1
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Conboy JP, Istúriz Petitjean I, van der Net A, Koenderink GH. How cytoskeletal crosstalk makes cells move: Bridging cell-free and cell studies. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:021307. [PMID: 38840976 PMCID: PMC11151447 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental process for life and is highly dependent on the dynamical and mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton. Intensive physical and biochemical crosstalk among actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments ensures their coordination to facilitate and enable migration. In this review, we discuss the different mechanical aspects that govern cell migration and provide, for each mechanical aspect, a novel perspective by juxtaposing two complementary approaches to the biophysical study of cytoskeletal crosstalk: live-cell studies (often referred to as top-down studies) and cell-free studies (often referred to as bottom-up studies). We summarize the main findings from both experimental approaches, and we provide our perspective on bridging the two perspectives to address the open questions of how cytoskeletal crosstalk governs cell migration and makes cells move.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Conboy
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Istúriz Petitjean
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk van der Net
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H. Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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2
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Petitjean II, Tran QD, Goutou A, Kabir Z, Wiche G, Leduc C, Koenderink GH. Reconstitution of cytolinker-mediated crosstalk between actin and vimentin. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151403. [PMID: 38503131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell shape and motility are determined by the cytoskeleton, an interpenetrating network of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The biophysical properties of each filament type individually have been studied extensively by cell-free reconstitution. By contrast, the interactions between the three cytoskeletal networks are relatively unexplored. They are coupled via crosslinkers of the plakin family such as plectin. These are challenging proteins for reconstitution because of their giant size and multidomain structure. Here we engineer a recombinant actin-vimentin crosslinker protein called 'ACTIF' that provides a minimal model system for plectin, recapitulating its modular design with actin-binding and intermediate filament-binding domains separated by a coiled-coil linker for dimerisation. We show by fluorescence and electron microscopy that ACTIF has a high binding affinity for vimentin and actin and creates mixed actin-vimentin bundles. Rheology measurements show that ACTIF-mediated crosslinking strongly stiffens actin-vimentin composites. Finally, we demonstrate the modularity of this approach by creating an ACTIF variant with the intermediate filament binding domain of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli. Our protein engineering approach provides a new cell-free system for the biophysical characterization of intermediate filament-binding crosslinkers and for understanding the mechanical synergy between actin and vimentin in mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Istúriz Petitjean
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Quang D Tran
- CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Angeliki Goutou
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Zima Kabir
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile Leduc
- CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75013, France.
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
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3
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Jonas HJ, Schall P, Bolhuis PG. Activity affects the stability, deformation and breakage dynamics of colloidal architectures. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2162-2177. [PMID: 38351836 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01255g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Living network architectures, such as the cytoskeleton, are characterized by continuous energy injection, leading to rich but poorly understood non-equilibrium physics. There is a need for a well-controlled (experimental) model system that allows basic insight into such non-equilibrium processes. Activated self-assembled colloidal architectures can fulfill this role, as colloidal patchy particles can self-assemble into colloidal architectures such as chains, rings and networks, while self-propelled colloidal particles can simultaneously inject energy into the architecture, alter the dynamical behavior of the system, and cause the self-assembled structures to deform and break. To gain insight, we conduct a numerical investigation into the effect of introducing self-propelled colloids modeled as active Brownian particles, into self-assembling colloidal dispersions of dipatch and tripatch particles. For the interaction potential, we use a previously designed model that accurately can reproduce experimental colloidal self-assembly via the critical Casimir force [Jonas et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2021, 135, 034902]. Here, we focus primarily on the breakage dynamics of three archetypal substructures, namely, dimers, chains, and rings. We find a rich response behavior to the introduction of self-propelled particles, in which the activity can enhance as well as reduce the stability of the architecture, deform the intact structures and alter the mechanisms of fragmentation. We rationalize these findings in terms of the rate and mechanisms of breakage as a function of the direction and magnitude of the active force by separating the bond breakage process into two stages: escaping the potential well and separation of the particles. The results set the stage for investigating more complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Jonas
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P Schall
- van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94485, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P G Bolhuis
