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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, Salgado-Cámara P, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Antioxidant Therapies in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1266. [PMID: 39456199 DOI: 10.3390/biom14101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies have proposed a potential role for oxidative stress in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). For this reason, it seems tentative to think that treatment with antioxidant substances could be useful in the treatment of this disease. In this narrative review, we provide a summary of the current findings on antioxidant treatments, both in experimental models of MS, especially in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in the cuprizone-induced demyelination model, and clinical trials in patients diagnosed with MS. Practically all the antioxidants tested in experimental models of MS have shown improvement in clinical parameters, in delaying the evolution of the disease, and in improving histological and biochemical parameters, including decreased levels of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the central nervous system and other tissues. Only a few clinical trials have been carried out to investigate the potential efficacy of antioxidant substances in patients with MS, most of them in the short term and involving a short series of patients, so the results of these should be considered inconclusive. In this regard, it would be desirable to design long-term, randomized, multicenter clinical trials with a long series of patients, assessing several antioxidants that have demonstrated efficacy in experimental models of MS.
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Grants
- PI18/00540 Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- PI21/01683 Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IB20134 Junta de Extremadura, Mérida, Spain
- GR21073 Junta de Extremadura, Mérida, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Salgado-Cámara
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, E28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, E10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, E10071 Cáceres, Spain
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Wen S, Arakawa H, Tamai I. Uric acid in health and disease: From physiological functions to pathogenic mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 256:108615. [PMID: 38382882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Owing to renal reabsorption and the loss of uricase activity, uric acid (UA) is strictly maintained at a higher physiological level in humans than in other mammals, which provides a survival advantage during evolution but increases susceptibility to certain diseases such as gout. Although monosodium urate (MSU) crystal precipitation has been detected in different tissues of patients as a trigger for disease, the pathological role of soluble UA remains controversial due to the lack of causality in the clinical setting. Abnormal elevation or reduction of UA levels has been linked to some of pathological status, also known as U-shaped association, implying that the physiological levels of UA regulated by multiple enzymes and transporters are crucial for the maintenance of health. In addition, the protective potential of UA has also been proposed in aging and some diseases. Therefore, the role of UA as a double-edged sword in humans is determined by its physiological or non-physiological levels. In this review, we summarize biosynthesis, membrane transport, and physiological functions of UA. Then, we discuss the pathological involvement of hyperuricemia and hypouricemia as well as the underlying mechanisms by which UA at abnormal levels regulates the onset and progression of diseases. Finally, pharmacological strategies for urate-lowering therapy (ULT) are introduced, and current challenges in UA study and future perspectives are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Li W, Wu M, Li Y, Shen J. Reactive nitrogen species as therapeutic targets for autophagy/mitophagy modulation to relieve neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: Potential application for drug discovery. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:37-51. [PMID: 37532065 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease with limited therapeutic effects, eventually developing into handicap. Seeking novel therapeutic strategies for MS is timely important. Active autophagy/mitophagy could mediate neurodegeneration, while its roles in MS remain controversial. To elucidate the exact roles of autophagy/mitophagy and reveal its in-depth regulatory mechanisms, we conduct a systematic literature study and analyze the factors that might be responsible for divergent results obtained. The dynamic change levels of autophagy/mitophagy appear to be a determining factor for final neuron fate during MS pathology. Excessive neuronal autophagy/mitophagy contributes to neurodegeneration after disease onset at the active MS phase. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) serve as key regulators for redox-related modifications and participate in autophagy/mitophagy modulation in MS. Nitric oxide (•NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), two representative RNS, could nitrate or nitrosate Drp1/parkin/PINK1 pathway, activating excessive mitophagy and aggravating neuronal injury. Targeting RNS-mediated excessive autophagy/mitophagy could be a promising strategy for developing novel anti-MS drugs. In this review, we highlight the important roles of RNS-mediated autophagy/mitophagy in neuronal injury and review the potential therapeutic compounds with the bioactivities of inhibiting RNS-mediated autophagy/mitophagy activation and attenuating MS progression. Overall, we conclude that reactive nitrogen species could be promising therapeutic targets to regulate autophagy/mitophagy for multiple sclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Meiling Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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The Therapeutic Effect and the Potential Mechanism of Flavonoids and Phenolics of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves against Hyperuricemia Mice. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238237. [PMID: 36500329 PMCID: PMC9738809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-hyperuricemia effect and clarify the possible mechanisms of flavonoids and phenolics of MOL (MOL-FP) in mice. Hyperuricemia mice were generated via intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of potassium oxonate (PO) and oral gavage (p.o.) of hypoxanthine (HX). Serum uric acid (UA), weight, serum XO activity, hepatic XO activity, urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE), serum AST level, serum ALT level, mRNA expression of renal urate-anion transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1), organic anion transporters 3 (OAT3), and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) were determined. The molecular docking was conducted using AutoDock Vina 1.2.0 to screen potential XO inhibitors in MOL-FP. Serum metabolomics was established to collect the metabolic profiles of mice and explore the metabolic changes that occurred after MOL-FP treatment. MOL-FP could notably reduce the serum UA level of hyperuricemia mice by inhibiting XO activity and regulating renal urate transporters. Molecular docking studies indicated that 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, and catechin could be potential XO inhibitors. Besides, MOL-FP prevented the pathological process of hyperuricemia by regulating biomarkers associated with purine metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism.
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Basile MS, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Inosine in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From the Bench to the Bedside. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144644. [PMID: 35889517 PMCID: PMC9316764 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer′s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS), currently represent major unmet medical needs. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are needed in order to improve patients’ quality of life and prognosis. Since oxidative stress can be strongly involved in neurodegenerative diseases, the potential use of inosine, known for its antioxidant properties, in this context deserves particular attention. The protective action of inosine treatment could be mediated by its metabolite urate. Here, we review the current preclinical and clinical studies investigating the use of inosine in AD, PD, ALS, and MS. The most important properties of inosine seem to be its antioxidant action and its ability to raise urate levels and to increase energetic resources by improving ATP availability. Inosine appears to be generally safe and well tolerated; however, the possible formation of kidney stones should be monitored, and data on its effectiveness should be further explored since, so far, they have been controversial. Overall, inosine could be a promising potential strategy in the management of neurodegenerative diseases, and additional studies are needed in order to further investigate its safety and efficacy and its use as a complementary therapy along with other approved drugs.
