1
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Ji G, Xiong Y, Li Y, Yan G, Yao J, Fang C, Lu H. Global analysis of N-myristoylation and its heterogeneity by combining N-terminomics and nanographite fluoride-based solid-phase extraction. Talanta 2024; 276:126300. [PMID: 38795647 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
N-myristoylation is one of the most widespread and important lipidation in eukaryotes and some prokaryotes, which is formed by covalently attaching various fatty acids (predominantly myristic acid C14:0) to the N-terminal glycine of proteins. Disorder of N-myristoylation is critically implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Here, we presented a method for purification and comprehensive characterization of endogenous, intact N-glycine lipid-acylated peptides, which combined the negative selection method for N-terminome and the nanographite fluoride-based solid-phase extraction method (NeS-nGF SPE). After optimizing experimental conditions, we conducted the first global profiling of the endogenous and heterogeneous modification states for N-terminal glycine, pinpointing the precise sites and their associated lipid moieties. Totally, we obtained 76 N-glycine lipid-acylated peptides, including 51 peptides with myristate (C14:0), 10 with myristoleate (C14:1), 6 with tetradecadienoicate (C14:2), 5 with laurate (C12:0) and 4 with lauroleate (C12:1). Therefore, our proteomic methodology could significantly facilitate precise and in-depth analysis of the endogenous N-myristoylome and its heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yingying Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yueyue Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Guoquan Yan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jun Yao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Caiyun Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Haojie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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2
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Shang S, Liu J, Hua F. Protein acylation: mechanisms, biological functions and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:396. [PMID: 36577755 PMCID: PMC9797573 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is involved in the pathogenesis of not only cancers but also neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. With the progress of metabonomics and proteomics, metabolites have been found to affect protein acylations through providing acyl groups or changing the activities of acyltransferases or deacylases. Reciprocally, protein acylation is involved in key cellular processes relevant to physiology and diseases, such as protein stability, protein subcellular localization, enzyme activity, transcriptional activity, protein-protein interactions and protein-DNA interactions. Herein, we summarize the functional diversity and mechanisms of eight kinds of nonhistone protein acylations in the physiological processes and progression of several diseases. We also highlight the recent progress in the development of inhibitors for acyltransferase, deacylase, and acylation reader proteins for their potential applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Hua
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
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3
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Precursors of Viral Proteases as Distinct Drug Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101981. [PMID: 34696411 PMCID: PMC8537868 DOI: 10.3390/v13101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral proteases are indispensable for successful virion maturation, thus making them a prominent drug target. Their enzyme activity is tightly spatiotemporally regulated by expression in the precursor form with little or no activity, followed by activation via autoprocessing. These cleavage events are frequently triggered upon transportation to a specific compartment inside the host cell. Typically, precursor oligomerization or the presence of a co-factor is needed for activation. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms will allow ligands with non-canonical mechanisms of action to be designed, which would specifically modulate the initial irreversible steps of viral protease autoactivation. Binding sites exclusive to the precursor, including binding sites beyond the protease domain, can be exploited. Both inhibition and up-regulation of the proteolytic activity of viral proteases can be detrimental for the virus. All these possibilities are discussed using examples of medically relevant viruses including herpesviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses, picornaviruses, caliciviruses, togaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses.
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4
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Reynolds D, Huesemann M, Edmundson S, Sims A, Hurst B, Cady S, Beirne N, Freeman J, Berger A, Gao S. Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis. ALGAL RES 2021; 57:102331. [PMID: 34026476 PMCID: PMC8128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are abiotic obligate parasites utilizing complex mechanisms to hijack cellular machinery and reproduce, causing multiple harmful effects in the process. Viruses represent a growing global health concern; at the time of writing, COVID-19 has killed at least two million people around the world and devastated global economies. Lingering concern regarding the virus' prevalence yet hampers return to normalcy. While catastrophic in and of itself, COVID-19 further heralds in a new era of human-disease interaction characterized by the emergence of novel viruses from natural sources with heretofore unseen frequency. Due to deforestation, population growth, and climate change, we are encountering more viruses that can infect larger groups of people with greater ease and increasingly severe outcomes. The devastation of COVID-19 and forecasts of future human/disease interactions call for a creative reconsideration of global response to infectious disease. There is an urgent need for accessible, cost-effective antiviral (AV) drugs that can be mass-produced and widely distributed to large populations. Development of AV drugs should be informed by a thorough understanding of viral structure and function as well as human biology. To maximize efficacy, minimize cost, and reduce development of drug-resistance, these drugs would ideally operate through a varied set of mechanisms at multiple stages throughout the course of infection. Due to their abundance and diversity, natural compounds are ideal for such comprehensive therapeutic interventions. Promising sources of such drugs are found throughout nature; especially remarkable are the algae, a polyphyletic grouping of phototrophs that produce diverse bioactive compounds. While not much literature has been published on the subject, studies have shown that these compounds exert antiviral effects at different stages of viral pathogenesis. In this review, we follow the course of viral infection in the human body and evaluate the AV effects of algae-derived compounds at each stage. Specifically, we examine the AV activities of algae-derived compounds at the entry of viruses into the body, transport through the body via the lymph and blood, infection of target cells, and immune response. We discuss what is known about algae-derived compounds that may interfere with the infection pathways of SARS-CoV-2; and review which algae are promising sources for AV agents or AV precursors that, with further investigation, may yield life-saving drugs due to their diversity of mechanisms and exceptional pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Reynolds
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Michael Huesemann
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Scott Edmundson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Amy Sims
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sherry Cady
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Nathan Beirne
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Adam Berger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
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5
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Yurtsever D, Lorent JH. Structural Modifications Controlling Membrane Raft Partitioning and Curvature in Human and Viral Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7574-7585. [PMID: 32813532 PMCID: PMC7476027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Membrane
proteins and lipids have the capacity to associate into
lateral domains in cell membranes through mutual or collective interactions.
Lipid rafts are functional lateral domains that are formed through
collective interactions of certain lipids and which can include or
exclude proteins. These domains have been implicated in cell signaling
and protein trafficking and seem to be of importance for virus–host
interactions. We therefore want to investigate if raft and viral membrane
proteins present similar structural features, and how these features
are distributed throughout viruses. For this purpose, we performed
a bioinformatics analysis of raft and viral membrane proteins from
available online databases and compared them to nonraft proteins.
In general, transmembrane proteins of rafts and viruses had higher
proportions of palmitoyl and phosphoryl residues compared to nonraft
proteins. They differed in terms of transmembrane domain length and
thickness, with viral proteins being generally shorter and having
a smaller accessible surface area per residue. Nontransmembrane raft
proteins had increased amounts of palmitoyl, prenyl, and phosphoryl
moieties while their viral counterparts were largely myristoylated
and phosphorylated. Several of these structural determinants such
as phosphorylation are new to the raft field and are extensively discussed
in terms of raft functionality and phase separation. Surprisingly,
the proportion of palmitoylated viral transmembrane proteins was inversely
correlated to the virus size which indicated the implication of palmitoylation
in virus membrane curvature and possibly budding. The current results
provide new insights into the raft–virus interplay and unveil
possible targets for antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yurtsever
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Helmuth Lorent
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies efficiently block HIV-1 replication but need to be maintained for life. Moreover, chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection that persists despite treatment. There is, therefore, an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms driving HIV-1 pathogenesis and to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. In the past few years, the decisive role of cellular metabolism in the fate and activity of immune cells has been uncovered, as well as its impact on the outcome of infectious diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that immunometabolism has a key role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. The metabolic pathways of CD4+ T cells and macrophages determine their susceptibility to infection, the persistence of infected cells and the establishment of latency. Immunometabolism also shapes immune responses against HIV-1, and cell metabolic products are key drivers of inflammation during infection. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of the links between HIV-1 infection and immunometabolism, and we discuss the potential opportunities and challenges for therapeutic interventions.
