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Plourde G, Roumes H, Suissa L, Hirt L, Doche É, Pellerin L, Bouzier-Sore AK, Quintard H. Neuroprotective effects of lactate and ketone bodies in acute brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:1078-1088. [PMID: 38603600 PMCID: PMC11179615 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241245486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The goal of neurocritical care is to prevent and reverse the pathologic cascades of secondary brain injury by optimizing cerebral blood flow, oxygen supply and substrate delivery. While glucose is an essential energetic substrate for the brain, we frequently observe a strong decrease in glucose delivery and/or a glucose metabolic dysregulation following acute brain injury. In parallel, during the last decades, lactate and ketone bodies have been identified as potential alternative fuels to provide energy to the brain, both under physiological conditions and in case of glucose shortage. They are now viewed as integral parts of brain metabolism. In addition to their energetic role, experimental evidence also supports their neuroprotective properties after acute brain injury, regulating in particular intracranial pressure control, decreasing ischemic volume, and leading to an improvement in cognitive functions as well as survival. In this review, we present preclinical and clinical evidence exploring the mechanisms underlying their neuroprotective effects and identify research priorities for promoting lactate and ketone bodies use in brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Plourde
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hélène Roumes
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB/UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Lorenz Hirt
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois, Lausanne, Suisse
| | - Émilie Doche
- Neurovascular Unit, CHU de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- IRMETIST Inserm U1313, Université et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Anne-Karine Bouzier-Sore
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB/UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hervé Quintard
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Hôpitaux universitaires de Genéve, Genéve, Suisse
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2
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Hyppönen VEA, Rosa J, Kettunen MI. Simultaneous fMRI and metabolic MRS of hyperpolarized [1- 13C]pyruvate during nicotine stimulus in rat. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5108. [PMID: 38273732 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) and MRS (fMRS) can be used to noninvasively map cerebral activation and metabolism. Recently, hyperpolarized 13C spectroscopy and metabolic imaging have provided an alternative approach to assess metabolism. In this study, we combined 1H fMRI and hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate MRS to compare cerebral blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response and real-time cerebral metabolism, as assessed with lactate and bicarbonate labelling, during nicotine stimulation. Simultaneous 1H fMRI (multislice gradient echo echo-planar imaging) and 13C spectroscopic (single slice pulse-acquire) data were collected in urethane-anaesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12) at 9.4 T. Animals received an intravenous (i.v.) injection of either nicotine (stimulus; 88 μg/kg, n = 7, or 300 μg/kg, n = 5) or 0.9% saline (matching volume), followed by hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate injection 60 s later. Three hours later, a second injection was administered: the animals that had previously received saline were injected with nicotine and vice versa, both followed by another hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate i.v. injection 60 s later. The low-dose (88 μg/kg) nicotine injection led to a 12% ± 4% (n = 7, t-test, p ~ 0.0006 (t-value -5.8, degrees of freedom 6), Wilcoxon p ~ 0.0078 (test statistic 0)) increase in BOLD signal. At the same time, an increase in 13C-bicarbonate signal was seen in four out of six animals. Bicarbonate-to-total carbon ratios were 0.010 ± 0.004 and 0.018 ± 0.010 (n = 6, t-test, p ~ 0.03 (t-value -2.3, degrees of freedom 5), Wilcoxon p ~ 0.08 (test statistic 3)) for saline and nicotine experiments, respectively. No increase in the lactate signal was seen; lactate-to-total carbon was 0.16 ± 0.02 after both injections. The high (300 μg/kg) nicotine dose (n = 5) caused highly variable BOLD and metabolic responses, possibly due to the apparent respiratory distress. Simultaneous detection of 1H fMRI and hyperpolarized 13C-MRS is feasible. A comparison of metabolic response between control and stimulated states showed differences in bicarbonate signal, implying that the hyperpolarization technique could offer complimentary information on brain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viivi-Elina A Hyppönen
- Metabolic MR Imaging, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jessica Rosa
- Metabolic MR Imaging, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Metabolic MR Imaging, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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3