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Piacenza L, Zeida A, Trujillo M, Radi R. The superoxide radical switch in the biology of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1881-1906. [PMID: 35605280 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucìa Piacenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Rong ZJ, Cai HH, Wang H, Liu GH, Zhang ZW, Chen M, Huang YL. Ursolic Acid Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury in Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Changes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:872935. [PMID: 35602557 PMCID: PMC9115468 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.872935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) damages the autonomic nervous system and affects the homeostasis of gut microbiota. Ursolic acid (UA) is a candidate drug for treating nervous system injury due to its neuroprotective and antioxidant functions. The purpose of our study was to investigate the role of UA on SCI and its mechanism. Methods: UA was administered to SCI mice and the solvent corn oil was used as control. The weight of the mice was recorded daily. Mice feces were collected 21 days after surgery for 16S rRNA-amplicon sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis. The expressions of NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the spinal cord and colon tissues of mice were detected by Western blot and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of NeuN, NF-200, and synapsin in the spinal cord tissues. Results: UA treatment increased body weight and soleus muscle weight of SCI mice. UA treatment inhibited inflammatory response and protected neuronal activity in SCI mice. UA improved the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Alloprevotell genus in the gut tract of SCI mice. SCI destroyed the Glutamine_and_D-glutamate_metabolism, Nitrogen_metabolism, Aminoacyl-tRNA_biosynthesis, and Taurine_and_hypotaurine_metabolism in the gut of mice, which might be alleviated by UA. Conclusions: UA treatment could inhibit SCI progression by improving the gut environment and metabolic changes, promoting synaptic regeneration and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jie Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Hong-Hua Cai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Gui-Hua Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Zhang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Chen Yu-Liang Huang
| | - Yu-Liang Huang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Chen Yu-Liang Huang
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Protective Effect of Luminal Uric Acid Against Indomethacin-Induced Enteropathy: Role of Antioxidant Effect and Gut Microbiota. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:121-133. [PMID: 33569665 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uric acid (UA) has anti- and pro-inflammatory properties. We previously revealed that elevated serum UA levels provide protection against murine small intestinal injury probably via luminal UA secreted in the small intestine. Luminal UA may act as an antioxidant, preventing microbiota vulnerability to oxidative stress. However, whether luminal UA is increased under hyperuricemia and plays a protective role in a dose-dependent manner as well as the mechanism by which luminal UA exerts its protective effects on enteropathy remains unknown. METHODS Inosinic acid (IMP) (1000 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to obtain high serum UA (HUA) and moderate serum UA (500 mg/kg IMP, i.p.) mice. UA concentrations and levels of oxidative stress markers in the serum and intestine were measured. Mice received indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) to evaluate the effects of UA on indomethacin-induced enteropathy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the ileal mucosa were analyzed. The fecal microbiota of HUA mice was transplanted to investigate its effect on indomethacin-induced enteropathy. RESULTS IMP increased luminal UA dose-dependently, with higher levels of luminal antioxidant markers. Indomethacin-induced enteropathy was significantly ameliorated in both UA-elevated groups, with decreased indomethacin-induced luminal ROS. The microbiota of HUA mice showed a significant increase in α-diversity and a significant difference in β-diversity from the control. Fecal microbiota transplantation from HUA mice ameliorated indomethacin-induced enteropathy. CONCLUSIONS The protective role of luminal UA in intestinal injury is likely exerted via oxidative stress elimination and microbiota composition modulation, preferably for gut immunity. Therefore, enhancing anaerobic conditions using antioxidants is a potential therapeutic target.
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Zhou Q, Kerbl-Knapp J, Zhang F, Korbelius M, Kuentzel KB, Vujić N, Akhmetshina A, Hörl G, Paar M, Steyrer E, Kratky D, Madl T. Metabolomic Profiles of Mouse Tissues Reveal an Interplay between Aging and Energy Metabolism. Metabolites 2021; 12:17. [PMID: 35050139 PMCID: PMC8779655 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism, including alterations in energy intake and expenditure, is closely related to aging and longevity. Metabolomics studies have recently unraveled changes in metabolite composition in plasma and tissues during aging and have provided critical information to elucidate the molecular basis of the aging process. However, the metabolic changes in tissues responsible for food intake and lipid storage have remained unexplored. In this study, we aimed to investigate aging-related metabolic alterations in these tissues. To fill this gap, we employed NMR-based metabolomics in several tissues, including different parts of the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and brown/white adipose tissues (BAT, WAT), of young (9-10 weeks) and old (96-104 weeks) wild-type (mixed genetic background of 129/J and C57BL/6) mice. We, further, included plasma and skeletal muscle of the same mice to verify previous results. Strikingly, we found that duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and WAT do not metabolically age. In contrast, plasma, skeletal muscle, and BAT show a strong metabolic aging phenotype. Overall, we provide first insights into the metabolic changes of tissues essential for nutrient uptake and lipid storage and have identified biomarkers for metabolites that could be further explored, to study the molecular mechanisms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishun Zhou
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Jakob Kerbl-Knapp
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Fangrong Zhang
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Katharina Barbara Kuentzel
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Nemanja Vujić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Alena Akhmetshina
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Gerd Hörl
- Otto-Loewi Research Center, Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Margret Paar
- Otto-Loewi Research Center, Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Ernst Steyrer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Lovászi M, Németh ZH, Gause WC, Gummadova J, Pacher P, Haskó G. Inosine monophosphate and inosine differentially regulate endotoxemia and bacterial sepsis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21935. [PMID: 34591327 PMCID: PMC9812230 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100862r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inosine monophosphate (IMP) is the intracellular precursor for both adenosine monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate and thus plays a central role in intracellular purine metabolism. IMP can also serve as an extracellular signaling molecule, and can regulate diverse processes such as taste sensation, neutrophil function, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. How IMP regulates inflammation induced by bacterial products or bacteria is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that IMP suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production and augmented IL-10 production in endotoxemic mice. IMP exerted its effects through metabolism to inosine, as IMP only suppressed TNF-α following its CD73-mediated degradation to inosine in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Studies with gene targeted mice and pharmacological antagonism indicated that A2A , A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors are not required for the inosine suppression of TNF-α production. The inosine suppression of TNF-α production did not require its metabolism to hypoxanthine through purine nucleoside phosphorylase or its uptake into cells through concentrative nucleoside transporters indicating a role for alternative metabolic/uptake pathways. Inosine augmented IL-β production by macrophages in which inflammasome was activated by lipopolysaccharide and ATP. In contrast to its effects in endotoxemia, IMP failed to affect the inflammatory response to abdominal sepsis and pneumonia. We conclude that extracellular IMP and inosine differentially regulate the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Lovászi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zoltán H Németh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - William C. Gause
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation and Department of Medicine, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jennet Gummadova
- Daresbury Proteins Ltd, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, United Kingdom
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Comparative analysis of clinical and imaging data between patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease and patients with aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neurol 2021; 269:1641-1650. [PMID: 34383114 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to compare the clinical data, laboratory findings, and imaging characteristics of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) and aquaporin 4 antibody (AQP4)-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), as detailed comparative analyses of laboratory data for both diseases are rare. METHODS Our retrospective study compared the clinical data, laboratory findings, and imaging characteristics of 118 AQP4-positive patients with first-episode NMOSD and 25 patients with first-episode MOGAD. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors that differentiated MOGAD and AQP4-positive NMOSD. RESULTS There were significant differences in age, symptoms, recurrence rate, laboratory indicators, and imaging examinations between patients with MOGAD and patients with AQP4-positive NMOSD. Patients with MOGAD were younger and had higher levels of uric acid than those with AQP4-positive NMOSD. The proportion of cortical gray matter/juxtacortical white matter lesions was significantly higher in the MOGAD group than in the NMOSD group. Logistic regression revealed that young age [odds ratio (OR) = 0.947, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.905-0.99], high uric acid level (OR = 1.016, 95% CI = 1.006-1.027), and cortical gray matter/juxtacortical white matter involvement (OR = 3.889, 95% CI = 1.048-14.442) were significantly related to MOGAD. CONCLUSION The multivariate analysis of the present study demonstrated that age, uric acid level, and the presence of lesions in the cortical gray matter/juxtacortical white matter can aid in distinguishing patients with AQP4-positive NMOSD from those with MOGAD. These factors may also aid in determining which patients should be tested for antibodies.
