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Wongchaisuwat N, Amato A, Yang P, Everett L, Pennesi ME, Huang D, Chen S. Optical Coherence Tomography Split-Spectrum Amplitude-Decorrelation Optoretinography Detects Early Central Cone Photoreceptor Dysfunction in Retinal Dystrophies. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:5. [PMID: 39361318 PMCID: PMC11451826 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate if split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation optoretinography (SSADOR) can detect and measure macular cone dysfunction in inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs). Methods This study was a case series of participants presenting with various IRD pathologies. Participants were recruited from the Ophthalmic Genetics clinic at the Casey Eye Institute from February to August 2023. Multimodal and SSADOR imaging was obtained in all cases. Results We recruited nine participants, including four with macular dystrophy, one with fundus flavimaculatus, one with cone dystrophy, and three with retinitis pigmentosa. SSADOR decorrelation maps identified areas of cone functional impairment consistent with disease phenotypes. A correlation between the SSADOR signal and retinal sensitivity measured by microperimetry within the central 20° diameter area was observed. Additionally, SSADOR was able to demonstrate a decreased signal in mild cases when microperimetry measurements were still normal but subtle changes were also apparent on structural OCT. Conclusions SSADOR is sensitive at detecting functional changes in macular cones, even prior to abnormalities in perimetry testing. We highlight the potential benefits of this innovative technology for the early detection of cone dysfunction and their potential contributions to earlier diagnosis and more accurate monitoring of progression. Translational Relevance SSADOR is an innovative technology that detects early macular cone function changes, allowing for early diagnosis and precise monitoring of cone dysfunction progression. By serving as a potential clinical trial endpoint, SSADOR facilitates the translation of scientific findings into practical applications, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Wongchaisuwat
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alessia Amato
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Paul Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lesley Everett
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mark E. Pennesi
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Carullo G, Orsini N, Piano I, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Fontana A, Napoli D, Corsi F, Marco BD, Galante A, Marotta L, Panzeca G, O'Brien J, Sanchez AG, Doherty H, Mahon N, Clarke L, Contri C, Pasquini S, Gorelli B, Saponara S, Valoti M, Vincenzi F, Varani K, Ramunno A, Brogi S, Butini S, Gemma S, Kennedy BN, Gargini C, Strettoi E, Campiani G. Targeting Relevant HDACs to Support the Survival of Cone Photoreceptors in Inherited Retinal Diseases: Identification of a Potent Pharmacological Tool with In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14946-14973. [PMID: 38961727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases, which include retinitis pigmentosa, are a family of genetic disorders characterized by gradual rod-cone degeneration and vision loss, without effective pharmacological treatments. Experimental approaches aim to delay disease progression, supporting cones' survival, crucial for human vision. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate the activation of epigenetic and nonepigenetic pathways that modulate cone degeneration in RP mouse models. We developed new HDAC inhibitors (5a-p), typified by a tetrahydro-γ-carboline scaffold, characterized by high HDAC6 inhibition potency with balanced physicochemical properties for in vivo studies. Compound 5d (repistat, IC50 HDAC6 = 6.32 nM) increased the levels of acetylated α-tubulin compared to histone H3 in ARPE-19 and 661W cells. 5d promoted vision rescue in the atp6v0e1-/- zebrafish model of photoreceptor dysfunction. A single intravitreal injection of 5d in the rd10 mouse model of RP supported morphological and functional preservation of cone cells and maintenance of the retinal pigment epithelium array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Orsini
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR) Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Regional Doctorate School in Neuroscience of Universities of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Florence, CNR Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Piano
- Department of Pharmacy, Via Bonanno 6, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Fontana
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Debora Napoli
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR) Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Regional Doctorate School in Neuroscience of Universities of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Florence, CNR Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Di Marco
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR) Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Regional Doctorate School in Neuroscience of Universities of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Florence, CNR Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ludovica Marotta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Panzeca
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Justine O'Brien
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alicia Gomez Sanchez
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harry Doherty
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Mahon
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leni Clarke
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Saponara
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Ramunno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84100 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, Via Bonanno 6, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Enrica Strettoi
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR) Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-7346, Iran
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Ni S, Khan S, Jiménez-Villar A, Pennesi ME, Huang D, Jian Y, Chen S. Optical Assessment of Photoreceptor Function Over the Macula. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:41. [PMID: 39186303 PMCID: PMC11361383 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.8.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop next-generation functional photoreceptor imaging using ultrahigh-speed swept-source optical coherence tomography (UHS-SS-OCT) and split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation optoretinography (SSADOR) algorithm. The advancement enables rapid surveying of large retinal areas, promising non-contact, objective, and quantifiable measurements of macular visual function. Methods We designed and built a UHS-SS-OCT prototype instrument using a wavelength tunable laser with 1 MHz A-scan rate. The functional scanning protocol records 5 repeated volumes in 3 seconds. A flash pattern selectively exposes the imaged retina area. SSADOR quantifies photoreceptor light response by extracting optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal changes within the photoreceptor outer segment before and after the flash. Results The study prospectively enrolled 16 eyes from 8 subjects, demonstrating the ability to measure photoreceptor light response over a record field of view (3 × 3 mm2) with high topographical resolution (approximately 100 µm). The measured SSADOR signal corresponds to the flashed pattern, whose amplitude also correlates with flash strength, showing consistency and reproducibility across subjects. Conclusions The integration of high-performance UHS-SS-OCT and SSADOR enables characterizing photoreceptor function over a clinically meaningful field of view, while maintaining a workflow that can be integrated into routine clinical tests and trials. The new approach allows detecting changes in photoreceptor light response with high sensitivity and can detect small focal impairments. Translational Relevance This innovative advance can enable us to detect early photoreceptor abnormalities, as well as help to stage and monitor degenerative retinal diseases, potentially providing a surrogate visual function marker for retinal diseases and accelerating therapeutic development through a safe and efficient outcome endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibin Ni
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shanjida Khan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Mark E. Pennesi
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yifan Jian
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Wendel BJ, Pandiyan VP, Liu T, Jiang X, Lassoued A, Slezak E, Schleufer S, Bharadwaj P, Tuten WS, Mustafi D, Chao JR, Sabesan R. Multimodal High-Resolution Imaging in Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Comparison Between Optoretinography, Cone Density, and Visual Sensitivity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:45. [PMID: 39207297 PMCID: PMC11364184 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.10.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the most common inherited retinal disease, is characterized by progressive photoreceptor degeneration. It remains unknown to what extent surviving photoreceptors transduce light and support vision in RP. To address this, we correlated structure and functional measures using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), adaptive optics microperimetry, and adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT)-based optoretinograms (ORGs). Methods Four patients with RP were imaged with AOSLO across the visual field covering the transition zone (TZ) of normal to diseased retina. Cone density was estimated in discrete regions spanning the TZ. Visual sensitivity was assessed by measuring increment thresholds for a 3-arcmin stimulus targeted via active eye tracking in AOSLO. ORGs were measured at the same locations using AO-OCT to assess the cones' functional response to a 528 ± 20-nm stimulus. Individual cone outer segment (COS) lengths were measured from AO-OCT in each subject. Results Cone density was significantly reduced in patients with RP. Density reduction correlated with TZ location in 3 patients with RP, while a fourth had patches of reduced density throughout the retina. ORG amplitude was reduced in regions of normal and reduced cone density in all patients with RP. ORG response and COS length were positively correlated in controls but not in patients with RP. Despite deficits in cone density and ORG, visual sensitivity remained comparable to controls in three of four patients with RP. Conclusions ORG-based measures of retinal dysfunction may precede deficits in cone structure and visual sensitivity. ORG is a sensitive measure of RP disease status and has significant potential to provide insight into disease progression and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Wendel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Vimal Prabhu Pandiyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ayoub Lassoued
