKAPE pathogens and the advantages of using lytic phage over temperate, the immune response to phages, and phages in combinational therapies. The interaction between bacteria and bacteriophages in humans and countless animal models can also be used to design novel and futuristic therapeutics like personalised medicine or bacteriophages as anti-biofilm agents. Hence, this review explores different aspects of phage therapy and its potential to emerge as a frontline therapy against the ESKAPE bacterial pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Kulshrestha
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Petrosino A, Saporetti R, Starinieri F, Sarti E, Ulfo L, Boselli L, Cantelli A, Morini A, Zadran SK, Zuccheri G, Pasquini Z, Di Giosia M, Prodi L, Pompa PP, Costantini PE, Calvaresi M, Danielli A. A modular phage vector platform for targeted photodynamic therapy of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. iScience 2023; 26:108032. [PMID: 37822492 PMCID: PMC10563061 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing antibiotic resistance has encouraged the revival of phage-inspired antimicrobial approaches. On the other hand, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered a very promising research domain for the protection against infectious diseases. Yet, very few efforts have been made to combine the advantages of both approaches in a modular, retargetable platform. Here, we foster the M13 bacteriophage as a multifunctional scaffold, enabling the selective photodynamic killing of bacteria. We took advantage of the well-defined molecular biology of M13 to functionalize its capsid with hundreds of photo-activable Rose Bengal sensitizers and contemporarily target this light-triggerable nanobot to specific bacterial species by phage display of peptide targeting moieties fused to the minor coat protein pIII of the phage. Upon light irradiation of the specimen, the targeted killing of diverse Gram(-) pathogens occurred at subnanomolar concentrations of the phage vector. Our findings contribute to the development of antimicrobials based on targeted and triggerable phage-based nanobiotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annapaola Petrosino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBiT) – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Saporetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Starinieri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBiT) – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Sarti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBiT) – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Ulfo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBiT) – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Boselli
- Nanobiointeractions and Nanodiagnostics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cantelli
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Unit of Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Morini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBiT) – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Suleman Khan Zadran
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBiT) – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Zuccheri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBiT) – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- CIRI SDV – Centro Interdipartimentale Scienze della Vita - Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 41/E - 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Zeno Pasquini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Giosia
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Prodi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- CIRI SDV – Centro Interdipartimentale Scienze della Vita - Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 41/E - 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions and Nanodiagnostics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Emidio Costantini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBiT) – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- CIRI SDV – Centro Interdipartimentale Scienze della Vita - Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 41/E - 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alberto Danielli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBiT) – Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- CIRI SDV – Centro Interdipartimentale Scienze della Vita - Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 41/E - 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Doub JB. Bacteriophage therapy: are we running before we have learned to walk? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:1281-1283. [PMID: 37697078 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James B Doub
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 west Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fungo GBN, Uy JCW, Porciuncula KLJ, Candelario CMA, Chua DPS, Gutierrez TAD, Clokie MRJ, Papa DMD. "Two Is Better Than One": The Multifactorial Nature of Phage-Antibiotic Combinatorial Treatments Against ESKAPE-Induced Infections. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2023; 4:55-67. [PMID: 37350995 PMCID: PMC10282822 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2023.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS) has been extensively explored over the past decade, with the aim of developing more effective treatments against multidrug-resistant organisms. However, it remains unclear how to effectively combine these two approaches. To address this uncertainty, we assessed four main aspects of PAS interactions in this review, seeking to identify commonalities of combining treatments within and between bacterial species. We examined all literature on PAS efficacy toward ESKAPE pathogens and present an analysis of the data in papers focusing on: (1) order of treatment, (2) dose of both phage and antibiotics, (3) mechanism of action, and (4) viability of transfer from in vivo or animal model trials to clinical applications. Our analysis indicates that there is little consistency within phage-antibiotic therapy regimens, suggesting that highly individualized treatment regimens should be used. We propose a set of experimental studies to address these research gaps. We end our review with suggestions on how to improve studies on phage-antibiotic combination therapy to advance this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gale Bernice N. Fungo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - John Christian W. Uy
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kristiana Louise J. Porciuncula
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Chiarah Mae A. Candelario
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Deneb Philip S. Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Tracey Antaeus D. Gutierrez
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Donna May D. Papa
