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Afting C, Mainik P, Vazquez-Martel C, Abele T, Kaul V, Kale G, Göpfrich K, Lemke S, Blasco E, Wittbrodt J. Minimal-Invasive 3D Laser Printing of Microimplants in Organismo. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401110. [PMID: 38864352 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Multi-photon 3D laser printing has gathered much attention in recent years as a means of manufacturing biocompatible scaffolds that can modify and guide cellular behavior in vitro. However, in vivo tissue engineering efforts have been limited so far to the implantation of beforehand 3D printed biocompatible scaffolds and in vivo bioprinting of tissue constructs from bioinks containing cells, biomolecules, and printable hydrogel formulations. Thus, a comprehensive 3D laser printing platform for in vivo and in situ manufacturing of microimplants raised from synthetic polymer-based inks is currently missing. Here, a platform for minimal-invasive manufacturing of microimplants directly in the organism is presented by one-photon photopolymerization and multi-photon 3D laser printing. Employing a commercially available elastomeric ink giving rise to biocompatible synthetic polymer-based microimplants, first applicational examples of biological responses to in situ printed microimplants are demonstrated in the teleost fish Oryzias latipes and in embryos of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. This provides a framework for future studies addressing the suitability of inks for in vivo 3D manufacturing. The platform bears great potential for the direct engineering of the intricate microarchitectures in a variety of tissues in model organisms and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassian Afting
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg International Biosciences Graduate School HBIGS, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- HeiKa Graduate School on "Functional Materials", 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Mainik
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Organic Chemistry Institute (OCI), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara Vazquez-Martel
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Organic Chemistry Institute (OCI), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Abele
- HeiKa Graduate School on "Functional Materials", 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Kaul
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg International Biosciences Graduate School HBIGS, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Girish Kale
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göpfrich
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Lemke
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Organic Chemistry Institute (OCI), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Tsissios G, Sallese A, Perez-Estrada JR, Tangeman JA, Chen W, Smucker B, Ratvasky SC, Grajales-Esquivel E, Martinez A, Visser KJ, Joven Araus A, Wang H, Simon A, Yun MH, Del Rio-Tsonis K. Macrophages modulate fibrosis during newt lens regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:141. [PMID: 38745238 PMCID: PMC11094960 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that macrophages are present during lens regeneration in newts, but their role in the process is yet to be elucidated. METHODS Here we generated a transgenic reporter line using the newt, Pleurodeles waltl, that traces macrophages during lens regeneration. Furthermore, we assessed early changes in gene expression during lens regeneration using two newt species, Notophthalmus viridescens and Pleurodeles waltl. Finally, we used clodronate liposomes to deplete macrophages during lens regeneration in both species and tested the effect of a subsequent secondary injury after macrophage recovery. RESULTS Macrophage depletion abrogated lens regeneration, induced the formation of scar-like tissue, led to inflammation, decreased iris pigment epithelial cell (iPEC) proliferation, and increased rates of apoptosis in the eye. Some of these phenotypes persisted throughout the last observation period of 100 days and could be attenuated by exogenous FGF2 administration. A distinct transcript profile encoding acute inflammatory effectors was established for the dorsal iris. Reinjury of the newt eye alleviated the effects of macrophage depletion, including the resolution of scar-like tissue, and re-initiated the regeneration process. CONCLUSIONS Together, our findings highlight the importance of macrophages for facilitating a pro-regenerative environment in the newt eye by regulating fibrotic responses, modulating the overall inflammatory landscape, and maintaining the proper balance of early proliferation and late apoptosis of the iPECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsissios
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Sallese
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - J Raul Perez-Estrada
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Jared A Tangeman
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Weihao Chen
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Byran Smucker
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Sophia C Ratvasky
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Erika Grajales-Esquivel
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Arielle Martinez
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly J Visser
- CRTD/ Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alberto Joven Araus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - András Simon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximina H Yun
- CRTD/ Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
- Center for Visual Sciences at, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
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3
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Lee J, Lee BK, Gross JM. Brd activity regulates Müller glia-dependent retinal regeneration in zebrafish. Glia 2023; 71:2866-2883. [PMID: 37584502 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish retina possesses tremendous regenerative potential. Müller glia underlie retinal regeneration through their ability to reprogram and generate multipotent neuronal progenitors that re-differentiate into lost neurons. Many factors required for Müller glia reprogramming and proliferation have been identified; however, we know little about the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of these genes during regeneration. Here, we determined whether transcriptional regulation by members of the Bromodomain (Brd) family is required for Müller glia-dependent retinal regeneration. Our data demonstrate that three brd genes were expressed in Müller glia upon injury. brd2a and brd2b were expressed in all Müller glia and brd4 was expressed only in reprogramming Müller glia. Utilizing (+)-JQ1, a pharmacological inhibitor of Brd function, we demonstrate that transcriptional regulation by Brds plays a critical role in Müller glia reprogramming and regeneration. (+)-JQ1 treatment prevented cell cycle re-entry of Müller glia and the generation of neurogenic progenitors. Modulating the (+)-JQ1 exposure window, we identified the first 48 h post-injury as the time-period during which Müller glia reprogramming occurs. (+)-JQ1 treatments after 48 h post-injury had no effect on the re-differentiation of UV cones, indicating that Brd function is required only for Müller glia reprogramming and not subsequent specification/differentiation events. Brd inhibition also prevented the expression of reprogramming genes like ascl1a and lepb in Müller glia, but not effector genes like mmp9, nor did it affect microglial recruitment after injury. These results demonstrate that transcriptional regulation by Brds plays a critical role during Müller glia-dependent retinal regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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4