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Emily Slezak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sierra Schleufer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Palash Bharadwaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - William S. Tuten
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Debarshi Mustafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ramkumar Sabesan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
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Zhang F, Kovalick K, Raghavendra A, Soltanian-Zadeh S, Farsiu S, Hammer DX, Liu Z. In vivo imaging of human retinal ganglion cells using optical coherence tomography without adaptive optics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:4675-4688. [PMID: 39346995 PMCID: PMC11427184 DOI: 10.1364/boe.533249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells play an important role in human vision, and their degeneration results in glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases. Imaging these cells in the living human retina can greatly improve the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. However, owing to their translucent soma and tight packing arrangement within the ganglion cell layer (GCL), successful imaging has only been achieved with sophisticated research-grade adaptive optics (AO) systems. For the first time we demonstrate that GCL somas can be resolved and cell morphology can be quantified using non-AO optical coherence tomography (OCT) devices with optimal parameter configuration and post-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furu Zhang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Katherine Kovalick
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Achyut Raghavendra
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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6
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Liu Z, Aghayee S, Soltanian-Zadeh S, Kovalick K, Agrawal A, Saeedi O, Cukras C, Chew EY, Farsiu S, Hammer DX. Quantification of Human Photoreceptor-Retinal Pigment Epithelium Macular Topography with Adaptive Optics-Optical Coherence Tomography. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1518. [PMID: 39061655 PMCID: PMC11276449 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14141518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors (PRs) and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form a functional unit called the PR-RPE complex. The PR-RPE complex plays a critical role in maintaining retinal homeostasis and function, and the quantification of its structure and topographical arrangement across the macula are important for understanding the etiology, mechanisms, and progression of many retinal diseases. However, the three-dimensional cellular morphology of the PR-RPE complex in living human eyes has not been completely described due to limitations in imaging techniques. We used the cellular resolution and depth-sectioning capabilities of a custom, high-speed Fourier domain mode-locked laser-based adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography (FDML-AO-OCT) platform to characterize human PR-RPE complex topography across the temporal macula from eleven healthy volunteers. With the aid of a deep learning algorithm, key metrics were extracted from the PR-RPE complex of averaged AO-OCT volumes including PR and RPE cell density, PR outer segment length (OSL), and PR/RPE ratio. We found a tight grouping among our cohort for PR density, with a mean (±SD) value of 53,329 (±8106) cells/mm2 at 1° decreasing to 8669 (±737) cells/mm2 at 12°. We observed a power function relationship between eccentricity and both PR density and PR/RPE ratio. We found similar variability in our RPE density measures, with a mean value of 7335 (±681) cells/mm2 at 1° decreasing to 5547 (±356) cells/mm2 at 12°, exhibiting a linear relationship with a negative slope of -123 cells/mm2 per degree. OSL monotonically decreased from 33.3 (±2.4) µm at 1° to 18.0 (±1.8) µm at 12°, following a second-order polynomial relationship. PR/RPE ratio decreased from 7.3 (±0.9) µm at 1° to 1.5 (±0.1) µm at 12°. The normative data from this investigation will help lay a foundation for future studies of retinal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Liu
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA (S.S.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Samira Aghayee
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA (S.S.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Somayyeh Soltanian-Zadeh
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA (S.S.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Katherine Kovalick
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA (S.S.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Anant Agrawal
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA (S.S.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Osamah Saeedi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Catherine Cukras
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (E.Y.C.)
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (E.Y.C.)
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA (S.S.-Z.); (A.A.)
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Tan B, Li H, Zhuo Y, Han L, Mupparapu R, Nanni D, Barathi VA, Palanker D, Schmetterer L, Ling T. Light-evoked deformations in rod photoreceptors, pigment epithelium and subretinal space revealed by prolonged and multilayered optoretinography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5156. [PMID: 38898002 PMCID: PMC11186825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Phototransduction involves changes in concentration of ions and other solutes within photoreceptors and in subretinal space, which affect osmotic pressure and the associated water flow. Corresponding expansion and contraction of cellular layers can be imaged using optoretinography (ORG), based on phase-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT). Until now, ORG could reliably detect only photoisomerization and phototransduction in photoreceptors, primarily in cones under bright stimuli. Here, by employing a phase-restoring subpixel motion correction algorithm, which enables imaging of the nanometer-scale tissue dynamics during minute-long recordings, and unsupervised learning of spatiotemporal patterns, we discover optical signatures of the other retinal structures' response to visual stimuli. These include inner and outer segments of rod photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and subretinal space in general. The high sensitivity of our technique enables detection of the retinal responses to dim stimuli: down to 0.01% bleach level, corresponding to natural levels of scotopic illumination. We also demonstrate that with a single flash, the optoretinogram can map retinal responses across a 12° field of view, potentially replacing multifocal electroretinography. This technique expands the diagnostic capabilities and practical applicability of optoretinography, providing an alternative to electroretinography, while combining structural and functional retinal imaging in the same OCT machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyao Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE) Program, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huakun Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yueming Zhuo
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Le Han
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE) Program, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajeshkumar Mupparapu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE) Program, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Davide Nanni
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy Amutha Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE) Program, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Tong Ling
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE) Program, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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8
