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Delledonne A, Punturiero C, Ferrari C, Bernini F, Milanesi R, Bagnato A, Strillacci MG. Copy number variant scan in more than four thousand Holstein cows bred in Lombardy, Italy. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303044. [PMID: 38771855 PMCID: PMC11108207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Copy Number Variants (CNV) are modifications affecting the genome sequence of DNA, for instance, they can be duplications or deletions of a considerable number of base pairs (i.e., greater than 1000 bp and up to millions of bp). Their impact on the variation of the phenotypic traits has been widely demonstrated. In addition, CNVs are a class of markers useful to identify the genetic biodiversity among populations related to adaptation to the environment. The aim of this study was to detect CNVs in more than four thousand Holstein cows, using information derived by a genotyping done with the GGP (GeneSeek Genomic Profiler) bovine 100K SNP chip. To detect CNV the SVS 8.9 software was used, then CNV regions (CNVRs) were detected. A total of 123,814 CNVs (4,150 non redundant) were called and aggregated into 1,397 CNVRs. The PCA results obtained using the CNVs information, showed that there is some variability among animals. For many genes annotated within the CNVRs, the role in immune response is well known, as well as their association with important and economic traits object of selection in Holstein, such as milk production and quality, udder conformation and body morphology. Comparison with reference revealed unique CNVRs of the Holstein breed, and others in common with Jersey and Brown. The information regarding CNVs represents a valuable resource to understand how this class of markers may improve the accuracy in prediction of genomic value, nowadays solely based on SNPs markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Delledonne
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Punturiero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Raffaella Milanesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bagnato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria G. Strillacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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2
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Lin YH, Chen CW, Cheng HC, Liu CJ, Chung ST, Hsieh MC, Tseng PL, Tsai WH, Wu TS, Lai MD, Shih CL, Yen MC, Fang WK, Chang WT. Inhibition of lncRNA RPPH1 activity decreases tumor proliferation and metastasis through down-regulation of inflammation-related oncogenes. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:6701-6717. [PMID: 38186977 PMCID: PMC10767529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 (RPPH1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) associated with cancer progression. Higher RPPH1 expression in breast and cervical cancer samples than that in normal tissues were observed through the lncRNASNP2 database; therefore, silencing RPPH1 expression might be a potential strategy for cancer treatments, even though RPPH1 is also an RNA subunit of ribonuclease P involved in processing transfer RNA (tRNA) precursors and the effect of RPPH1 knockdown is not yet fully understood. METHODS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through RNA sequencing in each shRNA-transfected RPPH1 knockdown MDA-MB-231, RPPH1 knockdown HeLa cell, and respective control cells, then the gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed by IPA and MetaCore database according to these DEGs, with further in vitro experiments validating the effect of RPPH1 silencing in MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cells. RESULTS Hundreds of down-regulated DEGs were identified in RPPH1 knockdown MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cells while bioinformatics analysis revealed that these genes were involved in pathways related to immune response and cancerogenesis. Compared to mock- and vector-transfected cells, the production of mature tRNAs, cell proliferation and migration capacity were inhibited in RPPH1-silenced HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, RPPH1 knockdown promoted G1 cell cycle arrest mainly through the down-regulation of cyclin D1, although glycolytic pathways were only affected in RPPH1 knockdown HeLa cells but not MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that knockdown RPPH1 affected tRNA production, cell proliferation and metabolism. Our findings might provide insight into the role of RPPH1 in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ho Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical CenterTainan 710, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health/Institute of Industrial Safety and Disaster Prevention, College of Sustainable Environment, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and ScienceTainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jhih Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ting Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Che Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan 302, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Foundation Medical CenterTainan 710, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian UniversityTainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Derg Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lung Shih
- Clinical Research Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian HospitalChiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chi Yen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuei Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian HospitalChiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 701, Taiwan