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Tsissios G, Sallese A, Perez-Estrada JR, Tangeman JA, Chen W, Smucker B, Ratvasky SC, Grajales-Esquive EL, Martinez A, Visser KJ, Araus AJ, Wang H, Simon A, Yun MH, Rio-Tsonis KD. Macrophages modulate fibrosis during newt lens regeneration. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3603645. [PMID: 38045376 PMCID: PMC10690311 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3603645/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous studies indicated that macrophages play a role during lens regeneration in newts, but their function has not been tested experimentally. Methods Here we generated a transgenic newt reporter line in which macrophages can be visualized in vivo. Using this new tool, we analyzed the location of macrophages during lens regeneration. We uncovered early gene expression changes using bulk RNAseq in two newt species, Notophthalmus viridescens and Pleurodeles waltl. Next, we used clodronate liposomes to deplete macrophages, which inhibited lens regeneration in both newt species. Results Macrophage depletion induced the formation of scar-like tissue, an increased and sustained inflammatory response, an early decrease in iris pigment epithelial cell (iPEC) proliferation and a late increase in apoptosis. Some of these phenotypes persisted for at least 100 days and could be rescued by exogenous FGF2. Re-injury alleviated the effects of macrophage depletion and re-started the regeneration process. Conclusions Together, our findings highlight the importance of macrophages in facilitating a pro-regenerative environment in the newt eye, helping to resolve fibrosis, modulating the overall inflammatory landscape and maintaining the proper balance of early proliferation and late apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maximina H Yun
- Dresden University of Technology: Technische Universitat Dresden
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5
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Palsamy K, Chen JY, Skaggs K, Qadeer Y, Connors M, Cutler N, Richmond J, Kommidi V, Poles A, Affrunti D, Powell C, Goldman D, Parent JM. Microglial depletion after brain injury prolongs inflammation and impairs brain repair, adult neurogenesis and pro-regenerative signaling. Glia 2023; 71:2642-2663. [PMID: 37449457 PMCID: PMC10528132 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The adult zebrafish brain, unlike mammals, has a remarkable regenerative capacity. Although inflammation in part hinders regeneration in mammals, it is necessary for zebrafish brain repair. Microglia are resident brain immune cells that regulate the inflammatory response. To explore the microglial role in repair, we used liposomal clodronate or colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (csf1r) inhibitor to suppress microglia after brain injury, and also examined regeneration in two genetic mutant lines that lack microglia. We found that microglial ablation impaired telencephalic regeneration after injury. Microglial suppression attenuated cell proliferation at the intermediate progenitor cell amplification stage of neurogenesis. Notably, the loss of microglia impaired phospho-Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and ß-Catenin signaling after injury. Furthermore, the ectopic activation of Stat3 and ß-Catenin rescued neurogenesis defects caused by microglial loss. Microglial suppression also prolonged the post-injury inflammatory phase characterized by neutrophil accumulation, likely hindering the resolution of inflammation. These findings reveal specific roles of microglia and inflammatory signaling during zebrafish telencephalic regeneration that should advance strategies to improve mammalian brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Palsamy
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jessica Y Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kaia Skaggs
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio, USA
| | - Yusuf Qadeer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Meghan Connors
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Noah Cutler
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua Richmond
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vineeth Kommidi
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allison Poles
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Danielle Affrunti
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Curtis Powell
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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6
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Rosa JGS, Disner GR, Pinto FJ, Lima C, Lopes-Ferreira M. Revisiting Retinal Degeneration Hallmarks: Insights from Molecular Markers and Therapy Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13079. [PMID: 37685886 PMCID: PMC10488251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment and blindness are a growing public health problem as they reduce the life quality of millions of people. The management and treatment of these diseases represent scientific and therapeutic challenges because different cellular and molecular actors involved in the pathophysiology are still being identified. Visual system components, particularly retinal cells, are extremely sensitive to genetic or metabolic alterations, and immune responses activated by local insults contribute to biological events, culminating in vision loss and irreversible blindness. Several ocular diseases are linked to retinal cell loss, and some of them, such as retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, are characterized by pathophysiological hallmarks that represent possibilities to study and develop novel treatments for retinal cell degeneration. Here, we present a compilation of revisited information on retinal degeneration, including pathophysiological and molecular features and biochemical hallmarks, and possible research directions for novel treatments to assist as a guide for innovative research. The knowledge expansion upon the mechanistic bases of the pathobiology of eye diseases, including information on complex interactions of genetic predisposition, chronic inflammation, and environmental and aging-related factors, will prompt the identification of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503900, Brazil; (J.G.S.R.); (G.R.D.); (F.J.P.); (C.L.)