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Gaffney M, Connor TB, Cooper RF. Intensity-based optoretinography reveals sub-clinical deficits in cone function in retinitis pigmentosa. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 4:1373549. [PMID: 38984134 PMCID: PMC11182324 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2024.1373549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Clinical tools have been widely used in the diagnosis, description, and monitoring the progression of retinitis pigmentosa (RP); however, many of these methods have inherently low sensitivity and specificity, and significant photoreceptor disruption can occur before RP progression has clinically manifest. Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) has shown promise as a powerful tool for assessing photoreceptor disruption both structurally and functionally due to its increased resolution. Methods Here we assess photoreceptor structure and function at the cellular level through AOSLO by acquiring intensity based optoretinography (iORG) in 15 individuals with no reported retinal pathology and 7 individuals with a prior clinical diagnosis of RP. Photoreceptor structure was quantified by calculating cone nearest neighbor distance (NND) across different retinal eccentricities from the AOSLO images. Cone outer segment length was measured across different retinal eccentricities using optical coherence tomography (OCT) derived longitudinal reflectivity profiles (LRPs). Finally, iORG measures of photoreceptor function were compared to retinal sensitivity as measured using the macular integrity assessment (MAIA) microperimeter. Results Broadly, participants with RP exhibited increasing cone nearest neighbor distances and decreasing cone outer segment length as a function of retinal eccentricity, consistent with prior reports for both controls and individuals with RP. Nearly all individuals with RP had reduced iORG amplitudes for all retinal eccentricities when compared to the control cohort, and the reduction was greater in eccentricities further from the fovea. Comparing iORG amplitudes to MAIA retinal sensitivity, we found that the iORG was more sensitive to early changes in photoreceptor function whereas MAIA was more sensitive to later stages of disease. Discussion This highlights the utility of iORG as a method to detect sub-clinical deficits in cone function in all stages of disease progression and supports the future use of iORG for identifying cells that are candidates for cellular based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Gaffney
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Thomas B. Connor
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Robert F. Cooper
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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9
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Varner LR, Chaya T, Maeda Y, Tsutsumi R, Zhou S, Tsujii T, Okuzaki D, Furukawa T. The deubiquitinase Otud7b suppresses cone photoreceptor degeneration in mouse models of retinal degenerative diseases. iScience 2024; 27:109380. [PMID: 38510130 PMCID: PMC10951987 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary cone photoreceptor death in retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), leads to severe visual impairment and blindness. Although the cone photoreceptor protection in retinal degenerative diseases is crucial for maintaining vision, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we found that the deubiquitinase Otud7b/Cezanne is predominantly expressed in photoreceptor cells in the retina. We analyzed Otud7b-/- mice, which were subjected to light-induced damage, a dry AMD model, or were mated with an RP mouse model, and observed increased cone photoreceptor degeneration. Using RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis followed by a luciferase reporter assay, we found that Otud7b downregulates NF-κB activity. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-κB attenuated cone photoreceptor degeneration in the light-exposed Otud7b-/- retina and stress-induced neuronal cell death resulting from Otud7b deficiency. Together, our findings suggest that Otud7b protects cone photoreceptors in retinal degenerative diseases by modulating NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Rie Varner
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taro Chaya
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yamato Maeda
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Tsutsumi
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshinori Tsujii
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Xu P, Cooper RF, Jiang YY, Morgan JIW. Parafoveal cone function in choroideremia assessed with adaptive optics optoretinography. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8339. [PMID: 38594294 PMCID: PMC11004114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Choroideremia (CHM) is an X-linked retinal degeneration leading to loss of the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid. Adaptive optics optoretinography is an emerging technique for noninvasive, objective assessment of photoreceptor function. Here, we investigate parafoveal cone function in CHM using adaptive optics optoretinography and compare with cone structure and clinical assessments of vision. Parafoveal cone mosaics of 10 CHM and four normal-sighted participants were imaged with an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope. While acquiring video sequences, a 2 s 550Δ10 nm, 450 nW/deg2 stimulus was presented. Videos were registered and the intensity of each cone in each frame was extracted, normalized, standardized, and aggregated to generate the population optoretinogram (ORG) over time. A gamma-pdf was fit to the ORG and the peak was extracted as ORG amplitude. CHM ORG amplitudes were compared to normal and were correlated with bound cone density, ellipsoid zone to RPE/Bruch's membrane (EZ-to-RPE/BrM) distance, and foveal sensitivity using Pearson correlation analysis. ORG amplitude was significantly reduced in CHM compared to normal (0.22 ± 0.15 vs. 1.34 ± 0.31). In addition, CHM ORG amplitude was positively correlated with cone density, EZ-to-RPE/BrM distance, and foveal sensitivity. Our results demonstrate promise for using ORG as a biomarker of photoreceptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiluo Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert F Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Yu You Jiang
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jessica I W Morgan
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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11
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Messner A, Aranha dos Santos V, Puchner S, Stegmann H, Schlatter A, Schmidl D, Leitgeb R, Schmetterer L, Werkmeister RM. The Impact of Photopigment Bleaching on the Human Rod Photoreceptor Subretinal Space Measured Via Optical Coherence Tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:20. [PMID: 38470325 PMCID: PMC10941995 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate rod photopigment bleaching-driven intrinsic optical signals (IOS) in the human outer retina and its measurement repeatability based on a commercial optical coherence tomography (OCT) platform. Methods The optical path length of the rod photoreceptor subretinal space (SRS), that is, the distance between signal bands of rod outer segment tips and retinal pigment epithelium, was measured in 15 healthy subjects in ambient light and during a long-duration bleaching white-light exposure. Results On 2 identical study days (day 1 and day 2 [D1 and D2]), light stimulation resulted in a significant decrease in rod SRS by 21.3 ± 7.6% and 19.8 ± 8.5% (both P < 0.001), respectively. The test-retest reliability of the SRS maximum change of an individual subject was moderate for single measures (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.730, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.376, 0.900, P < 0.001) and good for average measures (ICC = 0.844, 95% CI = 0.546, 0.947, P < 0.001). The mean area under the stimulus response curve with values of 14.8 ± 9.4 and 15.5 ± 7.5 µm × minutes (P = 0.782) showed excellent agreement between the stimulus response on D1 and D2. Intermittent dark adaptation of the retina led to an initial increase of the SRS by 6.1% (P = 0.018) and thereafter showed a decrease toward baseline, despite continued dark adaptation. Conclusions The data indicate the potential of commercial OCT in measuring slow IOS in the outer retina suggesting that the rod SRS could serve as a biomarker for photoreceptor function. The presented approach could provide an easily implementable clinical tool for the early detection of diseases affecting photoreceptor health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Messner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Puchner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stegmann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schlatter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery (VIROS), Department of Ophthalmology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - René M. Werkmeister
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Wang B, Arbuckle RK, Davoli KA, Clinger OD, Brown R, Sahel JA, Chen Y, Pi S. Compensation of inner retina to early-stage photoreceptor degeneration in a Rho P23H/+ mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109826. [PMID: 38340947 PMCID: PMC10940204 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disorder characterized by the degeneration of photoreceptors. RhoP23H/+ mice, which carry a Pro23His mutation in the RHODOPSIN (Rho) gene, are one of the most studied animal models for RP. However, except for the photoreceptors, other retinal neural cells have not been fully investigated in this model. Here, we record the temporal changes of the retina by optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the RhoP23H/+ mice, from early to mid-phase of retinal degeneration. Based on thickness analysis, we identified a natural retinal thickness adaption in wild-type mice during early adulthood and observed morphological compensation of the inner retina layer to photoreceptor degeneration in the RhoP23H/+ mice, primarily on the inner nuclear layer (INL). RhoP23H/+ mice findings were further validated via: histology showing the negative correlation of INL and ONL thicknesses; as well as electroretinogram (ERG) showing an increased b-wave to a-wave ratio. These results unravel the sequential morphologic events in this model and suggest a better understanding of retinal degeneration of RP for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Riley K Arbuckle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Katherine A Davoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Owen D Clinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Richard Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Shaohua Pi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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13