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Abstract
After both sterile and infectious insults, damage is inflicted on tissues leading to accidental or programmed cell death. In addition, events of programmed cell death also take place under homeostatic conditions, such as in embryo development or in the turnover of hematopoietic cells. Mammalian tissues are seeded with myeloid immune cells, which harbor a plethora of receptors that allow the detection of cell death, modulating immune responses. The myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are one of the most prominent families of receptors involved in tailoring immunity after sensing dead cells. In this chapter, we will cover a diversity of signals arising from different forms of cell death and how they are recognized by myeloid CLRs. We will also explore how myeloid cells develop their sentinel function, exploring how some of these CLRs identify cell death and the type of responses triggered thereof. In particular, we will focus on DNGR-1 (CLEC9A), Mincle (CLEC4E), CLL-1 (CLEC12A), LOX-1 (OLR1), CD301 (CLEC10A) and DEC-205 (LY75) as paradigmatic death-sensing CLRs expressed by myeloid cells. The molecular processes triggered after cell death recognition by myeloid CLRs contribute to the regulation of immune responses in pathologies associated with tissue damage, such as infection, autoimmunity and cancer. A better understanding of these processes may help to improve the current approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Jung Lee J, Han Yoon J, Jin Kim S, Soo Yoo H, Jong Chung S, Hyun Lee Y, Yun Kang S, Shin HW, Keun Song S, Yong Hong J, Sunwoo M, Eun Lee J, Sam Baik J, Sohn YH, Hyu Lee P. Inosine 5'-Monophosphate to Raise Serum Uric Acid Level in Multiple System Atrophy (IMPROVE-MSA study). Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1274-1281. [PMID: 33064299 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to investigate the safety, tolerability, and capability of serum uric acid (UA) elevation of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) in multiple system atrophy (MSA). The IMPROVE-MSA trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with MSA with no history of hyperuricemia-related disorders. The participants were assigned to placebo (n = 25) or IMP (n = 30) in a 1 to 1 ratio, and then followed up for 24 weeks. The primary end points included safety, tolerability, and alteration of the serum UA level during the follow-up period. The secondary end points were changes in scores of the unified MSA rating scale (UMSARS) and the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The total number of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs was comparable between the active and placebo groups. Serum UA level (mg/dL) was significantly increased from baseline (active vs. placebo, 4.57 vs. 4.58; P = 0.98) to study end point (6.96 vs. 4.43; P < 0.001) in the active group compared with the placebo group (time × group interaction; P < 0.001). The change in UMSARS scores did not differ between the active and placebo groups. However, the active group showed better alterations in MoCA scores with nominal significance (P < 0.001) and tendency for better alterations in MMSE scores (P = 0.09) than the placebo group. Our data demonstrated that IMP treatment was generally safe and well-tolerated in patients with MSA. A further trial with a long-term follow-up is required to examine whether UA elevation will slow clinical progression in early MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jung Han Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Han Soo Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Yun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Hae-Won Shin
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sook Keun Song
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jin Yong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - MunKyung Sunwoo
- Department of Neurology, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Neurology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jong Sam Baik
- Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Zhan X, Zhong X, Choi JH, Su L, Wang J, Nair-Gill E, Anderton P, Li X, Tang M, Russell J, Ludwig S, Gallagher T, Beutler B. Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 null mutation causes reduction of naive T cells in mouse peripheral blood. Blood Adv 2020; 4:3594-3605. [PMID: 32761233 PMCID: PMC7422112 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 (Ampd3) encodes the erythrocyte isoform of the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deaminase gene family. Mutations in this gene have been reported in humans, leading to autosomal-recessive erythrocyte AMP deaminase deficiency. However, the mutation is considered clinically asymptomatic. Using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis to find mutations that affect peripheral lymphocyte populations, we identified 5 Ampd3 mutations (Ampd3guangdong, Ampd3carson, Ampd3penasco, Ampd3taos, and Ampd3commanche) that strongly correlated with a reduction in naive CD4+ T and naive CD8+ T-cell populations. Causation was confirmed by targeted ablation of Ampd3. Knockout mice had reduced frequencies of CD62LhiCD44lo CD4+ naive and CD8+ naive T cells. Interestingly, these phenotypes were restricted to T cells circulating in peripheral blood and were not seen in T cells from secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen). We found that reduction of naive T cells in the peripheral blood of Ampd3-/- mice was caused by T-cell-extrinsic factor(s), which we hypothesize to be elevated levels of adenosine triphosphate released by Ampd3-deficient erythrocytes. These findings provide an example in which disruption of an erythrocyte-specific protein can affect the physiological status of lymphocytes in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xue Zhong
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jin Huk Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lijing Su
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Evan Nair-Gill
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Priscilla Anderton
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Miao Tang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jamie Russell
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Sara Ludwig
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Thomas Gallagher
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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15
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Nutraceuticals Targeting Generation and Oxidant Activity of Peroxynitrite May Aid Prevention and Control of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103624. [PMID: 32455532 PMCID: PMC7279222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic low-grade inflammatory process in which activated microglia generate cytotoxic factors-most prominently peroxynitrite-which induce the death and dysfunction of neighboring dopaminergic neurons. Dying neurons then release damage-associated molecular pattern proteins such as high mobility group box 1 which act on microglia via a range of receptors to amplify microglial activation. Since peroxynitrite is a key mediator in this process, it is proposed that nutraceutical measures which either suppress microglial production of peroxynitrite, or which promote the scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived oxidants, should have value for the prevention and control of PD. Peroxynitrite production can be quelled by suppressing activation of microglial NADPH oxidase-the source of its precursor superoxide-or by down-regulating the signaling pathways that promote microglial expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Phycocyanobilin of spirulina, ferulic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, good vitamin D status, promotion of hydrogen sulfide production with taurine and N-acetylcysteine, caffeine, epigallocatechin-gallate, butyrogenic dietary fiber, and probiotics may have potential for blunting microglial iNOS induction. Scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived radicals may be amplified with supplemental zinc or inosine. Astaxanthin has potential for protecting the mitochondrial respiratory chain from peroxynitrite and environmental mitochondrial toxins. Healthful programs of nutraceutical supplementation may prove to be useful and feasible in the primary prevention or slow progression of pre-existing PD. Since damage to the mitochondria in dopaminergic neurons by environmental toxins is suspected to play a role in triggering the self-sustaining inflammation that drives PD pathogenesis, there is also reason to suspect that plant-based diets of modest protein content, and possibly a corn-rich diet high in spermidine, might provide protection from PD by boosting protective mitophagy and thereby aiding efficient mitochondrial function. Low-protein diets can also promote a more even response to levodopa therapy.
