1
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Dapolito M, Tsuneto M, Zheng W, Wehmeier L, Xu S, Chen X, Sun J, Du Z, Shao Y, Jing R, Zhang S, Bercher A, Dong Y, Halbertal D, Ravindran V, Zhou Z, Petrovic M, Gozar A, Carr GL, Li Q, Kuzmenko AB, Fogler MM, Basov DN, Du X, Liu M. Infrared nano-imaging of Dirac magnetoexcitons in graphene. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1409-1415. [PMID: 37605044 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields can have profound effects on the motion of electrons in quantum materials. Two-dimensional electron systems subject to strong magnetic fields are expected to exhibit quantized Hall conductivity, chiral edge currents and distinctive collective modes referred to as magnetoplasmons and magnetoexcitons. Generating these propagating collective modes in charge-neutral samples and imaging them at their native nanometre length scales have thus far been experimentally elusive. Here we visualize propagating magnetoexciton polaritons at their native length scales and report their magnetic-field-tunable dispersion in near-charge-neutral graphene. Imaging these collective modes and their associated nano-electro-optical responses allows us to identify polariton-modulated optical and photo-thermal electric effects at the sample edges, which are the most pronounced near charge neutrality. Our work is enabled by innovations in cryogenic near-field optical microscopy techniques that allow for the nano-imaging of the near-field responses of two-dimensional materials under magnetic fields up to 7 T. This nano-magneto-optics approach allows us to explore and manipulate magnetopolaritons in specimens with low carrier doping via harnessing high magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dapolito
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Makoto Tsuneto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Suheng Xu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zengyi Du
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yinming Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ran Jing
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrien Bercher
- Département de Physique de la Matière Quantique, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Yinan Dong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dorri Halbertal
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vibhu Ravindran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mila Petrovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Gozar
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - G L Carr
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Alexey B Kuzmenko
- Département de Physique de la Matière Quantique, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Xu Du
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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2
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Sun Z, Chen X, Li B, Moore SL, Liu S, Wang Z, Rossi SE, Jing R, Fonseca J, Yang B, Shao Y, Huang CY, Handa T, Xiong L, Fu M, Pan TC, Halbertal D, Xu X, Zheng W, Schuck PJ, Pasupathy AN, Dean CR, Zhu X, Cobden DH, Xu X, Liu M, Fogler MM, Hone JC, Basov DN. Visualizing moiré ferroelectricity via plasmons and nano-photocurrent in graphene/twisted-WSe 2 structures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6200. [PMID: 37794007 PMCID: PMC10550968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroelectricity, a spontaneous and reversible electric polarization, is found in certain classes of van der Waals (vdW) materials. The discovery of ferroelectricity in twisted vdW layers provides new opportunities to engineer spatially dependent electric and optical properties associated with the configuration of moiré superlattice domains and the network of domain walls. Here, we employ near-field infrared nano-imaging and nano-photocurrent measurements to study ferroelectricity in minimally twisted WSe2. The ferroelectric domains are visualized through the imaging of the plasmonic response in a graphene monolayer adjacent to the moiré WSe2 bilayers. Specifically, we find that the ferroelectric polarization in moiré domains is imprinted on the plasmonic response of the graphene. Complementary nano-photocurrent measurements demonstrate that the optoelectronic properties of graphene are also modulated by the proximal ferroelectric domains. Our approach represents an alternative strategy for studying moiré ferroelectricity at native length scales and opens promising prospects for (opto)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Baichang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - S L Moore
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - S E Rossi
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Ran Jing
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jordan Fonseca
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Birui Yang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yinming Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chun-Ying Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Taketo Handa
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Matthew Fu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Tsai-Chun Pan
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Dorri Halbertal
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - P J Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - A N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - C R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - David H Cobden
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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3
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Mayes D, Farahmand F, Grossnickle M, Lohmann M, Aldosary M, Li J, Aji V, Shi J, Song JCW, Gabor NM. Mapping the intrinsic photocurrent streamlines through micromagnetic heterostructure devices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221815120. [PMID: 37722037 PMCID: PMC10523491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221815120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocurrent in quantum materials is often collected at global contacts far away from the initial photoexcitation. This collection process is highly nonlocal. It involves an intricate spatial pattern of photocurrent flow (streamlines) away from its primary photoexcitation that depends sensitively on the configuration of current collecting contacts as well as the spatial nonuniformity and tensor structure of conductivity. Direct imaging to track photocurrent streamlines is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a microscopy method to image photocurrent streamlines through ultrathin heterostructure devices comprising platinum on yttrium iron garnet (YIG). We accomplish this by combining scanning photovoltage microscopy with a uniform rotating magnetic field. Here, local photocurrent is generated through a photo-Nernst type effect with its direction controlled by the external magnetic field. This enables the mapping of photocurrent streamlines in a variety of geometries that include conventional Hall bar-type devices, but also unconventional wing-shaped devices called electrofoils. In these, we find that photocurrent streamlines display contortion, compression, and expansion behavior depending on the shape and angle of attack of the electrofoil devices, much in the same way as tracers in a wind tunnel map the flow of air around an aerodynamic airfoil. This affords a powerful tool to visualize and characterize charge flow in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mayes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