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abd-Allah IM, El-Housseiny GS, Al-Agamy MH, Radwan HH, Aboshanab KM, Hassouna NA. Statistical optimization of a podoviral anti-MRSA phage CCASU-L10 generated from an under sampled repository: Chicken rinse. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1149848. [PMID: 37065190 PMCID: PMC10102507 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1149848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe insurgence of antimicrobial resistance is an imminent health danger globally. A wide range of challenging diseases are attributed to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as it is weaponized with a unique array of virulence factors, and most importantly, the resistance it develops to most of the antibiotics used clinically. On that account, the present study targeted the optimization of the production of a bacteriophage active against MRSA, and evaluating some of its characters.Methods and resultsThe bacteriophage originated from a quite peculiar environmental source, raw chicken rinse and was suggested to belong to Podoviridae, order Caudovirales. It withstood a variety of extreme conditions and yield optimization was accomplished via the D-optimal design by response surface methodology (RSM). A reduced quadratic model was generated, and the ideal production conditions recommended were pH 8, glycerol 0.9% v/v, peptone 0.08% w/v, and 107 CFU/ml as the host inoculum size. These conditions led to a two-log fold increase in the phage titer (1.17x10¹² PFU/ml), as compared to the regular conditions.DiscussionTo conclude, statistical optimization successfully enhanced the output of the podoviral phage titer by two-log fold and therefore, can be regarded as a potential scale-up strategy. The produced phage was able to tolerate extreme environmental condition making it suitable for topical pharmaceutical preparations. Further preclinical and clinical studies are required to ensure its suitability for use in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israa M. Abd-Allah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghadir S. El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ghadir S. El-Housseiny, ; Khaled M. Aboshanab,
| | - Mohamed H. Al-Agamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham H. Radwan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ghadir S. El-Housseiny, ; Khaled M. Aboshanab,
| | - Nadia A. Hassouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wójcicki M, Świder O, Gientka I, Błażejak S, Średnicka P, Shymialevich D, Cieślak H, Wardaszka A, Emanowicz P, Sokołowska B, Juszczuk-Kubiak E. Effectiveness of a Phage Cocktail as a Potential Biocontrol Agent against Saprophytic Bacteria in Ready-To-Eat Plant-Based Food. Viruses 2023; 15:172. [PMID: 36680211 PMCID: PMC9860863 DOI: 10.3390/v15010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the phage cocktail to improve the microbiological quality of five different mixed-leaf salads: rucola, mixed-leaf salad with carrot, mixed-leaf salad with beetroot, washed and unwashed spinach, during storage in refrigerated conditions. Enterobacterales rods constituted a significant group of bacteria in the tested products. Selected bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance profiles and then used to search for specific bacteriophages. Forty-three phages targeting bacteria dominant in mixed-leaf salads were isolated from sewage. Their titer was determined, and lytic activity was assessed using the Bioscreen C Pro automated growth analyzer. Two methods of phage cocktail application including spraying, and an absorption pad were effective for rucola, mixed leaf salad with carrot, and mixed leaf salad with beetroot. The maximum reduction level after 48 h of incubation reached 99.9% compared to the control sample. In washed and unwashed spinach, attempts to reduce the number of microorganisms did not bring the desired effect. The decrease in bacteria count in the lettuce mixes depended on the composition of the autochthonous saprophytic bacteria species. Both phage cocktail application methods effectively improved the microbiological quality of minimally processed products. Whole-spectral phage cocktail application may constitute an alternative food microbiological quality improvement method without affecting food properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wójcicki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Świder
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Gientka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Błażejak
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Średnicka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dziyana Shymialevich
- Culture Collection of Industrial Microorganisms—Microbiological Resources Center, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Cieślak
- Culture Collection of Industrial Microorganisms—Microbiological Resources Center, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Wardaszka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Emanowicz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Sokołowska
- Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li G, Walker MJ, De Oliveira DMP. Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010024. [PMID: 36677316 PMCID: PMC9866002 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus are both common commensals and major opportunistic human pathogens. In recent decades, these bacteria have acquired broad resistance to several major classes of antibiotics, including commonly employed glycopeptides. Exemplified by resistance to vancomycin, glycopeptide resistance is mediated through intrinsic gene mutations, and/or transferrable van resistance gene cassette-carrying mobile genetic elements. Here, this review will discuss the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus in healthcare, community, and agricultural settings, explore vancomycin resistance in the context of van and non-van mediated resistance development and provide insights into alternative therapeutic approaches aimed at treating drug-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus infections.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tzani-Tzanopoulou P, Rozumbetov R, Taka S, Doudoulakakis A, Lebessi E, Chanishvili N, Kakabadze E, Bakuradze N, Grdzelishvili N, Goderdzishvili M, Legaki E, Andreakos E, Papadaki M, Megremis S, Xepapadaki P, Kaltsas G, Akdis CA, Papadopoulos NG. Development of an in vitro homeostasis model between airway epithelial cells, bacteria and bacteriophages: a time-lapsed observation of cell viability and inflammatory response. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36748697 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages represent the most extensive group of viruses within the human virome and have a significant impact on general health and well-being by regulating bacterial population dynamics. Staphylococcus aureus, found in the anterior nostrils, throat and skin, is an opportunistic pathobiont that can cause a wide range of diseases, from chronic inflammation to severe and acute infections. In this study, we developed a human cell-based homeostasis model between a clinically isolated strain of S. aureus 141 and active phages for this strain (PYOSa141) isolated from the commercial Pyophage cocktail (PYO). The cocktail is produced by Eliava BioPreparations Ltd. (Tbilisi, Georgia) and is used as an add-on therapy for bacterial infections, mainly in Georgia. The triptych interaction model was evaluated by time-dependent analysis of cell death and inflammatory response of the nasal and bronchial epithelial cells. Inflammatory mediators (IL-8, CCL5/RANTES, IL-6 and IL-1β) in the culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cell viability was determined by crystal violet staining. By measuring trans-epithelial electrical resistance, we assessed the epithelial integrity of nasal cells that had differentiated under air-liquid interface conditions. PYOSa141 was found to have a prophylactic effect on airway epithelial cells exposed to S. aureus 141 by effectively down-regulating bacterial-induced inflammation, cell death and epithelial barrier disruption in a time-dependent manner. Overall, the proposed model represents an advance in the way multi-component biological systems can be simulated in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Tzani-Tzanopoulou
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ramazan Rozumbetov
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Styliani Taka
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelia Lebessi
- Department of Microbiology, Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nina Chanishvili
- Laboratory for Genetics of Microorganisms and Bacteriophages, Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology & Virology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Elene Kakabadze
- Laboratory for Genetics of Microorganisms and Bacteriophages, Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology & Virology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nata Bakuradze
- Laboratory for Genetics of Microorganisms and Bacteriophages, Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology & Virology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Grdzelishvili
- Laboratory for Genetics of Microorganisms and Bacteriophages, Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology & Virology, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Evangelia Legaki
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papadaki
- Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Megremis
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Kaltsas
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leclerc QJ, Lindsay JA, Knight GM. Modelling the synergistic effect of bacteriophage and antibiotics on bacteria: Killers and drivers of resistance evolution. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010746. [PMID: 36449520 PMCID: PMC9744316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage (phage) are bacterial predators that can also spread antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes between bacteria by generalised transduction. Phage are often present alongside antibiotics in the environment, yet evidence of their joint killing effect on bacteria is conflicted, and the dynamics of transduction in such systems are unknown. Here, we combine in vitro data and mathematical modelling to identify conditions where phage and antibiotics act in synergy to remove bacteria or drive AMR evolution. We adapt a published model of phage-bacteria dynamics, including transduction, to add the pharmacodynamics of erythromycin and tetracycline, parameterised from new in vitro data. We simulate a system where two strains of Staphylococcus aureus are present at stationary phase, each carrying either an erythromycin or tetracycline resistance gene, and where multidrug-resistant bacteria can be generated by transduction only. We determine rates of bacterial clearance and multidrug-resistant bacteria appearance, when either or both antibiotics and phage are present at varying timings and concentrations. Although phage and antibiotics act in synergy to kill bacteria, by reducing bacterial growth antibiotics reduce phage production. A low concentration of phage introduced shortly after antibiotics fails to replicate and exert a strong killing pressure on bacteria, instead generating multidrug-resistant bacteria by transduction which are then selected for by the antibiotics. Multidrug-resistant bacteria numbers were highest when antibiotics and phage were introduced simultaneously. The interaction between phage and antibiotics leads to a trade-off between a slower clearing rate of bacteria (if antibiotics are added before phage), and a higher risk of multidrug-resistance evolution (if phage are added before antibiotics), exacerbated by low concentrations of phage or antibiotics. Our results form hypotheses to guide future experimental and clinical work on the impact of phage on AMR evolution, notably for studies of phage therapy which should investigate varying timings and concentrations of phage and antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin J. Leclerc
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Jodi A. Lindsay
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gwenan M. Knight
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li N, Zeng Y, Wang M, Bao R, Chen Y, Li X, Pan J, Zhu T, Hu B, Tan D. Characterization of Phage Resistance and Their Impacts on Bacterial Fitness in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0207222. [PMID: 36129287 PMCID: PMC9603268 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02072-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance pose serious environmental and health challenges. Attention has been drawn to phage therapy as an alternative approach to combat antibiotic resistance with immense potential. However, one of the obstacles to phage therapy is phage resistance, and it can be acquired through genetic mutations, followed by consequences of phenotypic variations. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying phage-host interactions will provide us with greater detail on how to optimize phage therapy. In this study, three lytic phages (phipa2, phipa4, and phipa10) were isolated to investigate phage resistance and the potential fitness trade-offs in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Specifically, in phage-resistant mutants phipa2-R and phipa4-R, mutations in conferring resistance occurred in genes pilT and pilB, both essential for type IV pili (T4P) biosynthesis. In the phage-resistant mutant phipa10-R, a large chromosomal deletion of ~294 kb, including the hmgA (homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase) and galU (UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) genes, was observed and conferred phage phipa10 resistance. Further, we show examples of associated trade-offs in these phage-resistant mutations, e.g., impaired motility, reduced biofilm formation, and increased antibiotic susceptibility. Collectively, our study sheds light on resistance-mediated genetic mutations and their pleiotropic phenotypes, further emphasizing the impressive complexity and diversity of phage-host interactions and the challenges they pose when controlling bacterial diseases in this important pathogen. IMPORTANCE Battling phage resistance is one of the main challenges faced by phage therapy. To overcome this challenge, detailed information about the mechanisms of phage-host interactions is required to understand the bacterial evolutionary processes. In this study, we identified mutations in key steps of type IV pili (T4P) and O-antigen biosynthesis leading to phage resistance and provided new evidence on how phage predation contributed toward host phenotypes and fitness variations. Together, our results add further fundamental knowledge on phage-host interactions and how they regulate different aspects of Pseudomonas cell behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yigang Zeng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengran Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jue Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bijie Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Demeng Tan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vallenas-Sánchez YPA, Bautista-Valles MF, Llaque-Chávarri F, Mendoza-Coello ME. Bacteriophage cocktail as a substitute for antimicrobials in companion animal dermatology. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2022.090200097x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
16
|
Vallenas-Sánchez YPA, Bautista-Valles MF, Llaque-Chávarri F, Mendoza-Coello ME. Cóctel de bacteriófagos como sustituto de antimicrobianos en dermatología de animales de compañía. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2022.090200097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
17
|
Suda T, Hanawa T, Tanaka M, Tanji Y, Miyanaga K, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Shirato K, Kizaki T, Matsuda T. Modification of the immune response by bacteriophages alters methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15656. [PMID: 36123529 PMCID: PMC9483902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop phage therapies for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. However, although bacteria have been shown to be susceptible to phage therapy, phage therapy is not sufficient in some cases. PhiMR003 is a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus phage previously isolated from sewage influent, and it has demonstrated high lytic activity and a broad host range to MRSA clinical isolates in vitro. To investigate the potential of phiMR003 for the treatment of MRSA infection, the effects of phiMR003 on immune responses in vivo were analysed using phiMR003-susceptible MRSA strains in a mouse wound infection model. Additionally, we assessed whether phiMR003 could affect the immune response to infection with a nonsusceptible MRSA strain. Interestingly, wounds infected with both susceptible and nonsusceptible MRSA strains treated with phiMR003 demonstrated decreased bacterial load, reduced inflammation and accelerated wound closure. Moreover, the infiltration of inflammatory cells in infected tissue was altered by phiMR003. While the effects of phiMR003 on inflammation and bacterial load disappeared with heat inactivation of phiMR003. Transcripts of proinflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide were reduced in mouse peritoneal macrophages. These results show that the immune modulation occurring as a response to the phage itself improves the clinical outcomes of phage therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Suda
- Department of General Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hanawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Yasunori Tanji
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J3-8 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Miyanaga
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J3-8 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.,Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii
- Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
| | - Ken Shirato
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takeaki Matsuda
- Department of General Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan. .,Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou S, Rao Y, Li J, Huang Q, Rao X. Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants: Formation, infection, and treatment. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Abd-Allah IM, El-Housseiny GS, Alshahrani MY, El-Masry SS, Aboshanab KM, Hassouna NA. An Anti-MRSA Phage From Raw Fish Rinse: Stability Evaluation and Production Optimization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:904531. [PMID: 35656033 PMCID: PMC9152141 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.904531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has denoted the danger of resistance in tenacious organisms like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA, a supple bacterium that adopts a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms, is the cause of multiple life-threatening conditions. Approaching a post-antibiotic era, bacteria-specific natural predators, bacteriophages, are now given the chance to prove eligible for joining the antibacterial weaponry. Considering the foregoing, this study aimed at isolating bacteriophages with promising anti-MRSA lytic activity, followed by characterization and optimization of the production of the bacteriophage with the broadest host range. Five phages were isolated from different environmental sources including the rinse of raw chicken egg, raw milk, and, remarkably, the raw meat rinses of chicken and fish. Examined for lytic activity against a set of 23 MRSA isolates collected from various clinical specimens, all five phages showed relatively broad host ranges with the bacteriophage originally isolated from raw fish rinse showing lytic activity against all the isolates tested. This phage is suggested to be a member of Siphoviridae family, order Caudovirales, as revealed by electron microscopy. It also exhibited good thermal stability and viability at different pH grades. Moreover, it showed reasonable stability against UV light and all viricidal organic solvents tested. Optimization using D-optimal design by response surface methodology was carried out to enhance the phage yield. The optimum conditions suggested by the generated model were a pH value of 7, a carbon source of 0.5% w/v sucrose, and a nitrogen source of 0.1% w/v peptone, at a temperature of 28°C and a bacterial inoculum size of 107 CFU/ml, resulting in a 2 log-fold increase in the produced bacteriophage titer. Overall, the above findings indicate the lytic ability inflicted by this virus on MRSA. Apparently, its stability under some of the extreme conditions tested implies its potential to be a candidate for pharmaceutical formulation as an anti-MRSA therapeutic tool. We hope that bacteriophages could tip the balance in favor of the human front in their battle against multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israa M. Abd-Allah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghadir S. El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Y. Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar S. El-Masry