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16
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Zhuo J, Gong K, Guo Y, Lu G, Chi H, Duan Y, Zhang Z, Li X. A Silyl Ether Based Fluorescent Probe for Rapid Monitoring of Endogenous Peroxynitrite Concentration and Imaging in Living Cells through Multicolor Emission. Chempluschem 2020; 85:684-688. [PMID: 32253835 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The peroxynitrite ion (ONOO- ) has important roles in many biological processes. We have developed a multicolor ONOO- -sensing probe (SiONNOH) that undergoes deprotonation and desilylation processes, which result in several changes in the emission wavelengths. In response to different concentrations of ONOO- , the probe exhibits fluorescence changes from pink (595 nm at 2 eq. ONOO- ) to green (540 nm at 6 eq. ONOO- ) via orange (3 eq. ONOO- ) and yellow (4 eq. ONOO- ) under physiological conditions until no fluorescence signal is observed after ONOO- is completely eliminated by lipoic acid. The probe shows the high selectivity for ONOO- and the limit of detection is calculated to be 1.27 μM. Moreover, the probe shows the capacity to monitor the concentration ranges of ONOO- through multicolor fluorescence in living cells, which will greatly facilitate the rapid detection of ONOO- concentration ranges by the naked eye under a UV light without any precision instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhen Zhuo
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Ke Gong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Gonghao Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Chi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Duan
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Material and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
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17
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Doyle C, Cristofaro V, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. Inosine - a Multifunctional Treatment for Complications of Neurologic Injury. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 49:2293-2303. [PMID: 30261493 DOI: 10.1159/000493831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) caused by trauma or disease leads to motor and sensory abnormalities that depend on the level, severity and duration of the lesion. The most obvious consequence of SCI is paralysis affecting lower and upper limbs. SCI also leads to loss of bladder and bowel control, both of which have a deleterious, life-long impact on the social, psychological, functional, medical and economic well being of affected individuals. Currently, there is neither a cure for SCI nor is there adequate management of its consequences. Although medications provide symptomatic relief for the complications of SCI including muscle spasms, lower urinary tract dysfunction and hyperreflexic bowel, strategies for repair of spinal injuries and recovery of normal limb and organ function are still to be realized. In this review, we discuss experimental evidence supporting the use of the naturally occurring purine nucleoside inosine to improve the devastating sequelae of SCI. Evidence suggests inosine is a safe, novel agent with multifunctional properties that is effective in treating complications of SCI and other neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Doyle
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Yasutake Y, Tomita K, Higashiyama M, Furuhashi H, Shirakabe K, Takajo T, Maruta K, Sato H, Narimatsu K, Yoshikawa K, Okada Y, Kurihara C, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Nagao S, Matsuo H, Miura S, Hokari R. Uric acid ameliorates indomethacin-induced enteropathy in mice through its antioxidant activity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:1839-1845. [PMID: 28295549 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Uric acid is excreted from blood into the intestinal lumen, yet the roles of uric acid in intestinal diseases remain to be elucidated. The study aimed to determine whether uric acid could reduce end points associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy. METHODS A mouse model of NSAID-induced enteropathy was generated by administering indomethacin intraperitoneally to 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice, and then vehicle or uric acid was administered orally. A group of mice treated with indomethacin was also concurrently administered inosinic acid, a uric acid precursor, and potassium oxonate, an inhibitor of uric acid metabolism, intraperitoneally. For in vitro analysis, Caco-2 cells treated with indomethacin were incubated in the presence or absence of uric acid. RESULTS Oral administration of uric acid ameliorated NSAID-induced enteropathy in mice even though serum uric acid levels did not increase. Intraperitoneal administration of inosinic acid and potassium oxonate significantly elevated serum uric acid levels and ameliorated NSAID-induced enteropathy in mice. Both oral uric acid treatment and intraperitoneal treatment with inosinic acid and potassium oxonate significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in the ileum of mice with NSAID-induced enteropathy. Treatment with uric acid protected Caco-2 cells from indomethacin-induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Uric acid within the intestinal lumen and in serum had a protective effect against NSAID-induced enteropathy in mice, through its antioxidant activity. Uric acid could be a promising therapeutic target for NSAID-induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yasutake
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Furuhashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shirakabe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takajo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Maruta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Okada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chikako Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Komoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Nagao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated as a core contributor to the initiation and progression of multiple neurological diseases. Genetic and environmental factors can produce oxidative stress through mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the degeneration of dopaminergic and other neurons underlying Parkinson disease (PD). Although clinical trials of antioxidants have thus far failed to demonstrate slowed progression of PD, oxidative stress remains a compelling target. Rather than prompting abandonment of antioxidant strategies, these failures have raised the bar for justifying drug and dosing selections and for improving study designs to test for disease modification by antioxidants. Urate, the main antioxidant found in plasma as well as the end product of purine metabolism in humans, has emerged as a promising potential neuroprotectant with advantages that distinguish it from previously tested antioxidant agents. Uniquely, higher urate levels in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been linked to both a lower risk of developing PD and to a slower rate of its subsequent progression in numerous large prospective epidemiological and clinical cohorts. Laboratory evidence that urate confers neuroprotection in cellular and animal models of PD, possibly via the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, further strengthened its candidacy for rapid clinical translation. An early phase trial of the urate precursor inosine demonstrated its capacity to safely produce well tolerated, long-term elevation of plasma and CSF urate in early PD, supporting a phase 3 trial now underway to determine whether oral inosine dosed to elevate urate to concentrations predictive of favorable prognosis in PD slows clinical decline in people with recently diagnosed, dopamine transporter-deficient PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace F Crotty
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Sagar D, Singh NP, Ginwala R, Huang X, Philip R, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Neumann K, Ruland J, Andrews AM, Ramirez SH, Khan ZK, Jain P. Antibody blockade of CLEC12A delays EAE onset and attenuates disease severity by impairing myeloid cell CNS infiltration and restoring positive immunity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2707. [PMID: 28578388 PMCID: PMC5457463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of dendritic cells (DCs) recruitment across the blood brain barrier (BBB) during neuroinflammation has been the least explored amongst all leukocytes. For cells of myeloid origin, while integrins function at the level of adhesion, the importance of lectins remains unknown. Here, we identified functions of one C-type lectin receptor, CLEC12A, in facilitating DC binding and transmigration across the BBB in response to CCL2 chemotaxis. To test function of CLEC12A in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we administered blocking antibody to CLEC12A that significantly ameliorated disease scores in MOG35–55-induced progressive, as well as PLP138–151-induced relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. The decline in both progression and relapse of EAE occurred as a result of reduced demyelination and myeloid cell infiltration into the CNS tissue. DC numbers were restored in the spleen of C57BL/6 and peripheral blood of SJL/J mice along with a decreased TH17 phenotype within CD4+ T-cells. The effects of CLEC12A blocking were further validated using CLEC12A knockout (KO) animals wherein EAE disease induction was delayed and reduced disease severity was observed. These studies reveal the utility of a DC-specific mechanism in designing new therapeutics for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Narendra P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rashida Ginwala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaofang Huang
- Immunotope Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Ramila Philip
