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Lill A, Herbst A, Langhans M, Paech S, Hamacher K, Biesalski M, Meckel T, Schmitz K. Investigating Cellulose Binding of Peptides Derived from Carbohydrate Binding Module 1. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5902-5908. [PMID: 39103164 PMCID: PMC11389687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM) have emerged as useful tools for a wide range of tasks, including the use as purification tags or for cellulose fiber modification. For this purpose, the CBM needs to be attached to a target protein leading to large constructs. We investigated if short peptides from the carbohydrate binding site of CBMs can bind in a similar way as native, full-length CBMs to nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) or cotton linter paper. We designed our cellulose-binding peptides to be less hydrophobic and shorter than those previously reported. Starting from the binding site of Cel7A-CBM1, we incorporated the essential amino acids involved in cellulose binding into our peptides. These peptides, as well as control peptides with scrambled sequences or a lack of essential amino acids, bound to cellulose with similar affinity as CBM regardless of their secondary structure, sequence, or hydrophobicity. This unspecific mode of cellulose binding displayed by the presented peptides may be exploited to functionalize cellulose-based biomaterials by means of peptide-conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lill
- Biological Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64278, Germany
| | - Alexandra Herbst
- Biological Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64278, Germany
| | - Markus Langhans
- Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64278, Germany
| | - Steffen Paech
- Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64278, Germany
| | - Kay Hamacher
- Computational Biology and Simulation, Biology Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64278, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64278, Germany
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Biological Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64278, Germany
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2
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Rudjito RC, Matute AC, Jiménez-Quero A, Olsson L, Stringer MA, Krogh KBRM, Eklöf J, Vilaplana F. Integration of subcritical water extraction and treatment with xylanases and feruloyl esterases maximises release of feruloylated arabinoxylans from wheat bran. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130387. [PMID: 38295956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Wheat bran is an abundant and low valued agricultural feedstock rich in valuable biomolecules as arabinoxylans (AX) and ferulic acid with important functional and biological properties. An integrated bioprocess combining subcritical water extraction (SWE) and enzymatic treatments has been developed for maximised recovery of feruloylated arabinoxylans and oligosaccharides from wheat bran. A minimal enzymatic cocktail was developed combining one xylanase from different glycosyl hydrolase families and a feruloyl esterase. The incorporation of xylanolytic enzymes in the integrated SWE bioprocess increased the AX yields up to 75%, higher than traditional alkaline extraction, and SWE or enzymatic treatment alone. The process isolated AX with tailored molecular structures in terms of substitution, molar mass, and ferulic acid, which can be used for structural biomedical applications, food ingredients and prebiotics. This study demonstrates the use of hydrothermal and enzyme technologies for upcycling agricultural side streams into functional bioproducts, contributing to a circular food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reskandi C Rudjito
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvaro C Matute
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amparo Jiménez-Quero
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jens Eklöf
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Wang Q, Zhang X, Tian J, Zheng C, Khan MR, Guo J, Zhu W, Jin Y, Xiao H, Song J, Rojas OJ. High throughput disassembly of cellulose nanoribbons and colloidal stabilization of gel-like Pickering emulsions. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:121000. [PMID: 37230640 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a strategy to disintegrate cellulose microfibrils present in the cell walls of plant fibers. The process includes impregnation and mild oxidation followed by ultrasonication, which loosens the hydrophilic planes of crystalline cellulose while preserving the hydrophobic ones. The resultant molecularly-sized cellulose structures (cellulose ribbons, CR) retain a length of the order of a micron (1.47 ± 0.48 μm, AFM). A very high axial aspect ratio is determined (at least 190), considering the CR height (0.62 ± 0.38 nm, AFM), corresponding to 1-2 cellulose chains, and width (7.64 ± 1.82 nm, TEM). The new molecularly-thin cellulose proposes excellent hydrophilicity and flexibility, enabling a remarkable viscosifying effect when dispersed in aqueous media (shear-thinning, zero shear viscosity of 6.3 × 105 mPa·s). As such, CR suspensions readily develop into gel-like Pickering emulsions in the absence of crosslinking, suitable for direct ink writing at ultra-low solids content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Chenyu Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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4
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Agustin MB, Nematollahi N, Bhattarai M, Oliaei E, Lehtonen M, Rojas OJ, Mikkonen KS. Lignin nanoparticles as co-stabilizers and modifiers of nanocellulose-based Pickering emulsions and foams. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 30:8955-8971. [PMID: 37736116 PMCID: PMC10509128 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-023-05399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is very hydrophilic, preventing interactions with the oil phase in Pickering emulsions. This limitation is herein addressed by incorporating lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) as co-stabilizers of nanocellulose-based Pickering emulsions. LNP addition decreases the oil droplet size and slows creaming at pH 5 and 8 and with increasing LNP content. Emulsification at pH 3 and LNP cationization lead to droplet flocculation and rapid creaming. LNP application for emulsification, prior or simultaneously with nanocellulose, favors stability given the improved interactions with the oil phase. The Pickering emulsions can be freeze-dried, enabling the recovery of a solid macroporous foam that can act as adsorbent for pharmaceutical pollutants. Overall, the properties of nanocellulose-based Pickering emulsions and foams can be tailored by LNP addition. This strategy offers a unique, green approach to stabilize biphasic systems using bio-based nanomaterials without tedious and costly modification procedures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-023-05399-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B. Agustin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Present Address: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Neda Nematollahi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mamata Bhattarai