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Ding J, Kim TH, Ma G, Yao X. Intrinsic signal optoretinography of dark adaptation abnormality due to rod photoreceptor degeneration. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10024. [PMID: 38463390 PMCID: PMC10911128 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the potential of using intrinsic optical signal (IOS) optoretinography (ORG) to objectively detect dark adaptation (DA) abnormalities related to rod photoreceptor degeneration. Functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) was employed in both wild-type (WT) and retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mice to conduct this assessment. Dynamic OCT measurements captured the changes in retinal thickness and reflectance from light-to-dark transition. Comparative analysis revealed significant IOS alterations within the outer retina. Specifically, a reduction in thickness from external limiting membrane (ELM) peak to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) peak was observed (WT: 1.13 ± 0.69 µm, 30 min DA; rd10: 2.64 ± 0.86 µm, 30 min DA), as well as a decrease in the intensity of the inner segment ellipsoid zone (EZ) in 30 min DA compared to light adaptation (LA). The reduction of relative EZ intensity was notable in rd10 after 5 min DA and in WT after 15 min DA, with a distinguishable difference between rd10 and WT after 10 min DA. Furthermore, our findings indicated a significant decrease in the relative intensity of the hypo-reflective band between EZ and RPE in rd10 retinas during DA, which primarily corresponds to the outer segment (OS) region. In conclusion, the observed DA-IOS abnormalities, including changes in ELM-RPE thickness, EZ, and OS intensity, hold promise as differentiators between WT and rd10 mice before noticeable morphological abnormalities occur. These findings suggest the potential of this non-invasive imaging technique for the early detection of dysfunction in retinal photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guangying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Britten-Jones AC, Thai L, Flanagan JPM, Bedggood PA, Edwards TL, Metha AB, Ayton LN. Adaptive optics imaging in inherited retinal diseases: A scoping review of the clinical literature. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:51-66. [PMID: 37778667 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) imaging enables direct, objective assessments of retinal cells. Applications of AO show great promise in advancing our understanding of the etiology of inherited retinal disease (IRDs) and discovering new imaging biomarkers. This scoping review systematically identifies and summarizes clinical studies evaluating AO imaging in IRDs. Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched on February 6, 2023. Studies describing AO imaging in monogenic IRDs were included. Study screening and data extraction were performed by 2 reviewers independently. This review presents (1) a broad overview of the dominant areas of research; (2) a summary of IRD characteristics revealed by AO imaging; and (3) a discussion of methodological considerations relating to AO imaging in IRDs. From 140 studies with AO outcomes, including 2 following subretinal gene therapy treatments, 75% included fewer than 10 participants with AO imaging data. Of 100 studies that included participants' genetic diagnoses, the most common IRD genes with AO outcomes are CNGA3, CNGB3, CHM, USH2A, and ABCA4. Confocal reflectance AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy was the most reported imaging modality, followed by flood-illuminated AO and split-detector AO. The most common outcome was cone density, reported quantitatively in 56% of studies. Future research areas include guidelines to reduce variability in the reporting of AO methodology and a focus on functional AO techniques to guide the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Ceecee Britten-Jones
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Lawrence Thai
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy P M Flanagan
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip A Bedggood
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas L Edwards
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew B Metha
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren N Ayton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Zhang P, Vafaeva O, Dolf C, Ma Y, Wang G, Cho J, Chan HHL, Marsh-Armstrong N, Zawadzki RJ. Evaluating the performance of OCT in assessing static and potential dynamic properties of the retinal ganglion cells and nerve fiber bundles in the living mouse eye. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:6422-6441. [PMID: 38420317 PMCID: PMC10898556 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by the thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), which is primarily caused by the progressive death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Precise monitoring of these changes at a cellular resolution in living eyes is significant for glaucoma research. In this study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of temporal speckle averaging optical coherence tomography (TSA-OCT) and dynamic OCT (dOCT) in examining the static and potential dynamic properties of RGCs and RNFL in living mouse eyes. We evaluated parameters such as RNFL thickness and possible dynamics, as well as compared the ganglion cell layer (GCL) soma density obtained from in vivo OCT, fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), and ex vivo histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- UC Davis EyePod Small Animals Ocular Imaging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Olga Vafaeva
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis Eye Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Christian Dolf
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis Eye Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yanhong Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jessicca Cho
- UC Davis EyePod Small Animals Ocular Imaging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nicholas Marsh-Armstrong
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis Eye Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Robert J Zawadzki
- UC Davis EyePod Small Animals Ocular Imaging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Human Ocular Imaging Research (CHOIR), Dept. of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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16
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Seo H, Chung WG, Kwon YW, Kim S, Hong YM, Park W, Kim E, Lee J, Lee S, Kim M, Lim K, Jeong I, Song H, Park JU. Smart Contact Lenses as Wearable Ophthalmic Devices for Disease Monitoring and Health Management. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11488-11558. [PMID: 37748126 PMCID: PMC10571045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The eye contains a complex network of physiological information and biomarkers for monitoring disease and managing health, and ocular devices can be used to effectively perform point-of-care diagnosis and disease management. This comprehensive review describes the target biomarkers and various diseases, including ophthalmic diseases, metabolic diseases, and neurological diseases, based on the physiological and anatomical background of the eye. This review also includes the recent technologies utilized in eye-wearable medical devices and the latest trends in wearable ophthalmic devices, specifically smart contact lenses for the purpose of disease management. After introducing other ocular devices such as the retinal prosthesis, we further discuss the current challenges and potential possibilities of smart contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunkyu Seo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Won Gi Chung
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yong Won Kwon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Hong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Wonjung Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Enji Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jakyoung Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Moohyun Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kyeonghee Lim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Inhea Jeong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College
of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
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17
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Ma G, Kim TH, Son T, Ding J, Ahmed S, Adejumo T, Yao X. Intrinsic signal optoretinography revealing AD-induced retinal photoreceptor hyperexcitability before a detectable morphological abnormality. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5129-5132. [PMID: 37773402 PMCID: PMC10963897 DOI: 10.1364/ol.501851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal hyperexcitability promises an early biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, in vivo detection of neuronal hyperexcitability in the brain is technically challenging. The retina, one part of the central nervous system, presents a unique window for noninvasive monitoring of the brain function. This study aims to test the feasibility of using intrinsic signal optoretinography (ORG) for mapping retinal hyperexcitability associated with early-stage AD. Custom-designed optical coherence tomography (OCT) was employed for both morphological measurement and functional ORG of wild-type mice and 3xTg-AD mice. Comparative analysis revealed AD-induced retinal photoreceptor hyperexcitability prior to detectable structural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Taeyoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Shaiban Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Tobiloba Adejumo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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18