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7
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Rendezvous at Plasma Membrane: Cellular Lipids and tRNA Set up Sites of HIV-1 Particle Assembly and Incorporation of Host Transmembrane Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080842. [PMID: 32752131 PMCID: PMC7472227 DOI: 10.3390/v12080842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 structural polyprotein Gag drives the virus particle assembly specifically at the plasma membrane (PM). During this process, the nascent virion incorporates specific subsets of cellular lipids and host membrane proteins, in addition to viral glycoproteins and viral genomic RNA. Gag binding to the PM is regulated by cellular factors, including PM-specific phospholipid PI(4,5)P2 and tRNAs, both of which bind the highly basic region in the matrix domain of Gag. In this article, we review our current understanding of the roles played by cellular lipids and tRNAs in specific localization of HIV-1 Gag to the PM. Furthermore, we examine the effects of PM-bound Gag on the organization of the PM bilayer and discuss how the reorganization of the PM at the virus assembly site potentially contributes to the enrichment of host transmembrane proteins in the HIV-1 particle. Since some of these host transmembrane proteins alter release, attachment, or infectivity of the nascent virions, the mechanism of Gag targeting to the PM and the nature of virus assembly sites have major implications in virus spread.
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8
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Brown JB, Summers HR, Brown LA, Marchant J, Canova PN, O'Hern CT, Abbott ST, Nyaunu C, Maxwell S, Johnson T, Moser MB, Ablan SD, Carter H, Freed EO, Summers MF. Structural and Mechanistic Studies of the Rare Myristoylation Signal of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4076-4091. [PMID: 32442659 PMCID: PMC7316625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
All retroviruses encode a Gag polyprotein containing an N-terminal matrix domain (MA) that anchors Gag to the plasma membrane and recruits envelope glycoproteins to virus assembly sites. Membrane binding by the Gag protein of HIV-1 and most other lentiviruses is dependent on N-terminal myristoylation of MA by host N-myristoyltransferase enzymes (NMTs), which recognize a six-residue "myristoylation signal" with consensus sequence: M1GXXX[ST]. For unknown reasons, the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), which infects both domestic and wild cats, encodes a non-consensus myristoylation sequence not utilized by its host or by other mammals (most commonly: M1GNGQG). To explore the evolutionary basis for this sequence, we compared the structure, dynamics, and myristoylation properties of native FIV MA with a mutant protein containing a consensus feline myristoylation motif (MANOS) and examined the impact of MA mutations on virus assembly and ability to support spreading infection. Unexpectedly, myristoylation efficiency of MANOS in Escherichia coli by co-expressed mammalian NMT was reduced by ~70% compared to the wild-type protein. NMR studies revealed that residues of the N-terminal myristoylation signal are fully exposed and mobile in the native protein but partially sequestered in the MANOS chimera, suggesting that the unusual FIV sequence is conserved to promote exposure and efficient myristoylation of the MA N terminus. In contrast, virus assembly studies indicate that the MANOS mutation does not affect virus assembly, but does prevent virus spread, in feline kidney cells. Our findings indicate that residues of the FIV myristoylation sequence play roles in replication beyond NMT recognition and Gag-membrane binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janae B Brown
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Holly R Summers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lola A Brown
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Jan Marchant
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Paige N Canova
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Colin T O'Hern
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Sophia T Abbott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Constance Nyaunu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Simon Maxwell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Talayah Johnson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Morgan B Moser
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Sherimay D Ablan
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Fredrick, Fredrick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Hannah Carter
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Fredrick, Fredrick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Fredrick, Fredrick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Michael F Summers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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9
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Junková P, Pleskot R, Prchal J, Sýs J, Ruml T. Differences and commonalities in plasma membrane recruitment of the two morphogenetically distinct retroviruses HIV-1 and MMTV. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8819-8833. [PMID: 32385109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral Gag polyproteins are targeted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane through their N-terminal matrix (MA) domain. Because retroviruses of different morphogenetic types assemble their immature particles in distinct regions of the host cell, the mechanism of MA-mediated plasma membrane targeting differs among distinct retroviral morphogenetic types. Here, we focused on possible mechanistic differences of the MA-mediated plasma membrane targeting of the B-type mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and C-type HIV-1, which assemble in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations, together with surface mapping, indicated that, similarly to HIV-1, MMTV uses a myristic switch to anchor the MA to the membrane and electrostatically interacts with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to stabilize MA orientation. We observed that the affinity of MMTV MA to the membrane is lower than that of HIV-1 MA, possibly related to their different topologies and the number of basic residues in the highly basic MA region. The latter probably reflects the requirement of C-type retroviruses for tighter membrane binding, essential for assembly, unlike for D/B-type retroviruses, which assemble in the cytoplasm. A comparison of the membrane topology of the HIV-1 MA, using the surface-mapping method and molecular dynamics simulations, revealed that the residues at the HIV-1 MA C terminus help stabilize protein-protein interactions within the HIV-1 MA lattice at the plasma membrane. In summary, HIV-1 and MMTV share common features such as membrane binding of the MA via hydrophobic interactions and exhibit several differences, including lower membrane affinity of MMTV MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Junková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Prchal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sýs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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10
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Islinger M, Costello JL, Kors S, Soupene E, Levine TP, Kuypers FA, Schrader M. The diversity of ACBD proteins - From lipid binding to protein modulators and organelle tethers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118675. [PMID: 32044385 PMCID: PMC7057175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the large multigene family of acyl-CoA binding domain containing proteins (ACBDs) share a conserved motif required for binding of Coenzyme A esterified fatty acids of various chain length. These proteins are present in the three kingdoms of life, and despite their predicted roles in cellular lipid metabolism, knowledge about the precise functions of many ACBD proteins remains scarce. Interestingly, several ACBD proteins are now suggested to function at organelle contact sites, and are recognized as host interaction proteins for different pathogens including viruses and bacteria. Here, we present a thorough phylogenetic analysis of the ACBD family and discuss their structure and evolution. We summarize recent findings on the various functions of animal and fungal ACBDs with particular focus on peroxisomes, the role of ACBD proteins at organelle membranes, and their increasing recognition as targets for pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Manheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joseph L Costello
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Suzan Kors
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Eric Soupene
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | | | - Frans A Kuypers
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK.
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11
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Schulte-Zweckel J, Dwivedi M, Brockmeyer A, Janning P, Winter R, Triola G. A hydroxylamine probe for profiling S-acylated fatty acids on proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11183-11186. [PMID: 31465055 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05989j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reversible S-palmitoylation is a key regulatory mechanism of protein function and localization. There is increasing evidence that S-acylation is not restricted to palmitate but it includes shorter, longer, and unsaturated fatty acids. However, the diversity of this protein modification has not been fully explored. Herein, we report a chemical probe that combined with MS-based analysis allows the rapid detection and quantification of fatty acids linked to proteins. We have used this approach to profile the S-acylome and to show that the oncogene N-Ras is heterogeneously acylated with palmitate and palmitoleate. Studies on protein distribution in membrane subdomains with semisynthetic proteins revealed that unsaturated N-Ras presents an increased tendency toward clustering and higher insertion kinetic rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Schulte-Zweckel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Mayer KA, Stöckl J, Zlabinger GJ, Gualdoni GA. Hijacking the Supplies: Metabolism as a Novel Facet of Virus-Host Interaction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1533. [PMID: 31333664 PMCID: PMC6617997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral replication is a process that involves an extremely high turnover of cellular molecules. Since viruses depend on the host cell to obtain the macromolecules needed for their proper replication, they have evolved numerous strategies to shape cellular metabolism and the biosynthesis machinery of the host according to their specific needs. Technologies for the rigorous analysis of metabolic alterations in cells have recently become widely available and have greatly expanded our knowledge of these crucial host–pathogen interactions. We have learned that most viruses enhance specific anabolic pathways and are highly dependent on these alterations. Since uninfected cells are far more plastic in their metabolism, targeting of the virus-induced metabolic alterations is a promising strategy for specific antiviral therapy and has gained great interest recently. In this review, we summarize the current advances in our understanding of metabolic adaptations during viral infections, with a particular focus on the utilization of this information for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Mayer
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido A Gualdoni
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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HIV-1 Matrix Protein Interactions with tRNA: Implications for Membrane Targeting. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2113-2127. [PMID: 29752967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminally myristoylated matrix (MA) domain of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein promotes virus assembly by targeting Gag to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Recent studies indicate that, prior to membrane binding, MA associates with cytoplasmic tRNAs (including tRNALys3), and in vitro studies of tRNA-dependent MA interactions with model membranes have led to proposals that competitive tRNA interactions contribute to membrane discrimination. We have characterized interactions between native, mutant, and unmyristylated (myr-) MA proteins and recombinant tRNALys3 by NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. NMR experiments confirm that tRNALys3 interacts with a patch of basic residues that are also important for binding to the plasma membrane marker, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Unexpectedly, the affinity of MA for tRNALys3 (Kd = 0.63 ± 0.03 μM) is approximately 1 order of magnitude greater than its affinity for PI(4,5)P2-enriched liposomes (Kd(apparent) = 10.2 ± 2.1 μM), and NMR studies indicate that tRNALys3 binding blocks MA association with liposomes, including those enriched with PI(4,5)P2, phosphatidylserine, and cholesterol. However, the affinity of MA for tRNALys3 is diminished by mutations or sample conditions that promote myristate exposure. Since Gag-Gag interactions are known to promote myristate exposure, our findings support virus assembly models in which membrane targeting and genome binding are mechanistically coupled.