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia A. Hassouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Bacteriophage (phage) are both predators and evolutionary drivers for bacteria, notably contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes by generalized transduction. Our current understanding of this complex relationship is limited. We used an interdisciplinary approach to quantify how these interacting dynamics can lead to the evolution of multidrug-resistant bacteria. We cocultured two strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, each harboring a different antibiotic resistance gene, with generalized transducing phage. After a growth phase of 8 h, bacteria and phage surprisingly coexisted at a stable equilibrium in our culture, the level of which was dependent on the starting concentration of phage. We detected double-resistant bacteria as early as 7 h, indicating that transduction of AMR genes had occurred. We developed multiple mathematical models of the bacteria and phage relationship and found that phage-bacteria dynamics were best captured by a model in which phage burst size decreases as the bacteria population reaches stationary phase and where phage predation is frequency-dependent. We estimated that one in every 108 new phage generated was a transducing phage carrying an AMR gene and that double-resistant bacteria were always predominantly generated by transduction rather than by growth. Our results suggest a shift in how we understand and model phage-bacteria dynamics. Although rates of generalized transduction could be interpreted as too rare to be significant, they are sufficient in our system to consistently lead to the evolution of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Currently, the potential of phage to contribute to the growing burden of AMR is likely underestimated. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophage (phage), viruses that can infect and kill bacteria, are being investigated through phage therapy as a potential solution to the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In reality, however, phage are also natural drivers of bacterial evolution by transduction when they accidentally carry nonphage DNA between bacteria. Using laboratory work and mathematical models, we show that transduction leads to evolution of multidrug-resistant bacteria in less than 8 h and that phage production decreases when bacterial growth decreases, allowing bacteria and phage to coexist at stable equilibria. The joint dynamics of phage predation and transduction lead to complex interactions with bacteria, which must be clarified to prevent phage from contributing to the spread of AMR.
Collapse
|
21
|
DePalma BJ, Nandi S, Chaudhry W, Lee M, Johnson AJ, Doub JB. Assessment of Staphylococcal Clinical Isolates from Periprosthetic Joint Infections for Potential Bacteriophage Therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2022; 104:693-699. [PMID: 35167506 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.21.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteriophage therapy is a potential adjunctive treatment for periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) given the capabilities of bacteriophages to degrade biofilms, self-replicate, and lyse bacteria. However, many aspects of this therapeutic are ill-defined, and the narrow spectrum of bacteriophage activity along with limited available bacteriophage strains curb potential use for specific bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus at the present time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using bacteriophages for PJI by (1) categorizing the causative organisms in hip and knee PJI at a tertiary academic center and (2) evaluating in vitro activity of a group of bacteriophages against clinical S. aureus PJI isolates. METHODS Patients with chronic hip or knee PJI after undergoing the first stage of a 2-stage revision protocol from 2017 to 2020 were identified retrospectively by a query of the hospital billing database. The causative pathogens in 129 cases were reviewed and categorized. From this cohort, preserved S. aureus isolates were tested against a library of 15 staphylococcal bacteriophages to evaluate for bacterial growth inhibition over 48 hours. RESULTS S. aureus was the most common pathogen causing PJI (26% [33] of 129 cases). Of 29 S. aureus samples that were analyzed for bacteriophage activity, 97% showed adequate growth inhibition of the predominant planktonic colonies by at least 1 bacteriophage strain. However, 24% of the 29 samples demonstrated additional smaller, slower-growing S. aureus colonies, none of which had adequate growth inhibition by any of the initial 14 bacteriophages. Of 5 secondary colonies that underwent subsequent testing with another bacteriophage with enhanced biofilm activity, 4 showed adequate growth inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Effective bacteriophage therapeutics are potentially available for S. aureus PJI isolates. The differences in bacteriophage activity against the presumed small-colony variants compared with the planktonic isolates have important clinical implications. This finding suggests that bacteriophage attachment receptors differ between the different bacterial morphologic states, and supports future in vitro testing of bacteriophage therapeutics against both planktonic and stationary states of PJI clinical isolates to ensure activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J DePalma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sumon Nandi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Martin Lee
- Adaptive Phage Therapeutics, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James B Doub
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khan A, Ostaku J, Aras E, Safak Seker UO. Combating Infectious Diseases with Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:528-537. [PMID: 35077138 PMCID: PMC8895449 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Over
the past decades, there have been numerous outbreaks, including
parasitic, fungal, bacterial, and viral infections, worldwide. The
rate at which infectious diseases are emerging is disproportionate
to the rate of development for new strategies that could combat them.