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DiNuzzo M, Dienel GA, Behar KL, Petroff OA, Benveniste H, Hyder F, Giove F, Michaeli S, Mangia S, Herculano-Houzel S, Rothman DL. Neurovascular coupling is optimized to compensate for the increase in proton production from nonoxidative glycolysis and glycogenolysis during brain activation and maintain homeostasis of pH, pCO 2, and pO 2. J Neurochem 2024; 168:632-662. [PMID: 37150946 PMCID: PMC10628336 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
During transient brain activation cerebral blood flow (CBF) increases substantially more than cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2) resulting in blood hyperoxygenation, the basis of BOLD-fMRI contrast. Explanations for the high CBF versus CMRO2 slope, termed neurovascular coupling (NVC) constant, focused on maintenance of tissue oxygenation to support mitochondrial ATP production. However, paradoxically the brain has a 3-fold lower oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) than other organs with high energy requirements, like heart and muscle during exercise. Here, we hypothesize that the NVC constant and the capillary oxygen mass transfer coefficient (which in combination determine OEF) are co-regulated during activation to maintain simultaneous homeostasis of pH and partial pressure of CO2 and O2 (pCO2 and pO2). To test our hypothesis, we developed an arteriovenous flux balance model for calculating blood and brain pH, pCO2, and pO2 as a function of baseline OEF (OEF0), CBF, CMRO2, and proton production by nonoxidative metabolism coupled to ATP hydrolysis. Our model was validated against published brain arteriovenous difference studies and then used to calculate pH, pCO2, and pO2 in activated human cortex from published calibrated fMRI and PET measurements. In agreement with our hypothesis, calculated pH, pCO2, and pO2 remained close to constant independently of CMRO2 in correspondence to experimental measurements of NVC and OEF0. We also found that the optimum values of the NVC constant and OEF0 that ensure simultaneous homeostasis of pH, pCO2, and pO2 were remarkably similar to their experimental values. Thus, the high NVC constant is overall determined by proton removal by CBF due to increases in nonoxidative glycolysis and glycogenolysis. These findings resolve the paradox of the brain's high CBF yet low OEF during activation, and may contribute to explaining the vulnerability of brain function to reductions in blood flow and capillary density with aging and neurovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131 USA
| | - Kevin L Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511 USA
| | - Ognen A Petroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511 USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
- Department of Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
| | - Federico Giove
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, RM, 00184 Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, RM, 00179 Italy
| | - Shalom Michaeli
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Suzana Herculano-Houzel
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
- Department of Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
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4
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Yamada A, Ling J, Yamada AI, Furue H, Gu JG. ASICs mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission for tactile discrimination. Neuron 2024; 112:1286-1301.e8. [PMID: 38359825 PMCID: PMC11031316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Tactile discrimination, the ability to differentiate objects' physical properties such as texture, shape, and edges, is essential for environmental exploration, social interaction, and early childhood development. This ability heavily relies on Merkel cell-neurite complexes (MNCs), the tactile end-organs enriched in the fingertips of humans and the whisker hair follicles of non-primate mammals. Although recent studies have advanced our knowledge on mechanical transduction in MNCs, it remains unknown how tactile signals are encoded at MNCs. Here, using rodent whisker hair follicles, we show that tactile signals are encoded at MNCs as fast excitatory synaptic transmission. This synaptic transmission is mediated by acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) located on the neurites of MNCs, with protons as the principal transmitters. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of ASICs diminishes the tactile encoding at MNCs and impairs tactile discrimination in animals. Together, ASICs are required for tactile encoding at MNCs to enable tactile discrimination in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ayaka I Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Jianguo G Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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5