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Zhou C, Wang X, Hu Z, Chen Q, Du C, Liu Y, Song Z. Comparative analyses reveal potential genetic mechanisms for high-altitude adaptation of Schizopygopsis fishes based on chromosome-level genomes. J Hered 2023; 114:654-668. [PMID: 37646645 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The schizothoracine fishes, widely distributed in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas, are considered as ideal models for investigation of high-altitude adaptation. Schizophygopsis are one group of the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes, and the genetic basis for their high-altitude adaptation is poorly understood. In this study, we performed comparative genomics analyses to investigate the potential genetic mechanisms for high-altitude adaptation of Schizopygopsis malacanthus and Schizopygopsis pylzovi based on the chromosome-level genomes. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that many expanded gene families in Schizopygopsis were associated with immune response while many contracted gene families were functionally associated with olfaction. Among the 123 positively selected genes (PSGs), angpt2a was detected in HIF-1 signaling pathway and possibly related to the hypoxia adaptation of Schizopygopsis. Furthermore, two PSGs cox15 and ndufb10 were distributed in thermogenesis, and there was a Schizopygopsis-specific missense mutation in cox15 (Gln115Glu), which possibly contributed to the cold temperature adaptation of the Schizopygopsis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment of the PSGs revealed three significant pathways including metabolic pathways, cell cycle, and homologous recombination and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of the PSGs revealed several categories associated with DNA repair, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus, and metabolic process. Chromosome-scale characterization of olfactory receptor (OR) repertoires indicated that Schizopygopsis had the least number of OR genes, and the OR gene contraction was possibly caused by the limited food variety and the environmental factors such as lower air pressure, lower humidity, and lower temperature. Our study will help expand our understanding of the potential adaptive mechanism of Schizopygopsis to cope with the high-altitude conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province of Fish Resources and Environment in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengrui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Du
- Baotou Teachers College, Baotou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, China
| | - Zhaobin Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province of Fish Resources and Environment in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Orlovetskie N, Mani D, Rouvinski A, Jarrous N. Human RNase P exhibits and controls distinct ribonucleolytic activities required for ordered maturation of tRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307185120. [PMID: 37831743 PMCID: PMC10589621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307185120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor tRNAs are transcribed with flanking and intervening sequences known to be processed by specific ribonucleases. Here, we show that transcription complexes of RNA polymerase III assembled on tRNA genes comprise RNase P that cleaves precursor tRNA and subsequently degrades the excised 5' leader. Degradation is based on a 3'-5' exoribonucleolytic activity carried out by the protein subunit Rpp14, as determined by biochemical and reverse genetic analyses. Neither reconstituted nor purified RNase P displays this magnesium ion-dependent, processive exoribonucleolytic activity. Markedly, knockdown of Rpp14 by RNA interference leads to a wide-ranging inhibition of cleavage of flanking and intervening sequences of various precursor tRNAs in extracts and cells. This study reveals that RNase P controls tRNA splicing complex and RNase Z for ordered maturation of nascent precursor tRNAs by transcription complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Orlovetskie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem9112010, Israel
| | - Dhivakar Mani
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem9112010, Israel
| | - Alexander Rouvinski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem9112010, Israel
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem9112010, Israel
| | - Nayef Jarrous
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem9112010, Israel
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5
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus inhibits dsDNA-mediated type I IFN expression via STING-dependent and STING-independent signalling pathways. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37882657 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical in the host defence against viruses. They induce hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) many of which have an antiviral role. Poxviruses induce IFNs via their pathogen-associated molecular patterns, in particular, their genomic DNA. In a majority of cell types, dsDNA is detected by a range of cytoplasmic DNA sensors that mediate type I IFN expression via stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Orf virus (ORFV) induces cutaneous pustular skin lesions and is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ORFV modulates dsDNA-induced type I IFN expression via STING-dependent signalling pathways in human dermal fibroblasts (hNDF) and THP-1 cells. We showed that ORFV infection of these cell types treated with poly(dA:dT) resulted in strong inhibition of expression of IFN-β. In hNDFs, we showed using siRNA knock-down that STING was essential for type I IFN induction. IFN-β expression was further reduced when both STING and RIG-I were knocked down. In addition, HEK293 cells that do not express STING or Toll-like receptors also produce IFN-β following stimulation with poly(dA:dT). The 5' triphosphate dsRNA produced by RNA polymerase III specifically results in the induction of type I IFNs through the RIG-I receptor. We showed that ORFV infection resulted in strong inhibition of IFN-β expression in HEK293 cells stimulated with poly(dA:dT). Overall, this study shows that ORFV potently counteracts the STING-dependent and STING-independent IFN response by antagonizing dsDNA-activated IFN signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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6
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Naesens L, Haerynck F, Gack MU. The RNA polymerase III-RIG-I axis in antiviral immunity and inflammation. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:435-449. [PMID: 37149405 PMCID: PMC10461603 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensors survey subcellular compartments for atypical or mislocalized RNA or DNA, ultimately triggering innate immune responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is part of the family of cytoplasmic RNA receptors that can detect viruses. A growing literature demonstrates that mammalian RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes certain viral or cellular DNA sequences into immunostimulatory RIG-I ligands, which elicits antiviral or inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of the Pol III-RIG-I sensing axis can lead to human diseases including severe viral infection outcomes, autoimmunity, and tumor progression. Here, we summarize the newly emerging role of viral and host-derived Pol III transcripts in immunity and also highlight recent advances in understanding how mammalian cells prevent unwanted immune activation by these RNAs to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Naesens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
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7
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Jarrous N, Liu F. Human RNase P: overview of a ribonuclease of interrelated molecular networks and gene-targeting systems. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:300-307. [PMID: 36549864 PMCID: PMC9945436 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079475.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The seminal discovery of ribonuclease P (RNase P) and its catalytic RNA by Sidney Altman has not only revolutionized our understanding of life, but also opened new fields for scientific exploration and investigation. This review focuses on human RNase P and its use as a gene-targeting tool, two topics initiated in Altman's laboratory. We outline early works on human RNase P as a tRNA processing enzyme and comment on its expanding nonconventional functions in molecular networks of transcription, chromatin remodeling, homology-directed repair, and innate immunity. The important implications and insights from these discoveries on the potential use of RNase P as a gene-targeting tool are presented. This multifunctionality calls to a modified structure-function partitioning of domains in human RNase P, as well as its relative ribonucleoprotein, RNase MRP. The role of these two catalysts in innate immunity is of particular interest in molecular evolution, as this dynamic molecular network could have originated and evolved from primordial enzymes and sensors of RNA, including predecessors of these two ribonucleoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayef Jarrous
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112010, Israel
| | - Fenyong Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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8
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Naesens L, Muppala S, Acharya D, Nemegeer J, Bogaert D, Lee JH, Staes K, Debacker V, De Bleser P, De Bruyne M, De Baere E, van Gent M, Liu G, Lambrecht BN, Staal J, Kerre T, Beyaert R, Maelfait J, Tavernier SJ, Gack MU, Haerynck F. GTF3A mutations predispose to herpes simplex encephalitis by disrupting biogenesis of the host-derived RIG-I ligand RNA5SP141. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabq4531. [PMID: 36399538 PMCID: PMC10075094 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects several billion people worldwide and can cause life-threatening herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in some patients. Monogenic defects in components of the type I interferon system have been identified in patients with HSE, emphasizing the role of inborn errors of immunity underlying HSE pathogenesis. Here, we identify compound heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the gene GTF3A encoding for transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA), a component of the RNA polymerase III complex, in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency and HSE. Patient fibroblasts and GTF3A gene-edited cells displayed impaired HSV-1-induced innate immune responses and enhanced HSV-1 replication. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis identified the 5S ribosomal RNA pseudogene 141 (RNA5SP141), an endogenous ligand of the RNA sensor RIG-I, as a transcriptional target of TFIIIA. GTF3A mutant cells exhibited diminished RNA5SP141 expression and abrogated RIG-I activation upon HSV-1 infection. Our work unveils a crucial role for TFIIIA in transcriptional regulation of a cellular RIG-I agonist and shows that GTF3A genetic defects lead to impaired cell-intrinsic anti-HSV-1 responses and can predispose to HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Naesens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Santoshi Muppala
