1
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Cheng Z, Vilfan A, Wang Y, Golestanian R, Meng F. Near-field hydrodynamic interactions determine travelling wave directions of collectively beating cilia. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240221. [PMID: 39106950 PMCID: PMC11303030 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia can beat collectively in the form of a metachronal wave, and we investigate how near-field hydrodynamic interactions between cilia can influence the collective response of the beating cilia. Based on the theoretical framework developed in the work of Meng et al. (Meng et al. 2021 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2102828118), we find that the first harmonic mode in the driving force acting on each individual cilium can determine the direction of the metachronal wave after considering the finite size of the beating trajectories, which is confirmed by our agent-based numerical simulations. The stable wave patterns, e.g. the travelling direction, can be controlled by the driving forces acting on the cilia, based on which one can change the flow field generated by the cilia. This work can not only help to understand the role of the hydrodynamic interactions in the collective behaviours of cilia, but can also guide future designs of artificial cilia beating in the desired dynamic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yanting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang325000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3PU, UK
| | - Fanlong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang325000, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Cui Z, Ul Islam T, Wang Y, den Toonder JMJ. Curved Surfaces Induce Metachronal Motion of Microscopic Magnetic Cilia. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38733-38743. [PMID: 38985460 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like organelles present on cell surfaces. They often exhibit a collective wave-like motion that can enhance fluid or particle transportation function, known as metachronal motion. Inspired by nature, researchers have developed artificial cilia capable of inducing metachronal motion, especially magnetic actuation. However, current methods remain intricate, requiring either control of the magnetic or geometrical properties of individual cilia or the generation of a complex magnetic field. In this paper, we present a novel elegant method that eliminates these complexities and induces metachronal motion of arrays of identical microscopic magnetic artificial cilia by applying a simple rotating uniform magnetic field. The key idea of our method is to place arrays of cilia on surfaces with a specially designed curvature. This results in consecutive cilia experiencing different magnetic field directions at each point in time, inducing a phase lag in their motion, thereby causing collective wave-like motion. Moreover, by tuning the surface curvature profile, we can achieve diverse metachronal patterns analogous to symplectic and antiplectic metachronal motion observed in nature, and we can even devise novel combinations thereof. Furthermore, we characterize the local flow patterns generated by the motion of the cilia, revealing the formation of vortical patterns. Our novel approach simplifies the realization of miniaturized metachronal motion in microfluidic systems and opens the possibility of controlling flow pattern generation and transportation, opening avenues for applications such as lab-on-a-chip technologies, organ-on-a-chip platforms, and microscopic object propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Cui
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tanveer Ul Islam
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Cui Z, Wang Y, den Toonder JMJ. Metachronal Motion of Biological and Artificial Cilia. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:198. [PMID: 38667209 PMCID: PMC11048255 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are slender, hair-like cell protrusions that are present ubiquitously in the natural world. They perform essential functions, such as generating fluid flow, propulsion, and feeding, in organisms ranging from protozoa to the human body. The coordinated beating of cilia, which results in wavelike motions known as metachrony, has fascinated researchers for decades for its role in functions such as flow generation and mucus transport. Inspired by nature, researchers have explored diverse materials for the fabrication of artificial cilia and developed several methods to mimic the metachronal motion observed in their biological counterparts. In this review, we will introduce the different types of metachronal motion generated by both biological and artificial cilia, the latter including pneumatically, photonically, electrically, and magnetically driven artificial cilia. Furthermore, we review the possible applications of metachronal motion by artificial cilia, focusing on flow generation, transport of mucus, particles, and droplets, and microrobotic locomotion. The overall aim of this review is to offer a comprehensive overview of the metachronal motions exhibited by diverse artificial cilia and the corresponding practical implementations. Additionally, we identify the potential future directions within this field. These insights present an exciting opportunity for further advancements in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (Z.C.); (Y.W.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (Z.C.); (Y.W.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (Z.C.); (Y.W.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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4
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Wang T, Ul Islam T, Steur E, Homan T, Aggarwal I, Onck PR, den Toonder JMJ, Wang Y. Programmable metachronal motion of closely packed magnetic artificial cilia. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1573-1585. [PMID: 38305798 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00956d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in artificial cilia technologies, the application of metachrony, which is the collective wavelike motion by cilia moving out-of-phase, has been severely hampered by difficulties in controlling closely packed artificial cilia at micrometer length scales. Moreover, there has been no direct experimental proof yet that a metachronal wave in combination with fully reciprocal ciliary motion can generate significant microfluidic flow on a micrometer scale as theoretically predicted. In this study, using an in-house developed precise micro-molding technique, we have fabricated closely packed magnetic artificial cilia that can generate well-controlled metachronal waves. We studied the effect of pure metachrony on fluid flow by excluding all symmetry-breaking ciliary features. Experimental and simulation results prove that net fluid transport can be generated by metachronal motion alone, and the effectiveness is strongly dependent on cilia spacing. This technique not only offers a biomimetic experimental platform to better understand the mechanisms underlying metachrony, it also opens new pathways towards advanced industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongsheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tanveer Ul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Steur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tess Homan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ishu Aggarwal