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Kipp M. Astrocytes: Lessons Learned from the Cuprizone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16420. [PMID: 38003609 PMCID: PMC10671869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia, exhibit distinct myelin abnormalities at both the molecular and histological levels. These aberrations are closely linked to dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and alterations in myelin structure, which may be pivotal factors contributing to the disconnection of brain regions and the resulting characteristic clinical impairments observed in these conditions. Astrocytes, which significantly outnumber neurons in the central nervous system by a five-to-one ratio, play indispensable roles in the development, maintenance, and overall well-being of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Consequently, they emerge as potential key players in the onset and progression of a myriad of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, targeting astrocytes represents a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in such disorders. To gain deeper insights into the functions of astrocytes in the context of myelin-related disorders, it is imperative to employ appropriate in vivo models that faithfully recapitulate specific aspects of complex human diseases in a reliable and reproducible manner. One such model is the cuprizone model, wherein metabolic dysfunction in oligodendrocytes initiates an early response involving microglia and astrocyte activation, culminating in multifocal demyelination. Remarkably, following the cessation of cuprizone intoxication, a spontaneous process of endogenous remyelination occurs. In this review article, we provide a historical overview of studies investigating the responses and putative functions of astrocytes in the cuprizone model. Following that, we list previously published works that illuminate various aspects of the biology and function of astrocytes in this multiple sclerosis model. Some of the studies are discussed in more detail in the context of astrocyte biology and pathology. Our objective is twofold: to provide an invaluable overview of this burgeoning field, and, more importantly, to inspire fellow researchers to embark on experimental investigations to elucidate the multifaceted functions of this pivotal glial cell subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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6
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Bhatti MS, Frostig RD. Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle plays a pivotal role in sensory-based neuroprotection in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12799. [PMID: 37550353 PMCID: PMC10406860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated protection from impending cortical ischemic stroke is achievable by sensory stimulation of the ischemic area in an adult rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). We have further demonstrated that a major underpinning mechanism that is necessary for such protection is the system of collaterals among cerebral arteries that results in reperfusion of the MCA ischemic territory. However, since such collateral flow is weak, it may be necessary but not sufficient for protection and therefore we sought other complementary mechanisms that contribute to sensory-based protection. We hypothesized that astrocytes-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) activation could be another potential underpinning mechanism that complements collateral flow in the protection process. Supporting our hypothesis, using functional imaging, pharmacological treatments, and postmortem histology, we showed that ANLS played a pivotal role in sensory stimulation-based protection of cortex and therefore serves as the other supporting mechanism underpinning the protection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish S Bhatti
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Ron D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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7
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Cabral-Costa JV, Vicente-Gutiérrez C, Agulla J, Lapresa R, Elrod JW, Almeida Á, Bolaños JP, Kowaltowski AJ. Mitochondrial sodium/calcium exchanger NCLX regulates glycolysis in astrocytes, impacting on cognitive performance. J Neurochem 2023; 165:521-535. [PMID: 36563047 PMCID: PMC10478152 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are strictly controlled by plasma membrane transporters, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, in which Ca2+ uptake is mediated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUc), while efflux occurs mainly through the mitochondrial Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX). RNAseq database repository searches led us to identify the Nclx transcript as highly enriched in astrocytes when compared with neurons. To assess the role of NCLX in mouse primary culture astrocytes, we inhibited its function both pharmacologically or genetically. This resulted in re-shaping of cytosolic Ca2+ signaling and a metabolic shift that increased glycolytic flux and lactate secretion in a Ca2+ -dependent manner. Interestingly, in vivo genetic deletion of NCLX in hippocampal astrocytes improved cognitive performance in behavioral tasks, whereas hippocampal neuron-specific deletion of NCLX impaired cognitive performance. These results unveil a role for NCLX as a novel modulator of astrocytic glucose metabolism, impacting on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Cabral-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicente-Gutiérrez
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús Agulla
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rebeca Lapresa
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - John W. Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ángeles Almeida