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Erfan Oliaei
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mari Lehtonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360, East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Kirsi S. Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Guo Y, Wang S, Yu K, Wang HL, Xu H, Song C, Zhao Y, Wen J, Fu C, Li Y, Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Shao F, Wang X, Deng X, Chen T, Zhao Q, Li L, Wang G, Grünhofer P, Schreiber L, Li Y, Song G, Dixon RA, Lin J. Manipulating microRNA miR408 enhances both biomass yield and saccharification efficiency in poplar. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4285. [PMID: 37463897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to fermentable sugar for biofuel production is inefficient, and most strategies to enhance efficiency directly target lignin biosynthesis, with associated negative growth impacts. Here we demonstrate, for both laboratory- and field-grown plants, that expression of Pag-miR408 in poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) significantly enhances saccharification, with no requirement for acid-pretreatment, while promoting plant growth. The overexpression plants show increased accessibility of cell walls to cellulase and scaffoldin cellulose-binding modules. Conversely, Pag-miR408 loss-of-function poplar shows decreased cell wall accessibility. Overexpression of Pag-miR408 targets three Pag-LACCASES, delays lignification, and modestly reduces lignin content, S/G ratio and degree of lignin polymerization. Meanwhile, the LACCASE loss of function mutants exhibit significantly increased growth and cell wall accessibility in xylem. Our study shows how Pag-miR408 regulates lignification and secondary growth, and suggest an effective approach towards enhancing biomass yield and saccharification efficiency in a major bioenergy crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Keji Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chengwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jialong Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yu Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Shuizhong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Fenjuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guoyong Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Richard A Dixon
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
| | - Jinxing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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6
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Mehranfar A, Khavani M, Mofrad MRK. Adsorption Process of Various Antimicrobial Peptides on Different Surfaces of Cellulose. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1041-1053. [PMID: 36935640 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Current antimicrobial challenges in hospitals, pharmaceutical production units, and food packaging have motivated the development of antimicrobial agents, among them the antimicrobial compounds based on cellulose and peptides. Herein, we develop molecular dynamics (MD) models to dissect and characterize the adsorption process of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as protegrin 1, magainin 2, and cyclic indolicidin on various surfaces of cellulose including [-1-10], [1-10], [-100], [100], [-110], and [110]. Our results suggest that the magainin 2 antimicrobial peptide loses most of its initial helix form, spreads on the cellulose surface, and makes the most rigid structure with [110] surface. The cyclic indolicidin peptide has the lowest affinity to adsorb on the cellulose surfaces, and the protegrin 1 peptide successfully adsorbs on all the proposed cellulose surfaces. Our MD simulations confirmed that cellulose can improve the corresponding peptides' structural stability and change their secondary structures during adsorption. The [-1-10] and [100] surfaces of cellulose show considerable affinity against the AMPs, exhibiting greater interactions with and adsorption to the peptides. Our data imply that the stronger adsorptions are caused by a set of H-bonds, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions, where van der Waals interactions play a prominent role in the stability of the AMP-cellulose structures. Our energy analysis results suggest that glutamic acid and arginine amino acids have key roles in the stability of AMPs on cellulose surfaces due largely to stronger interactions with the cellulose surfaces as compared with other residues. Our results can provide useful insight at the molecular level that can help design better antimicrobial biomaterials based on cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyeh Mehranfar
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohammad Khavani
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohammad R K Mofrad
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrative Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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7
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Vilms Pedersen S, Brewer JR, Hedegaard MAB, Arnspang Christensen E. Spectral Unmixing for Label-Free, In-Liquid Characterization of Biomass Microstructure and Biopolymer Content by Coherent Raman Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2168-2175. [PMID: 36638088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of lignocellulosic biomass microstructure with chemical specificity and under physiological conditions could provide invaluable insights to our understanding of plant tissue development, microstructure, origins of recalcitrance, degradation, and solubilization. However, most methods currently available are either destructive, are not compatible with hosting a physiological environment, or introduces exogenous probes, complicating their use for studying changes in microstructure and mechanisms of plant development, recalcitrance, or degradation in situ. To address these challenges, we here present a multi-modal chemically specific imaging technique based on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy with simplex maximization and entropy-based spectral unmixing enabling label-free, chemically specific characterization of plant microstructure in liquid. We describe how spatial drift of samples suspended in liquid can introduce artifacts in spectral unmixing procedures for single-frequency CARS and propose a mitigative strategy toward these effects using simultaneously acquired forward-scattered CARS signals and epi-detected autofluorescence. We further apply the technique for chemical and microstructural characterization of untreated and liquid hot water pretreated rapeseed straw by CARS and show how the framework can be extended for 3D imaging with chemical specificity. Finally, we provide examples of the intricate chemical and microstructural details recovered by this hybrid imaging technique, including discerning between primary and secondary cell walls, localization of aqueous components to cell lumina, and the presence of funnel-type pits in samples ofBrassica napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vilms Pedersen