Therefore, there is an increasing demand to develop novel, specific,
sensitive, and effective methods for infectious disease diagnosis
and treatment. Designed synthetic systems and devices are becoming
powerful tools to treat human diseases. The advancement in synthetic
biology offers efficient, accurate, and cost-effective platforms for
detecting and preventing infectious diseases. Herein we focus on the
latest state of living theranostics and its implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anooshay Khan
- UNAM − National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Julian Ostaku
- UNAM − National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Aras
- UNAM − National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Urartu Ozgur Safak Seker
- UNAM − National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Khan A, Rao TS, Joshi HM. Phage therapy in the Covid-19 era: Advantages over antibiotics. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100115. [PMID: 35187507 PMCID: PMC8847111 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, the entire world is battling to contain the spread of COVID-19. Massive efforts are being made to find a therapeutic solution in the shortest possible time. However, the research community is becoming increasingly concerned about taking a shortsighted strategy without contemplating the long-term consequences. For example, It has been reported that only 8.4% of total COVID-19 patients develop a secondary bacterial infection. In comparison, 74.6% of them are administered with antibiotics as prophylactic treatment. We contend that overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics increases the likelihood of AMR development and negatively affects the patient's recovery due to the prevalence of the "gut-lung axis.". Consequently, the use of antibiotics to treat COVID-19 patients must be rationalized, or an alternative treatment must be sought that does not risk contributing to AMR development and positively impacts the treatment outcomes. Phage therapy, a century-old concept, is one of the most promising approaches that can be adapted to serve this purpose. This review emphasizes the negative impact of excessive antibiotic use in COVID-19 treatment and provides an overview of how phage therapy can be used as an alternative treatment option. We have argued that targeted killing (narrow spectrum) and anti-inflammatory (which can target the primary cause of mortality in COVID-19) properties of phages can be an effective alternative to antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atif Khan
- Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - T. Subba Rao
- Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hiren M. Joshi
- Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Species-Scale Genomic Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Genes Influencing Phage Host Range and Their Relationships to Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes. mSystems 2022; 7:e0108321. [PMID: 35040700 PMCID: PMC8765062 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01083-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy has been proposed as a possible alternative treatment for infections caused by the ubiquitous bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. However, successful therapy requires understanding the genetic basis of host range—the subset of strains in a species that could be killed by a particular phage. We searched diverse sets of S. aureus public genome sequences against a database of genes suggested from prior studies to influence host range to look for patterns of variation across the species. We found that genes encoding biosynthesis of molecules that were targets of S. aureus phage adsorption to the outer surface of the cell were the most conserved in the pangenome. Putative phage resistance genes that were core components of the pangenome genes had similar nucleotide diversity, ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions, and functionality (measured by delta-bitscore) to other core genes. However, phage resistance genes that were not part of the core genome were significantly less consistent with the core genome phylogeny than all noncore genes in this set, suggesting more frequent movement between strains by horizontal gene transfer. Only superinfection immunity genes encoded by temperate phages inserted in the genome correlated with experimentally determined temperate phage resistance. Taken together, these results suggested that, while phage adsorption genes are heavily conserved in the S. aureus species, HGT may play a significant role in strain-specific evolution of host range patterns. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus is a widespread, hospital- and community-acquired pathogen that is commonly antibiotic resistant. It causes diverse diseases affecting both the skin and internal organs. Its ubiquity, antibiotic resistance, and disease burden make new therapies urgent, such as phage therapy, in which viruses specific to infecting bacteria clear infection. S. aureus phage host range not only determines whether phage therapy will be successful by killing bacteria but also horizontal gene transfer through transduction of host genetic material by phages. In this work, we comprehensively reviewed existing literature to build a list of S. aureus phage resistance genes and searched our database of almost 43,000 S. aureus genomes for these genes to understand their patterns of evolution, finding that prophages’ superinfection immunity correlates best with phage resistance and HGT. These findings improved our understanding of the relationship between known phage resistance genes and phage host range in the species.