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7
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Mi J, Liu KC, Andersson O. Decoding pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation and β cell regeneration in zebrafish. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf5142. [PMID: 37595046 PMCID: PMC10438462 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mice, zebrafish have an exceptional yet elusive ability to replenish lost β cells in adulthood. Understanding this framework would provide mechanistic insights for β cell regeneration, which may be extrapolated to humans. Here, we characterize a krt4-expressing ductal cell type, which is distinct from the putative Notch-responsive cells, showing neogenic competence and giving rise to the majority of endocrine cells during postembryonic development. Furthermore, we demonstrate a marked ductal remodeling process featuring a Notch-responsive to krt4+ luminal duct transformation during late development, indicating several origins of krt4+ ductal cells displaying similar transcriptional patterns. Single-cell transcriptomics upon a series of time points during β cell regeneration unveil a previously unrecognized dlb+ transitional endocrine precursor cell, distinct regulons, and a differentiation trajectory involving cellular shuffling through differentiation and dedifferentiation dynamics. These results establish a model of zebrafish pancreatic endocrinogenesis and highlight key values of zebrafish for translational studies of β cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ka-Cheuk Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Krylov A, Yu S, Veen K, Newton A, Ye A, Qin H, He J, Jusuf PR. Heterogeneity in quiescent Müller glia in the uninjured zebrafish retina drive differential responses following photoreceptor ablation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1087136. [PMID: 37575968 PMCID: PMC10413128 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1087136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Loss of neurons in the neural retina is a leading cause of vision loss. While humans do not possess the capacity for retinal regeneration, zebrafish can achieve this through activation of resident Müller glia. Remarkably, despite the presence of Müller glia in humans and other mammalian vertebrates, these cells lack an intrinsic ability to contribute to regeneration. Upon activation, zebrafish Müller glia can adopt a stem cell-like state, undergo proliferation and generate new neurons. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this activation subsequent retinal regeneration remains unclear. Methods/Results To address this, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and report remarkable heterogeneity in gene expression within quiescent Müller glia across distinct dorsal, central and ventral retina pools of such cells. Next, we utilized a genetically driven, chemically inducible nitroreductase approach to study Müller glia activation following selective ablation of three distinct photoreceptor subtypes: long wavelength sensitive cones, short wavelength sensitive cones, and rods. There, our data revealed that a region-specific bias in activation of Müller glia exists in the zebrafish retina, and this is independent of the distribution of the ablated cell type across retinal regions. Notably, gene ontology analysis revealed that injury-responsive dorsal and central Müller glia express genes related to dorsal/ventral pattern formation, growth factor activity, and regulation of developmental process. Through scRNA-seq analysis, we identify a shared genetic program underlying initial Müller glia activation and cell cycle entry, followed by differences that drive the fate of regenerating neurons. We observed an initial expression of AP-1 and injury-responsive transcription factors, followed by genes involved in Notch signaling, ribosome biogenesis and gliogenesis, and finally expression of cell cycle, chromatin remodeling and microtubule-associated genes. Discussion Taken together, our findings document the regional specificity of gene expression within quiescent Müller glia and demonstrate unique Müller glia activation and regeneration features following neural ablation. These findings will improve our understanding of the molecular pathways relevant to neural regeneration in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Krylov
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shuguang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kellie Veen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Axel Newton
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aojun Ye
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiwen Qin
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Patricia R. Jusuf
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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9
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Essien SA, Ahuja I, Eisenhoffer GT. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor on Apoptotic Extracellular Vesicles Regulates Compensatory Proliferation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544889. [PMID: 37398303 PMCID: PMC10312732 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells can signal to neighboring cells to stimulate proliferation and compensate for cell loss to maintain tissue homeostasis. While apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (AEVs) can transmit instructional cues to mediate communication with neighboring cells, the molecular mechanisms that induce cell division are not well understood. Here we show that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-containing AEVs regulate compensatory proliferation via ERK signaling in epithelial stem cells of larval zebrafish. Time-lapse imaging showed efferocytosis of AEVs from dying epithelial stem cells by healthy neighboring stem cells. Proteomic and ultrastructure analysis of purified AEVs identified MIF localization on the AEV surface. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic mutation of MIF, or its cognate receptor CD74, decreased levels of phosphorylated ERK and compensatory proliferation in the neighboring epithelial stem cells. Disruption of MIF activity also caused decreased numbers of macrophages patrolling near AEVs, while depletion of the macrophage lineage resulted in a reduced proliferative response by the epithelial stem cells. We propose that AEVs carrying MIF directly stimulate epithelial stem cell repopulation and guide macrophages to cell non-autonomously induce localized proliferation to sustain overall cell numbers during tissue maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia A. Essien