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Schmidt CJ, Stehbens SJ. Microtubule control of migration: Coordination in confinement. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102289. [PMID: 38041936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton has a well-established, instrumental role in coordinating cell migration. Decades of research has focused on understanding how microtubules couple intracellular trafficking with cortical targeting and spatial organization of signaling to facilitate locomotion. Movement in physically challenging environments requires coordination of forces generated by the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell shape changes, with microtubules acting to spatially regulate contractility. Recent work has demonstrated that the mechanical properties of microtubules are adaptive to stress, leading to a new understanding of their roles in cell migration. Herein we review new developments in how microtubules sense and adapt to changes in the physical properties of their environment during migration. We frame our discussion around our current understanding of how microtubules target cell-matrix adhesions, and their role in the spatiotemporal coordination of signaling to form mechano feedback loops. We expand on how these mechanisms may influence cell morphology in confined three-dimensional settings, and the importance of locally tuning the mechanical stability of polymers in response to mechanical cues. Finally, we discuss new roles for Golgi-derived microtubules in mechanosensing, and how preferential motor use may influence polymer stability to resist the physical constraints cells experience in confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christanny J Schmidt
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Samantha J Stehbens
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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5
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Sabo J, Dujava Zdimalova M, Slater PG, Dostal V, Herynek S, Libusova L, Lowery LA, Braun M, Lansky Z. CKAP5 enables formation of persistent actin bundles templated by dynamically instable microtubules. Curr Biol 2024; 34:260-272.e7. [PMID: 38086388 PMCID: PMC10841699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal rearrangements and crosstalk between microtubules and actin filaments are vital for living organisms. Recently, an abundantly present microtubule polymerase, CKAP5 (XMAP215 homolog), has been reported to play a role in mediating crosstalk between microtubules and actin filaments in the neuronal growth cones. However, the molecular mechanism of this process is unknown. Here, we demonstrate, in a reconstituted system, that CKAP5 enables the formation of persistent actin bundles templated by dynamically instable microtubules. We explain the templating by the difference in CKAP5 binding to microtubules and actin filaments. Binding to the microtubule lattice with higher affinity, CKAP5 enables the formation of actin bundles exclusively on the microtubule lattice, at CKAP5 concentrations insufficient to support any actin bundling in the absence of microtubules. Strikingly, when the microtubules depolymerize, actin bundles prevail at the positions predetermined by the microtubules. We propose that the local abundance of available CKAP5-binding sites in actin bundles allows the retention of CKAP5, resulting in persisting actin bundles. In line with our observations, we found that reducing CKAP5 levels in vivo results in a decrease in actin-microtubule co-localization in growth cones and specifically decreases actin intensity at microtubule plus ends. This readily suggests a mechanism explaining how exploratory microtubules set the positions of actin bundles, for example, in cytoskeleton-rich neuronal growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sabo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Dujava Zdimalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Paula G Slater
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Los Leones, Lota 2465, Providencia, Santiago 7510602, Chile
| | - Vojtech Dostal
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Herynek
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Libusova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Laura A Lowery
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic.
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Gélin M, Schaeffer A, Gaillard J, Guérin C, Vianay B, Orhant-Prioux M, Braun M, Leterrier C, Blanchoin L, Théry M. Microtubules under mechanical pressure can breach dense actin networks. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261667. [PMID: 37870087 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between the actin network and microtubules is essential for cell polarity. It orchestrates microtubule organization within the cell, driven by the asymmetry of actin architecture along the cell periphery. The physical intertwining of these networks regulates spatial organization and force distribution in the microtubule network. Although their biochemical interactions are becoming clearer, the mechanical aspects remain less understood. To explore this mechanical interplay, we developed an in vitro reconstitution assay to investigate how dynamic microtubules interact with various actin filament structures. Our findings revealed that microtubules can align and move along linear actin filament bundles through polymerization force. However, they are unable to pass through when encountering dense branched actin meshworks, similar to those present in the lamellipodium along the periphery of the cell. Interestingly, immobilizing microtubules through crosslinking with actin or other means allow the buildup of pressure, enabling them to breach these dense actin barriers. This mechanism offers insights into microtubule progression towards the cell periphery, with them overcoming obstacles within the denser parts of the actin network and ultimately contributing to cell polarity establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Gélin
- Université Paris cité, CEA, INSERM, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976 HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Schaeffer
- Université Paris cité, CEA, INSERM, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976 HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Gaillard
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Guérin
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- Université Paris cité, CEA, INSERM, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976 HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Magali Orhant-Prioux
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Christophe Leterrier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Université Paris cité, CEA, INSERM, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976 HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- Université Paris cité, CEA, INSERM, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976 HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
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7