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14
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Wapling J, Srivastava S, Shehu-Xhilaga M, Tachedjian G. Targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly, Maturation and Budding. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wapling
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Seema Srivastava
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Miranda Shehu-Xhilaga
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
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15
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Kulkarni MM, Ratcliff AN, Bhat M, Alwarawrah Y, Hughes P, Arcos J, Loiselle D, Torrelles JB, Funderburg NT, Haystead TA, Kwiek JJ. Cellular fatty acid synthase is required for late stages of HIV-1 replication. Retrovirology 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 28962653 PMCID: PMC5622536 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Like all viruses, HIV-1 relies on host systems to replicate. The human purinome consists of approximately two thousand proteins that bind and use purines such as ATP, NADH, and NADPH. By virtue of their purine binding pockets, purinome proteins are highly druggable, and many existing drugs target purine-using enzymes. Leveraging a protein affinity media that uses the purine-binding pocket to capture the entire purinome, we sought to define purine-binding proteins regulated by HIV-1 infection. Results Using purinome capture media, we observed that HIV-1 infection increases intracellular levels of fatty acid synthase (FASN), a NADPH-using enzyme critical to the synthesis of de novo fatty acids. siRNA mediated knockdown of FASN reduced HIV-1 particle production by 80%, and treatment of tissue culture cells or primary PBMCs with Fasnall, a newly described selective FASN inhibitor, reduced HIV-1 virion production by 90% (EC50 = 213 nM). Despite the requirement of FASN for nascent virion production, FASN activity was not required for intracellular Gag protein production, indicating that FASN dependent de novo fatty acid biosynthesis contributes to a late step of HIV-1 replication. Conclusions Here we show that HIV-1 replication both increases FASN levels and requires host FASN activity. We also report that Fasnall, a novel FASN inhibitor that demonstrates anti-tumor activity in vivo, is a potent and efficacious antiviral, blocking HIV-1 replication in both tissue culture and primary cell models of HIV-1 replication. In adults, most fatty acids are obtained exogenously from the diet, thus making FASN a plausible candidate for pharmacological intervention. In conclusion, we hypothesize that FASN is a novel host dependency factor and that inhibition of FASN activity has the potential to be exploited as an antiretroviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha M Kulkarni
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Annette N Ratcliff
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 476 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Rd, Madison, WI, 53711-5399, USA
| | - Menakshi Bhat
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 476 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yazan Alwarawrah
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, C118 LSRC, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Philip Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, C118 LSRC, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jesus Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Loiselle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, C118 LSRC, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy A Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, C118 LSRC, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Jesse J Kwiek
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 476 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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16
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Görlitz F, Kelly DJ, Warren SC, Alibhai D, West L, Kumar S, Alexandrov Y, Munro I, Garcia E, McGinty J, Talbot C, Serwa RA, Thinon E, da Paola V, Murray EJ, Stuhmeier F, Neil MAA, Tate EW, Dunsby C, French PMW. Open Source High Content Analysis Utilizing Automated Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017:55119. [PMID: 28190060 PMCID: PMC5352269 DOI: 10.3791/55119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an open source high content analysis instrument utilizing automated fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) for assaying protein interactions using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based readouts of fixed or live cells in multiwell plates. This provides a means to screen for cell signaling processes read out using intramolecular FRET biosensors or intermolecular FRET of protein interactions such as oligomerization or heterodimerization, which can be used to identify binding partners. We describe here the functionality of this automated multiwell plate FLIM instrumentation and present exemplar data from our studies of HIV Gag protein oligomerization and a time course of a FRET biosensor in live cells. A detailed description of the practical implementation is then provided with reference to a list of hardware components and a description of the open source data acquisition software written in µManager. The application of FLIMfit, an open source MATLAB-based client for the OMERO platform, to analyze arrays of multiwell plate FLIM data is also presented. The protocols for imaging fixed and live cells are outlined and a demonstration of an automated multiwell plate FLIM experiment using cells expressing fluorescent protein-based FRET constructs is presented. This is complemented by a walk-through of the data analysis for this specific FLIM FRET data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Görlitz
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London;
| | - Douglas J Kelly
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
| | - Sean C Warren
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
| | - Dominic Alibhai
- Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London
| | - Lucien West
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
| | | | - Ian Munro
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
| | - Edwin Garcia
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
| | - James McGinty
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
| | - Clifford Talbot
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
| | - Remigiusz A Serwa
- Chemical Biology Section, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London
| | - Emmanuelle Thinon
- Chemical Biology Section, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London
| | | | | | - Frank Stuhmeier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Limited, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - Mark A A Neil
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
| | - Edward W Tate
- Chemical Biology Section, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London
| | - Christopher Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London; Centre for Histopathology, Imperial College London
| | - Paul M W French
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
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17
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Yandrapalli N, Lubart Q, Tanwar HS, Picart C, Mak J, Muriaux D, Favard C. Self assembly of HIV-1 Gag protein on lipid membranes generates PI(4,5)P 2/Cholesterol nanoclusters. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39332. [PMID: 28008947 PMCID: PMC5180241 DOI: 10.1038/srep39332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of HIV-1 Gag polyprotein at the inner leaflet of the cell host plasma membrane is the key orchestrator of virus assembly. The binding between Gag and the plasma membrane is mediated by specific interaction of the Gag matrix domain and the PI(4,5)P2 lipid (PIP2). It is unknown whether this interaction could lead to local reorganization of the plasma membrane lipids. In this study, using model membranes, we examined the ability of Gag to segregate specific lipids upon self-assembly. We show for the first time that Gag self-assembly is responsible for the formation of PIP2 lipid nanoclusters, enriched in cholesterol but not in sphingomyelin. We also show that Gag mainly partition into liquid-disordered domains of these lipid membranes. Our work strongly suggests that, instead of targeting pre-existing plasma membrane lipid domains, Gag is more prone to generate PIP2/Cholesterol lipid nanodomains at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane during early events of virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Yandrapalli
- CNRS-Université Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogenes et de Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Quentin Lubart
- CNRS-Université Grenoble, Institut National de Physique, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Catherine Picart
- CNRS-Université Grenoble, Institut National de Physique, Grenoble, France
| | - Johnson Mak
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- CNRS-Université Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogenes et de Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Favard
- CNRS-Université Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogenes et de Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Montpellier, France
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18
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Membrane Binding of HIV-1 Matrix Protein: Dependence on Bilayer Composition and Protein Lipidation. J Virol 2016; 90:4544-4555. [PMID: 26912608 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02820-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED By assembling in a protein lattice on the host's plasma membrane, the retroviral Gag polyprotein triggers formation of the viral protein/membrane shell. The MA domain of Gag employs multiple signals--electrostatic, hydrophobic, and lipid-specific-to bring the protein to the plasma membrane, thereby complementing protein-protein interactions, located in full-length Gag, in lattice formation. We report the interaction of myristoylated and unmyristoylated HIV-1 Gag MA domains with bilayers composed of purified lipid components to dissect these complex membrane signals and quantify their contributions to the overall interaction. Surface plasmon resonance on well-defined planar membrane models is used to quantify binding affinities and amounts of protein and yields free binding energy contributions, ΔG, of the various signals. Charge-charge interactions in the absence of the phosphatidylinositide PI(4,5)P2 attract the protein to acidic membrane surfaces, and myristoylation increases the affinity by a factor of 10; thus, our data do not provide evidence for a PI(4,5)P2 trigger of myristate exposure. Lipid-specific interactions with PI(4,5)P2, the major signal lipid in the inner plasma membrane, increase membrane attraction at a level similar to that of protein lipidation. While cholesterol does not directly engage in interactions, it augments protein affinity strongly by facilitating efficient myristate insertion and PI(4,5)P2 binding. We thus observe that the isolated MA protein, in the absence of protein-protein interaction conferred by the full-length Gag, binds the membrane with submicromolar affinities. IMPORTANCE Like other retroviral species, the Gag polyprotein of HIV-1 contains three major domains: the N-terminal, myristoylated MA domain that targets the protein to the plasma membrane of the host; a central capsid-forming domain; and the C-terminal, genome-binding nucleocapsid domain. These domains act in concert to condense Gag into a membrane-bounded protein lattice that recruits genomic RNA into the virus and forms the shell of a budding immature viral capsid. In binding studies of HIV-1 Gag MA to model membranes with well-controlled lipid composition, we dissect the multiple interactions of the MA domain with its target membrane. This results in a detailed understanding of the thermodynamic aspects that determine membrane association, preferential lipid recruitment to the viral shell, and those aspects of Gag assembly into the membrane-bound protein lattice that are determined by MA.