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan P. Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia J. Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Shirbandi K, Rikhtegar R, Khalafi M, Mirza Aghazadeh Attari M, Rahmani F, Javanmardi P, Iraji S, Babaei Aghdam Z, Rezaei Rashnoudi AM. Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Lactate in Alzheimer Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Alzheimer Disease Pathology and the Role of Lactate. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 32:15-26. [PMID: 37093700 PMCID: PMC10121369 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Functional 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) is a derivative of dynamic MRS imaging. This modality links physiologic metabolic responses with available activity and measures absolute or relative concentrations of various metabolites. According to clinical evidence, the mitochondrial glycolysis pathway is disrupted in many nervous system disorders, especially Alzheimer disease, resulting in the activation of anaerobic glycolysis and an increased rate of lactate production. Our study evaluates fMRS with J-editing as a cutting-edge technique to detect lactate in Alzheimer disease. In this modality, functional activation is highlighted by signal subtractions of lipids and macromolecules, which yields a much higher signal-to-noise ratio and enables better detection of trace levels of lactate compared with other modalities. However, until now, clinical evidence is not conclusive regarding the widespread use of this diagnostic method. The complex machinery of cellular and noncellular modulators in lactate metabolism has obscured the potential roles fMRS imaging can have in dementia diagnosis. Recent developments in MRI imaging such as the advent of 7 Tesla machines and new image reconstruction methods, coupled with a renewed interest in the molecular and cellular basis of Alzheimer disease, have reinvigorated the drive to establish new clinical options for the early detection of Alzheimer disease. Based on the latter, lactate has the potential to be investigated as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker for Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Shirbandi
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rikhtegar
- Department of Intracranial Endovascular Therapy, Alfried Krupp Krankenhaus Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Khalafi
- Medical Imaging Sciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Pouya Javanmardi
- Radiologic Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Iraji
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei Aghdam
- Medical Imaging Sciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Bhatti M, Frostig RD. Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle plays a pivotal role in sensory-based neuroprotection in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2698138. [PMID: 37034797 PMCID: PMC10081351 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2698138/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated protection from impending cortical stroke is achievable by sensory stimulation of the ischemic area in an adult rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). We have further demonstrated that a major underpinning mechanism that is necessary for such protection is the system of collaterals among cerebral arteries that results in reperfusion of the MCA ischemic territory. However, since such collateral flow is weak, it may be necessary but not sufficient for protection and therefore we were seeking other complementary mechanisms that contribute to sensory-based protection. We hypothesized that astrocytes-to-neuron shuttle (ANLS) is another potential underpinning mechanism that could complement collateral flow in the protection process. Supporting our hypothesis, using functional imaging, pharmacological treatments, and postmortem histology, we show that ANLS has a pivotal role in sensory-based protection of cortex and therefor serves as the other supporting mechanism underpinning the protection process.
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10
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Mitochondrial Ca2+ handling as a cell signaling hub: lessons from astrocyte function. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:63-75. [PMID: 36636961 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a heterogenous population of macroglial cells spread throughout the central nervous system with diverse functions, expression signatures, and intricate morphologies. Their subcellular compartments contain a distinct range of mitochondria, with functional microdomains exhibiting widespread activities, such as controlling local metabolism and Ca2+ signaling. Ca2+ is an ion of utmost importance, both physiologically and pathologically, and participates in critical central nervous system processes, including synaptic plasticity, neuron-astrocyte integration, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial physiology and metabolism. The mitochondrial Ca2+ handling system is formed by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex (MCUc), which mediates Ca2+ influx, and the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), responsible for most mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux, as well as additional components, including the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP). Over the last decades, mitochondrial Ca2+ handling has been shown to be key for brain homeostasis, acting centrally in physiopathological processes such as astrogliosis, astrocyte-neuron activity integration, energy metabolism control, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the mitochondrial Ca2+ handling system molecular composition, highlighting its impact on astrocytic homeostasis.