- Department of Green Technology, SDU Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Jonathan R Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Martin A B Hedegaard
- Department of Green Technology, SDU Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Eva Arnspang Christensen
- Department of Green Technology, SDU Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
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8
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Chaudhari YB, Várnai A, Sørlie M, Horn SJ, Eijsink VGH. Engineering cellulases for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzad002. [PMID: 36892404 PMCID: PMC10394125 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable source of energy, chemicals and materials. Many applications of this resource require the depolymerization of one or more of its polymeric constituents. Efficient enzymatic depolymerization of cellulose to glucose by cellulases and accessory enzymes such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases is a prerequisite for economically viable exploitation of this biomass. Microbes produce a remarkably diverse range of cellulases, which consist of glycoside hydrolase (GH) catalytic domains and, although not in all cases, substrate-binding carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). As enzymes are a considerable cost factor, there is great interest in finding or engineering improved and robust cellulases, with higher activity and stability, easy expression, and minimal product inhibition. This review addresses relevant engineering targets for cellulases, discusses a few notable cellulase engineering studies of the past decades and provides an overview of recent work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh B Chaudhari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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9
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Babi M, Williams A, Reid M, Grandfield K, Bassim ND, Moran-Mirabal JM. Unraveling the Supramolecular Structure and Nanoscale Dislocations of Bacterial Cellulose Ribbons Using Correlative Super-Resolution Light and Electron Microscopy. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:258-268. [PMID: 36577132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is a structural linear polysaccharide that is naturally produced by plants and bacteria, making it the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. The hierarchical structure of cellulose from the nano- to microscale is intimately linked to its biosynthesis and the ability to process this sustainable resource for materials applications. Despite this, the morphology of bacterial cellulose microfibrils and their assembly into higher order structures, as well as the structural origins of the alternating crystalline and disordered supramolecular structure of cellulose, have remained elusive. In this work, we employed high-resolution transmission electron and atomic force microscopies to study the morphology of bacterial cellulose ribbons at different levels of its structural hierarchy and provide direct visualization of nanometer-wide microfibrils. The non-persistent twisting of cellulose ribbons was characterized in detail, and we found that twists are associated with nanostructural defects at the bundle and microfibril levels. To investigate the structural origins of the persistent disordered regions that are present along cellulose ribbons, we employed a correlative super-resolution light and electron microscopy workflow and observed that the disordered regions that can be seen in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy largely correlated with the ribbon twisting observed in electron microscopy. Unraveling the hierarchical assembly of bacterial cellulose and the ultrastructural basis of its disordered regions provides insights into its biosynthesis and susceptibility to hydrolysis. These findings are important to understand the cell-directed assembly of cellulose, develop new cellulose-based nanomaterials, and develop more efficient biomass conversion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhanad Babi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alyssa Williams
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Marcia Reid
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Nabil D Bassim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jose M Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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10
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Ma H, Shi Q, Li X, Ren J, Wang Y, Li Z, Ning L. Molecular and thermodynamic insights into interfacial interactions between collagen and cellulose investigated by molecular dynamics simulation and umbrella sampling. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023; 37:39-51. [PMID: 36427107 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose/collagen composites have been widely used in biomedicine and tissue engineering. Interfacial interactions are crucial in determining the final properties of cellulose/collagen composite. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to gain insights into the interactions between cellulose and collagen. It has been found that the structure of collagen remained intact during adsorption. The results derived from umbrella sampling showed that (110) and ([Formula: see text]) faces exhibited the strongest affinity with collagen (100) face came the second and (010) the last, which could be attributed to the surface roughness and hydrogen-bonding linkers involved water molecules. Cellulose planes with flat surfaces and the capability to form hydrogen-bonding linkers produce stronger affinity with collagen. The occupancy of hydrogen bonds formed between cellulose and collagen was low and not significantly contributive to the binding affinity. These findings provided insights into the interactions between cellulose and collagen at the molecular level, which may guide the design and fabrication of cellulose/collagen composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiqin Ma
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Qingwen Shi
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xuhua Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junli Ren
- Information Center, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Xi'an Qujiang NO.1 High School, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Lulu Ning
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
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11