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19
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Mercredi PY, Bucca N, Loeliger B, Gaines CR, Mehta M, Bhargava P, Tedbury PR, Charlier L, Floquet N, Muriaux D, Favard C, Sanders CR, Freed EO, Marchant J, Summers MF. Structural and Molecular Determinants of Membrane Binding by the HIV-1 Matrix Protein. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1637-55. [PMID: 26992353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of HIV-1 particles is initiated by the trafficking of viral Gag polyproteins from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, where they co-localize and bud to form immature particles. Membrane targeting is mediated by the N-terminally myristoylated matrix (MA) domain of Gag and is dependent on the plasma membrane marker phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Recent studies revealed that PI(4,5)P2 molecules containing truncated acyl chains [tr-PI(4,5)P2] are capable of binding MA in an "extended lipid" conformation and promoting myristoyl exposure. Here we report that tr-PI(4,5)P2 molecules also readily bind to non-membrane proteins, including HIV-1 capsid, which prompted us to re-examine MA-PI(4,5)P2 interactions using native lipids and membrane mimetic liposomes and bicelles. Liposome binding trends observed using a recently developed NMR approach paralleled results of flotation assays, although the affinities measured under the equilibrium conditions of NMR experiments were significantly higher. Native PI(4,5)P2 enhanced MA binding to liposomes designed to mimic non-raft-like regions of the membrane, suggesting the possibility that binding of the protein to disordered domains may precede Gag association with, or nucleation of, rafts. Studies with bicelles revealed a subset of surface and myr-associated MA residues that are sensitive to native PI(4,5)P2, but cleft residues that interact with the 2'-acyl chains of tr-PI(4,5)P2 molecules in aqueous solution were insensitive to native PI(4,5)P2 in bicelles. Our findings call to question extended-lipid MA:membrane binding models, and instead support a model put forward from coarse-grained simulations indicating that binding is mediated predominantly by dynamic, electrostatic interactions between conserved basic residues of MA and multiple PI(4,5)P2 and phosphatidylserine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y Mercredi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Nadine Bucca
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Burk Loeliger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Christy R Gaines
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Mansi Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Pallavi Bhargava
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Philip R Tedbury
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Fredrick, Fredrick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Landry Charlier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR5247, Université Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Nicolas Floquet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR5247, Université Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Centre d'études d'agents Pathogénes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé CNRS-UMR 5236, Université Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Cyril Favard
- Centre d'études d'agents Pathogénes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé CNRS-UMR 5236, Université Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Charles R Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, and Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Fredrick, Fredrick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Jan Marchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Michael F Summers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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20
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Soupene E, Kao J, Cheng DH, Wang D, Greninger AL, Knudsen GM, DeRisi JL, Kuypers FA. Association of NMT2 with the acyl-CoA carrier ACBD6 protects the N-myristoyltransferase reaction from palmitoyl-CoA. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:288-98. [PMID: 26621918 PMCID: PMC4727424 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The covalent attachment of a 14-carbon aliphatic tail on a glycine residue of nascent translated peptide chains is catalyzed in human cells by two N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) enzymes using the rare myristoyl-CoA (C(14)-CoA) molecule as fatty acid donor. Although, NMT enzymes can only transfer a myristate group, they lack specificity for C(14)-CoA and can also bind the far more abundant palmitoyl-CoA (C(16)-CoA) molecule. We determined that the acyl-CoA binding protein, acyl-CoA binding domain (ACBD)6, stimulated the NMT reaction of NMT2. This stimulatory effect required interaction between ACBD6 and NMT2, and was enhanced by binding of ACBD6 to its ligand, C(18:2)-CoA. ACBD6 also interacted with the second human NMT enzyme, NMT1. The presence of ACBD6 prevented competition of the NMT reaction by C(16)-CoA. Mutants of ACBD6 that were either deficient in ligand binding to the N-terminal ACBD or unable to interact with NMT2 did not stimulate activity of NMT2, nor could they protect the enzyme from utilizing the competitor C(16)-CoA. These results indicate that ACBD6 can locally sequester C(16)-CoA and prevent its access to the enzyme binding site via interaction with NMT2. Thus, the ligand binding properties of the NMT/ACBD6 complex can explain how the NMT reaction can proceed in the presence of the very abundant competitive substrate, C(16)-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soupene
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Joseph Kao
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Daniel H Cheng
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Derek Wang
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Giselle M Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA
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21
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Colquhoun DR, Lyashkov AE, Ubaida Mohien C, Aquino VN, Bullock BT, Dinglasan RR, Agnew BJ, Graham DRM. Bioorthogonal mimetics of palmitoyl-CoA and myristoyl-CoA and their subsequent isolation by click chemistry and characterization by mass spectrometry reveal novel acylated host-proteins modified by HIV-1 infection. Proteomics 2015; 15:2066-77. [PMID: 25914232 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein acylation plays a critical role in protein localization and function. Acylation is essential for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) assembly and budding of HIV-1 from the plasma membrane in lipid raft microdomains and is mediated by myristoylation of the Gag polyprotein and the copackaging of the envelope protein is facilitated by colocalization mediated by palmitoylation. Since the viral accessory protein NEF has been shown to alter the substrate specificity of myristoyl transferases, and alter cargo trafficking lipid rafts, we hypothesized that HIV-1 infection may alter protein acylation globally. To test this hypothesis, we labeled HIV-1 infected cells with biomimetics of acyl azides, which are incorporated in a manner analogous to natural acyl-Co-A. A terminal azide group allowed us to use a copper catalyzed click chemistry to conjugate the incorporated modifications to a number of substrates to carry out SDS-PAGE, fluorescence microscopy, and enrichment for LC-MS/MS. Using LC-MS/MS, we identified 103 and 174 proteins from the myristic and palmitic azide enrichments, with 27 and 45 proteins respectively that differentiated HIV-1 infected from uninfected cells. This approach has provided us with important insights into HIV-1 biology and is widely applicable to many virological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Colquhoun
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexey E Lyashkov
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ceereena Ubaida Mohien
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica N Aquino
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon T Bullock
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Agnew
- Biosciences Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - David R M Graham
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-Bisphosphate Acyl Chains Differentiate Membrane Binding of HIV-1 Gag from That of the Phospholipase Cδ1 Pleckstrin Homology Domain. J Virol 2015; 89:7861-73. [PMID: 25995263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00794-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1 Gag, which drives virion assembly, interacts with a plasma membrane (PM)-specific phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. While cellular acidic phospholipid-binding proteins/domains, such as the PI(4,5)P2-specific pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase Cδ1 (PHPLCδ1), mediate headgroup-specific interactions with corresponding phospholipids, the exact nature of the Gag-PI(4,5)P2 interaction remains undetermined. In this study, we used giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) to examine how PI(4,5)P2 with unsaturated or saturated acyl chains affect membrane binding of PHPLCδ1 and Gag. Both unsaturated dioleoyl-PI(4,5)P2 [DO-PI(4,5)P2] and saturated dipalmitoyl-PI(4,5)P2 [DP-PI(4,5)P2] successfully recruited PHPLCδ1 to membranes of single-phase GUVs. In contrast, DO-PI(4,5)P2 but not DP-PI(4,5)P2 recruited Gag to GUVs, indicating that PI(4,5)P2 acyl chains contribute to stable membrane binding of Gag. GUVs containing PI(4,5)P2, cholesterol, and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine separated into two coexisting phases: one was a liquid phase, and the other appeared to be a phosphatidylserine-enriched gel phase. In these vesicles, the liquid phase recruited PHPLCδ1 regardless of PI(4,5)P2 acyl chains. Likewise, Gag bound to the liquid phase when PI(4,5)P2 had DO-acyl chains. DP-PI(4,5)P2-containing GUVs showed no detectable Gag binding to the liquid phase. Unexpectedly, however, DP-PI(4,5)P2 still promoted recruitment of Gag, but not PHPLCδ1, to the dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylserine-enriched gel phase of these GUVs. Altogether, these results revealed different roles for PI(4,5)P2 acyl chains in membrane binding of two PI(4,5)P2-binding proteins, Gag and PHPLCδ1. Notably, we observed that nonmyristylated Gag retains the preference for PI(4,5)P2 containing an unsaturated acyl chain over DP-PI(4,5)P2, suggesting that Gag sensitivity to PI(4,5)P2 acyl chain saturation is determined directly by the matrix-PI(4,5)P2 interaction, rather than indirectly by a myristate-dependent mechanism. IMPORTANCE Binding of HIV-1 Gag to the plasma membrane is promoted by its interaction with a plasma membrane-localized phospholipid, PI(4,5)P2. Many cellular proteins are also recruited to the plasma membrane via PI(4,5)P2-interacting domains represented by PHPLCδ1. However, differences and/or similarities between these host proteins and viral Gag protein in the nature of their PI(4,5)P2 interactions, especially in the context of membrane binding, remain to be determined. Using a novel giant unilamellar vesicle-based system, we found that PI(4,5)P2 with an unsaturated acyl chain recruited PHPLCδ1 and Gag similarly, whereas PI(4,5)P2 with saturated acyl chains either recruited PHPLCδ1 but not Gag or sorted these proteins to different phases of vesicles. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that PI(4,5)P2 acyl chains differentially modulate membrane binding of PI(4,5)P2-binding proteins. Since Gag membrane binding is essential for progeny virion production, the PI(4,5)P2 acyl chain property may serve as a potential target for anti-HIV therapeutic strategies.