- Immunotope Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,William Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Konstantin Neumann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Allison M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Muñoz García D, Midaglia L, Martinez Vilela J, Marín Sánchez M, López González FJ, Arias Gómez M, Dapena Bolaño D, Iglesias Castañón A, Alonso Alonso M, Romero López J. Associated Inosine to interferon: results of a clinical trial in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 131:405-10. [PMID: 25313094 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uric acid (UA) could act as a natural peroxynitrite scavenger with antioxidant properties. It has been proposed that hyperuricemia might protect against multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Patients with relapsing-remitting MS starting treatment with interferon beta-1a 44 µg sc 3/week were randomly assigned to receive either inosine 3 g/day or placebo in a double-blind manner. Follow-up was 12 months. Outcome measures were adverse events and UA laboratory results. Secondary end point was clinical and radiological activity of MS. Relapse rates, percentage of patients without relapses, and progression to secondary MS (SPMS) were assessed. RESULTS Thirty six patients were included. Two patients in the inosine group showed UA serum level above 10 mg/ml, and symptoms derived from renal colic not leading to hospital admission. Ten additional patients had asymptomatic hyperuricemia (>7 mg). Efficacy parameters (clinical and radiological) were similar between groups. No patient progressed to SPMS CONCLUSIONS: Inosine administration was associated with hyperuricemia and renal colic with no additional effect on MS. We cannot conclude inosine is a safe and well-tolerated drug. Doses of around 2 g/day may be more appropriate for future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Muñoz García
- Neurology Department; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo; Vigo Spain
| | - L. Midaglia
- Neurology Department; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo; Vigo Spain
| | - J. Martinez Vilela
- Neurology Department; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de La Coruña; La Coruña Spain
| | - M. Marín Sánchez
- Neurology Department; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - F. J. López González
- Neurology Department; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de La Coruña; La Coruña Spain
| | - M. Arias Gómez
- Neurology Department; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - D. Dapena Bolaño
- Neurology Department; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | | | - M. Alonso Alonso
- Neurology Department; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo; Vigo Spain
| | - J. Romero López
- Neurology Department; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo; Vigo Spain
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22
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Uric acid in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a 2-year longitudinal study. J Neurol 2015; 262:961-7. [PMID: 25673130 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is reduced in multiple sclerosis (MS), and possibly relates to MS outcomes, with lower UA levels in subjects experiencing a relapse or presenting higher disability scores. The present retrospective longitudinal study evaluated UA variations in MS, in relation to clinical relapses, disability progression, and cognitive functions. We included 141 subjects with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and performed expanded disability status scale (EDSS), symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and UA evaluation at baseline visit and after 2-year follow-up. Paired t test showed significantly lower UA levels after 2-year follow-up than at baseline (3.987 ± 1.135 and 4.167 ± 1.207 mg/dL, respectively) (p = 0.001). The difference in UA levels between 2-year follow-up and baseline related to EDSS sustained progression (p < 0.001; OR = 0.099), and presented a trend for clinical relapses at logistic regression (p = 0.211; OR = 0.711) and for the time to relapse at Cox regression (p = 0.236; HR = 0.792). Analysis of variance showed reduced baseline UA levels in subjects with impaired SDMT at baseline (p = 0.045; adjusted R(2) = 0.473) and after 2-year follow-up (p = 0.034; adjusted R(2) = 0.470). This is the first study showing a progressive reduction of UA levels during the course of RRMS, suggesting a progressive decrease of antioxidant reserves, in relation to relapse risk, disability progression and cognitive function.
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No development of hypertension in the hyperuricemic liver-Glut9 knockout mouse. Kidney Int 2015; 87:940-7. [PMID: 25565311 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urate is the metabolic end point of purines in humans. Although supra-physiological plasma urate levels are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, a causative role is debated. We previously established a mouse model of hyperuricemia by liver-specific deletion of Glut9, a urate transporter that provides urate to the hepatocyte enzyme uricase. These LG9 knockout mice show mild hyperuricemia (120 μmol/l), which can be further increased by the urate precursor inosine. Here, we explored the role of progressive hyperuricemia on the cardiovascular function. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were periodically measured by telemetry over 6 months in LG9 knockout mice supplemented with incremental amounts of inosine in a normal chow diet. This long-term inosine treatment elicited a progressive increase in uricemia up to 300 μmol/l; however, it did not modify heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure in LG9 knockout compared with control mice. Inosine treatment did not alter cardiac morphology or function measured by ultrasound echocardiography. However, it did induce mild renal dysfunction as revealed by higher plasma creatinine levels, lower glomerular filtration rate, and histological signs of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, in LG9 knockout mice, inosine-induced hyperuricemia was not associated with hypertension despite partial renal deficiency. This does not support a direct role of urate in the control of blood pressure.
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Kurnellas MP, Schartner JM, Fathman CG, Jagger A, Steinman L, Rothbard JB. Mechanisms of action of therapeutic amyloidogenic hexapeptides in amelioration of inflammatory brain disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1847-56. [PMID: 25073790 PMCID: PMC4144739 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils composed of peptides as short as six amino acids are effective therapeutics for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Immunosuppression arises from at least two pathways: (1) expression of type 1 IFN by pDCs, which were induced by neutrophil extracellular traps arising from the endocytosis of the fibrils; and (2) the reduced expression of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-6. The two independent pathways stimulated by the fibrils can act in concert to be immunosuppressive in Th1 indications, or in opposition, resulting in inflammation when Th17 T lymphocytes are predominant. The generation of type 1 IFN can be minimized by using polar, nonionizable, amyloidogenic peptides, which are effective in both Th1 and Th17 polarized EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Kurnellas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jill M Schartner
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - C Garrison Fathman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ann Jagger
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jonathan B Rothbard
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Lane NE, Parimi N, Lui LY, Wise BL, Yao W, Lay YAE, Cawthon PM, Orwoll E. Association of serum uric acid and incident nonspine fractures in elderly men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1701-7. [PMID: 24347506 PMCID: PMC4351860 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is produced from purines by the enzyme xanthine oxidase, and elevated levels may cause arthritis and kidney stones. Conversely, UA also appears to function as an antioxidant and may protect against the oxidative stress associated with aging and disease. We performed a prospective fracture case-cohort study to understand the relation of UA and fracture risk in older men enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. In the cohort of 5994 men aged 65 years and older attending the baseline MrOS examination, we evaluated a subgroup 1680 men in a case-cohort study design. The analytic group included 387 men with incident nonspine fractures (73 hip) and a random sample of 1383. Serum UA was measured in baseline serum samples. Modified proportional hazards models that account for case-cohort study design were used to estimate the relative hazards (RH) of hip and nonspine fracture in men for serum UA. Models were adjusted for age, race, clinic site, body mass index, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, walking speed, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) score, frailty, and total. Subjects with incident nonspine fractures were older, had lower total hip bone mineral density (BMD), and higher serum phosphorus. There was an 18% decreased risk of nonspine fractures (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71-0.93; p = 0.003) per 1 SD increase of baseline serum and 34% decreased risk of nonspine fractures in quartile 4 of UA versus quartiles 1, 2, and 3 (95% CI 0.49-0.89; p = 0.028) compared with nonfracture cases after multivariate adjustment. Hip fractures were not significantly associated with UA. Total hip BMD was significantly higher in the group of men with high UA levels compared with lower UA levels and increased linearly across quartiles of UA after multivariate adjustment (p for trend = 0.002). In summary, higher serum UA levels were associated with a reduction in risk of incident nonspine fractures but not hip fractures and higher hip BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Lane