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Nascimento DM, Colombari FM, Focassio B, Schleder GR, Costa CAR, Biffe CA, Ling LY, Gouveia RF, Strauss M, Rocha GJM, Leite E, Fazzio A, Capaz RB, Driemeier C, Bernardes JS. How lignin sticks to cellulose-insights from atomic force microscopy enhanced by machine-learning analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17561-17570. [PMID: 36346287 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05541d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating cellulose-lignin interactions at the molecular and nanometric scales is an important research topic with impacts on several pathways of biomass valorization. Here, the interaction forces between a cellulosic substrate and lignin are investigated. Atomic force microscopy with lignin-coated tips is employed to probe the site-specific adhesion to a cellulose film in liquid water. Over seven thousand force-curves are analyzed by a machine-learning approach to cluster the experimental data into types of cellulose-tip interactions. The molecular mechanisms for distinct types of cellulose-lignin interactions are revealed by molecular dynamics simulations of lignin globules interacting with different cellulose Iβ crystal facets. This unique combination of experimental force-curves, data-driven analysis, and molecular simulations opens a new approach of investigation and updates the understanding of cellulose-lignin interactions at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Nascimento
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Felippe M Colombari
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Focassio
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), CEP 09606-070 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Schleder
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), CEP 09606-070 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A R Costa
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cleyton A Biffe
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Liu Y Ling
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rubia F Gouveia
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), CEP 09606-070 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathias Strauss
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - George J M Rocha
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Edson Leite
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR), CEP 13565905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Fazzio
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), CEP 09606-070 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Capaz
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CEP 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Driemeier
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliana S Bernardes
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), CEP 09606-070 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Pfaff SA, Wang X, Wagner ER, Wilson LA, Kiemle SN, Cosgrove DJ. Detecting the orientation of newly-deposited crystalline cellulose with fluorescent CBM3. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100089. [PMID: 36426175 PMCID: PMC9678952 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose microfibril patterning influences many of the mechanical attributes of plant cell walls. We developed a simple, fluorescence microscopy-based method to detect the orientation of newly-synthesized cellulose microfibrils in epidermal peels of onion and Arabidopsis. It is based on Alexa Fluor 488-tagged carbohydrate binding module 3a (CBM3a) from Clostridium thermocellum which displayed a nearly 4-fold greater binding to cell walls at pH 5.5 compared with pH 8. Binding to isolated cellulose did not display this pH dependence. At pH 7.5 fibrillar patterns at the surface of the epidermal peels were visible, corresponding to the directionality of surface cellulose microfibrils, as verified by atomic force microscopy. The fibrillar pattern was not visible as the labeling intensity increased at lower pH. The pH of greatest cell wall labeling corresponds to the isoelectric point of CBM3a, suggesting that electrostatic forces limit CBM3a penetration into the wall. Consistent with this, digestion of the wall with pectate lyase to remove homogalacturonan increased labeling intensity. We conclude that electrostatic interactions strongly influence labeling of cell walls with CBM3 and potentially other proteins, holding implications for any work that relies on penetration of protein probes such as CBMs, antibodies, or enzymes into charged polymeric substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Pfaff
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Edward R. Wagner
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Liza A. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sarah N. Kiemle
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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13
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Takeda T, Takahashi M, Shimizu M, Sugihara Y, Yamashita T, Saitoh H, Fujisaki K, Ishikawa K, Utsushi H, Kanzaki E, Sakamoto Y, Abe A, Terauchi R. Rice apoplastic CBM1-interacting protein counters blast pathogen invasion by binding conserved carbohydrate binding module 1 motif of fungal proteins. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010792. [PMID: 36173975 PMCID: PMC9521807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When infecting plants, fungal pathogens secrete cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that break down cellulose and hemicellulose, the primary components of plant cell walls. Some fungal CWDEs contain a unique domain, named the carbohydrate binding module (CBM), that facilitates their access to polysaccharides. However, little is known about how plants counteract pathogen degradation of their cell walls. Here, we show that the rice cysteine-rich repeat secretion protein OsRMC binds to and inhibits xylanase MoCel10A of the blast fungus pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, interfering with its access to the rice cell wall and degradation of rice xylan. We found binding of OsRMC to various CBM1-containing enzymes, suggesting that it has a general role in inhibiting the action of CBM1. OsRMC is localized to the apoplast, and its expression is strongly induced in leaves infected with M. oryzae. Remarkably, knockdown and overexpression of OsRMC reduced and enhanced rice defense against M. oryzae, respectively, demonstrating that inhibition of CBM1-containing fungal enzymes by OsRMC is crucial for rice defense. We also identified additional CBM-interacting proteins (CBMIPs) from Arabidopsis thaliana and Setaria italica, indicating that a wide range of plants counteract pathogens through this mechanism. Plants have evolved various activity-inhibiting proteins as a defense against fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), but how plants counteract the function of fungal enzymes containing carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that OsRMC, a member of the cysteine-rich repeat secretion protein family, interacts with fungal CBM1. OsRMC binding to CBM1 of a blast fungal xylanase blocks access to cellulose, resulting in the inhibition of xylanase enzymatic activity. Our study provides significant insights into plant countermeasures against CWDEs in the apoplastic space during plant-fungal pathogen interactions. It also reveals a molecular function of the DUF26 domain widely distributed in plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Takeda