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23
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Aiamkitsumrit B, Sullivan NT, Nonnemacher MR, Pirrone V, Wigdahl B. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cellular Entry and Exit in the T Lymphocytic and Monocytic Compartments: Mechanisms and Target Opportunities During Viral Disease. Adv Virus Res 2015; 93:257-311. [PMID: 26111588 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, a number of cell types throughout the body are infected, with the majority of cells representing CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Both types of cells express, to varying levels, the primary receptor molecule, CD4, as well as one or both of the coreceptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. Viral tropism is determined by both the coreceptor utilized for entry and the cell type infected. Although a single virus may have the capacity to infect both a CD4+ T cell and a cell of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, the mechanisms involved in both the entry of the virus into the cell and the viral egress from the cell during budding and viral release differ depending on the cell type. These host-virus interactions and processes can result in the differential targeting of different cell types by selected viral quasispecies and the overall amount of infectious virus released into the extracellular environment or by direct cell-to-cell spread of viral infectivity. This review covers the major steps of virus entry and egress with emphasis on the parts of the replication process that lead to differences in how the virus enters, replicates, and buds from different cellular compartments, such as CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neil T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Brown LA, Cox C, Baptiste J, Summers H, Button R, Bahlow K, Spurrier V, Kyser J, Luttge BG, Kuo L, Freed EO, Summers MF. NMR structure of the myristylated feline immunodeficiency virus matrix protein. Viruses 2015; 7:2210-29. [PMID: 25941825 PMCID: PMC4452903 DOI: 10.3390/v7052210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane targeting by the Gag proteins of the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV types-1 and -2) is mediated by Gag's N-terminally myristylated matrix (MA) domain and is dependent on cellular phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. To determine if other lentiviruses employ a similar membrane targeting mechanism, we initiated studies of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a widespread feline pathogen with potential utility for development of human therapeutics. Bacterial co-translational myristylation was facilitated by mutation of two amino acids near the amino-terminus of the protein (Q5A/G6S; myrMAQ5A/G6S). These substitutions did not affect virus assembly or release from transfected cells. NMR studies revealed that the myristyl group is buried within a hydrophobic pocket in a manner that is structurally similar to that observed for the myristylated HIV-1 protein. Comparisons with a recent crystal structure of the unmyristylated FIV protein [myr(-)MA] indicate that only small changes in helix orientation are required to accommodate the sequestered myr group. Depletion of PI(4,5)P2 from the plasma membrane of FIV-infected CRFK cells inhibited production of FIV particles, indicating that, like HIV, FIV hijacks the PI(4,5)P2 cellular signaling system to direct intracellular Gag trafficking during virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola A Brown
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Cassiah Cox
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Janae Baptiste
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Holly Summers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Ryan Button
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Kennedy Bahlow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Vaughn Spurrier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Jenna Kyser
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Benjamin G Luttge
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Lillian Kuo
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Michael F Summers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Olety B, Ono A. Roles played by acidic lipids in HIV-1 Gag membrane binding. Virus Res 2014; 193:108-15. [PMID: 24998886 PMCID: PMC4252750 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The MA domain mediates plasma membrane (PM) targeting of HIV-1 Gag, leading to particle assembly at the PM. The interaction between MA and acidic phospholipids, in addition to N-terminal myristoyl moiety, promotes Gag binding to lipid membranes. Among acidic phospholipids, PI(4,5)P2, a PM-specific phosphoinositide, is essential for proper HIV-1 Gag localization to the PM and efficient virus particle production. Recent studies further revealed that MA-bound RNA negatively regulates HIV-1 Gag membrane binding and that PI(4,5)P2 is necessary to overcome this RNA-imposed block. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of Gag-membrane interactions and discuss potential roles played by acidic phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Olety
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Guo HJ, Liu YZ, Paskaleva EE, Arra M, Kennedy JS, Shekhtman A, Canki M. Use of Sargassum fusiforme Extract and its Bioactive Molecules to inhibit HIV Infection: Bridging Two Paradigms between Eastern and Western Medicine. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(14)60041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Virus particle release from glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains is essential for dendritic cell-mediated capture and transfer of HIV-1 and henipavirus. J Virol 2014; 88:8813-25. [PMID: 24872578 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00992-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exploits dendritic cells (DCs) to promote its transmission to T cells. We recently reported that the capture of HIV-1 by mature dendritic cells (MDCs) is mediated by an interaction between the glycosphingolipid (GSL) GM3 on virus particles and CD169/Siglec-1 on MDCs. Since HIV-1 preferentially buds from GSL-enriched lipid microdomains on the plasma membrane, we hypothesized that the virus assembly and budding site determines the ability of HIV-1 to interact with MDCs. In support of this hypothesis, mutations in the N-terminal basic domain (29/31KE) or deletion of the membrane-targeting domain of the HIV-1 matrix (MA) protein that altered the virus assembly and budding site to CD63(+)/Lamp-1-positive intracellular compartments resulted in lower levels of virion incorporation of GM3 and attenuation of virus capture by MDCs. Furthermore, MDC-mediated capture and transmission of MA mutant viruses to T cells were decreased, suggesting that HIV-1 acquires GSLs via budding from the plasma membrane to access the MDC-dependent trans infection pathway. Interestingly, MDC-mediated capture of Nipah and Hendra virus (recently emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses) M (matrix) protein-derived virus-like particles that bud from GSL-enriched plasma membrane microdomains was also dependent on interactions between virion-incorporated GSLs and CD169. Moreover, capture and transfer of Nipah virus envelope glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentivirus particles by MDCs were severely attenuated upon depletion of GSLs from virus particles. These results suggest that GSL incorporation into virions is critical for the interaction of diverse enveloped RNA viruses with DCs and that the GSL-CD169 recognition nexus might be a conserved viral mechanism of parasitization of DC functions for systemic virus dissemination. IMPORTANCE Dendritic cells (DCs) can capture HIV-1 particles and transfer captured virus particles to T cells without establishing productive infection in DCs, a mechanism of HIV-1 trans infection. We have recently identified CD169-mediated recognition of GM3, a host-derived glycosphingolipid (GSL) incorporated into the virus particle membrane, as the receptor and ligand for the DC-HIV trans infection pathway. In this study, we have identified the matrix (MA) domain of Gag to be the viral determinant that governs incorporation of GM3 into HIV-1 particles, a previously unappreciated function of the HIV-1 MA. In addition, we demonstrate that the GSL-CD169-dependent trans infection pathway is also utilized as a dissemination mechanism by henipaviruses. GSL incorporation in henipaviruses was also dependent on the viral capsid (M) protein-directed assembly and budding from GSL-enriched lipid microdomains. These findings provide evidence of a conserved mechanism of retrovirus and henipavirus parasitization of cell-to-cell recognition pathways for systemic virus dissemination.