- University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Hilary Koprowski, MD: A Lifetime of Work. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:1-43. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.kop.biblio] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cipriani S, Bakshi R, Schwarzschild MA. Protection by inosine in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 274:242-9. [PMID: 24880154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inosine (hypoxanthine 9-beta-D-ribofuranoside), a purine nucleoside with multiple intracellular roles, also serves as an extracellular modulatory signal. On neurons, it can produce anti-inflammatory and trophic effects that confer protection against toxic influences in vivo and in vitro. The protective effects of inosine treatment might also be mediated by its metabolite urate. Urate in fact possesses potent antioxidant properties and has been reported to be protective in preclinical Parkinson's disease (PD) studies and to be an inverse risk factor for both the development and progression of PD. In this study we assessed whether inosine might protect rodent MES 23.5 dopaminergic cell line from oxidative stress in a cellular model of PD, and whether its effects could be attributed to urate. MES 23.5 cells cultured alone or in presence of enriched murine astroglial cultures MES 23.5-astrocytes co-cultures were pretreated with inosine (0.1-100 μM) for 24 h before addition of the oxidative stress inducer H₂O₂ (200 μM). Twenty-four hours later, cell viability was quantified by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay or immunocytochemistry in pure and MES 23.5-astrocytes co-cultures, respectively. H₂O₂-toxic effect on dopaminergic cells was reduced when they were cultured with astrocytes, but not when they were cultured alone. Moreover, in MES 23.5-astrocytes co-cultures, indicators of free radical generation and oxidative damage, evaluated by nitrite (NO₂(-)) release and protein carbonyl content, respectively, were attenuated. Conditioned medium experiments indicated that the protective effect of inosine relies on the release of a protective factor from inosine-stimulated astrocytes. Purine levels were measured in the cellular extract and conditioned medium using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Urate concentration was not significantly increased by inosine treatment however there was a significant increase in levels of other purine metabolites, such as adenosine, hypoxanthine and xanthine. In particular, in MES 23.5-astrocytes co-cultures, inosine medium content was reduced by 99% and hypoxanthine increased by 127-fold. Taken together these data raise the possibility that inosine might have a protective effect in PD that is independent of any effects mediated through its metabolite urate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cipriani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - R Bakshi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th street, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - M A Schwarzschild
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th street, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Tovchiga OV, Shtrygol’ SY. Uric acid and central nervous system functioning (a literature review). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079086414030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hu L, Deng L, Alsaiari S, Zhang D, Khashab NM. “Light-on” Sensing of Antioxidants Using Gold Nanoclusters. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4989-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500528m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianzhe Hu
- Controlled Release and Delivery
Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lin Deng
- Controlled Release and Delivery
Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Alsaiari
- Controlled Release and Delivery
Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dingyuan Zhang
- Controlled Release and Delivery
Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- Controlled Release and Delivery
Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Serum uric acid levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94084. [PMID: 24714617 PMCID: PMC3979756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum uric acid (UA) could exert neuro-protective effects against Alzheimer's disease (AD) via its antioxidant capacities. Many studies investigated serum UA levels in AD patients, but to date, results from these observational studies are conflicting. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis to compare serum UA levels between AD patients and healthy controls by the random-effects model. Studies were identified by searching PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library databases from 1966 through July 2013 using the Medical Subject Headings and keywords without restriction in languages. Only case-control studies were included if they had data on serum UA levels in AD patients and healthy controls. Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test were applied to assess the potential publication bias. Sensitivity analyses and meta-regression were conducted to explore possible explanations for heterogeneity. Results A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria including 2708 participants were abstracted. Serum UA levels were not significantly different in AD patients compared to healthy controls (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI): −1.23 to 0.22). Little evidence of publication bias was observed. Sensitivity analyses showed that the combined SMD was consistent every time omitting any one study, except only one study which greatly influenced the overall results. Meta-regression showed that year of publication, race, sample size, and mean age were not significant sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion Our meta-analysis of case-control studies suggests that serum UA levels do not differ significantly in AD patients, but there may be a trend toward decreased UA in AD after an appropriate interpretation. More well-designed investigations are needed to demonstrate the potential change of serum UA levels in AD patients.
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Kachroo A, Schwarzschild MA. Allopurinol reduces levels of urate and dopamine but not dopaminergic neurons in a dual pesticide model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2014; 1563:103-9. [PMID: 24680743 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Robust epidemiological data link higher levels of the antioxidant urate to a reduced risk of developing Parkinson׳s disease (PD) and to a slower rate of its progression. Allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), blocks the oxidation of xanthine to urate. The present study sought to determine whether lowering levels of urate using allopurinol results in exacerbated neurotoxicity in a dual pesticide mouse model of PD. Although oral allopurinol reduced serum and striatal urate levels 4-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, it did not alter the multiple motor deficits induced by chronic (7 week) intermittent (biweekly) exposure to intraperitoneal Paraquat (PQ) plus Maneb (MB). However, striatal dopamine content, which was unaffected after either allopurinol or chronic pesticide exposure alone, was significantly reduced by 22% in mice exposed to the combination. Stereological assessment showed that the numbers of dopaminergic nigral neurons were significantly reduced by 29% and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) negative neurons unaffected after PQ+MB treatments. This reduction in TH-positive neurons was not affected by allopurinol treatment. Of note, despite the expectation of exacerbated oxidative damage due to the reduction in urate, protein carbonyl levels, a marker of oxidative damage, were actually reduced in the presence of allopurinol. Overall, allopurinol lowered urate levels but did not exacerbate dopaminergic neuron degeneration, findings suggesting that basal levels of urate in mice do not appreciably protect against oxidative damage and neurotoxicity in the PQ+MB model of PD, and/or that allopurinol produces an antioxidant benefit offsetting its detrimental urate-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kachroo
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Michael A Schwarzschild
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Abstract
Peroxynitrite, a reactive oxidant formed by the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide at sites of inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS), is capable of damaging tissues and cells. Uric acid, a natural scavenger of peroxynitrite, reduces inflammatory demyelination in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Some studies reported lower serum levels of uric acid in MS patients compared with controls, whereas other studies found no difference. A critical appraisal of these studies favors the view that reduced uric acid in MS is secondary to its peroxynitrite scavenging activity during inflammatory disease activity, rather than a primary deficiency. Serum uric acid levels could be used as a biomarker for monitoring disease activity in MS. Therapeutic strategies aimed at raising serum uric acid levels may have a glial/neuroprotective effect on MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Inosine enhances axon sprouting and motor recovery after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81948. [PMID: 24312612 PMCID: PMC3846725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although corticospinal tract axons cannot regenerate long distances after spinal cord injury, they are able to sprout collateral branches rostral to an injury site that can help form compensatory circuits in cases of incomplete lesions. We show here that inosine enhances the formation of compensatory circuits after a dorsal hemisection of the thoracic spinal cord in mature rats and improves coordinated limb use. Inosine is a naturally occurring metabolite of adenosine that crosses the cell membrane and, in neurons, activates Mst3b, a protein kinase that is part of a signal transduction pathway that regulates axon outgrowth. Compared to saline-treated controls, rats with dorsal hemisections that were treated with inosine showed three times as many synaptic contacts between corticospinal tract collaterals and long propriospinal interneurons that project from the cervical cord to the lumbar level. Inosine-treated rats also showed stronger serotonergic reinnervation of the lumbar cord than saline-treated controls, and performed well above controls in both open-field testing and a horizontal ladder rung-walking test. Inosine was equally effective whether delivered intracranially or intravenously, and has been shown to be safe for other indications in humans. Thus, inosine might be a useful therapeutic for improving outcome after spinal cord injury.