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Xu S, Momin M, Ahmed S, Hossain A, Veeramuthu L, Pandiyan A, Kuo CC, Zhou T. Illuminating the Brain: Advances and Perspectives in Optoelectronics for Neural Activity Monitoring and Modulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303267. [PMID: 37726261 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic modulation of brain neural activity that combines optical and electrical modes in a unitary neural system has recently gained robust momentum. Controlling illumination spatial coverage, designing light-activated modulators, and developing wireless light delivery and data transmission are crucial for maximizing the use of optical neuromodulation. To this end, biocompatible electrodes with enhanced optoelectrical performance, device integration for multiplexed addressing, wireless transmission, and multimodal operation in soft systems have been developed. This review provides an outlook for uniformly illuminating large brain areas while spatiotemporally imaging the neural responses upon optoelectrical stimulation with little artifacts. Representative concepts and important breakthroughs, such as head-mounted illumination, multiple implanted optical fibers, and micro-light-delivery devices, are discussed. Examples of techniques that incorporate electrophysiological monitoring and optoelectrical stimulation are presented. Challenges and perspectives are posed for further research efforts toward high-density optoelectrical neural interface modulation, with the potential for nonpharmacological neurological disease treatments and wireless optoelectrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumao Xu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Marzia Momin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Arafat Hossain
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Republic of China
| | - Archana Pandiyan
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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19
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Hormel TT, Jia Y. OCT angiography and its retinal biomarkers [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4542-4566. [PMID: 37791289 PMCID: PMC10545210 DOI: 10.1364/boe.495627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a high-resolution, depth-resolved imaging modality with important applications in ophthalmic practice. An extension of structural OCT, OCTA enables non-invasive, high-contrast imaging of retinal and choroidal vasculature that are amenable to quantification. As such, OCTA offers the capability to identify and characterize biomarkers important for clinical practice and therapeutic research. Here, we review new methods for analyzing biomarkers and discuss new insights provided by OCTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan T. Hormel
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Yali Jia
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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20
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Weh E, Goswami M, Chaudhury S, Fernando R, Miller N, Hager H, Sheskey S, Sharma V, Wubben TJ, Besirli CG. Metabolic Alterations Caused by Simultaneous Loss of HK2 and PKM2 Leads to Photoreceptor Dysfunction and Degeneration. Cells 2023; 12:2043. [PMID: 37626853 PMCID: PMC10453858 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HK2 and PKM2 are two main regulators of aerobic glycolysis. Photoreceptors (PRs) use aerobic glycolysis to produce the biomass necessary for the daily renewal of their outer segments. Previous work has shown that HK2 and PKM2 are important for the normal function and long-term survival of PRs but are dispensable for PR maturation, and their individual loss has opposing effects on PR survival during acute nutrient deprivation. We generated double conditional (dcKO) mice lacking HK2 and PKM2 expression in rod PRs. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, optical coherence tomography, and electroretinography were used to characterize the phenotype of dcKO animals. Targeted and stable isotope tracing metabolomics, qRT-PCR, and retinal oxygen consumption were performed. We show that dcKO animals displayed early shortening of PR inner/outer segments, followed by loss of PRs with aging, much more rapidly than either knockout alone without functional loss as measured by ERG. Significant alterations to central glucose metabolism were observed without any apparent changes to mitochondrial function, prior to PR degeneration. Finally, PR survival following experimental retinal detachment was unchanged in dcKO animals as compared to wild-type animals. These data suggest that HK2 and PKM2 have differing roles in promoting PR neuroprotection and identifying them has important implications for developing therapeutic options for combating PR loss during retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Weh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (M.G.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (N.M.); (H.H.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (T.J.W.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cagri G. Besirli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (M.G.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (N.M.); (H.H.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (T.J.W.)
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21
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Chen S, Ni S, Jiménez-Villar A, Jian Y, Jia Y, Huang D. Optical coherence tomography split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation optoretinography. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3921-3924. [PMID: 37527083 DOI: 10.1364/ol.492178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
This pilot study reports the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT) split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation optoretinography (SSADOR) that measures spatially resolved photoreceptor response to light stimuli. Using spectrally multiplexed narrowband OCT, SSADOR improves sensitivity to microscopic changes without the need for cellular resolution or optical phase detection. Therefore, a large field of view (up to 3 × 1 mm2 demonstrated) using conventional OCT instrument design can be achieved, paving the way for clinical translation. SSADOR promises a fast, objective, and quantifiable functional biomarker for photoreceptor damage in the macula.
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Abstract
The human retina is amenable to direct, noninvasive visualization using a wide array of imaging modalities. In the ∼140 years since the publication of the first image of the living human retina, there has been a continued evolution of retinal imaging technology. Advances in image acquisition and processing speed now allow real-time visualization of retinal structure, which has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of eye disease. Enormous advances have come in image resolution, with adaptive optics (AO)-based systems capable of imaging the retina with single-cell resolution. In addition, newer functional imaging techniques provide the ability to assess function with exquisite spatial and temporal resolution. These imaging advances have had an especially profound impact on the field of inherited retinal disease research. Here we will review some of the advances and applications of AO retinal imaging in patients with inherited retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-4081, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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23
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Wang Y, Wong J, Duncan JL, Roorda A, Tuten WS. Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome: Elevated Cone Counts Confer Supernormal Visual Acuity in the S-Cone Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:17. [PMID: 37459066 PMCID: PMC10362924 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To measure photoreceptor packing density and S-cone spatial resolution as a function of retinal eccentricity in patients with enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) and to discuss the possible mechanisms supporting their supernormal S-cone acuity. Methods We used an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) to characterize photoreceptor packing. A custom non-AO display channel was used to measure L/M- and S-cone-mediated visual acuity during AOSLO imaging. Acuity measurements were obtained using a four-alternative, forced-choice, tumbling E paradigm along the temporal meridian between the fovea and 4° eccentricity in five of six patients and in seven control subjects. L/M acuity was tested by presenting long-pass-filtered optotypes on a black background, excluding wavelengths to which S-cones are sensitive. S-cone isolation was achieved using a two-color, blue-on-yellow chromatic adaptation method that was validated on three control subjects. Results Inter-cone spacing measurements revealed a near-uniform cone density profile (ranging from 0.9-1.5 arcmin spacing) throughout the macula in ESCS. For comparison, normal cone density decreases by a factor of 14 from the fovea to 6°. Cone spacing of ESCS subjects was higher than normal in the fovea and subnormal beyond 2°. Compared to the control subjects (n = 7), S-cone-mediated acuities in patients with ESCS were normal near the fovea and became increasingly supernormal with retinal eccentricity. Beyond 2°, S-cone acuities were superior to L/M-cone-mediated acuity in the ESCS cohort, a reversal of the trend observed in normal retinas. Conclusions Higher than normal parafoveal cone densities (presumably dominated by S-cones) confer better than normal S-cone-mediated acuity in ESCS subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Jessica Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Austin Roorda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - William S Tuten
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
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24