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Gutiérrez-Granados S, Cervera L, Gòdia F, Carrillo J, Segura MM. Development and validation of a quantitation assay for fluorescently tagged HIV-1 virus-like particles. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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29
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Alibhai D, Kelly DJ, Warren S, Kumar S, Margineau A, Serwa RA, Thinon E, Alexandrov Y, Murray EJ, Stuhmeier F, Tate EW, Neil MAA, Dunsby C, French PMW. Automated fluorescence lifetime imaging plate reader and its application to Förster resonant energy transfer readout of Gag protein aggregation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013. [PMID: 23184449 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.v6.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime measurements can provide quantitative readouts of local fluorophore environment and can be applied to biomolecular interactions via Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET). Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) can therefore provide a high content analysis (HCA) modality to map protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with applications in drug discovery, systems biology and basic research. We present here an automated multiwell plate reader able to perform rapid unsupervised optically sectioned FLIM of fixed and live biological samples and illustrate its potential to assay PPIs through application to Gag protein aggregation during the HIV life cycle. We demonstrate both hetero-FRET and homo-FRET readouts of protein aggregation and report the first quantitative evaluation of a FLIM HCA assay by generating dose response curves through addition of an inhibitor of Gag myristoylation. Z' factors exceeding 0.6 are realised for this FLIM FRET assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Alibhai
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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30
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Alibhai D, Kelly DJ, Warren S, Kumar S, Margineau A, Serwa RA, Thinon E, Alexandrov Y, Murray EJ, Stuhmeier F, Tate EW, Neil MAA, Dunsby C, French PMW. Automated fluorescence lifetime imaging plate reader and its application to Förster resonant energy transfer readout of Gag protein aggregation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:398-408. [PMID: 23184449 PMCID: PMC3660788 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime measurements can provide quantitative readouts of local fluorophore environment and can be applied to biomolecular interactions via Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET). Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) can therefore provide a high content analysis (HCA) modality to map protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with applications in drug discovery, systems biology and basic research. We present here an automated multiwell plate reader able to perform rapid unsupervised optically sectioned FLIM of fixed and live biological samples and illustrate its potential to assay PPIs through application to Gag protein aggregation during the HIV life cycle. We demonstrate both hetero-FRET and homo-FRET readouts of protein aggregation and report the first quantitative evaluation of a FLIM HCA assay by generating dose response curves through addition of an inhibitor of Gag myristoylation. Z' factors exceeding 0.6 are realised for this FLIM FRET assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Alibhai
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2A, UK
| | - Douglas J Kelly
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2A, UK
| | - Sean Warren
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2A, UK
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anca Margineau
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Remigiusz A Serwa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Thinon
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yuriy Alexandrov
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Frank Stuhmeier
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Limited, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark A A Neil
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Histopathology, Imperial College LondonDu Cane Rd, London, UK
| | - Paul M W French
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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HIV-1 Gag associates with specific uropod-directed microdomains in a manner dependent on its MA highly basic region. J Virol 2013; 87:6441-54. [PMID: 23536680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00040-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In polarized T cells, HIV-1 Gag localizes to a rear-end protrusion known as the uropod in a multimerization-dependent manner. Gag-laden uropods participate in formation of virological synapses, intercellular contact structures that play a key role in cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission. Our previous observations suggest that Gag associates with uropod-directed microdomains (UDMs) that eventually comigrate with Gag to the uropod over the cell surface. However, the nature of Gag multimerization required for this movement, the composition of the UDMs, and the molecular determinants for Gag association with these microdomains remain unknown. In this study, we found that Gag multimerization prior to budding but beyond dimerization is necessary for Gag localization to the uropods, indicating that uropod localization occurs early in the assembly process. We also found that prior to membrane curvature, Gag multimers associate with a specific subset of UDMs containing PSGL-1, CD43, and CD44 but not ICAM-1, ICAM-3, or CD59. Notably, upon association, Gag excludes ICAM-3 from this subset of UDMs, revealing an active and selective reorganization of these microdomains by Gag. This specific association between Gag and UDMs is dependent on the highly basic region (HBR) in the Gag matrix (MA) domain. The overall positive charge of the HBR was needed for the interaction with the specific UDM subset, while the exact HBR sequence was not, unlike that seen for MA binding to the plasma membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Taken together, these findings revealed that HIV-1 Gag associates with specific microdomains present in polarized T cells in an MA-dependent manner, which results in modification of the microdomain constituents.
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Dai L, Lidie KB, Chen Q, Adelsberger JW, Zheng X, Huang D, Yang J, Lempicki RA, Rehman T, Dewar RL, Wang Y, Hornung RL, Canizales KA, Lockett SJ, Lane HC, Imamichi T. IL-27 inhibits HIV-1 infection in human macrophages by down-regulating host factor SPTBN1 during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. J Exp Med 2013; 210:517-34. [PMID: 23460728 PMCID: PMC3600911 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of macrophages to HIV-1 infection is modulated during monocyte differentiation. IL-27 is an anti-HIV cytokine that also modulates monocyte activation. In this study, we present new evidence that IL-27 promotes monocyte differentiation into macrophages that are nonpermissive for HIV-1 infection. Although IL-27 treatment does not affect expression of macrophage differentiation markers or macrophage biological functions, it confers HIV resistance by down-regulating spectrin β nonerythrocyte 1 (SPTBN1), a required host factor for HIV-1 infection. IL-27 down-regulates SPTBN1 through a TAK-1-mediated MAPK signaling pathway. Knockdown of SPTBN1 strongly inhibits HIV-1 infection of macrophages; conversely, overexpression of SPTBN1 markedly increases HIV susceptibility of IL-27-treated macrophages. Moreover, we demonstrate that SPTBN1 associates with HIV-1 gag proteins. Collectively, our results underscore the ability of IL-27 to protect macrophages from HIV-1 infection by down-regulating SPTBN1, thus indicating that SPTBN1 is an important host target to reduce HIV-1 replication in one major element of the viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Dai
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kristy B. Lidie
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Qian Chen
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Joseph W. Adelsberger
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Xin Zheng
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - DaWei Huang
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jun Yang
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Richard A. Lempicki
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Tauseef Rehman
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robin L. Dewar
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ronald L. Hornung
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kelsey A. Canizales
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - H. Clifford Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
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Puryear WB, Gummuluru S. Role of glycosphingolipids in dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 trans-infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 762:131-53. [PMID: 22975874 PMCID: PMC3686569 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are components of the cell membrane that comprise a membrane bound lipid, ceramide, coupled to an extracellular carbohydrate. GSLs impact numerous aspects of membrane biology, including membrane fluidity, curvature, and organization. The role of these molecules in both chronic inflammation and infectious disease and underlying pathogenic mechanisms are just starting to be recognized. As a component of the cell membrane, GSLs are also incorporated into lipid bilayers of diverse enveloped viruses as they bud out from the host cell and can go on to have a significant influence on viral pathogenesis. Dendritic cell (DC) subsets located in the peripheral mucosal tissues are proposed to be one of the earliest cell types that encounter transmitted viruses and help initiate adaptive immune responses against the invading pathogen by interacting with T cells. In turn, viruses, as obligatory intracellular parasites, rely on host cells for completing their replication cycle, and not surprisingly, HIV has evolved to exploit DC biology for the initial transmission event as well as for its dissemination and propagation within the infected host. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which GSLs impact DC-mediated HIV trans-infection by either modulating virus infectivity, serving as a direct virus particle-associated host-derived ligand for specific interactions with DCs, or modulating the T cell membrane in such a way as to impact viral entry and thereby productive infection of CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Blay Puryear
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Keller H, Kräusslich HG, Schwille P. Multimerizable HIV Gag derivative binds to the liquid-disordered phase in model membranes. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:237-47. [PMID: 23121220 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During HIV assembly, a protein coat on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane drives the formation of virus particles, and appears to induce the preferential accumulation of 'raft' lipids in the viral envelope, although the lipid raft concept mainly proposes microdomains of these lipids in the outer leaflet. The common hypothesis is that Gag preferentially associates with, and thereby probably induces, raft-like domains, because the protein is multimerized and specifically linked to two saturated acyl chains. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a minimal in vitro system in which we analysed the interaction of a Gag derivative, which could be triggered to multimerize, with a domain-forming model membrane resembling the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Confirming studies with authentic Gag, this Gag derivative only bound to membranes when it was multimerized, myristoylated and when phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate was present in the membrane. Unexpectedly, however, the multimerized Gag derivative was largely excluded from ordered domains in model membranes. This suggests that the mechanism of membrane reorganization during HIV assembly does not simply result from a higher affinity of the clustered Gag membrane binding domain to ordered membrane domains, but involves more complex biophysical interactions or possibly also an additional protein machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Keller
- Biophysics, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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The Continuing Evolution of HIV-1 Therapy: Identification and Development of Novel Antiretroviral Agents Targeting Viral and Cellular Targets. Mol Biol Int 2012; 2012:401965. [PMID: 22848825 PMCID: PMC3400388 DOI: 10.1155/2012/401965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, over thirty-five anti-HIV-1 therapies have been developed for use in humans and the progression from monotherapeutic treatment regimens to today's highly active combination antiretroviral therapies has had a dramatic impact on disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. In spite of the success of AIDS therapies and the existence of inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, protease, entry and fusion, and integrase, HIV-1 therapies still have a variety of problems which require continued development efforts to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity, while making drugs that can be used throughout both the developed and developing world, in pediatric populations, and in pregnant women. Highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) have significantly delayed the progression to AIDS, and in the developed world HIV-1-infected individuals might be expected to live normal life spans while on lifelong therapies. However, the difficult treatment regimens, the presence of class-specific drug toxicities, and the emergence of drug-resistant virus isolates highlight the fact that improvements in our therapeutic regimens and the identification of new and novel viral and cellular targets for therapy are still necessary. Antiretroviral therapeutic strategies and targets continue to be explored, and the development of increasingly potent molecules within existing classes of drugs and the development of novel strategies are ongoing.
