1
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Milanesi F, Roelens S, Francesconi O. Towards Biomimetic Recognition of Glycans by Synthetic Receptors. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300598. [PMID: 37942862 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are abundant in Nature, where they are mostly assembled within glycans as free polysaccharides or conjugated to a variety of biological molecules such as proteins and lipids. Glycans exert several functions, including protein folding, stability, solubility, resistance to proteolysis, intracellular traffic, antigenicity, and recognition by carbohydrate-binding proteins. Interestingly, misregulation of their biosynthesis that leads to changes in glycan structures is frequently recognized as a mark of a disease state. Because of glycan ubiquity, carbohydrate binding agents (CBAs) targeting glycans can lead to a deeper understanding of their function and to the development of new diagnostic and prognostic strategies. Synthetic receptors selectively recognizing specific carbohydrates of biological interest have been developed over the past three decades. In addition to the success obtained in the effective recognition of monosaccharides, synthetic receptors recognizing more complex guests have also been developed, including di- and oligosaccharide fragments of glycans, shedding light on the structural and functional requirements necessary for an effective receptor. In this review, the most relevant achievements in molecular recognition of glycans and their fragments will be summarized, highlighting potentials and future perspectives of glycan-targeting synthetic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Milanesi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Roelens
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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2
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Lee B, An HJ. Small but big leaps towards neuroglycomics: exploring N-glycome in the brain to advance the understanding of brain development and function. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:489-490. [PMID: 37721267 PMCID: PMC10581581 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Asia-Pacific Glycomics Reference Site, Daejeon, South Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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3
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Yost SA, Firlar E, Glenn JD, Carroll HB, Foltz S, Giles AR, Egley JM, Firnberg E, Cho S, Nguyen T, Henry WM, Janczura KJ, Bruder J, Liu Y, Danos O, Karumuthil-Melethil S, Pannem S, Yost V, Engelson Y, Kaelber JT, Dimant H, Smith JB, Mercer AC. Characterization and biodistribution of under-employed gene therapy vector AAV7. J Virol 2023; 97:e0116323. [PMID: 37843374 PMCID: PMC10688378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01163-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The use of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) as gene delivery vectors has vast potential for the treatment of many severe human diseases. Over one hundred naturally existing AAV capsid variants have been described and classified into phylogenetic clades based on their sequences. AAV8, AAV9, AAVrh.10, and other intensively studied capsids have been propelled into pre-clinical and clinical use, and more recently, marketed products; however, less-studied capsids may also have desirable properties (e.g., potency differences, tissue tropism, reduced immunogenicity, etc.) that have yet to be thoroughly described. These data will help build a broader structure-function knowledge base in the field, present capsid engineering opportunities, and enable the use of novel capsids with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Yost
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Emre Firlar
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedicine and Rutgers CryoEM & Nanoimaging Facility, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Justin D. Glenn
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hayley B. Carroll
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Foltz
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - April R. Giles
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jenny M. Egley
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Elad Firnberg
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sungyeon Cho
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Trang Nguyen
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - William M. Henry
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Joseph Bruder
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ye Liu
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Olivier Danos
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason T. Kaelber
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedicine and Rutgers CryoEM & Nanoimaging Facility, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hemi Dimant
- Invicro LLC, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
- Emit Imaging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jared B. Smith
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew C. Mercer
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
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4
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Liu Y, Han Y, Zhu W, Luo Q, Yuan J, Liu X. Characterization of N-glycome profile in mouse brain tissue regions by MALDI-TOF/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5575-5588. [PMID: 37452841 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common types of post-translational modifications in mammals. It is well known that N-glycans play a key role in cell adhesion, differentiation, synapsis, and myelination during the development of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Neuropathological symptoms (such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease) are usually accompanied by N-glycosylation changes. In this study, we extracted N-glycan chains from eight regions of the mouse brain, and combined high-throughput, high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) with the Fmoc N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Fmoc-OSU) derivatization method to improve the sensitivity of glycan detection to characterize the total N-glycans in the mouse brain. A total of 96 N-glycan moieties were detected. An exhaustive examination of the relative abundance of N-glycans, coupled with a comparative analysis of differences, has uncovered discernible variations of statistical significance, including high mannose, fucosylated, sialylated, and galactosylated N-glycans. According to our investigations, a thorough and regionally specific cartography of glycans within the brain can facilitate the investigation of glycan-mediated mechanisms related to both the developmental trajectory and functional output of the brain. Additionally, this approach may serve as a basis for identifying potential biomarkers that are relevant to various brain-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yutong Han