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (RT)
| | | | - Motoki Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yu Sugihara
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hiromasa Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Fujisaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Hiroe Utsushi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Eiko Kanzaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Akira Abe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (RT)
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14
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Haouache S, Chen Y, Jimenez-Saelices C, Cousin F, Chen P, Nishiyama Y, Jerome F, Capron I. Edge-On (Cellulose II) and Face-On (Cellulose I) Adsorption of Cellulose Nanocrystals at the Oil-Water Interface: A Combined Entropic and Enthalpic Process. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3517-3524. [PMID: 36044601 PMCID: PMC9472801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses can be used to stabilize oil-water surfaces, forming so-called Pickering emulsions. In this work, we compare the organization of native and mercerized cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-I and CNC-II) adsorbed on the surface of hexadecane droplets dispersed in water at different CNC concentrations. Both types of CNCs have an elongated particle morphology and form a layer strongly adsorbed at the interface. However, while the layer thickness formed with CNC-I is independent of the concentration at 7 nm, CNC-II forms a layer ranging from 9 to 14 nm thick with increasing concentration, as determined using small-angle neutron scattering with contrast-matched experiments. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed a preferred interacting crystallographic plane for both crystalline allomorphs that exposes the CH groups (100 and 010) and is therefore considered hydrophobic. Furthermore, this study suggests that whatever the allomorph, the migration of CNCs to the oil-water interface is spontaneous and irreversible and is driven by both enthalpic and entropic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somia Haouache
- INRAE,
UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
- ICMMP, Université de Poitiers-CNRS, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing
Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | - Fabrice Cousin
- Laboratoire
Léon Brillouin, Université
Paris-Saclay, CEA-CNRS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pan Chen
- Beijing
Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, P. R. China
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15
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Tracking Bacterial Nanocellulose in Animal Tissues by Fluorescence Microscopy. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152605. [PMID: 35957036 PMCID: PMC9370207 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of nanomaterials in food technology is nowadays well-established. However, their commercial use requires a careful risk assessment, in particular concerning the fate of nanomaterials in the human body. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a nanofibrillar polysaccharide, has been used as a food product for many years in Asia. However, given its nano-character, several toxicological studies must be performed, according to the European Food Safety Agency’s guidance. Those should especially answer the question of whether nanoparticulate cellulose is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. This raises the need to develop a screening technique capable of detecting isolated nanosized particles in biological tissues. Herein, the potential of a cellulose-binding module fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP–CBM) to detect single bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) obtained by acid hydrolysis was assessed. Adsorption studies were performed to characterize the interaction of GFP–CBM with BNC and BCNC. Correlative electron light microscopy was used to demonstrate that isolated BCNC may be detected by fluorescence microscopy. The uptake of BCNC by macrophages was also assessed. Finally, an exploratory 21-day repeated-dose study was performed, wherein Wistar rats were fed daily with BNC. The presence of BNC or BCNC throughout the GIT was observed only in the intestinal lumen, suggesting that cellulose particles were not absorbed. While a more comprehensive toxicological study is necessary, these results strengthen the idea that BNC can be considered a safe food additive.
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16
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Comparison of the Biochemical Properties and Roles in the Xyloglucan-Rich Biomass Degradation of a GH74 Xyloglucanase and Its CBM-Deleted Variant from Thielavia terrestris. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095276. [PMID: 35563667 PMCID: PMC9103125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xyloglucan is closely associated with cellulose and still retained with some modification in pretreated lignocellulose; however, its influence on lignocellulose biodegradation is less understood. TtGH74 from Thielavia terrestris displayed much higher catalytic activity than previously characterized fungal GH74 xyloglucanases. The carbohydrate-binding module 1 (CBM1) deleted variant (TtGH74ΔCBM) had the same optimum temperature and pH but an elevated thermostability. TtGH74 displayed a high binding affinity on xyloglucan and cellulose, while TtGH74ΔCBM completely lost the adsorption capability on cellulose. Their hydrolysis action alone or in combination with other glycoside hydrolases on the free xyloglucan, xyloglucan-coated phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose or pretreated corn bran and apple pomace was compared. CBM1 might not be essential for the hydrolysis of free xyloglucan but still effective for the associated xyloglucan to an extent. TtGH74 alone or synergistically acting with the CBH1/EG1 mixture was more effective in the hydrolysis of xyloglucan in corn bran, while TtGH74ΔCBM showed relatively higher catalytic activity on apple pomace, indicating that the role and significance of CBM1 are substrate-specific. The degrees of synergy for TtGH74 or TtGH74ΔCBM with the CBH1/EG1 mixture reached 1.22–2.02. The addition of GH10 xylanase in TtGH74 or the TtGH74ΔCBM/CBH1/EG1 mixture further improved the overall hydrolysis efficiency, and the degrees of synergy were up to 1.50–2.16.