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Miller E, Saluk J, Morel A, Wachowicz B. Long-term effects of whole body cryostimulation on uric acid concentration in plasma of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2013; 73:635-40. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2013.841986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Yao JK, Dougherty GG, Reddy RD, Matson WR, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Keshavan MS. Associations between purine metabolites and monoamine neurotransmitters in first-episode psychosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:90. [PMID: 23781173 PMCID: PMC3678099 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a biochemically complex disorder characterized by widespread defects in multiple metabolic pathways whose dynamic interactions, until recently, have been difficult to examine. Rather, evidence for these alterations has been collected piecemeal, limiting the potential to inform our understanding of the interactions amongst relevant biochemical pathways. We herein review perturbations in purine and neurotransmitter metabolism observed in early SZ using a metabolomic approach. Purine catabolism is an underappreciated, but important component of the homeostatic response of mitochondria to oxidant stress. We have observed a homeostatic imbalance of purine catabolism in first-episode neuroleptic-naïve patients with SZ (FENNS). Precursor and product relationships within purine pathways are tightly correlated. Although some of these correlations persist across disease or medication status, others appear to be lost among FENNS suggesting that steady formation of the antioxidant uric acid (UA) via purine catabolism is altered early in the course of illness. As is the case for within-pathway correlations, there are also significant cross-pathway correlations between respective purine and tryptophan (TRP) pathway metabolites. By contrast, purine metabolites show significant cross-pathway correlation only with tyrosine, and not with its metabolites. Furthermore, several purine metabolites (UA, guanosine, or xanthine) are each significantly correlated with 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in healthy controls, but not in FENNS at baseline or 4-week after antipsychotic treatment. Taken together, the above findings suggest that purine catabolism strongly associates with the TRP pathways leading to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and kynurenine metabolites. The lack of a significant correlation between purine metabolites and 5-HIAA, suggests alterations in key 5-HT pathways that may both be modified by and contribute to oxidative stress via purine catabolism in FENNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Yao
- Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kumar V. Adenosine as an endogenous immunoregulator in cancer pathogenesis: where to go? Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:145-65. [PMID: 23271562 PMCID: PMC3646124 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disease and its pathogenesis is well correlated with infection and inflammation. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, which is produced under metabolic stress like hypoxic conditions. Acute or chronic inflammatory conditions lead to the release of precursor adenine nucleotides (adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosien diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)) from cells, which are extracellularly catabolized into adenosine by extracellular ectonucleotidases, i.e., CD39 or nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase (NTPD) and CD73 or 5'-ectonucleotidase. It is now well-known that adenosine is secreted by cancer as well as immune cells during tumor pathogenesis under metabolic stress or hypoxia. Once adenosine is released into the extracellular environment, it exerts various immunomodulatory effects via adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) expressed on various immune cells (i.e., macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, regulatory T cell (Tregs), etc.), which play very important roles in the pathogenesis of cancer. This review is intended to summarize the role of inflammation and adenosine in the immunopathogenesis of tumor along with regulation of tumor-specific immune response and its modulation as an adjunct approach to tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Kostic MS, Rajkovic JS, Floranovic MSP, Dimov ID, Pavlovic DD. Multiple sclerosis and oxidative stress—a clinical perspective. NEUROCHEM J+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712412040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen X, Wu G, Schwarzschild MA. Urate in Parkinson's disease: more than a biomarker? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012; 12:367-75. [PMID: 22580741 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-012-0282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with characteristic motor manifestations. Although appreciation of PD as a multisystem disorder has grown, loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra remains a pathological and neurochemical hallmark, accounting for the substantial symptomatic benefits of dopamine replacement therapies. However, currently no treatment has been shown to prevent or forestall the progression of the disease in spite of tremendous efforts. Among multiple environmental and genetic factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD, oxidative stress is proposed to play a critical role. A recent confluence of clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory evidence identified urate, an antioxidant and end product of purine metabolism, as not only a molecular predictor for both reduced risk and favorable progression of PD but also a potential neuroprotectant for the treatment of PD. This review summarizes recent findings on urate in PD and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Gong L, Zhang QL, Zhang N, Hua WY, Huang YX, Di PW, Huang T, Xu XS, Liu CF, Hu LF, Luo WF. Neuroprotection by urate on 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease: linking to Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. J Neurochem 2012; 123:876-85. [PMID: 23094836 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Wen-Yan Hua
- Department of Pharmacy; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Yi-Xian Huang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Ping-Wei Di
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Xing-Shun Xu
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Wei-Feng Luo
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
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Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used by one-half to three-fourths of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite this widespread use, CAM may not be discussed in the course of a conventional medical visit. When considered in the context of MS, CAM therapies have a wide range of risk-benefit profiles. Some CAM therapies, such as acupuncture, cranberry, vitamin D, tai chi, and yoga, are low risk and possibly beneficial. Other CAM therapies, such as immune-stimulating supplements, bee venom, and hyperbaric oxygen, are ineffective, dangerous, or unstudied. Providing access to information about the risks and benefits of CAM therapies may increase the quality of care that is provided to patients with MS.
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41
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Gelam honey scavenges peroxynitrite during the immune response. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:12113-12129. [PMID: 23109904 PMCID: PMC3472796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130912113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are part of the first-line defense against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections during host immune responses; they express high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules, including nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and their reaction product peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite is a short-lived oxidant and a potent inducer of cell death. Honey, in addition to its well-known sweetening properties, is a natural antioxidant that has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine. We examined the ability of Gelam honey, derived from the Gelam tree (Melaleuca spp.), to scavenge peroxynitrite during immune responses mounted in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ (LPS/IFN-γ) and in LPS-treated rats. Gelam honey significantly improved the viability of LPS/IFN-γ-treated RAW 264.7 cells and inhibited nitric oxide production-similar to the effects observed with an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (1400W). Furthermore, honey, but not 1400W, inhibited peroxynitrite production from the synthetic substrate 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) and prevented the peroxynitrite-mediated conversion of dihydrorhodamine 123 to its fluorescent oxidation product rhodamine 123. Honey inhibited peroxynitrite synthesis in LPS-treated rats. Thus, honey may attenuate inflammatory responses that lead to cell damage and death, suggesting its therapeutic uses for several inflammatory disorders.
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42
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Chiurchiù V, Maccarrone M. Chronic inflammatory disorders and their redox control: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2605-41. [PMID: 21391902 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A chronic inflammatory disease is a condition characterized by persistent inflammation. A number of human pathologies fall into this category, and a great deal of research has been conducted to learn more about their characteristics and underlying mechanisms. In many cases, a genetic component has been identified, but also external factors like food, smoke, or environmental pollutants can significantly contribute to worsen their symptoms. Accumulated evidence clearly shows that chronic inflammatory diseases are subjected to a redox control. Here, we shall review the identity, source, regulation, and biological activity of redox molecules, to put in a better perspective their key-role in cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and inflammatory bowel diseases. In addition, the impact of redox species on autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, and celiac disease) and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis) will be discussed, along with their potential therapeutic implications as novel drugs to combat chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Chiurchiù
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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43
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Yao JK, Keshavan MS. Antioxidants, redox signaling, and pathophysiology in schizophrenia: an integrative view. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2011-35. [PMID: 21126177 PMCID: PMC3159108 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a brain disorder that has been intensively studied for over a century; yet, its etiology and multifactorial pathophysiology remain a puzzle. However, significant advances have been made in identifying numerous abnormalities in key biochemical systems. One among these is the antioxidant defense system (AODS) and redox signaling. This review summarizes the findings to date in human studies. The evidence can be broadly clustered into three major themes: perturbations in AODS, relationships between AODS alterations and other systems (i.e., membrane structure, immune function, and neurotransmission), and clinical implications. These domains of AODS have been examined in samples from both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Findings in patients with SZ include decreased nonenzymatic antioxidants, increased lipid peroxides and nitric oxides, and homeostatic imbalance of purine catabolism. Reductions of plasma antioxidant capacity are seen in patients with chronic illness as well as early in the course of SZ. Notably, these data indicate that many AODS alterations are independent of treatment effects. Moreover, there is burgeoning evidence indicating a link among oxidative stress, membrane defects, immune dysfunction, and multineurotransmitter pathologies in SZ. Finally, the body of evidence reviewed herein provides a theoretical rationale for the development of novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Yao
- Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System,7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
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44
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McCarty MF. Full-spectrum antioxidant therapy featuring astaxanthin coupled with lipoprivic strategies and salsalate for management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:550-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Peng F, Yang Y, Liu J, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Deng X, Hu X, Chen X, Zhong X. Low antioxidant status of serum uric acid, bilirubin and albumin in patients with neuromyelitis optica. Eur J Neurol 2011; 19:277-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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46
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Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used by one-half to three-fourths of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Although it is used widely, CAM may not be discussed during a conventional medical visit. In MS, CAM therapies exhibit a broad range of risk-benefit profiles; some of these therapies are low risk and possibly beneficial, whereas others are ineffective, dangerous, or unstudied. Health professionals who provide objective and practical information about the risks and benefits of CAM therapies may improve the quality of care for those with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen C Bowling
- MS Service, Colorado Neurological Institute, 701 East Hampden Avenue, #320, Englewood, CO 80113, USA.