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Mosby LS, Straube A, Polin M. A general model for the motion of multivalent cargo interacting with substrates. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230510. [PMID: 38016636 PMCID: PMC10684343 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent interactions are common in biology at many different length scales, and can result in the directional motion of multivalent cargo along substrates. Here, a general analytical model has been developed that can describe the directional motion of multivalent cargo as a response to position dependence in the binding and unbinding rates exhibited by their interaction sites. Cargo exhibit both an effective velocity, which acts in the direction of increasing cargo-substrate binding rate and decreasing cargo-substrate unbinding rate, and an effective diffusivity. This model can reproduce previously published experimental findings using only the binding and unbinding rate distributions of cargo interaction sites, and without any further parameter fitting. Extension of the cargo binding model to two dimensions reveals an effective velocity with the same properties as that derived for the one-dimensional case.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. S. Mosby
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - A. Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - M. Polin
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA, Esporles, Illes Balears 07190, Spain
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8
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Shakhov AS, Churkina AS, Kotlobay AA, Alieva IB. The Endothelial Centrosome: Specific Features and Functional Significance for Endothelial Cell Activity and Barrier Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15392. [PMID: 37895072 PMCID: PMC10607758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes information about the specific features that are characteristic of the centrosome and its relationship with the cell function of highly specialized cells, such as endotheliocytes. It is based on data from other researchers and our own long-term experience. The participation of the centrosome in the functional activity of these cells, including its involvement in the performance of the main barrier function of the endothelium, is discussed. According to modern concepts, the centrosome is a multifunctional complex and an integral element of a living cell; the functions of which are not limited only to the ability to polymerize microtubules. The location of the centrosome near the center of the interphase cell, the concentration of various regulatory proteins in it, the organization of the centrosome radial system of microtubules through which intracellular transport is carried out by motor proteins and the involvement of the centrosome in the process of the perception of the external signals and their transmission make this cellular structure a universal regulatory and distribution center, controlling the entire dynamic morphology of an animal cell. Drawing from modern data on the tissue-specific features of the centrosome's structure, we discuss the direct involvement of the centrosome in the performance of functions by specialized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Sergeevich Shakhov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Sergeevna Churkina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–73, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Alekseevich Kotlobay
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Borisovna Alieva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Gudimchuk NB, Alexandrova VV. Measuring and modeling forces generated by microtubules. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1095-1110. [PMID: 37974983 PMCID: PMC10643784 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulins are essential proteins, which are conserved across all eukaryotic species. They polymerize to form microtubules, cytoskeletal components of paramount importance for cellular mechanics. The microtubules combine an extraordinarily high flexural rigidity and a non-equilibrium behavior, manifested in their intermittent assembly and disassembly. These chemically fueled dynamics allow microtubules to generate significant pushing and pulling forces at their ends to reposition intracellular organelles, remodel membranes, bear compressive forces, and transport chromosomes during cell division. In this article, we review classical and recent studies, which have allowed the quantification of microtubule-generated forces. The measurements, to which we owe most of the quantitative information about microtubule forces, were carried out in biochemically reconstituted systems in vitro. We also discuss how mathematical and computational modeling has contributed to the interpretations of these results and shaped our understanding of the mechanisms of force production by tubulin polymerization and depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita B. Gudimchuk
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
- Pskov State University, Pskov, Russia
| | - Veronika V. Alexandrova
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Colin A, Kotila T, Guérin C, Orhant-Prioux M, Vianay B, Mogilner A, Lappalainen P, Théry M, Blanchoin L. Recycling of the actin monomer pool limits the lifetime of network turnover. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112717. [PMID: 36912152 PMCID: PMC10152149 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular organization is largely mediated by actin turnover. Cellular actin networks continuously assemble and disassemble, while maintaining their overall appearance. This behavior, called "dynamic steady state," allows cells to sense and adapt to their environment. However, how structural stability can be maintained during the constant turnover of a limited actin monomer pool is poorly understood. To answer this question, we developed an experimental system where polystyrene beads are propelled by an actin comet in a microwell containing a limited amount of components. We used the speed and the size of the actin comet tails to evaluate the system's monomer consumption and its lifetime. We established the relative contribution of actin assembly, disassembly, and recycling for a bead movement over tens of hours. Recycling mediated by cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is the key step in allowing the reuse of monomers for multiple assembly cycles. ATP supply and protein aging are also factors that limit the lifetime of actin turnover. This work reveals the balancing mechanism for long-term network assembly with a limited amount of building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Colin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Tommi Kotila
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Guérin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Orhant-Prioux
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France.,CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France.,CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