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Xu P, Jiang YY, Morgan JIW. Cone Photoreceptor Morphology in Choroideremia Assessed Using Non-Confocal Split-Detection Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:36. [PMID: 37504961 PMCID: PMC10383007 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.10.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Choroideremia (CHM) is an X-linked inherited retinal degeneration causing loss of the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and choriocapillaris, although patients typically retain a central island of relatively preserved, functioning retina until late-stage disease. Here, we investigate cone photoreceptor morphology within the retained retinal island by examining cone inner segment area, density, circularity, and intercone space. Methods Using a custom-built, multimodal adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope, nonconfocal split-detection images of the photoreceptor mosaic were collected at 1°, 2°, and 4° temporal to the fovea from 13 CHM and 12 control subjects. Cone centers were manually identified, and cone borders were segmented. A custom MATLAB script was used to extract area and circularity for each cone and calculate the percentage of intercone space in each region of interest. Bound cone density was also calculated. An unbalanced two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to assess statistical differences between the CHM and control groups and along retinal eccentricity. Results Cone density was lower in the CHM group than in the control group (P < 0.001) and decreased with eccentricity from the fovea (P < 0.001). CHM cone inner segments were larger in area (P < 0.001) and more circular (P = 0.042) than those of the controls. Intercone space in CHM was also higher than in the controls (P < 0.001). Conclusions Cone morphology is altered in CHM compared to control, even within the centrally retained, functioning retinal area. Further studies are required to determine whether such morphology is a precursor to cone degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiluo Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yu You Jiang
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jessica I. W. Morgan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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25
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Schachar RA, Schachar IH, Grzybowski A. Image registration: Required for all ophthalmic imaging as demonstrated by optoretinography. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2023; 3:101-102. [PMID: 37846381 PMCID: PMC10577865 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A. Schachar
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | | | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
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26
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Ma G, Son T, Adejumo T, Yao X. Rotational Distortion and Compensation in Optical Coherence Tomography with Anisotropic Pixel Resolution. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:313. [PMID: 36978706 PMCID: PMC10045376 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate image registration is essential for eye movement compensation in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). The spatial resolution of an OCT instrument is typically anisotropic, i.e., has different resolutions in the lateral and axial dimensions. When OCT images have anisotropic pixel resolution, residual distortion (RD) and false translation (FT) are always observed after image registration for rotational movement. In this study, RD and FT were quantitively analyzed over different degrees of rotational movement and various lateral and axial pixel resolution ratio (RL/RA) values. The RD and FT provide the evaluation criteria for image registration. The theoretical analysis confirmed that the RD and FT increase significantly with the rotation degree and RL/RA. An image resizing assisting registration (RAR) strategy was proposed for accurate image registration. The performance of direct registration (DR) and RAR for retinal OCT and OCTA images were quantitatively compared. Experimental results confirmed that unnormalized RL/RA causes RD and FT; RAR can effectively improve the performance of OCT and OCTA image registration and distortion compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Taeyoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Tobiloba Adejumo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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27
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Williams DR, Burns SA, Miller DT, Roorda A. Evolution of adaptive optics retinal imaging [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1307-1338. [PMID: 36950228 PMCID: PMC10026580 DOI: 10.1364/boe.485371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the progress that has been achieved since adaptive optics (AO) was incorporated into the ophthalmoscope a quarter of a century ago, transforming our ability to image the retina at a cellular spatial scale inside the living eye. The review starts with a comprehensive tabulation of AO papers in the field and then describes the technological advances that have occurred, notably through combining AO with other imaging modalities including confocal, fluorescence, phase contrast, and optical coherence tomography. These advances have made possible many scientific discoveries from the first maps of the topography of the trichromatic cone mosaic to exquisitely sensitive measures of optical and structural changes in photoreceptors in response to light. The future evolution of this technology is poised to offer an increasing array of tools to measure and monitor in vivo retinal structure and function with improved resolution and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Williams
- The Institute of Optics and the Center for
Visual Science, University of Rochester,
Rochester NY, USA
| | - Stephen A. Burns
- School of Optometry, Indiana
University at Bloomington, Bloomington IN, USA
| | - Donald T. Miller
- School of Optometry, Indiana
University at Bloomington, Bloomington IN, USA
| | - Austin Roorda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and
Vision Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA, USA
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28
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Soltanian-Zadeh S, Liu Z, Liu Y, Lassoued A, Cukras CA, Miller DT, Hammer DX, Farsiu S. Deep learning-enabled volumetric cone photoreceptor segmentation in adaptive optics optical coherence tomography images of normal and diseased eyes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:815-833. [PMID: 36874491 PMCID: PMC9979662 DOI: 10.1364/boe.478693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective quantification of photoreceptor cell morphology, such as cell diameter and outer segment length, is crucial for early, accurate, and sensitive diagnosis and prognosis of retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) provides three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of photoreceptor cells in the living human eye. The current gold standard for extracting cell morphology from AO-OCT images involves the tedious process of 2-D manual marking. To automate this process and extend to 3-D analysis of the volumetric data, we propose a comprehensive deep learning framework to segment individual cone cells in AO-OCT scans. Our automated method achieved human-level performance in assessing cone photoreceptors of healthy and diseased participants captured with three different AO-OCT systems representing two different types of point scanning OCT: spectral domain and swept source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ayoub Lassoued
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Catherine A. Cukras
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Donald T. Miller
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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29
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Veysset D, Zhuo Y, Hattori J, Buckhory M, Palanker D. Interferometric thermometry of ocular tissues for retinal laser therapy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:37-53. [PMID: 36698667 PMCID: PMC9842005 DOI: 10.1364/boe.475705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the tissue temperature rise during retinal laser therapy is highly desirable for predictable and reproducible outcomes of the procedure, especially with non-damaging settings. In this work, we demonstrate a method for determining the optical absorption, the thermal conductivity, and the thermal expansion coefficients of RPE and choroid using phase-resolved optical coherence tomography (pOCT). These parameters are extracted from the measured changes in the optical path length (ΔOPL) using an axisymmetric thermo-mechanical model. This allows the calculation of the temperature rise during hyperthermia, which was further validated by imaging the temperature-sensitive fluorescence at the same location. We demonstrate that, with a temperature uncertainty of ±0.9°C and a peak heating of about 17°C following a laser pulse of 20 ms, this methodology is expected to be safe and sufficiently precise for calibration of the non-damaging retinal laser therapy. The method is directly translatable to in-vivo studies, where we expect a similar precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Veysset
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yueming Zhuo
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Junya Hattori
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohajeet Buckhory
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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30
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Morgan JIW, Chui TYP, Grieve K. Twenty-five years of clinical applications using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:387-428. [PMID: 36698659 PMCID: PMC9841996 DOI: 10.1364/boe.472274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, adaptive optics (AO) was combined with fundus photography, thereby initiating a new era in the field of ophthalmic imaging. Since that time, clinical applications of AO ophthalmoscopy to investigate visual system structure and function in both health and disease abound. To date, AO ophthalmoscopy has enabled visualization of most cell types in the retina, offered insight into retinal and systemic disease pathogenesis, and been integrated into clinical trials. This article reviews clinical applications of AO ophthalmoscopy and addresses remaining challenges for AO ophthalmoscopy to become fully integrated into standard ophthalmic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. W. Morgan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Toco Y. P. Chui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Kate Grieve
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, and CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France
- Contributed equally
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31