- Laboratory of Quantum Materials Optoelectronics, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Farima Farahmand
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
- Laboratory of Quantum Materials Optoelectronics, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Maxwell Grossnickle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
- Laboratory of Quantum Materials Optoelectronics, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Mark Lohmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Mohammed Aldosary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Junxue Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Vivek Aji
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Justin C. W. Song
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637371, Singapore
| | - Nathaniel M. Gabor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
- Laboratory of Quantum Materials Optoelectronics, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
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4
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Luo W, Whetten BG, Kravtsov V, Singh A, Yang Y, Huang D, Cheng X, Jiang T, Belyanin A, Raschke MB. Ultrafast Nanoimaging of Electronic Coherence of Monolayer WSe 2. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1767-1773. [PMID: 36827496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have demonstrated a wide range of novel photonic, optoelectronic, and correlated electron phenomena for more than a decade. However, the coherent dynamics of their excitons, including possibly long dephasing times and their sensitivity to spatial heterogeneities, are still poorly understood. Here we implement adiabatic plasmonic nanofocused four-wave mixing (FWM) to image the coherent electron dynamics in monolayer WSe2. We observe nanoscale heterogeneities at room temperature with dephasing ranging from T2 ≲ 5 to T2 ≳ 60 fs on length scales of 50-100 nm. We further observe a counterintuitive anticorrelation between FWM intensity and T2, with the weakest FWM emission at locations of longest coherence. We interpret this behavior as a nonlocal nano-optical interplay between spatial coherence of the nonlinear polarization and disorder-induced scattering. The results highlight the challenges associated with heterogeneities in TMDs limiting their photophysical properties, yet also the potential of their novel nonlinear optical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, and School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin G Whetten
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yibo Yang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Di Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, and School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbin Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, and School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, and School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexey Belyanin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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5
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Shao Y, Sternbach AJ, Kim BSY, Rikhter AA, Xu X, De Giovannini U, Jing R, Chae SH, Sun Z, Lee SH, Zhu Y, Mao Z, Hone JC, Queiroz R, Millis AJ, Schuck PJ, Rubio A, Fogler MM, Basov DN. Infrared plasmons propagate through a hyperbolic nodal metal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd6169. [PMID: 36288317 PMCID: PMC9604610 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metals are canonical plasmonic media at infrared and optical wavelengths, allowing one to guide and manipulate light at the nanoscale. A special form of optical waveguiding is afforded by highly anisotropic crystals revealing the opposite signs of the dielectric functions along orthogonal directions. These media are classified as hyperbolic and include crystalline insulators, semiconductors, and artificial metamaterials. Layered anisotropic metals are also anticipated to support hyperbolic waveguiding. However, this behavior remains elusive, primarily because interband losses arrest the propagation of infrared modes. Here, we report on the observation of propagating hyperbolic waves in a prototypical layered nodal-line semimetal ZrSiSe. The observed waveguiding originates from polaritonic hybridization between near-infrared light and nodal-line plasmons. Unique nodal electronic structures simultaneously suppress interband loss and boost the plasmonic response, ultimately enabling the propagation of infrared modes through the bulk of the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinming Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Brian S. Y. Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Andrey A. Rikhter
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Umberto De Giovannini
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica Emilio Segrè, via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ran Jing
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Chae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Seng Huat Lee
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yanglin Zhu
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - James C. Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Raquel Queiroz
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Andrew J. Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - P. James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Michael M. Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dmitri N. Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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6
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Rani C, Tanwar M, Kandpal S, Ghosh T, Bansal L, Kumar R. Nonlinear Temperature-Dependent Phonon Decay in Heavily Doped Silicon: Predominant Interferon-Mediated Cold Phonon Annihilation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5232-5239. [PMID: 35670640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A nonlinear Fano interaction has been reported here which is manifest in terms of a parabolic temperature-dependent phonon decay process observable in terms of a Raman spectral parameter. Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopic studies have been carried out on heavily and moderately doped crystalline silicon to investigate the behavior of anharmonic phonon decay in semiconductor systems where Fano interactions are present inherently. Systematic study reveals that in heavily doped systems an interferon-mediated decay route exists for cold phonons present at lower temperatures (<475 K) where Fano coupling is stronger and dominates over the typical multiple-phonon decay process. On the other hand, the anharmonic phonon decay remains the predominant process at higher temperatures irrespective of the doping level. Temperature-dependent phonon self-energy has been calculated using experimentally observed Raman line-shape parameters to validate the fact that the nonlinear decay of phonons through interferon mediation is a thermodynamically favorable process at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Rani
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Manushree Tanwar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Suchita Kandpal
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Tanushree Ghosh
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Love Bansal
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
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