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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5
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Grein-Iankovski A, de Oliveira Braga KA, Legendre DF, Cardoso PFG, Loh W. Bio-Inspired Magnetically Responsive Silicone Cilia: Fabrication Strategy and Interaction with Biological Mucus. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:261. [PMID: 38534535 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are biological structures essential to drive the mobility of secretions and maintain the proper function of the respiratory airways. However, this motile self-cleaning process is significantly compromised in the presence of silicone tracheal prosthesis, leading to biofilm growth and impeding effective treatment. To address this challenge and enhance the performance of these devices, we propose the fabrication of magnetic silicone cilia, with the prospect of their integration onto silicone prostheses. The present study presents a fabrication method based on magnetic self-assembly and assesses the interaction behavior of the cilia array with biological mucus. This protocol allows for the customization of cilia dimensions across a wide range of aspect ratios (from 6 to 85) and array densities (from 10 to 80 cilia/mm2) by adjusting the fabrication parameters, offering flexibility for adjustments according to their required characteristics. Furthermore, we evaluated the suitability of different cilia arrays for biomedical applications by analyzing their interaction with bullfrog mucus, simulating the airways environment. Our findings demonstrate that the fabricated cilia are mechanically resistant to the viscous fluid and still exhibit controlled movement under the influence of an external moving magnet. A correlation between cilia dimensions and mucus wettability profile suggests a potential role in facilitating mucus depuration, paving the way for further advancements aimed at enhancing the performance of silicone prostheses in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Grein-Iankovski
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Francisco Guerreiro Cardoso
- Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Watson Loh
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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6
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Venkataramanachar B, Li J, Islam TU, Wang Y, den Toonder JMJ. Nanomagnetic Elastomers for Realizing Highly Responsive Micro- and Nanosystems. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9203-9211. [PMID: 37467140 PMCID: PMC10603798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Evolution has produced natural systems that generate motion and sense external stimuli at the micro- and nanoscales. At extremely small scales, the intricate motions and large deformations shown by these biosystems are due to a tipping balance between their structural compliance and the actuating force generated in them. Artificially mimicking such ingenious systems for scientific and engineering applications has been approached through the development and use of different smart materials mostly limited to microscale dimensions. To push the application range down to the nanoscale, we developed a material preparation process that yields a library of nanomagnetic elastomers with high magnetic particle concentrations. Through this process, we have realized a material with the highest magnetic-to-elastic force ratio, as is shown by an extensive mechanical and magnetic characterization of the materials. Furthermore, we have fabricated and actuated micro- and nanostructures mimicking cilia, demonstrating the extreme compliance and responsiveness of the developed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana
B. Venkataramanachar
- Microsystems
Section, Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jianing Li
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Tanveer ul Islam
- Microsystems
Section, Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Microsystems
Section, Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. den Toonder
- Microsystems
Section, Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
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7
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Cui Z, Wang Y, Zhang S, Wang T, den Toonder JMJ. Miniaturized metachronal magnetic artificial cilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304519120. [PMID: 37611057 PMCID: PMC10629582 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304519120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological cilia, hairlike organelles on cell surfaces, often exhibit collective wavelike motion known as metachrony, which helps generating fluid flow. Inspired by nature, researchers have developed artificial cilia as microfluidic actuators, exploring several methods to mimic the metachrony. However, reported methods are difficult to miniaturize because they require either control of individual cilia properties or the generation of a complex external magnetic field. We introduce a concept that generates metachronal motion of magnetic artificial cilia (MAC), even though the MAC are all identical, and the applied external magnetic field is uniform. This is achieved by integrating a paramagnetic substructure in the substrate underneath the MAC. Uniquely, we can create both symplectic and antiplectic metachrony by changing the relative positions of MAC and substructure. We demonstrate the flow generation of the two metachronal motions in both high and low Reynolds number conditions. Our research marks a significant milestone by breaking the size limitation barrier in metachronal artificial cilia. This achievement not only showcases the potential of nature-inspired engineering but also opens up a host of exciting opportunities for designing and optimizing microsystems with enhanced fluid manipulation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven5600MB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven5600MB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart70569, Germany
| | - Tongsheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven5600MB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven5600MB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven5600MB, The Netherlands
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8