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Berkowitz BA, Podolsky RH, Childers KL, Roberts R, Katz R, Waseem R, Robbings BM, Hass DT, Hurley JB, Sweet IR, Goodman C, Qian H, Alvisio B, Heaps S. Transducin-Deficient Rod Photoreceptors Evaluated With Optical Coherence Tomography and Oxygen Consumption Rate Energy Biomarkers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:22. [PMID: 36576748 PMCID: PMC9804021 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that rod energy biomarkers in light and dark are similar in mice without functional rod transducin (Gnat1rd17). Methods Gnat1rd17 and wildtype (WT) mice were studied in canonically low energy demand (light) and high energy demand (dark) conditions. We measured rod inner segment ellipsoid zone (ISez) profile shape, external limiting membrane-retinal pigment epithelium (ELM-RPE) thickness, and magnitude of a hyporeflective band (HB) intensity dip located between photoreceptor tips and apical RPE; antioxidants were given in a subset of mice. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and visual performance indexes were also measured. Results The lower energy demand expected in light-adapted wildtype retinas was associated with an elongated ISez, thicker ELM-RPE, and higher HB magnitude, and lower OCR compared to high energy demand conditions in the dark. Gnat1rd17 mice showed a wildtype-like ISez profile shape at 20 minutes of light that became rounder at 60 minutes; at both times, ELM-RPE was smaller than wildtype values, and the HB magnitude was unmeasurable. OCR was higher than in the dark. Light-adapted Gnat1rd17 mice biomarkers were unaffected by anti-oxidants. Gnat1rd17 mice showed modest outer nuclear layer thinning and no reduction in visual performance indexes. Conclusions Light-stimulated changes in all biomarkers in WT mice are consistent with the established light-induced decrease in net energy demand. In contrast, biomarker changes in Gnat1rd17 mice raise the possibility that light increases net energy demand in the absence of rod phototransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert H Podolsky
- Biostatistics and Study Methodology, Children's National Hospital, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Karen Lins Childers
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ryan Katz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Rida Waseem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Brian M Robbings
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Daniel T Hass
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - James B Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Cole Goodman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Bruno Alvisio
- OSIO Bioinformatics Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Sam Heaps
- OSIO Bioinformatics Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Warner RL, Brainard DH, Morgan JIW. Repeatability and reciprocity of the cone optoretinogram. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:6561-6573. [PMID: 36589578 PMCID: PMC9774868 DOI: 10.1364/boe.471990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optoretinography has enabled noninvasive visualization of physiological changes in cone photoreceptors exposed to light. Understanding the cone optoretinogram in healthy subjects is essential for establishing it as a biomarker for cone function in disease. Here, we measure the population cone intensity optoretinogram in healthy adults, for multiple irradiance/duration combinations of visible stimuli with equal energy. We study the within and between session repeatability and reciprocity of the ORG in five healthy subjects. We find the cone optoretinogram exhibits equivalent amplitudes for equal-energy stimuli. We also find good within-subject repeatability, which allows us to show differences across the five subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Warner
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of
Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - D. H. Brainard
- Psychology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J. I. W. Morgan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of
Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular
Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Jiang X, Liu T, Pandiyan VP, Slezak E, Sabesan R. Coarse-scale optoretinography (CoORG) with extended field-of-view for normative characterization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5989-6002. [PMID: 36733759 PMCID: PMC9872880 DOI: 10.1364/boe.473475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optoretinography (ORG) has the potential to be an effective biomarker for light-evoked retinal activity owing to its sensitive, objective, and precise localization of retinal function and dysfunction. Many ORG implementations have used adaptive optics (AO) to localize activity on a cellular scale. However, the use of AO restricts field-of-view (FOV) to the isoplanatic angle, necessitating the montaging of multiple regions-of-interest to cover an extended field. In addition, subjects with lens opacities, increased eye movements and decreased mobility pose challenges for effective AO operation. Here, we developed a coarse-scale ORG (CoORG) system without AO, which accommodates FOVs up to 5.5 deg. in a single acquisition. The system is based on a line-scan spectral domain OCT with volume rates of up to 32 Hz (16,000 B-frames per second). For acquiring ORGs, 5.5 deg. wide OCT volumes were recorded after dark adaptation and two different stimulus bleaches. The stimulus-evoked optical phase change was calculated from the reflections encasing the cone outer segments and its variation was assessed vs. eccentricity in 12 healthy subjects. The general behavior of ΔOPL vs. time mimicked published reports. High trial-to-trial repeatability was observed across subjects and with eccentricity. Comparison of ORG between CoORG and AO-OCT based ORG at 1.5°, 2.5°, and 3.5° eccentricity showed an excellent agreement in the same 2 subjects. The amplitude of the ORG response decreased with increasing eccentricity. The variation of ORG characteristics between subjects and versus eccentricity was well explained by the photon density of the stimulus on the retina and the outer segment length. Overall, the high repeatability and rapid acquisition over an extended field enabled the normative characterization of the cone ORG response in healthy eyes, and provides a promising avenue for translating ORG for widespread clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vimal Prabhu Pandiyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Emily Slezak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ramkumar Sabesan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Liu Z, Zhang F, Zucca K, Agrawal A, Hammer DX. Ultrahigh-speed multimodal adaptive optics system for microscopic structural and functional imaging of the human retina. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5860-5878. [PMID: 36733751 PMCID: PMC9872887 DOI: 10.1364/boe.462594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and performance of a multimodal and multifunctional adaptive optics (AO) system that combines scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for simultaneous retinal imaging at 13.4 Hz. The high-speed AO-OCT channel uses a 3.4 MHz Fourier-domain mode-locked (FDML) swept source. The system achieves exquisite resolution and sensitivity for pan-macular and transretinal visualization of retinal cells and structures while providing a functional assessment of the cone photoreceptors. The ultra-high speed also enables wide-field scans for clinical usability and angiography for vascular visualization. The FDA FDML-AO system is a powerful platform for studying various retinal and neurological diseases for vision science research, retina physiology investigation, and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Furu Zhang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Kelvy Zucca
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Anant Agrawal
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
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Bedggood P, Britten-Jones AC, Ayton LN, Metha A. Assessment of photoreceptor function with ultrafast retinal densitometry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5311-5326. [PMID: 36425640 PMCID: PMC9664880 DOI: 10.1364/boe.472174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The optical density of visual pigment can be measured by imaging the dark-adapted eye while bleaching with visible light. This measurement can be made for individual photoreceptor cells using adaptive optics; however, activation of the phototransduction cascade imparts rapid changes in phase that modulate the signal via optical interference. This limits utility because data must be averaged over many experimental runs. Here we used a "flood" illuminated adaptive optics system at 4000 fps, bright light to achieve rapid bleaching, and broad illumination bandwidth to mitigate interference effects. Data were super-resolved using the natural motion of the eye to overcome the reduced pixel resolution of the ultrafast camera. This approach was applied to classify the trichromatic cone photoreceptor mosaic at a single fixation locus within the foveal region of 3 healthy subjects. Subjects were dark adapted for 6 minutes to replenish cone photopigment. This was followed either directly by imaging at 555 ± 50 nm, or by first pre-adapting the retina to 700 nm light to preferentially deplete "L" cone pigment. A total of 3,252 cones were classified as either "S", "M", or "L" type based on clustering of the intensity data observed under these two conditions. Mean classification probability ranged from 99.3 to 99.8%, with individual cell probabilities exceeding 95% in 97.0 to 99.2% of cones. Accuracy of cone classification peaked when using the first 10-30 ms of data, with significant reductions in accuracy noted with the inclusion of data from later times. Our results show that rapid bleaching and data acquisition significantly improve the robustness of cell-resolved densitometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Bedggood
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alexis Ceecee Britten-Jones
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren N. Ayton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Metha
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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36