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Josephine Nemegeer
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Cell death, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien Bogaert
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katrien Staes
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Debacker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Bleser
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marieke De Bruyne
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel van Gent
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - GuanQun Liu
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Maelfait
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Cell death, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon J. Tavernier
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Doratt BM, Vance E, Malherbe DC, Ebbert MT, Messaoudi I. Transcriptional response to VZV infection is modulated by RNA polymerase III in lung epithelial cell lines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:943587. [PMID: 35959363 PMCID: PMC9359802 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.943587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancestral RNA polymerase III (Pol III) is a multi-subunit polymerase responsible for transcription of short non-coding RNA, such as double-stranded short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). Although SINE ncRNAs are generally transcriptionally repressed, they can be induced in response to viral infections and can stimulate immune signaling pathways. Indeed, mutations in RNA Pol III have been associated with poor antiviral interferon response following infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). In this study, we probed the role of Pol III transcripts in the detection and initial immune response to VZV by characterizing the transcriptional response following VZV infection of wild type A549 lung epithelial cells as well as A549 cells lacking specific RNA sensors MAVS and TLR3, or interferon-stimulated genes RNase L and PKR in presence or absence of functional RNA Pol III. Multiple components of the antiviral sensing and interferon signaling pathways were involved in restricting VZV replication in lung epithelial cells thus suggesting an innate defense system with built-in redundancy. In addition, RNA Pol III silencing altered the antiviral transcriptional program indicating that it plays an essential role in the sensing of VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Doratt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Vance
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Delphine C. Malherbe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mark T.W. Ebbert
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ilhem Messaoudi,
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10
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Mogensen TH. Genetic susceptibility to viral disease in humans. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1411-1416. [PMID: 35218976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past decades studies on patients with severe viral infections have revealed rare inborn errors of immunity (IEI) underlying these diseases. This has led to important new insights into the molecular genetics and immunological mechanisms underlying susceptibility to viral infection in humans. OBJECTIVES Here the current knowledge on major IEI predisposing to severe or chronic viral infection are described and discussed, and the clinical implications of these findings for individualized prophylaxis and treatment are outlined. SOURCES The review is based on a broad literature search including relevant studies primarily based studies in patients, supported by experimental molecular models in vitro or in mice to characterize pathophysiological mechanism governing these disease conditions. CONTENT Current concepts and principles of genetic predisposition to viral infections in humans are described with a major focus on defects related to innate immune responses and new concepts of constitutive immune mechanisms. The topic therefore spans from seminal studies on the human genetics of herpesvirus infections in the central nervous system, severe influenza, and disease following vaccination with live attenuated viral vaccines, and finally mentioning genetic resistance to viral infection. IMPLICATIONS Past and present studies in patients with IEI conferring vulnerability to viral infections have taught us important lessons on protective innate and adaptive antiviral immunity in humans. Such knowledge also has important clinical implications allowing development of prophylactic and therapeutic solutions to prevent or dampen the clinical consequences of insufficient or dysregulated antiviral immunity in patients. Collectively, such measures are likely to improve patient management at an individualized level and also help societies reduce disease burden from viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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11