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Lim S, Du Y, Lee Y, Panda SK, Tong D, Khalid Jawed M. Fabrication, control, and modeling of robots inspired by flagella and cilia. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 18:011003. [PMID: 36533860 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aca63d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flagella and cilia are slender structures that serve important functionalities in the microscopic world through their locomotion induced by fluid and structure interaction. With recent developments in microscopy, fabrication, biology, and modeling capability, robots inspired by the locomotion of these organelles in low Reynolds number flow have been manufactured and tested on the micro-and macro-scale, ranging from medicalin vivomicrobots, microfluidics to macro prototypes. We present a collection of modeling theories, control principles, and fabrication methods for flagellated and ciliary robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Lim
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Yayun Du
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Yongkyu Lee
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Shivam Kumar Panda
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Dezhong Tong
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - M Khalid Jawed
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
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9
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Xu W, Li X, Chen R, Lin W, Yuan D, Geng D, Luo T, Zhang J, Wu L, Zhou W. Ordered Magnetic Cilia Array Induced by the Micro-cavity Effect for the In Situ Adjustable Pressure Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38291-38301. [PMID: 35971645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are fundamental functional structures in natural biology. As the primary option of artificial cilia, magnetic cilia have been drawing extensive attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, sensitive response, and contactless actuation. However, most of the ordered magnetic cilia are fabricated by molds, suffering from high cost and low efficiency. In this paper, an ultrafast fabrication method of ordered cilia array using the micro-cavity inducing effect was proposed. With the impact of static and dynamic magnetic fields, the fine cilia were first formed in out-cavity area and then converged above cavities forming complete cilia structures. The mechanism of the micro-cavity inducing effect was further revealed. Finally, the ordered cilia array was used to develop the pressure sensor with variable stiffness, making the in situ adjustment of the sensor performance possible. The ordered cilia array was applied as a micro-mixer and largely improved the mixing efficiency for different mediums. The ordered cilia array also successfully served as the info carrier for rapid sub-encryption. This method allows the fast and controlled forming of ordered cilia arrays within 30 s, and the cilia structure can be adjusted in a large range of aspect ratios (1-9), providing an approach to large-scale producing the magnetic cilia for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xu
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
| | - Weiming Lin
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
| | - Ding Yuan
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
| | - Da Geng
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
| | - Linjing Wu
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, P. R. China
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10
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Sahadevan V, Panigrahi B, Chen CY. Microfluidic Applications of Artificial Cilia: Recent Progress, Demonstration, and Future Perspectives. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:735. [PMID: 35630202 PMCID: PMC9147031 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cilia-based microfluidics is a promising alternative in lab-on-a-chip applications which provides an efficient way to manipulate fluid flow in a microfluidic environment with high precision. Additionally, it can induce favorable local flows toward practical biomedical applications. The endowment of artificial cilia with their anatomy and capabilities such as mixing, pumping, transporting, and sensing lead to advance next-generation applications including precision medicine, digital nanofluidics, and lab-on-chip systems. This review summarizes the importance and significance of the artificial cilia, delineates the recent progress in artificial cilia-based microfluidics toward microfluidic application, and provides future perspectives. The presented knowledge and insights are envisaged to pave the way for innovative advances for the research communities in miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sahadevan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Bivas Panigrahi
- Department of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Energy Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Yuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
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11
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Ul Islam T, Wang Y, Aggarwal I, Cui Z, Eslami Amirabadi H, Garg H, Kooi R, Venkataramanachar BB, Wang T, Zhang S, Onck PR, den Toonder JMJ. Microscopic artificial cilia - a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1650-1679. [PMID: 35403636 PMCID: PMC9063641 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microscopic hair-like external cell organelles that are ubiquitously present in nature, also within the human body. They fulfill crucial biological functions: motile cilia provide transportation of fluids and cells, and immotile cilia sense shear stress and concentrations of chemical species. Inspired by nature, scientists have developed artificial cilia mimicking the functions of biological cilia, aiming at application in microfluidic devices like lab-on-chip or organ-on-chip. By actuating the artificial cilia, for example by a magnetic field, an electric field, or pneumatics, microfluidic flow can be generated and particles can be transported. Other functions that have been explored are anti-biofouling and flow sensing. We provide a critical review of the progress in artificial cilia research and development as well as an evaluation of its future potential. We cover all aspects from fabrication approaches, actuation principles, artificial cilia functions - flow generation, particle transport and flow sensing - to applications. In addition to in-depth analyses of the current state of knowledge, we provide classifications of the different approaches and quantitative comparisons of the results obtained. We conclude that artificial cilia research is very much alive, with some concepts close to industrial implementation, and other developments just starting to open novel scientific opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ul Islam
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ishu Aggarwal
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiwei Cui
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hossein Eslami Amirabadi
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hemanshul Garg
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kooi
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bhavana B Venkataramanachar
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tongsheng Wang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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