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11
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Septins mediate a microtubule-actin crosstalk that enables actin growth on microtubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202803119. [PMID: 36475946 PMCID: PMC9897426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202803119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular morphogenesis and processes such as cell division and migration require the coordination of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons. Microtubule-actin crosstalk is poorly understood and largely regarded as the capture and regulation of microtubules by actin. Septins are filamentous guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding proteins, which comprise the fourth component of the cytoskeleton along microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments. Here, we report that septins mediate microtubule-actin crosstalk by coupling actin polymerization to microtubule lattices. Superresolution and platinum replica electron microscopy (PREM) show that septins localize to overlapping microtubules and actin filaments in the growth cones of neurons and non-neuronal cells. We demonstrate that recombinant septin complexes directly crosslink microtubules and actin filaments into hybrid bundles. In vitro reconstitution assays reveal that microtubule-bound septins capture and align stable actin filaments with microtubules. Strikingly, septins enable the capture and polymerization of growing actin filaments on microtubule lattices. In neuronal growth cones, septins are required for the maintenance of the peripheral actin network that fans out from microtubules. These findings show that septins directly mediate microtubule interactions with actin filaments, and reveal a mechanism of microtubule-templated actin growth with broader significance for the self-organization of the cytoskeleton and cellular morphogenesis.
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12
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Kučera O, Gaillard J, Guérin C, Utzschneider C, Théry M, Blanchoin L. Actin Architecture Steers Microtubules in Active Cytoskeletal Composite. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8584-8591. [PMID: 36279243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Motility assays use surface-immobilized molecular motors to propel cytoskeletal filaments. They have been widely used to characterize motor properties and their impact on cytoskeletal self-organization. Moreover, the motility assays are a promising class of bioinspired active tools for nanotechnological applications. While these assays involve controlling the filament direction and speed, either as a sensory readout or a functional feature, designing a subtle control embedded in the assay is an ongoing challenge. Here, we investigate the interaction between gliding microtubules and networks of actin filaments. We demonstrate that the microtubule's behavior depends on the actin architecture. Both unbranched and branched actin decelerate microtubule gliding; however, an unbranched actin network provides additional guidance and effectively steers the microtubules. This effect, which resembles the recognition of cortical actin by microtubules, is a conceptually new means of controlling the filament gliding with potential application in the design of active materials and cytoskeletal nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Kučera
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, CEA/CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble38 054, France
| | - Jérémie Gaillard
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, CEA/CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble38 054, France
| | - Christophe Guérin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, CEA/CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble38 054, France
| | - Clothilde Utzschneider
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, CEA/CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble38 054, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, CEA/CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble38 054, France
- CytoMorpho Lab, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Saint Louis/CNRS/CEA, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris75 010, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, CEA/CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble38 054, France
- CytoMorpho Lab, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Saint Louis/CNRS/CEA, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris75 010, France
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Lorenz C, Köster S. Multiscale architecture: Mechanics of composite cytoskeletal networks. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:031304. [PMID: 38505277 PMCID: PMC10903411 DOI: 10.1063/5.0099405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Different types of biological cells respond differently to mechanical stresses, and these responses are mainly governed by the cytoskeleton. The main components of this biopolymer network are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, whose mechanical and dynamic properties are highly distinct, thus opening up a large mechanical parameter space. Aside from experiments on whole, living cells, "bottom-up" approaches, utilizing purified, reconstituted protein systems, tremendously help to shed light on the complex mechanics of cytoskeletal networks. Such experiments are relevant in at least three aspects: (i) from a fundamental point of view, cytoskeletal networks provide a perfect model system for polymer physics; (ii) in materials science and "synthetic cell" approaches, one goal is to fully understand properties of cellular materials and reconstitute them in synthetic systems; (iii) many diseases are associated with cell mechanics, so a thorough understanding of the underlying phenomena may help solving pressing biomedical questions. In this review, we discuss the work on networks consisting of one, two, or all three types of filaments, entangled or cross-linked, and consider active elements such as molecular motors and dynamically growing filaments. Interestingly, tuning the interactions among the different filament types results in emergent network properties. We discuss current experimental challenges, such as the comparability of different studies, and recent methodological advances concerning the quantification of attractive forces between filaments and their influence on network mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Lorenz
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Köster
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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