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Iron–sulfur clusters as inhibitors and catalysts of viral replication. Nat Chem 2022; 14:253-266. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Böttcher R, Schmidts I, Nitschko V, Duric P, Förstemann K. RNA polymerase II is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks for dilncRNA transcription in Drosophila. RNA Biol 2021; 19:68-77. [PMID: 34965182 PMCID: PMC8786327 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.2014694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are among the most toxic lesions that can occur in a genome and their faithful repair is thus of great importance. Recent findings have uncovered local transcription that initiates at the break and forms a non-coding transcript, called damage-induced long non-coding RNA (dilncRNA), which helps to coordinate the DNA transactions necessary for repair. We provide nascent RNA sequencing-based evidence that RNA polymerase II transcribes the dilncRNA in Drosophila and that this is more efficient for DNA breaks in an intron-containing gene, consistent with the higher damage-induced siRNA levels downstream of an intron. The spliceosome thus stimulates recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the break, rather than merely promoting the annealing of sense and antisense RNA to form the siRNA precursor. In contrast, RNA polymerase III nascent RNA libraries did not contain reads corresponding to the cleaved loci and selective inhibition of RNA polymerase III did not reduce the yield of damage-induced siRNAs. Finally, the damage-induced siRNA density was unchanged downstream of a T8 sequence, which terminates RNA polymerase III transcription. We thus found no evidence for a participation of RNA polymerase III in dilncRNA transcription in cultured Drosophila cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Böttcher
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Ines Schmidts
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Volker Nitschko
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Petar Duric
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Klaus Förstemann
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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13
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Kessler AC, Maraia RJ. The nuclear and cytoplasmic activities of RNA polymerase III, and an evolving transcriptome for surveillance. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12017-12034. [PMID: 34850129 PMCID: PMC8643620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1969 report that described biochemical and activity properties of the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases revealed Pol III as highly distinguishable, even before its transcripts were identified. Now known to be the most complex, Pol III contains several stably-associated subunits referred to as built-in transcription factors (BITFs) that enable highly efficient RNA synthesis by a unique termination-associated recycling process. In vertebrates, subunit RPC7(α/β) can be of two forms, encoded by POLR3G or POLR3GL, with differential activity. Here we review promoter-dependent transcription by Pol III as an evolutionary perspective of eukaryotic tRNA expression. Pol III also provides nonconventional functions reportedly by promoter-independent transcription, one of which is RNA synthesis from DNA 3'-ends during repair. Another is synthesis of 5'ppp-RNA signaling molecules from cytoplasmic viral DNA in a pathway of interferon activation that is dysfunctional in immunocompromised patients with mutations in Pol III subunits. These unconventional functions are also reviewed, including evidence that link them to the BITF subunits. We also review data on a fraction of the human Pol III transcriptome that evolved to include vault RNAs and snaRs with activities related to differentiation, and in innate immune and tumor surveillance. The Pol III of higher eukaryotes does considerably more than housekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Kessler
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Richard J Maraia
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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Knockdown NRPC2, 3, 8, NRPABC1 and NRPABC2 Affects RNAPIII Activity and Disrupts Seed Development in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111314. [PMID: 34768744 PMCID: PMC8583208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) contains 17 subunits forming 4 functional domains that control the different stages of RNAPIII transcription and are dedicated to the synthesis of small RNAs such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. Here, we identified 23 genes encoding these subunits in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and further analyzed 5 subunits (NRPC2, NRPC3, NRPC8, NRPABC1, and NRPABC2) encoded by 6 genes with different expression patterns and belonging to different sub-complexes. The knockdown of these genes repressed the expression of 5S rRNA and tRNAs, causing seed developmental arrest at different stages. Among these knockdown mutants, RNA-seq analysis revealed 821 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), significantly enriched in response to stress, abscisic acid, cytokinins, and the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed several hub genes involved in embryo development, carbohydrate metabolic and lipid metabolic processes. We identified numerous unique DEGs between the mutants belonging to pathways, including cell proliferation, ribosome biogenesis, cell death, and tRNA metabolic processes. Thus, NRPC2, NRPC3, NRPC8, NRPABC1, and NRPABC2 control seed development in Arabidopsis by influencing RNAPIII activity and, thus, hormone signaling. Reduced expression of these subunit genes causes an insufficient accumulation of the total RNAPIII, leading to the phenotypes observed following the genetic knockdown of these subunits.