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hong T, Liu X, Zhou Q, Liu Y, Guo J, Zhou W, Tan S, Cai Z. What the Microscale Systems "See" In Biological Assemblies: Cells and Viruses? Anal Chem 2021; 94:59-74. [PMID: 34812604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yilian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,Jiangsu Dawning Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China.,Jiangsu Dawning Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213100, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abedon ST, Danis-Wlodarczyk KM, Wozniak DJ. Phage Cocktail Development for Bacteriophage Therapy: Toward Improving Spectrum of Activity Breadth and Depth. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1019. [PMID: 34681243 PMCID: PMC8541335 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is the use of bacterial viruses as antibacterial agents. A primary consideration for commercial development of phages for phage therapy is the number of different bacterial strains that are successfully targeted, as this defines the breadth of a phage cocktail's spectrum of activity. Alternatively, phage cocktails may be used to reduce the potential for bacteria to evolve phage resistance. This, as we consider here, is in part a function of a cocktail's 'depth' of activity. Improved cocktail depth is achieved through inclusion of at least two phages able to infect a single bacterial strain, especially two phages against which bacterial mutation to cross resistance is relatively rare. Here, we consider the breadth of activity of phage cocktails while taking both depth of activity and bacterial mutation to cross resistance into account. This is done by building on familiar algorithms normally used for determination solely of phage cocktail breadth of activity. We show in particular how phage cocktails for phage therapy may be rationally designed toward enhancing the number of bacteria impacted while also reducing the potential for a subset of those bacteria to evolve phage resistance, all as based on previously determined phage properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Abedon
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | | | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Valente LG, Federer L, Iten M, Grandgirard D, Leib SL, Jakob SM, Haenggi M, Cameron DR, Que YA, Prazak J. Searching for synergy: combining systemic daptomycin treatment with localised phage therapy for the treatment of experimental pneumonia due to MRSA. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:381. [PMID: 34579784 PMCID: PMC8474762 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Bacteriophages (or phages) are viruses which infect and lyse bacteria. The therapeutic use of phages (phage therapy) has regained attention in the last decades as an alternative strategy to treat infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. In clinical settings it is most likely that phages are administered adjunct to antibiotics. For successful phage therapy it is therefore crucial to investigate different phage-antibiotic combinations in vivo. This study aimed to elucidate the combinatorial effects of systemic daptomycin and nebulised bacteriophages for the treatment of experimental pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Results Using a rat model of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by MRSA, the simultaneous application of intravenous daptomycin and nebulised phages was not superior to aerophage therapy alone at improving animal survival (55% vs. 50%), or reducing bacterial burdens in the lungs, or spleen. Thus, this combination does not seem to be of benefit for use in patients with MRSA pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca G Valente
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea Federer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Iten
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan M Jakob
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Haenggi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David R Cameron
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yok-Ai Que
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josef Prazak
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Horiuk YV, Kukhtyn MD, Horiuk VV, Sytnik VA, Dashkovskyy OO. Effect of Phage SAvB14 combined with antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus variant bovis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Because using antimicrobial drugs leads to development of resistance among bacterial isolates, the treatment with antimicrobial drugs in human and veterinary medicine in general should be reduced. Currently, therapeutic use of bacteriophages may be an alternative or addition to the treatment of bacterial infections of animals. The article presents the results of studying the effect of bacteriophage Phage SAvB14 on microbial biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus variant bovis both alone and in complex with antibiotics. For this purpose, we used strain S. aureus var. bovis 1491 f and bacteriophage Phage SAvB14, isolated at dairy farms. The effect of combined application of phage and antibiotics (gentamicin, tetracycline, сeftriaxone and enrofloxacin) were assessed after simultaneous and subsequent introduction of Phage SAvB14 in the dose of 105 plaque-forming units per milliliter (PFU/mL) and corresponding concentrations of antibiotics to 24h biofilms. We determined that of the tested antibiotics, only gentamicin and ceftriazone exerted synergic effects in combinations with Phage SAvB14. Combination treatment using gentamicin and the phage decreased the amount of S. aureus in biofilm by 39.81 times compared with the phage-only treatment. Significant synergic effect was also taken by ceftriaxone – it killed 1.26 times more bacteria in combination with the phage than alone. Other antibiotics did not increase antibiotic activity of the phage. Specifically, 1.11 and 1.26 times more vital cells remained after the actions of tetracycline and enrofloxacin than after the exposure to the bacteriophage only. Therefore, the obtained results indicate that biofilm of S. aureus var. bovis may be eliminated using Phage SAvB14 as an individual antibacterial agent, as well as in complex with antibiotics. However, complex treatment would imply introducing the phage and then antibiotic some time later.