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Innovation Institute, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Innovation Institute, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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5
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Jin LW, di Lucente J, Mendiola UR, Tang X, Zivkovic AM, Lebrilla CB, Maezawa I. The role of FUT8-catalyzed core fucosylation in Alzheimer's amyloid-β oligomer-induced activation of human microglia. Glia 2023; 71:1346-1359. [PMID: 36692036 PMCID: PMC11021125 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylation, especially core fucosylation of N-glycans catalyzed by α1-6 fucosyltransferase (fucosyltransferase 8 or FUT8), plays an important role in regulating the peripheral immune system and inflammation. However, its role in microglial activation is poorly understood. Here we used human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived microglia (hiMG) as a model to study the role of FUT8-catalyzed core fucosylation in amyloid-β oligomer (AβO)-induced microglial activation, in view of its significant relevance to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). HiMG responded to AβO and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with a pattern of pro-inflammatory activation as well as enhanced core fucosylation and FUT8 expression within 24 h. Furthermore, we found increased FUT8 expression in both human AD brains and microglia isolated from 5xFAD mice, a model of AD-like cerebral amyloidosis. Inhibition of fucosylation in AβO-stimulated hiMG reduced the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppressed the activation of p38MAPK, and rectified phagocytic deficits. Specific inhibition of FUT8 by siRNA-mediated knockdown also reduced AβO-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. We further showed that p53 binds to the two consensus binding sites in the Fut8 promoter, and that p53 knockdown abolished FUT8 overexpression in AβO-activated hiMG. Taken together, our evidence supports that FUT8-catalyzed core fucosylation is a signaling pathway required for AβO-induced microglia activation and that FUT8 is a component of the p53 signaling cascade regulating microglial behavior. Because microglia are a key driver of AD pathogenesis, our results suggest that microglial FUT8 could be an anti-inflammatory therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Jacopo di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Ulises R. Mendiola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Xinyu Tang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95618
| | | | | | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
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6
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Chokkalla AK, Jeong S, Subramanian S, Vemuganti R. Immunomodulatory role of glycoRNAs in the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:499-504. [PMID: 36644904 PMCID: PMC10063830 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231151995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation of lipids and proteins significantly increases the molecular diversity in the brain. Membrane-localized glycoconjugates facilitate critical neuro-immune interactions. Therefore, glycodysregulation is increasingly recognized as a novel hallmark of various acute and chronic neurological diseases. Although RNAs are heavily modified, they are never thought to be substrates for glycosylation due to their inaccessibility to the glycosylation machinery in the Golgi apparatus. The astonishing discovery of cell surface glycoRNAs opened new avenues for glycomedicine. This review highlighted the key features of GlycoRNAs and further discussed their potential immunomodulatory role in the brain, particularly focusing on post-stroke neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shruti Subramanian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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7
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Oommen AM, Roberts KJ, Joshi L, Cunningham S. Transcriptomic Analysis of Glycosylation and Neuroregulatory Pathways in Rodent Models in Response to Psychedelic Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021200. [PMID: 36674723 PMCID: PMC9867456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for psychedelic molecules in impacting cognitive flexibility has long been supported and acknowledged across scientific reports. In the current study, an approach leveraging knowledge-based gene-set information analysis has been adopted to explore the potential impact of psychedelic molecules on both glycosylation, (a post-translational modifications (PTM)) and on neuro-regulatory pathways. Though limitations and restrictions rise from the scarcity of publicly available 'omics' data, targeted analysis enabled us to identify a number of key glycogenes (Hexb, Hs6st2, Col9a2, B3gat2, Mgat5, Bgn) involved the structural organization of extracellular matrix and neuroprotective factors (Kl, Pomc, Oxt, Gal, Avp, Cartpt) which play vital roles in neuron protection, development as well as synaptic stability. In response to psychedelic molecules, we found that these genes and associated pathways are transcriptional altered in rodent models. The approach used indicates the potential to exploit existing datasets for hypothesis generation and testing for the molecular processes which play a role in the physiological response to psychedelic molecule effects. These reported findings, which focused on alterations in glycogenes and neuro-regulatory factors may provide a novel range of biomarkers to track the beneficial, as well as potential toxicological effects of psychedelic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup M. Oommen
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster (AGRC), University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences, University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
| | - Katherine J. Roberts
- Department of Health and Behaviour Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster (AGRC), University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences, University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Stephen Cunningham
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster (AGRC), University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences, University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (S.C.)