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Lata E, Choquet K, Sagliocco F, Brais B, Bernard G, Teichmann M. RNA Polymerase III Subunit Mutations in Genetic Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:696438. [PMID: 34395528 PMCID: PMC8362101 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.696438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase (Pol) III transcribes small untranslated RNAs such as 5S ribosomal RNA, transfer RNAs, and U6 small nuclear RNA. Because of the functions of these RNAs, Pol III transcription is best known for its essential contribution to RNA maturation and translation. Surprisingly, it was discovered in the last decade that various inherited mutations in genes encoding nine distinct subunits of Pol III cause tissue-specific diseases rather than a general failure of all vital functions. Mutations in the POLR3A, POLR3C, POLR3E and POLR3F subunits are associated with susceptibility to varicella zoster virus-induced encephalitis and pneumonitis. In addition, an ever-increasing number of distinct mutations in the POLR3A, POLR3B, POLR1C and POLR3K subunits cause a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, which includes most notably hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Furthermore, other rare diseases are also associated with mutations in genes encoding subunits of Pol III (POLR3H, POLR3GL) and the BRF1 component of the TFIIIB transcription initiation factor. Although the causal relationship between these mutations and disease development is widely accepted, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis remain enigmatic. Here, we review the current knowledge on the functional impact of specific mutations, possible Pol III-related disease-causing mechanisms, and animal models that may help to better understand the links between Pol III mutations and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lata
- Bordeaux University, Inserm U 1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA laboratory, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Choquet
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francis Sagliocco
- Bordeaux University, Inserm U 1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA laboratory, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard Brais
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Teichmann
- Bordeaux University, Inserm U 1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA laboratory, Bordeaux, France
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Thomsen MM, Tyrberg T, Skaalum K, Carter-Timofte M, Freytag MR, Norberg P, Helleberg M, Storgaard M, Nielsen H, Bodilsen J, Grahn A, Mogensen T. Genetic variants and immune responses in a cohort of patients with varicella zoster virus encephalitis. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:2122-2132. [PMID: 33974706 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) may involve different central nervous system (CNS) manifestations, including meningitis, encephalitis, and vasculitis. In cases where otherwise healthy individuals are affected, an inborn error of immunity may underlie increased susceptibility or severity of infection. METHODS We collected a cohort of 17 adults who experienced VZV encephalitis and performed whole exome sequencing. Patient PBMCs were infected with VZV and innate antiviral interferon and cytokine responses as well as viral replication was evaluated. Data were analyzed by Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS We identified a total of 21 different potentially disease-causing variants in a total of 13 of the 17 patients included. These gene variants were within two major functional clusters: i) innate viral sensors and immune pathways and ii) autophagy pathways. Antiviral interferon (IFN) and cytokine responses were abnormal in the majority of patients, whereas viral replication was increased in only 2/17. CONCLUSION This study identifies a list of variants of pathogenic potential, which may serve as a platform for generating hypotheses for future studies addressing genetic and immunological factors associated with susceptibility to VZV encephalitis. Collectively, these data suggest that disturbances in innate sensing and autophagy pathways may predispose to VZV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Thomsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Tyrberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Skaalum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mette R Freytag
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Norberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Helleberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Storgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bodilsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Anna Grahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trine Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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17
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Jarrous N, Mani D, Ramanathan A. Coordination of transcription and processing of tRNA. FEBS J 2021; 289:3630-3641. [PMID: 33929081 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of transcription and processing of RNA is a basic principle in regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. In the case of mRNA, coordination is primarily founded on a co-transcriptional processing mechanism by which a nascent precursor mRNA undergoes maturation via cleavage and modification by the transcription machinery. A similar mechanism controls the biosynthesis of rRNA. However, the coordination of transcription and processing of tRNA, a rather short transcript, remains unknown. Here, we present a model for high molecular weight initiation complexes of human RNA polymerase III that assemble on tRNA genes and process precursor transcripts to mature forms. These multifunctional initiation complexes may support co-transcriptional processing, such as the removal of the 5' leader of precursor tRNA by RNase P. Based on this model, maturation of tRNA is predetermined prior to transcription initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayef Jarrous
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dhivakar Mani
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aravind Ramanathan
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
The innate immune system has numerous signal transduction pathways that lead to the production of type I interferons in response to exposure of cells to external stimuli. One of these pathways comprises RNA polymerase (Pol) III that senses common DNA viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, vaccinia, herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella zoster virus. This polymerase detects and transcribes viral genomic regions to generate AU-rich transcripts that bring to the induction of type I interferons. Remarkably, Pol III is also stimulated by foreign non-viral DNAs and expression of one of its subunits is induced by an RNA virus, the Sindbis virus. Moreover, a protein subunit of RNase P, which is known to associate with Pol III in initiation complexes, is induced by viral infection. Accordingly, alliance of the two tRNA enzymes in innate immunity merits a consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayef Jarrous
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Israel-Canada
| | - Alexander Rouvinski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Israel-Canada.,The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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