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ivanshi Ahuja
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston TX
| | - George T. Eisenhoffer
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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10
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Tsissios G, Sallese A, Perez-Estrada JR, Tangeman JA, Chen W, Smucker B, Ratvasky SC, Grajales-Esquivel E, Martinez A, Visser KJ, Araus AJ, Wang H, Simon A, Yun MH, Rio-Tsonis KD. Macrophages modulate fibrosis during newt lens regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.04.543633. [PMID: 37333184 PMCID: PMC10274724 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.04.543633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that macrophages play a role during lens regeneration in newts, but their function has not been tested experimentally. Here we generated a transgenic newt reporter line in which macrophages can be visualized in vivo. Using this new tool, we analyzed the location of macrophages during lens regeneration. We uncovered early gene expression changes using bulk RNAseq in two newt species, Notophthalmus viridescens and Pleurodeles waltl. Next, we used clodronate liposomes to deplete macrophages, which inhibited lens regeneration in both newt species. Macrophage depletion induced the formation of scar-like tissue, an increased and sustained inflammatory response, an early decrease in iris pigment epithelial cell (iPEC) proliferation and a late increase in apoptosis. Some of these phenotypes persisted for at least 100 days and could be rescued by exogenous FGF2. Re-injury alleviated the effects of macrophage depletion and re-started the regeneration process. Together, our findings highlight the importance of macrophages in facilitating a pro-regenerative environment in the newt eye, helping to resolve fibrosis, modulating the overall inflammatory landscape and maintaining the proper balance of early proliferation and late apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsissios
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Sallese
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - J Raul Perez-Estrada
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Jared A Tangeman
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Weihao Chen
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Byran Smucker
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Sophia C Ratvasky
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Erika Grajales-Esquivel
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Arielle Martinez
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly J Visser
- CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alberto Joven Araus
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Andras Simon
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximina H Yun
- CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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11
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Emmerich K, White DT, Kambhampati SP, Casado GL, Fu TM, Chunawala Z, Sahoo A, Nimmagadda S, Krishnan N, Saxena MT, Walker SL, Betzig E, Kannan RM, Mumm JS. Nanoparticle-based targeting of microglia improves the neural regeneration enhancing effects of immunosuppression in the zebrafish retina. Commun Biol 2023; 6:534. [PMID: 37202450 PMCID: PMC10193316 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal Müller glia function as injury-induced stem-like cells in zebrafish but not mammals. However, insights gleaned from zebrafish have been applied to stimulate nascent regenerative responses in the mammalian retina. For instance, microglia/macrophages regulate Müller glia stem cell activity in the chick, zebrafish, and mouse. We previously showed that post-injury immunosuppression by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone accelerated retinal regeneration kinetics in zebrafish. Similarly, microglia ablation enhances regenerative outcomes in the mouse retina. Targeted immunomodulation of microglia reactivity may therefore enhance the regenerative potential of Müller glia for therapeutic purposes. Here, we investigated potential mechanisms by which post-injury dexamethasone accelerates retinal regeneration kinetics, and the effects of dendrimer-based targeting of dexamethasone to reactive microglia. Intravital time-lapse imaging revealed that post-injury dexamethasone inhibited microglia reactivity. The dendrimer-conjugated formulation: (1) decreased dexamethasone-associated systemic toxicity, (2) targeted dexamethasone to reactive microglia, and (3) improved the regeneration enhancing effects of immunosuppression by increasing stem/progenitor proliferation rates. Lastly, we show that the gene rnf2 is required for the enhanced regeneration effect of D-Dex. These data support the use of dendrimer-based targeting of reactive immune cells to reduce toxicity and enhance the regeneration promoting effects of immunosuppressants in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Emmerich
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David T White
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siva P Kambhampati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grace L Casado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tian-Ming Fu