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17
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Sun P, Valenzuela SV, Chunkrua P, Javier Pastor FI, Laurent CVF, Ludwig R, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Oxidized Product Profiles of AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases Depend on the Type of Cellulose. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:14124-14133. [PMID: 34722005 PMCID: PMC8549066 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are essential for enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose-rich biomass in the context of biofuels and platform chemicals production. Considerable insight into the mode of action of LPMOs has been obtained, but research on the cellulose specificity of these enzymes is still limited. Hence, we studied the product profiles of four fungal Auxiliary Activity family 9 (AA9) LPMOs during their oxidative cleavage of three types of cellulose: bacterial cellulose (BC), Avicel PH-101 (AVI), and regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC). We observed that attachment of a carbohydrate-binding module 1 (CBM1) did not change the substrate specificity of LPMO9B from Myceliophthora thermophila C1 (MtLPMO9B) but stimulated the degradation of all three types of cellulose. A detailed quantification of oxidized ends in both soluble and insoluble fractions, as well as characterization of oxidized cello-oligosaccharide patterns, suggested that MtLPMO9B generates mainly oxidized cellobiose from BC, while producing oxidized cello-oligosaccharides from AVI and RAC ranged more randomly from DP2-8. Comparable product profiles, resulting from BC, AVI, and RAC oxidation, were found for three other AA9 LPMOs. These distinct cleavage profiles highlight cellulose specificity rather than an LPMO-dependent mechanism and may further reflect that the product profiles of AA9 LPMOs are modulated by different cellulose types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana V. Valenzuela
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pimvisuth Chunkrua
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco I. Javier Pastor
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe V. F.
P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Sciences
and Process Engineering, BOKU−University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Madland E, Forsberg Z, Wang Y, Lindorff-Larsen K, Niebisch A, Modregger J, Eijsink VGH, Aachmann FL, Courtade G. Structural and functional variation of chitin-binding domains of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Cellvibrio japonicus. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101084. [PMID: 34411561 PMCID: PMC8449059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the extensive repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have a key role in recalcitrant biomass degradation. LPMOs are copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin. Several LPMOs contain carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) that are known to promote LPMO efficiency. However, structural and functional properties of some CBMs remain unknown, and it is not clear why some LPMOs, like CjLPMO10A from the soil bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus, have multiple CBMs (CjCBM5 and CjCBM73). Here, we studied substrate binding by these two CBMs to shine light on their functional variation and determined the solution structures of both by NMR, which constitutes the first structure of a member of the CBM73 family. Chitin-binding experiments and molecular dynamics simulations showed that, while both CBMs bind crystalline chitin with Kd values in the micromolar range, CjCBM73 has higher affinity for chitin than CjCBM5. Furthermore, NMR titration experiments showed that CjCBM5 binds soluble chitohexaose, whereas no binding of CjCBM73 to this chitooligosaccharide was detected. These functional differences correlate with distinctly different arrangements of three conserved aromatic amino acids involved in substrate binding. In CjCBM5, these residues show a linear arrangement that seems compatible with the experimentally observed affinity for single chitin chains. On the other hand, the arrangement of these residues in CjCBM73 suggests a wider binding surface that may interact with several chitin chains. Taken together, these results provide insight into natural variation among related chitin-binding CBMs and the possible functional implications of such variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Madland
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Yong Wang
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaston Courtade
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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19