Collapse
|
29
|
Synergy between Phage Sb-1 and Oxacillin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070849. [PMID: 34356770 PMCID: PMC8300854 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a notorious pathogen responsible for not only a number of difficult-to-treat hospital-acquired infections, but also for infections that are community- or livestock-acquired. The increasing lack of efficient antibiotics has renewed the interest in lytic bacteriophages (briefly phages) as additional antimicrobials against multi-drug resistant bacteria, including MRSA. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a combination of the well-known and strictly lytic S. aureus phage Sb-1 and oxacillin, which as sole agent is ineffective against MRSA, exerts a significantly stronger bacterial reduction than either antimicrobial alone. Eighteen different MRSA isolates and, for comparison, five MSSA and four reference strains were included in this study. The bacteria were challenged with a combination of varying dosages of the phage and the antibiotic in liquid medium using five different antibiotic levels and four different viral titers (i.e., multiplicity of infections (MOIs) ranging from 10-5 to 10). The dynamics of the cell density changes were determined via time-kill assays over 16 h. Positive interactions between both antimicrobials in the form of facilitation, additive effects, or synergism were observed for most S. aureus isolates. These enhanced antibacterial effects were robust with phage MOIs of 10-1 and 10 irrespective of the antibiotic concentrations, ranging from 5 to 100 µg/mL. Neutral effects between both antimicrobials were seen only with few isolates. Importantly, antagonism was a rare exception. As a conclusion, phage Sb-1 and oxacillin constitute a robust heterologous antimicrobial pair which extends the efficacy of a phage-only approach for controlling MRSA.
Collapse
|
30
|
Whittard E, Redfern J, Xia G, Millard A, Ragupathy R, Malic S, Enright MC. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Novel Polyvalent Bacteriophages With Potent In Vitro Activity Against an International Collection of Genetically Diverse Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:698909. [PMID: 34295840 PMCID: PMC8290860 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.698909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy recently passed a key milestone with success of the first regulated clinical trial using systemic administration. In this single-arm non-comparative safety study, phages were administered intravenously to patients with invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections with no adverse reactions reported. Here, we examined features of 78 lytic S. aureus phages, most of which were propagated using a S. carnosus host modified to be broadly susceptible to staphylococcal phage infection. Use of this host eliminates the threat of contamination with staphylococcal prophage - the main vector of S. aureus horizontal gene transfer. We determined the host range of these phages against an international collection of 185 S. aureus isolates with 56 different multilocus sequence types that included multiple representatives of all epidemic MRSA and MSSA clonal complexes. Forty of our 78 phages were able to infect > 90% of study isolates, 15 were able to infect > 95%, and two could infect all 184 clinical isolates, but not a phage-resistant mutant generated in a previous study. We selected the 10 phages with the widest host range for in vitro characterization by planktonic culture time-kill analysis against four isolates:- modified S. carnosus strain TM300H, methicillin-sensitive isolates D329 and 15981, and MRSA isolate 252. Six of these 10 phages were able to rapidly kill, reducing cell numbers of at least three isolates. The four best-performing phages, in this assay, were further shown to be highly effective in reducing 48 h biofilms on polystyrene formed by eight ST22 and eight ST36 MRSA isolates. Genomes of 22 of the widest host-range phages showed they belonged to the Twortvirinae subfamily of the order Caudovirales in three main groups corresponding to Silviavirus, and two distinct groups of Kayvirus. These genomes assembled as single-linear dsDNAs with an average length of 140 kb and a GC content of c. 30%. Phages that could infect > 96% of S. aureus isolates were found in all three groups, and these have great potential as therapeutic candidates if, in future studies, they can be formulated to maximize their efficacy and eliminate emergence of phage resistance by using appropriate combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Whittard
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James Redfern
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Guoqing Xia
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Millard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Roobinidevi Ragupathy
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sladjana Malic
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Enright
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Temperate phage-antibiotic synergy eradicates bacteria through depletion of lysogens. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109172. [PMID: 34038739 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is renewed interest in bacterial viruses (phages) as alternatives to antibiotics. All phage treatments to date have used virulent phages rather than temperate ones, as these can integrate into the genome of the bacterial host and lie dormant. However, temperate phages are abundant and easier to isolate. To make use of these entities, we leverage stressors known to awaken these dormant, integrated phages. Co-administration of the temperate phage HK97 with sub-inhibitory concentrations of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin results in bacterial eradication (≥8 log reduction) in vitro. This synergy is mechanistically distinct from phage-antibiotic-synergy described for virulent phages. Instead, the antibiotic specifically selects against bacteria in which the phage has integrated. As the interaction between temperate phages and stressors such as ciprofloxacin are known to be widespread, this approach may be broadly applicable and enable the use of temperate phages to combat bacterial infections.
Collapse
|