- Janelia Farms Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Princeton Bioengineering Initiative, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zeeshaan Chunawala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arpan Sahoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saumya Nimmagadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nimisha Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meera T Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven L Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Farms Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Lu F, Leach LL, Gross JM. A CRISPR-Cas9-mediated F0 screen to identify pro-regenerative genes in the zebrafish retinal pigment epithelium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3142. [PMID: 36823429 PMCID: PMC9950062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases resulting in death of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lead to vision loss and blindness. There are currently no FDA-approved strategies to restore damaged RPE cells. Stimulating intrinsic regenerative responses within damaged tissues has gained traction as a possible mechanism for tissue repair. Zebrafish possess remarkable regenerative abilities, including within the RPE; however, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. Here, we conducted an F0 in vivo CRISPR-Cas9-mediated screen of 27 candidate RPE regeneration genes. The screen involved injection of a ribonucleoprotein complex containing three highly mutagenic guide RNAs per target gene followed by PCR-based genotyping to identify large intragenic deletions and MATLAB-based automated quantification of RPE regeneration. Through this F0 screening pipeline, eight positive and seven negative regulators of RPE regeneration were identified. Further characterization of one candidate, cldn7b, revealed novel roles in regulating macrophage/microglia infiltration after RPE injury and in clearing RPE/pigment debris during late-phase RPE regeneration. Taken together, these data support the utility of targeted F0 screens for validating pro-regenerative factors and reveal novel factors that could regulate regenerative responses within the zebrafish RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Lu
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Lyndsay L. Leach
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Gross
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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13
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Konar G, Flickinger Z, Sharma S, Vallone K, Lyon C, Doshier C, Lyon W, Patton JG. Damage-induced senescent immune cells regulate regeneration of the zebrafish retina. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524296. [PMID: 36711649 PMCID: PMC9882244 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish spontaneously regenerate their retina in response to damage through the action of Müller glia. Even though Müller glia (MG) are conserved in higher vertebrates, the capacity to regenerate retinal damage is lost. Recent work has focused on the regulation of inflammation during tissue regeneration with precise temporal roles for macrophages and microglia. Senescent cells that have withdrawn from the cell cycle have mostly been implicated in aging, but are still metabolically active, releasing proinflammatory signaling molecules as part of the Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). Here, we discover that in response to retinal damage, a subset of cells expressing markers of microglia/macrophages also express markers of senescence. These cells display a temporal pattern of appearance and clearance during retina regeneration. Premature removal of senescent cells by senolytic treatment led to a decrease in proliferation and incomplete repair of the ganglion cell layer after NMDA damage. Our results demonstrate a role for modulation of senescent cell responses to balance inflammation, regeneration, plasticity, and repair as opposed to fibrosis and scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Kyle Vallone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Charles Lyon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Claire Doshier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
| | - William Lyon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
| | - James G. Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
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14
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Kranert K, Woźny M, Podlasz P, Wąsowicz K, Brzuzan P. MiR92b-3p synthetic analogue impairs zebrafish embryonic development, leading to ocular defects, decreased movement and hatching rate, and increased mortality. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:145-157. [PMID: 36274083 PMCID: PMC9837005 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-022-00732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of microRNA 92b-3p (MiR92b-3p) overexpression on the embryonic development of zebrafish. A synthetic MiR92b-3p analogue (mirVana™ mimic, in vivo-ready) was injected at doses up to 5 ng/embryo into the yolk sac of embryos (2-16 cell stage). At 24 h post fertilization (hpf), the locomotor activity of the embryos was measured, and after hatching (72 hpf), the rates of malformation occurrence, hatching, and mortality were determined. Next, the larvae were fixed for histological and molecular examinations. Exposure to the MiR92b-3p mimic impaired embryonic development, leading to increased occurrence of malformations (i.e., pericardial edema, spine curvature, smaller eyes), decreased locomotor activity and hatching rate, and increased mortality. Importantly, the mimic affected retinal differentiation and lens formation during zebrafish embryogenesis, which suggests that MiR92b-3p could be an important factor in the regulation of fish embryogenesis and ocular development. The expression level of MiR92b-3p was substantially higher in the exposed larvae than in the untreated larvae, indicating that the mimic was successfully delivered to the zebrafish. Although screening of potential MiR92b-3p target genes suggested some changes in their expression levels, these results were inconclusive. Together, this study indicates that MiR92b-3p mimic impairs zebrafish embryonic development, and further research is necessary to identify the MiR92b-3p-regulated cell pathways involved in the impairment of the fish's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Kranert
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Woźny
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wąsowicz
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Brzuzan
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland
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15