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Hershko Rimon A, Livnah O, Rozman Grinberg I, Ortiz de Ora L, Yaniv O, Lamed R, Bayer EA, Frolow F, Voronov-Goldman M. Novel clostridial cell-surface hemicellulose-binding CBM3 proteins. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:95-104. [PMID: 33830074 PMCID: PMC8034430 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel member of the family 3 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM3s) is encoded by a gene (Cthe_0271) in Clostridium thermocellum which is the most highly expressed gene in the bacterium during its growth on several types of biomass substrates. Surprisingly, CtCBM3-0271 binds to at least two different types of xylan, instead of the common binding of CBM3s to cellulosic substrates. CtCBM3-0271 was crystallized and its three-dimensional structure was solved and refined to a resolution of 1.8 Å. In order to learn more about the role of this type of CBM3, a comparative study with its orthologue from Clostridium clariflavum (encoded by the Clocl_1192 gene) was performed, and the three-dimensional structure of CcCBM3-1192 was determined to 1.6 Å resolution. Carbohydrate binding by CcCBM3-1192 was found to be similar to that by CtCBM3-0271; both exhibited binding to xylan rather than to cellulose. Comparative structural analysis of the two CBM3s provided a clear functional correlation of structure and binding, in which the two CBM3s lack the required number of binding residues in their cellulose-binding strips and thus lack cellulose-binding capabilities. This is an enigma, as CtCBM3-0271 was reported to be a highly expressed protein when the bacterium was grown on cellulose. An additional unexpected finding was that CcCBM3-1192 does not contain the calcium ion that was considered to play a structural stabilizing role in the CBM3 family. Despite the lack of calcium, the five residues that form the calcium-binding site are conserved. The absence of calcium results in conformational changes in two loops of the CcCBM3-1192 structure. In this context, superposition of the non-calcium-binding CcCBM3-1192 with CtCBM3-0271 and other calcium-binding CBM3s reveals a much broader two-loop region in the former compared with CtCBM3-0271.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almog Hershko Rimon
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Oded Livnah
- The Wolfson Center for Applied and Structural Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Inna Rozman Grinberg
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lizett Ortiz de Ora
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Oren Yaniv
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Raphael Lamed
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 760001, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8499000, Israel
| | - Felix Frolow
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Milana Voronov-Goldman
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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20
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Brunecky R, Yao B, Xie X, Zheng F, Luo H. A Swollenin From Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 Enhances Cellulase Hydrolysis Toward Various Substrates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658096. [PMID: 33854492 PMCID: PMC8039133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Swollenins exist within some fungal species and are candidate accessory proteins for the biodegradation of cellulosic substrates. Here, we describe the identification of a swollenin gene, Tlswo, in Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802. Tlswo was successfully expressed in both Trichoderma reesei and Pichia pastoris. Assay results indicate that TlSWO is capable of releasing reducing sugars from lichenan, barley β-glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) and laminarin. The specific activity of TlSWO toward lichenan, barley β-glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) and laminarin is 9.0 ± 0.100, 8.9 ± 0.100, 2.3 ± 0.002 and 0.79 ± 0.002 U/mg, respectively. Additionally, TlSWO had disruptive activity on Avicel and a synergistic effect with cellobiohydrolases, increasing the activity on pretreated corn stover by up to 72.2%. The functional diversity of TlSWO broadens its applicability in experimental settings, and indicating that it may be a promising candidate for future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Roman Brunecky
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Bin Yao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangming Xie
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Evolution of Fungal Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme Portfolios and Adaptation to Plant Cell-Wall Polymers. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030185. [PMID: 33807546 PMCID: PMC7998857 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The postindustrial era is currently facing two ecological challenges. First, the rise in global temperature, mostly caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, and second, the inability of the environment to absorb the waste of human activities. Fungi are valuable levers for both a reduction in CO2 emissions, and the improvement of a circular economy with the optimized valorization of plant waste and biomass. Soil fungi may promote plant growth and thereby increase CO2 assimilation via photosynthesis or, conversely, they may prompt the decomposition of dead organic matter, and thereby contribute to CO2 emissions. The strategies that fungi use to cope with plant-cell-wall polymers and access the saccharides that they use as a carbon source largely rely on the secretion of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In the past few years, comparative genomics and phylogenomics coupled with the functional characterization of CAZymes significantly improved the understanding of their evolution in fungal genomes, providing a framework for the design of nature-inspired enzymatic catalysts. Here, we provide an overview of the diversity of CAZyme enzymatic systems employed by fungi that exhibit different substrate preferences, different ecologies, or belong to different taxonomical groups for lignocellulose degradation.