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36
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Hogue IB, Llewellyn GN, Ono A. Dynamic Association between HIV-1 Gag and Membrane Domains. Mol Biol Int 2012; 2012:979765. [PMID: 22830021 PMCID: PMC3399408 DOI: 10.1155/2012/979765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 particle assembly is driven by the structural protein Gag. Gag binds to and multimerizes on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, eventually resulting in formation of spherical particles. During virus spread among T cells, Gag accumulates to the plasma membrane domain that, together with target cell membrane, forms a cell junction known as the virological synapse. While Gag association with plasma membrane microdomains has been implicated in virus assembly and cell-to-cell transmission, recent studies suggest that, rather than merely accumulating to pre-existing microdomains, Gag plays an active role in reorganizing the microdomains via its multimerization activity. In this paper, we will discuss this emerging view of Gag microdomain interactions. Relationships between Gag multimerization and microdomain association will be further discussed in the context of Gag localization to T-cell uropods and virological synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B. Hogue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - G. Nicholas Llewellyn
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Nangola S, Urvoas A, Valerio-Lepiniec M, Khamaikawin W, Sakkhachornphop S, Hong SS, Boulanger P, Minard P, Tayapiwatana C. Antiviral activity of recombinant ankyrin targeted to the capsid domain of HIV-1 Gag polyprotein. Retrovirology 2012; 9:17. [PMID: 22348230 PMCID: PMC3308923 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ankyrins are cellular mediators of a number of essential protein-protein interactions. Unlike intrabodies, ankyrins are composed of highly structured repeat modules characterized by disulfide bridge-independent folding. Artificial ankyrin molecules, designed to target viral components, might act as intracellular antiviral agents and contribute to the cellular immunity against viral pathogens such as HIV-1. Results A phage-displayed library of artificial ankyrins was constructed, and screened on a polyprotein made of the fused matrix and capsid domains (MA-CA) of the HIV-1 Gag precursor. An ankyrin with three modules named AnkGAG1D4 (16.5 kDa) was isolated. AnkGAG1D4 and MA-CA formed a protein complex with a stoichiometry of 1:1 and a dissociation constant of Kd ~ 1 μM, and the AnkGAG1D4 binding site was mapped to the N-terminal domain of the CA, within residues 1-110. HIV-1 production in SupT1 cells stably expressing AnkGAG1D4 in both N-myristoylated and non-N-myristoylated versions was significantly reduced compared to control cells. AnkGAG1D4 expression also reduced the production of MLV, a phylogenetically distant retrovirus. The AnkGAG1D4-mediated antiviral effect on HIV-1 was found to occur at post-integration steps, but did not involve the Gag precursor processing or cellular trafficking. Our data suggested that the lower HIV-1 progeny yields resulted from the negative interference of AnkGAG1D4-CA with the Gag assembly and budding pathway. Conclusions The resistance of AnkGAG1D4-expressing cells to HIV-1 suggested that the CA-targeted ankyrin AnkGAG1D4 could serve as a protein platform for the design of a novel class of intracellular inhibitors of HIV-1 assembly based on ankyrin-repeat modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawitree Nangola
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Ghanam RH, Samal AB, Fernandez TF, Saad JS. Role of the HIV-1 Matrix Protein in Gag Intracellular Trafficking and Targeting to the Plasma Membrane for Virus Assembly. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:55. [PMID: 22363329 PMCID: PMC3281212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) encodes a polypeptide called Gag that is able to form virus-like particles in vitro in the absence of any cellular or viral constituents. During the late phase of the HIV-1 infection, Gag polyproteins are transported to the plasma membrane (PM) for assembly. In the past two decades, in vivo, in vitro, and structural studies have shown that Gag trafficking and targeting to the PM are orchestrated events that are dependent on multiple factors including cellular proteins and specific membrane lipids. The matrix (MA) domain of Gag has been the focus of these studies as it appears to be engaged in multiple intracellular interactions that are suggested to be critical for virus assembly and replication. The interaction between Gag and the PM is perhaps the most understood. It is now established that the ultimate localization of Gag on punctate sites on the PM is mediated by specific interactions between the MA domain of Gag and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)], a minor lipid localized on the inner leaflet of the PM. Structure-based studies revealed that binding of PI(4,5)P(2) to MA induces minor conformational changes, leading to exposure of the myristyl (myr) group. Exposure of the myr group is also triggered by binding of calmodulin, enhanced by factors that promote protein self-association like the capsid domain of Gag, and is modulated by pH. Despite the steady progress in defining both the viral and cellular determinants of retroviral assembly and release, Gag's intracellular interactions and trafficking to its assembly sites in the infected cell are poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structural and functional role of MA in HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba H Ghanam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
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Fritz JV, Tibroni N, Keppler OT, Fackler OT. HIV-1 Vpu's lipid raft association is dispensable for counteraction of the particle release restriction imposed by CD317/Tetherin. Virology 2012; 424:33-44. [PMID: 22222210 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Vpu antagonizes the block to particle release mediated by CD317 (BST-2/HM1.24/Tetherin) via incompletely understood mechanisms. Vpu and CD317 partially reside in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts where HIV-1 budding preferentially occurs. Here we find that lipid raft association of ectopically expressed or endogenous CD317 was unaltered upon co-expression with Vpu or following HIV-1 infection. Similarly, Vpu's lipid raft association remained unchanged upon expression of CD317. We identify amino acids V25 and Y29 of Vpu as crucial for microdomain partitioning and single substitution of these amino acids resulted in Vpu variants with markedly reduced or undetectable lipid raft association. These mutations did not affect Vpu's subcellular distribution and binding capacity to CD317, nor its ability to downmodulate cell surface CD317 and promote HIV-1 release from CD317-positive cells. We conclude that (i) lipid raft incorporation is dispensable for Vpu-mediated CD317 antagonism and (ii) Vpu does not antagonize CD317 by extraction from lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle V Fritz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, INF 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Waheed AA, Freed EO. HIV type 1 Gag as a target for antiviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:54-75. [PMID: 21848364 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gag proteins of HIV-1 are central players in virus particle assembly, release, and maturation, and also function in the establishment of a productive infection. Despite their importance throughout the replication cycle, there are currently no approved antiretroviral therapies that target the Gag precursor protein or any of the mature Gag proteins. Recent progress in understanding the structural and cell biology of HIV-1 Gag function has revealed a number of potential Gag-related targets for possible therapeutic intervention. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of HIV-1 Gag and suggest some approaches for the development of novel antiretroviral agents that target Gag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul A. Waheed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Eric O. Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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Function of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2011:245090. [PMID: 22191032 PMCID: PMC3235436 DOI: 10.1155/2011/245090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane rafts are small (10–200 nm) sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Membrane rafts play an important role in viral infection cycles and viral virulence. Viruses are divided into four main classes, enveloped DNA virus, enveloped RNA virus, nonenveloped DNA virus, and nonenveloped RNA virus. General virus infection cycle is also classified into two sections, the early stage (entry process) and the late stage (assembly, budding, and release processes of virus particles). In the viral cycle, membrane rafts act as a scaffold of many cellular signal transductions, which are associated with symptoms caused by viral infections. In this paper, we describe the functions of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response according to each virus classification, each stage of the virus lifecycle, and each virus-induced signal transduction.