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11
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Roumes H, Pellerin L, Bouzier-Sore AK. Astrocytes as metabolic suppliers to support neuronal activity and brain functions. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:27-37. [PMID: 36504117 PMCID: PMC10011397 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is essential for brain function. In recent years, lactate shuttling between astrocytes and neurons has become a fundamental concept of neuroenergetics. However, it remains unclear to what extent this process is critical for different aspects of cognition, their underlying mechanisms, as well as for the signals used to monitor brain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Roumes
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Univ. Poitiers and CHU Poitiers, IRMETIST, INSERM U1313, F-86021 Poitiers, France
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12
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Astroglial CB1 receptors, energy metabolism, and gliotransmission: an integrated signaling system? Essays Biochem 2023; 67:49-61. [PMID: 36645029 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in brain homeostasis and function. During the last years, several studies have cemented this notion by showing that these cells respond to neuronal signals and, via the release of molecules that modulate and support synaptic activity (gliotransmission) participates in the functions of the so-called tripartite synapse. Thus, besides their established control of brain metabolism, astrocytes can also actively control synaptic activity and behavior. Among the signaling pathways that shape the functions of astrocyte, the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor is emerging as a critical player in the control of both gliotransmission and the metabolic cooperation between astrocytes and neurons. In the present short review, we describe known and newly discovered properties of the astroglial CB1 receptors and their role in modulating brain function and behavior. Based on this evidence, we finally discuss how the functions and mode of actions of astrocyte CB1 receptors might represent a clear example of the inextricable relationship between energy metabolism and gliotransmission. These tight interactions will need to be taken into account for future research in astrocyte functions and call for a reinforcement of the theoretical and experimental bridges between studies on metabolic and synaptic functions of astrocytes.
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13
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Cross-talk between energy and redox metabolism in astrocyte-neuron functional cooperation. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:17-26. [PMID: 36805653 PMCID: PMC10011404 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes show unique anatomical, morphological, and metabolic features to take up substrates from the blood and metabolize them for local delivery to active synapses to sustain neuron function. In the present review, we specifically focus on key molecular aspects of energy and redox metabolism that facilitate this astrocyte-neuronal coupling in a controlled manner. Basal glycolysis is co-ordinated by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1, a ubiquitin ligase that targets the proglycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructokinase-2,6-bisphosphastate-3 (PFKFB3) for degradation. APC/C-Cdh1 activity is more robust in neurons than in astrocytes, which determine that PFKFB3 abundance and glycolytic rate are weaker in neurons. The low PFKFB3 activity in neurons facilitates glucose-6-phosphate oxidation via the pentose-phosphate pathway, which promotes antioxidant protection. Conversely, the high PFKFB3 activity in astrocytes allows the production and release of glycolytic lactate, which is taken up by neurons that use it as an oxidizable substrate. Importantly, the mitochondrial respiratory chain is tighter assembled in neurons than in astrocytes, thus the bioenergetic efficiency of mitochondria is higher in neurons. Because of this, the production of reactive oxygen species (mROS) by mitochondrial complex I is very low in neurons and very high in astrocytes. Such a naturally occurring high abundance of mROS in astrocytes physiologically determines a specific transcriptional fingerprint that contributes to sustaining cognitive performance. We conclude that the energy and redox metabolism of astrocytes must complementarily match that of neurons to regulate brain function and animal welfare.