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Grigoryan EN. Cell Sources for Retinal Regeneration: Implication for Data Translation in Biomedicine of the Eye. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233755. [PMID: 36497013 PMCID: PMC9738527 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main degenerative diseases of the retina include macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. Novel approaches for treating retinal diseases are based on cell replacement therapy using a variety of exogenous stem cells. An alternative and complementary approach is the potential use of retinal regeneration cell sources (RRCSs) containing retinal pigment epithelium, ciliary body, Müller glia, and retinal ciliary region. RRCSs in lower vertebrates in vivo and in mammals mostly in vitro are able to proliferate and exhibit gene expression and epigenetic characteristics typical for neural/retinal cell progenitors. Here, we review research on the factors controlling the RRCSs' properties, such as the cell microenvironment, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, etc., that determine the regenerative responses and alterations underlying the RRCS-associated pathologies. We also discuss how the current data on molecular features and regulatory mechanisms of RRCSs could be translated in retinal biomedicine with a special focus on (1) attempts to obtain retinal neurons de novo both in vivo and in vitro to replace damaged retinal cells; and (2) investigations of the key molecular networks stimulating regenerative responses and preventing RRCS-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Angileri KM, Bagia NA, Feschotte C. Transposon control as a checkpoint for tissue regeneration. Development 2022; 149:dev191957. [PMID: 36440631 PMCID: PMC10655923 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration requires precise temporal control of cellular processes such as inflammatory signaling, chromatin remodeling and proliferation. The combination of these processes forms a unique microenvironment permissive to the expression, and potential mobilization of, transposable elements (TEs). Here, we develop the hypothesis that TE activation creates a barrier to tissue repair that must be overcome to achieve successful regeneration. We discuss how uncontrolled TE activity may impede tissue restoration and review mechanisms by which TE activity may be controlled during regeneration. We posit that the diversification and co-evolution of TEs and host control mechanisms may contribute to the wide variation in regenerative competency across tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Angileri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Nornubari A. Bagia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Cedric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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17
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Sharma P, Ramachandran R. Retina regeneration: lessons from vertebrates. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac012. [PMID: 38596712 PMCID: PMC10913848 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, vertebrates such as fishes and frogs exhibit remarkable tissue regeneration including the central nervous system. Retina being part of the central nervous system has attracted the interest of several research groups to explore its regenerative ability in different vertebrate models including mice. Fishes and frogs completely restore the size, shape and tissue structure of an injured retina. Several studies have unraveled molecular mechanisms underlying retina regeneration. In teleosts, soon after injury, the Müller glial cells of the retina reprogram to form a proliferating population of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells capable of differentiating into various neural cell types and Müller glia. In amphibians, the transdifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelium and differentiation of ciliary marginal zone cells contribute to retina regeneration. In chicks and mice, supplementation with external growth factors or genetic modifications cause a partial regenerative response in the damaged retina. The initiation of retina regeneration is achieved through sequential orchestration of gene expression through controlled modulations in the genetic and epigenetic landscape of the progenitor cells. Several developmental biology pathways are turned on during the Müller glia reprogramming, retinal pigment epithelium transdifferentiation and ciliary marginal zone differentiation. Further, several tumorigenic pathways and gene expression events also contribute to the complete regeneration cascade of events. In this review, we address the various retinal injury paradigms and subsequent gene expression events governed in different vertebrate species. Further, we compared how vertebrates such as teleost fishes and amphibians can achieve excellent regenerative responses in the retina compared with their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
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18
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Catalani E, Cherubini A, Del Quondam S, Cervia D. Regenerative Strategies for Retinal Neurons: Novel Insights in Non-Mammalian Model Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158180. [PMID: 35897754 PMCID: PMC9331597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed knowledge of the status of the retina in neurodegenerative conditions is a crucial point for the development of therapeutics in retinal pathologies and to translate eye research to CNS disease. In this context, manipulating signaling pathways that lead to neuronal regeneration offers an excellent opportunity to substitute damaged cells and, thus, restore the tissue functionality. Alternative systems and methods are increasingly being considered to replace/reduce in vivo approaches in the study of retina pathophysiology. Herein, we present recent data obtained from the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that bring promising advantages into studying and modeling, at a preclinical level, neurodegeneration and regenerative approaches in retinal diseases. Indeed, the regenerative ability of vertebrate model zebrafish is particularly appealing. In addition, the fruit fly is ideal for regenerative studies due to its high degree of conservation with vertebrates and the broad spectrum of genetic variants achievable. Furthermore, a large part of the drosophila brain is dedicated to sight, thus offering the possibility of studying common mechanisms of the visual system and the brain at once. The knowledge acquired from these alternative models may help to investigate specific well-conserved factors of interest in human neuroregeneration after injuries or during pathologies.