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Chukkapalli V, Ono A. Molecular determinants that regulate plasma membrane association of HIV-1 Gag. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:512-24. [PMID: 21762797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly is a multistep process that occurs at the plasma membrane (PM). Targeting and binding of Gag to the PM are the first steps in this assembly process and are mediated by the matrix domain of Gag. This review highlights our current knowledge on viral and cellular determinants that affect specific interactions between Gag and the PM. We will discuss potential mechanisms by which the matrix domain might integrate three regulatory components, myristate, phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate, and RNA, to ensure that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly occurs at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineela Chukkapalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Gag induces the coalescence of clustered lipid rafts and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains at HIV-1 assembly sites on the plasma membrane. J Virol 2011; 85:9749-66. [PMID: 21813604 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00743-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 structural protein Gag associates with two types of plasma membrane microdomains, lipid rafts and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs), both of which have been proposed to be platforms for HIV-1 assembly. However, a variety of studies have demonstrated that lipid rafts and TEMs are distinct microdomains in the absence of HIV-1 infection. To measure the impact of Gag on microdomain behaviors, we took advantage of two assays: an antibody-mediated copatching assay and a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that measures the clustering of microdomain markers in live cells without antibody-mediated patching. We found that lipid rafts and TEMs copatched and clustered to a greater extent in the presence of membrane-bound Gag in both assays, suggesting that Gag induces the coalescence of lipid rafts and TEMs. Substitutions in membrane binding motifs of Gag revealed that, while Gag membrane binding is necessary to induce coalescence of lipid rafts and TEMs, either acylation of Gag or binding of phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate is sufficient. Finally, a Gag derivative that is defective in inducing membrane curvature appeared less able to induce lipid raft and TEM coalescence. A higher-resolution analysis of assembly sites by correlative fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy showed that coalescence of clustered lipid rafts and TEMs occurs predominantly at completed cell surface virus-like particles, whereas a transmembrane raft marker protein appeared to associate with punctate Gag fluorescence even in the absence of cell surface particles. Together, these results suggest that different membrane microdomain components are recruited in a stepwise manner during assembly.
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Abstract
Assembly and release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles is mediated by the viral Gag polyprotein precursor. Gag is synthesized in the cytosol and rapidly translocates to membrane to orchestrate particle production. The cell biology of HIV-1 Gag trafficking is currently one of the least understood aspects of HIV-1 replication. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of the cellular machinery involved in Gag trafficking and virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Eric O. Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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Haughey NJ, Tovar-y-Romo LB, Bandaru VVR. Roles for biological membranes in regulating human immunodeficiency virus replication and progress in the development of HIV therapeutics that target lipid metabolism. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:284-95. [PMID: 21445582 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involves a number of important interactions with lipid components in host membranes that regulate binding, fusion, internalization, and viral assembly. Available data suggests that HIV actively modifies the sphingolipid content of cellular membranes to create focal environments that are favorable for infection. In this review, we summarize the roles that membrane lipids play in HIV infection and discuss the current status of therapeutics that attempt to modify biological membranes to inhibit HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6-109, 600N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Levental I, Grzybek M, Simons K. Greasing their way: lipid modifications determine protein association with membrane rafts. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6305-16. [PMID: 20583817 DOI: 10.1021/bi100882y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that biological membranes can be laterally subdivided into domains enriched in specific lipid and protein components and that these domains may be involved in the regulation of a number of vital cellular processes. An example is membrane rafts, which are lipid-mediated domains dependent on preferential association between sterols and sphingolipids and inclusive of a specific subset of membrane proteins. While the lipid and protein composition of rafts has been extensively characterized, the structural details determining protein partitioning to these domains remain unresolved. Here, we review evidence suggesting that post-translation modification by saturated lipids recruits both peripheral and transmembrane proteins to rafts, while short, unsaturated, and/or branched hydrocarbon chains prevent raft association. The most widely studied group of raft-associated proteins are glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-AP), and we review a variety of evidence supporting raft-association of these saturated lipid-anchored extracellular peripheral proteins. For transmembrane and intracellular peripheral proteins, S-acylation with saturated fatty acids mediates raft partitioning, and the dynamic nature of this modification presents an exciting possibility of enzymatically regulated raft association. The other common lipid modifications, that is, prenylation and myristoylation, are discussed in light of their likely role in targeting proteins to nonraft membrane regions. Finally, although the association between raft affinity and lipid modification is well-characterized, we discuss several open questions regarding regulation and remodeling of these post-translational modifications as well as their role in transbilayer coupling of membrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Levental
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden, Germany
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Ono A. HIV-1 assembly at the plasma membrane. Vaccine 2010; 28 Suppl 2:B55-9. [PMID: 20510745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 particle assembly takes place at the plasma membrane, which likely enhances release of extracellular virions and spread to next target cells. Recent work by our lab and others started to reveal a molecular mechanism by which HIV ensures to make the plasma membrane as a primary site of virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5736 Medical Science Building II, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, United States.
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Abstract
Retroviruses undergo several critical steps to complete a replication cycle. These include the complex processes of virus entry, assembly, and budding that often take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. Both virus entry and release involve membrane fusion/fission reactions between the viral envelopes and host cell membranes. Accumulating evidence indicates important roles for lipids and lipid microdomains in virus entry and egress. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the role of lipids and membrane microdomains in retroviral replication.
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Reverse micelle encapsulation of membrane-anchored proteins for solution NMR studies. Structure 2010; 18:9-16. [PMID: 20152148 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps 5%-10% of proteins bind to membranes via a covalently attached lipid. Posttranslational attachment of fatty acids such as myristate occurs on a variety of viral and cellular proteins. High-resolution information about the nature of lipidated proteins is remarkably sparse, often because of solubility problems caused by the exposed fatty acids. Reverse micelle encapsulation is used here to study two myristoylated proteins in their lipid-extruded states: myristoylated recoverin, which is a switch in the Ca(2+) signaling pathway in vision, and the myristoylated HIV-1 matrix protein, which is postulated to be targeted to the plasma membrane through its binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. Both proteins have been successfully encapsulated in the lipid-extruded state and high-resolution NMR spectra obtained. Both proteins bind their activating ligands in the reverse micelle. This approach seems broadly applicable to membrane proteins with exposed fatty acid chains that have eluded structural characterization by conventional approaches.
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Abstract
Advances in cell biology and biophysics revealed that cellular membranes consist of multiple microdomains with specific sets of components such as lipid rafts and TEMs (tetraspanin-enriched microdomains). An increasing number of enveloped viruses have been shown to utilize these microdomains during their assembly. Among them, association of HIV-1 (HIV type 1) and other retroviruses with lipid rafts and TEMs within the PM (plasma membrane) is well documented. In this review, I describe our current knowledge on interrelationships between PM microdomain organization and the HIV-1 particle assembly process. Microdomain association during virus particle assembly may also modulate subsequent virus spread. Potential roles played by microdomains will be discussed with regard to two post-assembly events, i.e., inhibition of virus release by a raft-associated protein BST-2/tetherin and cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission at virological synapses.
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