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47
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Bataille AM, Maffeo CL, Renfro JL. Avian renal proximal tubule urate secretion is inhibited by cellular stress-induced AMP-activated protein kinase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F1327-38. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00680.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urate is a potent antioxidant at high concentrations but it has also been associated with a wide variety of health risks. Plasma urate concentration is determined by ingestion, production, and urinary excretion; however, factors that regulate urate excretion remain uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine whether cellular stress, which has been shown to affect other renal transport properties, modulates urate secretion in the avian renal proximal tubule. Chick kidney proximal tubule epithelial cell primary culture monolayers were used to study the transepithelial transport of radiolabeled urate. This model allowed examination of the processes, such as multidrug resistance protein 4 (Mrp4, Abcc4), which subserve urate secretion in a functional, intact, homologous system. Our results show that the recently implicated urate efflux transporter, breast cancer resistance protein ( ABCG2), does not significantly contribute to urate secretion in this system. Exposure to a high concentration of zinc for 6 h induced a cellular stress response and a striking decrease in transepithelial urate secretion. Acute exposure to zinc had no effect on transepithelial urate secretion or isolated membrane vesicle urate transport, suggesting involvement of a cellular stress adaptation. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a candidate modulator of ATP-dependent urate efflux, by 5′-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribo-furanoside caused a decrease in urate secretion similar to that seen with zinc-induced cellular stress. This effect was prevented with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. Notably, the decrease in urate secretion seen with zinc-induced cellular stress was also prevented by compound C, implicating AMPK in regulation of renal uric acid excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Bataille
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Carla L. Maffeo
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - J. Larry Renfro
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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48
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Castegna A, Palmieri L, Spera I, Porcelli V, Palmieri F, Fabis-Pedrini MJ, Kean RB, Barkhouse DA, Curtis MT, Hooper DC. Oxidative stress and reduced glutamine synthetase activity in the absence of inflammation in the cortex of mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2011; 185:97-105. [PMID: 21536110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathological changes occur in areas of CNS tissue remote from inflammatory lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). To determine if oxidative stress is a significant contributor to this non-inflammatory pathology, cortex tissues from mice with clinical signs of EAE were examined for evidence of inflammation and oxidative stress. Histology and gene expression analysis showed little evidence of immune/inflammatory cell invasion but reductions in natural antioxidant levels and increased protein oxidation that paralleled disease severity. Two-dimensional oxyblots and mass-spectrometry-based protein fingerprinting identified glutamine synthetase (GS) as a particular target of oxidation. Oxidation of GS was associated with reductions in enzyme activity and increased glutamate/glutamine levels. The possibility that this may cause neurodegeneration through glutamate excitotoxicity is supported by evidence of increasing cortical Ca(2+) levels in cortex extracts from animals with greater disease severity. These findings indicate that oxidative stress occurs in brain areas that are not actively undergoing inflammation in EAE and that this can lead to a neurodegenerative process due to the susceptibility of GS to oxidative inactivation.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/enzymology
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Encephalitis/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Female
- Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/analysis
- Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/metabolism
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Glutamine/metabolism
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism
- Guinea Pigs
- Mice
- Myelin Basic Protein/adverse effects
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- NAD/metabolism
- NADP/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castegna
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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49
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Zai L, Ferrari C, Dice C, Subbaiah S, Havton LA, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Irwin N, Huebner E, Strittmatter SM, Benowitz LI. Inosine augments the effects of a Nogo receptor blocker and of environmental enrichment to restore skilled forelimb use after stroke. J Neurosci 2011; 31:5977-88. [PMID: 21508223 PMCID: PMC3101108 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4498-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in much of the world, with few treatment options available. Following unilateral stroke in rats, inosine, a naturally occurring purine nucleoside, stimulates the growth of projections from the undamaged hemisphere into denervated areas of the spinal cord and improves skilled use of the impaired forelimb. Inosine augments neurons' intrinsic growth potential by activating Mst3b, a component of the signal transduction pathway through which trophic factors regulate axon outgrowth. The present study investigated whether inosine would complement the effects of treatments that promote plasticity through other mechanisms. Following unilateral stroke in the rat forelimb motor area, inosine combined with NEP1-40, a Nogo receptor antagonist, doubled the number of axon branches extending from neurons in the intact hemisphere into the denervated side of the spinal cord compared with either treatment alone, and restored rats' level of skilled reaching using the impaired forepaw to preoperative levels. Similar functional improvements were seen when inosine was combined with environmental enrichment (EE). The latter effect was associated with changes in gene expression in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the undamaged cortex well beyond those seen with inosine or EE alone. Inosine is now in clinical trials for other indications, making it an attractive candidate for the treatment of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Zai
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery and
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Carlie Dice
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery and
| | - Sathish Subbaiah
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery and
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology and
- Neurogenetics Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, and
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Department of Neurology and
- Neurogenetics Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, and
| | - Nina Irwin
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery and
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Eric Huebner
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | | | - Larry I. Benowitz
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery and
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Program in Neuroscience and
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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50
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Li S, Vana AC, Ribeiro R, Zhang Y. Distinct role of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in mediating oligodendrocyte toxicity in culture and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2011; 184:107-19. [PMID: 21511012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. However, it is still unclear whether nitric oxide plays a protective role or is deleterious. We have previously shown that peroxynitrite, a reaction product of nitric oxide and superoxide, is toxic to mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). The toxicity is mediated by intracellular zinc release, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), activation of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we found that the donors of nitric oxide, dipropylenetriamine NONOate (DPT NONOate) and diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate), protected OLs from peroxynitrite or zinc-induced toxicity. The protective mechanisms appear to be attributable to their inhibition of peroxynitrite- or zinc-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and 12-LOX activation. In cultures of mature OLs exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generated nitric oxide and rendered OLs resistant to peroxynitrite-induced toxicity. The protection was eliminated when 1400W, a specific inhibitor of iNOS, was co-applied with LPS. Using MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, we found that nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, an indicator of peroxynitrite formation, was increased in the spinal cord white matter, which correlated with the loss of mature OLs. Targeted gene deletion of the NADPH oxidase component gp91phox reduced clinical scores, the formation of nitrotyrosine and the loss of mature OLs. These results suggest that blocking the formation specifically of peroxynitrite, rather than nitric oxide, may be a protective strategy against oxidative stress induced toxicity to OLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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