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19
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Fogerty J, Song P, Boyd P, Grabinski SE, Hoang T, Reich A, Cianciolo LT, Blackshaw S, Mumm JS, Hyde DR, Perkins BD. Notch Inhibition Promotes Regeneration and Immunosuppression Supports Cone Survival in a Zebrafish Model of Inherited Retinal Dystrophy. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5144-5158. [PMID: 35672150 PMCID: PMC9236296 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0244-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor degeneration leads to irreversible vision loss in humans with retinal dystrophies such as retinitis pigmentosa. Whereas photoreceptor loss is permanent in mammals, zebrafish possesses the ability to regenerate retinal neurons and restore visual function. Following acute damage, Müller glia (MG) re-enter the cell cycle and produce multipotent progenitors whose progeny differentiate into mature neurons. Both MG reprogramming and proliferation of retinal progenitor cells require reactive microglia and associated inflammatory signaling. Paradoxically, in zebrafish models of retinal degeneration, photoreceptor death does not induce the MG to reprogram and regenerate lost cells. Here, we used male and female zebrafish cep290 mutants to demonstrate that progressive cone degeneration generates an immune response but does not stimulate MG proliferation. Acute light damage triggered photoreceptor regeneration in cep290 mutants but cones were only restored to prelesion densities. Using irf8 mutant zebrafish, we found that the chronic absence of microglia reduced inflammation and rescued cone degeneration in cep290 mutants. Finally, single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed sustained expression of notch3 in MG of cep290 mutants and inhibition of Notch signaling induced MG to re-enter the cell cycle. Our findings provide new insights on the requirements for MG to proliferate and the potential for immunosuppression to prolong photoreceptor survival.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) are genetic diseases that lead to the progressive loss of photoreceptors and the permanent loss of vision. Zebrafish can regenerate photoreceptors after acute injury by reprogramming Müller glia (MG) into stem-like cells that produce retinal progenitors, but this regenerative process fails to occur in zebrafish models of IRDs. Here, we show that Notch pathway inhibition can promote photoreceptor regeneration in models of progressive degeneration and that immunosuppression can prevent photoreceptor loss. These results offer insight into the pathways that promote MG-dependent regeneration and the role of inflammation in photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Fogerty
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Patrick Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Sarah E Grabinski
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Adrian Reich
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987
| | - Lauren T Cianciolo
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Brian D Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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20
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Thiel WA, Blume ZI, Mitchell DM. Compensatory engulfment and Müller glia reactivity in the absence of microglia. Glia 2022; 70:1402-1425. [PMID: 35451181 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are known for important phagocytic functions in the vertebrate retina. Reports also suggest that Müller glia have phagocytic capacity, though the relative levels and contexts in which this occurs remain to be thoroughly examined. Here, we investigate Müller glial engulfment of dying cells in the developing zebrafish retina in the presence and absence of microglia, using a genetic mutant in which microglia do not develop. We show that in normal conditions clearance of dying cells is dominated by microglia; however, Müller glia do have a limited clearance role. In retinas lacking intact microglial populations, we found a striking increase in the engulfment load assumed by the Müller glia, which displayed prominent cellular compartments containing apoptotic cells, several of which localized with the early phagosome/endosome marker Rab5. Consistent with increased engulfment, lysosomal staining was also increased in Müller glia in the absence of microglia. Increased engulfment load led to evidence of Müller glia reactivity including upregulation of gfap but did not trigger cell cycle re-entry by differentiated Müller glia. Our work provides important insight into the phagocytic capacity of Müller glia and the ability for compensatory functions and downstream effects. Therefore, effects of microglial deficiency or depletion on other glial cell types should be well-considered in experimental manipulations, in neurodegenerative disease, and in therapeutic approaches that target microglia. Our findings further justify future work to understand differential mechanisms and contexts of phagocytosis by glial cells in the central nervous system, and the significance of these mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Thiel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Zachary I Blume
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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21
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Chen S, Lathrop KL, Kuwajima T, Gross JM. Retinal ganglion cell survival after severe optic nerve injury is modulated by crosstalk between Jak/Stat signaling and innate immune responses in the zebrafish retina. Development 2022; 149:272198. [PMID: 34528064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Visual information is transmitted from the eye to the brain along the optic nerve, a structure composed of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. The optic nerve is highly vulnerable to damage in neurodegenerative diseases, such as glaucoma, and there are currently no FDA-approved drugs or therapies to protect RGCs from death. Zebrafish possess remarkable neuroprotective and regenerative abilities. Here, utilizing an optic nerve transection (ONT) injury and an RNA-seq-based approach, we identify genes and pathways active in RGCs that may modulate their survival. Through pharmacological perturbation, we demonstrate that Jak/Stat pathway activity is required for RGC survival after ONT. Furthermore, we show that immune responses directly contribute to RGC death after ONT; macrophages/microglia are recruited to the retina and blocking neuroinflammation or depleting these cells after ONT rescues survival of RGCs. Taken together, these data support a model in which crosstalk between macrophages/microglia and RGCs, mediated by Jak/Stat pathway activity, regulates RGC survival after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, 410008 Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kira L Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Takaaki Kuwajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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22