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Barros LF, Ruminot I, Sotelo-Hitschfeld T, Lerchundi R, Fernández-Moncada I. Metabolic Recruitment in Brain Tissue. Annu Rev Physiol 2023; 85:115-135. [PMID: 36270291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021422-091035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Information processing imposes urgent metabolic demands on neurons, which have negligible energy stores and restricted access to fuel. Here, we discuss metabolic recruitment, the tissue-level phenomenon whereby active neurons harvest resources from their surroundings. The primary event is the neuronal release of K+ that mirrors workload. Astrocytes sense K+ in exquisite fashion thanks to their unique coexpression of NBCe1 and α2β2 Na+/K+ ATPase, and within seconds switch to Crabtree metabolism, involving GLUT1, aerobic glycolysis, transient suppression of mitochondrial respiration, and lactate export. The lactate surge serves as a secondary recruiter by inhibiting glucose consumption in distant cells. Additional recruiters are glutamate, nitric oxide, and ammonium, which signal over different spatiotemporal domains. The net outcome of these events is that more glucose, lactate, and oxygen are made available. Metabolic recruitment works alongside neurovascular coupling and various averaging strategies to support the inordinate dynamic range of individual neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; .,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile;
| | - I Ruminot
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; .,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile;
| | - T Sotelo-Hitschfeld
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Lerchundi
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - I Fernández-Moncada
- NeuroCentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Wu Y, Ma W, Liu W, Zhang S. Lactate: a pearl dropped in the ocean-an overlooked signal molecule in physiology and pathology. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:295-307. [PMID: 36511218 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactate, once recognized as a wasty product from anaerobic glycolysis, is proved to be a pivotal signal molecule. Lactate accumulation occurs in diverse physiological and pathological settings due to the imbalance between lactate production and clearance. Under the condition with drastic changes in local microenvironment, such as tumorigenesis, inflammation, and microbial infection, the glycolysis turns to be active in surrounding cells leading to increased lactate release. Meanwhile, lactate can be utilized by these cells as an energy substrate and acts as a signal molecule to regulate cell functions through receptor-dependent or independent pathways. In this review, we tended to tease out the contribution of lactate in tumor progression and immunomodulation. And we also discussed the accessory role of lactate, beyond as the energy source only, in the growth of invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqi Ma
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Whole-brain neuronal MCT2 lactate transporter expression links metabolism to human brain structure and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204619119. [PMID: 35939682 PMCID: PMC9388117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204619119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain activity is constrained by local availability of chemical energy, which is generated through compartmentalized metabolic processes. By analyzing data of whole human brain gene expression, we characterize the spatial distribution of seven glucose and monocarboxylate membrane transporters that mediate astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle transfer of energy. We found that the gene coding for neuronal MCT2 is the only gene enriched in cerebral cortex where its abundance is inversely correlated with cortical thickness. Coexpression network analysis revealed that MCT2 was the only gene participating in an organized gene cluster enriched in K+ dynamics. Indeed, the expression of KATP subunits, which mediate lactate increases with spiking activity, is spatially coupled to MCT2 distribution. Notably, MCT2 expression correlated with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography task-dependent glucose utilization. Finally, the MCT2 messenger RNA gradient closely overlaps with functional MRI brain regions associated with attention, arousal, and stress. Our results highlight neuronal MCT2 lactate transporter as a key component of the cross-talk between astrocytes and neurons and a link between metabolism, cortical structure, and state-dependent brain function.
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17
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Beard E, Lengacher S, Dias S, Magistretti PJ, Finsterwald C. Astrocytes as Key Regulators of Brain Energy Metabolism: New Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Physiol 2022; 12:825816. [PMID: 35087428 PMCID: PMC8787066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.825816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play key roles in the regulation of brain energy metabolism, which has a major impact on brain functions, including memory, neuroprotection, resistance to oxidative stress and homeostatic tone. Energy demands of the brain are very large, as they continuously account for 20–25% of the whole body’s energy consumption. Energy supply of the brain is tightly linked to neuronal activity, providing the origin of the signals detected by the widely used functional brain imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. In particular, neuroenergetic coupling is regulated by astrocytes through glutamate uptake that triggers astrocytic aerobic glycolysis and leads to glucose uptake and lactate release, a mechanism known as the Astrocyte Neuron Lactate Shuttle. Other neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide mobilize glycogen, the reserve for glucose exclusively localized in astrocytes, also resulting in lactate release. Lactate is then transferred to neurons where it is used, after conversion to pyruvate, as a rapid energy substrate, and also as a signal that modulates neuronal excitability, homeostasis, and the expression of survival and plasticity genes. Importantly, glycolysis in astrocytes and more generally cerebral glucose metabolism progressively deteriorate in aging and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. This decreased glycolysis actually represents a common feature of several neurological pathologies. Here, we review the critical role of astrocytes in the regulation of brain energy metabolism, and how dysregulation of astrocyte-mediated metabolic pathways is involved in brain hypometabolism. Further, we summarize recent efforts at preclinical and clinical stages to target brain hypometabolism for the development of new therapeutic interventions in age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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