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8
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Klarić TS, Lauc G. The dynamic brain N-glycome. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:443-471. [PMID: 35334027 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of carbohydrates to other macromolecules, such as proteins or lipids, is an important regulatory mechanism termed glycosylation. One subtype of protein glycosylation is asparagine-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) which plays a key role in the development and normal functioning of the vertebrate brain. To better understand the role of N-glycans in neurobiology, it's imperative we analyse not only the functional roles of individual structures, but also the collective impact of large-scale changes in the brain N-glycome. The systematic study of the brain N-glycome is still in its infancy and data are relatively scarce. Nevertheless, the prevailing view has been that the neuroglycome is inherently restricted with limited capacity for variation. The development of improved methods for N-glycomics analysis of brain tissue has facilitated comprehensive characterisation of the complete brain N-glycome under various experimental conditions on a larger scale. Consequently, accumulating data suggest that it's more dynamic than previously recognised and that, within a general framework, it has a given capacity to change in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Here, we provide an overview of the many factors that can alter the brain N-glycome, including neurodevelopment, ageing, diet, stress, neuroinflammation, injury, and disease. Given this emerging evidence, we propose that the neuroglycome has a hitherto underappreciated plasticity and we discuss the therapeutic implications of this regarding the possible reversal of pathological changes via interventions. We also briefly review the merits and limitations of N-glycomics as an analytical method before reflecting on some of the outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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9
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Helm J, Grünwald-Gruber C, Thader A, Urteil J, Führer J, Stenitzer D, Maresch D, Neumann L, Pabst M, Altmann F. Bisecting Lewis X in Hybrid-Type N-Glycans of Human Brain Revealed by Deep Structural Glycomics. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15175-15182. [PMID: 34723506 PMCID: PMC8600501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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The importance of
protein glycosylation in the biomedical field
requires methods that not only quantitate structures by their monosaccharide
composition, but also resolve and identify the many isomers expressed
by mammalian cells. The art of unambiguous identification of isomeric
structures in complex mixtures, however, did not yet catch up with
the fast pace of advance of high-throughput glycomics. Here, we present
a strategy for deducing structures with the help of a deci-minute
accurate retention time library for porous graphitic carbon chromatography
with mass spectrometric detection. We implemented the concept for
the fundamental N-glycan type consisting of five
hexoses, four N-acetylhexosamines and one fucose
residue. Nearly all of the 40 biosynthetized isomers occupied unique
elution positions. This result demonstrates the unique isomer selectivity
of porous graphitic carbon. With the help of a rather tightly spaced
grid of isotope-labeled internal N-glycan, standard
retention times were transposed to a standard chromatogram. Application
of this approach to animal and human brain N-glycans
immediately identified the majority of structures as being of the
bisected type. Most notably, it exposed hybrid-type glycans with galactosylated
and even Lewis X containing bisected N-acetylglucosamine,
which have not yet been discovered in a natural source. Thus, the
time grid approach implemented herein facilitated discovery of the
still missing pieces of the N-glycome in our most
noble organ and suggests itself—in conjunction with collision
induced dissociation—as a starting point for the overdue development
of isomer-specific deep structural glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Helm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Thader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan Urteil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Führer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stenitzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Hasan MM, Mimi MA, Mamun MA, Islam A, Waliullah ASM, Nabi MM, Tamannaa Z, Kahyo T, Setou M. Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Glycome in the Brain. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:711955. [PMID: 34393728 PMCID: PMC8358800 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.711955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are diverse structured biomolecules that play crucial roles in various biological processes. Glycosylation, an enzymatic system through which various glycans are bound to proteins and lipids, is the most common and functionally crucial post-translational modification process. It is known to be associated with brain development, signal transduction, molecular trafficking, neurodegenerative disorders, psychopathologies, and brain cancers. Glycans in glycoproteins and glycolipids expressed in brain cells are involved in neuronal development, biological processes, and central nervous system maintenance. The composition and expression of glycans are known to change during those physiological processes. Therefore, imaging of glycans and the glycoconjugates in the brain regions has become a “hot” topic nowadays. Imaging techniques using lectins, antibodies, and chemical reporters are traditionally used for glycan detection. However, those techniques offer limited glycome detection. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an evolving field that combines mass spectrometry with histology allowing spatial and label-free visualization of molecules in the brain. In the last decades, several studies have employed MSI for glycome imaging in brain tissues. The current state of MSI uses on-tissue enzymatic digestion or chemical reaction to facilitate successful glycome imaging. Here, we reviewed the available literature that applied MSI techniques for glycome visualization and characterization in the brain. We also described the general methodologies for glycome MSI and discussed its potential use in the three-dimensional MSI in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mst Afsana Mimi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Md Al Mamun
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ariful Islam
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - A S M Waliullah
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Md Mahamodun Nabi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Zinat Tamannaa
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Systems Molecular Anatomy, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu, Japan
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