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Lu F, Leach LL, Gross JM. mTOR activity is essential for retinal pigment epithelium regeneration in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009628. [PMID: 35271573 PMCID: PMC8939802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays numerous critical roles in maintaining vision and this is underscored by the prevalence of degenerative blinding diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in which visual impairment is caused by progressive loss of RPE cells. In contrast to mammals, zebrafish possess the ability to intrinsically regenerate a functional RPE layer after severe injury. The molecular underpinnings of this regenerative process remain largely unknown yet hold tremendous potential for developing treatment strategies to stimulate endogenous regeneration in the human eye. In this study, we demonstrate that the mTOR pathway is activated in RPE cells post-genetic ablation. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of mTOR activity impaired RPE regeneration, while mTOR activation enhanced RPE recovery post-injury, demonstrating that mTOR activity is essential for RPE regeneration in zebrafish. RNA-seq of RPE isolated from mTOR-inhibited larvae identified a number of genes and pathways dependent on mTOR activity at early and late stages of regeneration; amongst these were components of the immune system, which is emerging as a key regulator of regenerative responses across various tissue and model systems. Our results identify crosstalk between macrophages/microglia and the RPE, wherein mTOR activity is required for recruitment of macrophages/microglia to the RPE injury site. Macrophages/microglia then reinforce mTOR activity in regenerating RPE cells. Interestingly, the function of macrophages/microglia in maintaining mTOR activity in the RPE appeared to be inflammation-independent. Taken together, these data identify mTOR activity as a key regulator of RPE regeneration and link the mTOR pathway to immune responses in facilitating RPE regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lyndsay L. Leach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Leach LL, Fisher GB, Gross JM. Nitroreductase/Metronidazole-Mediated Ablation and a MATLAB Platform (RpEGEN) for Studying Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/63658. [PMID: 35311832 PMCID: PMC9036407 DOI: 10.3791/63658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) resides at the back of the eye and performs functions essential for maintaining the health and integrity of adjacent retinal and vascular tissues. At present, the limited reparative capacity of mammalian RPE, which is restricted to small injuries, has hindered progress to understanding in vivo RPE regenerative processes. Here, a detailed methodology is provided to facilitate the study of in vivo RPE repair utilizing the zebrafish, a vertebrate model capable of robust tissue regeneration. This protocol describes a transgenic nitroreductase/metronidazole (NTR/MTZ)-mediated injury paradigm (rpe65a:nfsB-eGFP), which results in ablation of the central two-thirds of the RPE after 24 h treatment with MTZ, with subsequent tissue recovery. Focus is placed on RPE ablations in larval zebrafish and methods for testing the effects of pharmacological compounds on RPE regeneration are also outlined. Generation and validation of RpEGEN, a MATLAB script created to automate quantification of RPE regeneration based on pigmentation, is also discussed. Beyond active RPE repair mechanisms, this protocol can be expanded to studies of RPE degeneration and injury responses as well as the effects of RPE damage on adjacent retinal and vascular tissues, among other cellular and molecular processes. This zebrafish system holds significant promise in identifying genes, networks, and processes that drive RPE regeneration and RPE disease-related mechanisms, with the long-term goal of applying this knowledge to mammalian systems and, ultimately, toward therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay L. Leach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - G. Burch Fisher
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | - Jeffrey M. Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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Chowdhury K, Lin S, Lai SL. Comparative Study in Zebrafish and Medaka Unravels the Mechanisms of Tissue Regeneration. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.783818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration has been in the spotlight of research for its fascinating nature and potential applications in human diseases. The trait of regenerative capacity occurs diversely across species and tissue contexts, while it seems to decline over evolution. Organisms with variable regenerative capacity are usually distinct in phylogeny, anatomy, and physiology. This phenomenon hinders the feasibility of studying tissue regeneration by directly comparing regenerative with non-regenerative animals, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and mice (Mus musculus). Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a fish model with a complete reference genome and shares a common ancestor with zebrafish approximately 110–200 million years ago (compared to 650 million years with mice). Medaka shares similar features with zebrafish, including size, diet, organ system, gross anatomy, and living environment. However, while zebrafish regenerate almost every organ upon experimental injury, medaka shows uneven regenerative capacity. Their common and distinct biological features make them a unique platform for reciprocal analyses to understand the mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Here we summarize current knowledge about tissue regeneration in these fish models in terms of injured tissues, repairing mechanisms, available materials, and established technologies. We further highlight the concept of inter-species and inter-organ comparisons, which may reveal mechanistic insights and hint at therapeutic strategies for human diseases.
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Sherpa RD, Hui SP. An insight on established retinal injury mechanisms and prevalent retinal stem cell activation pathways in vertebrate models. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:189-203. [PMID: 34557646 PMCID: PMC8446703 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementing different tools and injury mechanisms in multiple animal models of retina regeneration, researchers have discovered the existence of retinal stem/progenitor cells. Although they appear to be distributed uniformly across the vertebrate lineage, the reparative potential of the retina is mainly restricted to lower vertebrates. Regenerative repair post-injury requires the creation of a proliferative niche, vital for proper stem cell activation, propagation, and lineage differentiation. This seems to be lacking in mammals. Hence, in this review, we first discuss the many forms of retinal injuries that have been generated using animal models. Next, we discuss how they are utilized to stimulate regeneration and mimic eye disease pathologies. The key to driving stem cell activation in mammals relies on the information we can gather from these models. Lastly, we present a brief update about the genes, growth factors, and signaling pathways that have been brought to light using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for NeurosciencesUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
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