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Human cone elongation responses can be explained by photoactivated cone opsin and membrane swelling and osmotic response to phosphate produced by RGS9-catalyzed GTPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202485119. [PMID: 36122241 PMCID: PMC9522364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202485119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography has established that human cone photoreceptor outer segments elongate in response to stimuli bleaching large fractions of their visual pigment. Elongation responses are completely described over their 200-fold bleaching range as the sum of two exponentially rising components differing 13-fold in time constants and 4-fold in light sensitivity. Bleaching measurements of individual cones with adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) suggest that component 2 arises from cone opsin and disk membrane swelling triggered by photoactivation. Application of a model of phototransduction suggests that component 1 corresponds to free phosphate generated by regulator of G-protein signaling 9 (RGS9)-catalyzed hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in the α-subunit of G protein complexed with phosphodiesterase. Human cone outer segment (COS) length changes in response to stimuli bleaching up to 99% of L- and M-cone opsins were measured with high resolution, phase-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT). Responses comprised a fast phase (∼5 ms), during which COSs shrink, and two slower phases (1.5 s), during which COSs elongate. The slower components saturated in amplitude (∼425 nm) and initial rate (∼3 nm ms−1) and are well described over the 200-fold bleaching range as the sum of two exponentially rising functions with time constants of 80 to 90 ms (component 1) and 1,000 to 1,250 ms (component 2). Measurements with adaptive optics reflection densitometry revealed component 2 to be linearly related to cone pigment bleaching, and the hypothesis is proposed that it arises from cone opsin and disk membrane swelling triggered by isomerization and rate-limited by chromophore hydrolysis and its reduction to membrane-localized all-trans retinol. The light sensitivity and kinetics of component 1 suggested that the underlying mechanism is an osmotic response to an amplified soluble by-product of phototransduction. The hypotheses that component 1 corresponds to G-protein subunits dissociating from the membrane, metabolites of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) hydrolysis, or by-products of activated guanylate cyclase are rejected, while the hypothesis that it corresponds to phosphate produced by regulator of G-protein signaling 9 (RGS9)-catalyzed hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in G protein–phosphodiesterase complexes was found to be consistent with the results. These results provide a basis for the assessment with optoretinography of phototransduction in individual cone photoreceptors in health and during disease progression and therapeutic interventions.
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37
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Gao S, Zeng Y, Li Y, Cohen ED, Berkowitz BA, Qian H. Fast and slow light-induced changes in murine outer retina optical coherence tomography: complementary high spatial resolution functional biomarkers. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac208. [PMID: 36338188 PMCID: PMC9615127 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fast (seconds) and slow (minutes to hours) optical coherence tomography (OCT) responses to light stimulation have been developed to probe outer retinal function with higher spatial resolution than the classical full-field electroretinogram (ERG). However, the relationships between functional information revealed by OCT and ERG are largely unexplored. In this study, we directly compared the fast and slow OCT responses with the ERG. Fast responses [i.e. the optoretinogram (ORG)] are dominated by reflectance changes in the outer segment (OS) and the inner segment ellipsoid zone (ISez). The ORG OS response has faster kinetics and a higher light sensitivity than the ISez response, and both differ significantly with ERG parameters. Sildenafil-inhibition of phototransduction reduced the ORG light sensitivity, suggesting a complete phototransduction pathway is needed for ORG responses. Slower OCT responses were dominated by light-induced changes in the external limiting membrane to retinal pigment epithelium (ELM-RPE) thickness and photoreceptor-tip hyporeflective band (HB) magnitudes, with the biggest changes occurring after prolonged light stimulation. Mice with high (129S6/ev) vs. low (C57BL/6 J) ATP(adenosine triphosphate) synthesis efficiency show similar fast ORG, but dissimilar slow OCT responses. We propose that the ORG reflects passive physiology, such as water movement from photoreceptors, in response to the photocurrent response (measurable by ERG), whereas the slow OCT responses measure mitochondria-driven physiology in the outer retina, such as dark-provoked water removal from the subretinal space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong Zeng
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yichao Li
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ethan D Cohen
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Labs, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
| | - Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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38
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Samimi K, Pattnaik BR, Capowski EE, Saha K, Gamm DM, Skala MC. In situ autofluorescence lifetime assay of a photoreceptor stimulus response in mouse retina and human retinal organoids. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3476-3492. [PMID: 35781966 PMCID: PMC9208582 DOI: 10.1364/boe.455783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptors are the key functional cell types responsible for the initiation of vision in the retina. Phototransduction involves isomerization and conversion of vitamin A compounds, known as retinoids, and their recycling through the visual cycle. We demonstrate a functional readout of the visual cycle in photoreceptors within stem cell-derived retinal organoids and mouse retinal explants based on spectral and lifetime changes in autofluorescence of the visual cycle retinoids after exposure to light or chemical stimuli. We also apply a simultaneous two- and three-photon excitation method that provides specific signals and increases contrast between these retinoids, allowing for reliable detection of their presence and conversion within photoreceptors. This multiphoton imaging technique resolves the slow dynamics of visual cycle reactions and can enable high-throughput functional screening of retinal tissues and organoid cultures with single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Samimi
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Bikash R. Pattnaik
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Krishanu Saha
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David M. Gamm
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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39
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Kim TH, Ma G, Son T, Yao X. Functional Optical Coherence Tomography for Intrinsic Signal Optoretinography: Recent Developments and Deployment Challenges. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:864824. [PMID: 35445037 PMCID: PMC9013890 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.864824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging of the retina, also termed as optoretinogram or optoretinography (ORG), promises a non-invasive method for the objective assessment of retinal function. By providing the unparalleled capability to differentiate individual retinal layers, functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been actively investigated for intrinsic signal ORG measurements. However, clinical deployment of functional OCT for quantitative ORG is still challenging due to the lack of a standardized imaging protocol and the complication of IOS sources and mechanisms. This article aims to summarize recent developments of functional OCT for ORG measurement, OCT intensity- and phase-based IOS processing. Technical challenges and perspectives of quantitative IOS analysis and ORG interpretations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hoon Kim
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guangying Ma
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Taeyoon Son
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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40
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Kim TH, Ding J, Yao X. Intrinsic signal optoretinography of dark adaptation kinetics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2475. [PMID: 35169239 PMCID: PMC8847457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed dark adaptation due to impaired rod photoreceptor homeostasis has been reported as the earliest symptom of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa. Objective measurement of dark adaptation can facilitate early diagnosis to enable prompt intervention to prevent vision loss. However, there is a lack of noninvasive methods capable of spatiotemporal monitoring of photoreceptor changes during dark adaptation. Here we demonstrate functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) for in vivo intrinsic signal optoretinography (ORG) of dark adaptation kinetics in the C57BL/6J mouse retina. Functional OCT revealed a shortening of the outer retina, a rearrangement of the cone and rod photoreceptor interdigitation zone, and a reduction in intrinsic signal amplitude at the photoreceptor inner segment ellipsoid (ISe). A strong positive correlation between the outer retinal shortening and ISe intensity reduction was also confirmed. Functional OCT of dark adaptation kinetics promises an objective method for rapid ORG assessment of physiological integrity of retinal photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Roorda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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