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22
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Chundawat SPS, Nemmaru B, Hackl M, Brady SK, Hilton MA, Johnson MM, Chang S, Lang MJ, Huh H, Lee SH, Yarbrough JM, López CA, Gnanakaran S. Molecular origins of reduced activity and binding commitment of processive cellulases and associated carbohydrate-binding proteins to cellulose III. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100431. [PMID: 33610545 PMCID: PMC8010709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient enzymatic saccharification of cellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars can enable production of bioproducts like ethanol. Native crystalline cellulose, or cellulose I, is inefficiently processed via enzymatic hydrolysis but can be converted into the structurally distinct cellulose III allomorph that is processed via cellulase cocktails derived from Trichoderma reesei up to 20-fold faster. However, characterization of individual cellulases from T. reesei, like the processive exocellulase Cel7A, shows reduced binding and activity at low enzyme loadings toward cellulose III. To clarify this discrepancy, we monitored the single-molecule initial binding commitment and subsequent processive motility of Cel7A enzymes and associated carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) on cellulose using optical tweezers force spectroscopy. We confirmed a 48% lower initial binding commitment and 32% slower processive motility of Cel7A on cellulose III, which we hypothesized derives from reduced binding affinity of the Cel7A binding domain CBM1. Classical CBM–cellulose pull-down assays, depending on the adsorption model fitted, predicted between 1.2- and 7-fold reduction in CBM1 binding affinity for cellulose III. Force spectroscopy measurements of CBM1–cellulose interactions, along with molecular dynamics simulations, indicated that previous interpretations of classical binding assay results using multisite adsorption models may have complicated analysis, and instead suggest simpler single-site models should be used. These findings were corroborated by binding analysis of other type-A CBMs (CBM2a, CBM3a, CBM5, CBM10, and CBM64) on both cellulose allomorphs. Finally, we discuss how complementary analytical tools are critical to gain insight into the complex mechanisms of insoluble polysaccharides hydrolysis by cellulolytic enzymes and associated carbohydrate-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir P S Chundawat
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Bhargava Nemmaru
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Markus Hackl
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sonia K Brady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark A Hilton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Madeline M Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sungrok Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hyun Huh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - John M Yarbrough
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Cesar A López
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
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23
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Schaller KS, Kari J, Molina GA, Tidemand KD, Borch K, Peters GHJ, Westh P. Computing Cellulase Kinetics with a Two-Domain Linear Interaction Energy Approach. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1547-1555. [PMID: 33490814 PMCID: PMC7818601 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While heterogeneous enzyme reactions play an essential role in both nature and green industries, computational predictions of their catalytic properties remain scarce. Recent experimental work demonstrated the applicability of the Sabatier principle for heterogeneous biocatalysis. This provides a simple relationship between binding strength and the catalytic rate and potentially opens a new way for inexpensive computational determination of kinetic parameters. However, broader implementation of this approach will require fast and reliable prediction of binding free energies of complex two-phase systems, and computational procedures for this are still elusive. Here, we propose a new framework for the assessment of the binding strengths of multidomain proteins, in general, and interfacial enzymes, in particular, based on an extended linear interaction energy (LIE) method. This two-domain LIE (2D-LIE) approach was successfully applied to predict binding and activation free energies of a diverse set of cellulases and resulted in robust models with high accuracy. Overall, our method provides a fast computational screening tool for cellulases that have not been experimentally characterized, and we posit that it may also be applicable to other heterogeneously acting biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay S. Schaller
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Kari
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A. Molina
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes
A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. J. Peters
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- . Phone: +45 45 25 26 41
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24
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Pinheiro MP, Reis RA, Dupree P, Ward RJ. Plant cell wall architecture guided design of CBM3-GH11 chimeras with enhanced xylanase activity using a tandem repeat left-handed β-3-prism scaffold. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1108-1118. [PMID: 33680354 PMCID: PMC7890094 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective use of plant biomass as an abundant and renewable feedstock for biofuel production and biorefinery requires efficient enzymatic mobilization of cell wall polymers. Knowledge of plant cell wall composition and architecture has been exploited to develop novel multifunctional enzymes with improved activity against lignocellulose, where a left-handed β-3-prism synthetic scaffold (BeSS) was designed for insertion of multiple protein domains at the prism vertices. This allowed construction of a series of chimeras fusing variable numbers of a GH11 β-endo-1,4-xylanase and the CipA-CBM3 with defined distances and constrained relative orientations between catalytic domains. The cellulose binding and endoxylanase activities of all chimeras were maintained. Activity against lignocellulose substrates revealed a rapid 1.6- to 3-fold increase in total reducing saccharide release and increased levels of all major oligosaccharides as measured by polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE). A construct with CBM3 and GH11 domains inserted in the same prism vertex showed highest activity, demonstrating interdomain geometry rather than number of catalytic sites is important for optimized chimera design. These results confirm that the BeSS concept is robust and can be successfully applied to the construction of multifunctional chimeras, which expands the possibilities for knowledge-based protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus P. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Renata A.G. Reis
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Ward
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-901, Brazil
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25
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Liu T, Zhang Y, Lu X, Wang P, Zhang X, Tian J, Wang Q, Song J, Jin Y, Xiao H. Binding affinity of family 4 carbohydrate binding module on cellulose films of nanocrystals and nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:116725. [PMID: 33142548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The binding affinity and thermodynamics of family 4 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM4), belonging to type B CBM, on model surfaces of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibrils (CNF) were investigated by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technology in real-time at different temperatures. The thermodynamic parameters associated with the interaction, such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy change, entropy change and heat capacity were obtained using the van't Hoff analysis via a nonlinear parameter estimation. The results demonstrated CBM4 binds preferentially to both CNF and CNC, whereas the driving forces behind them were very different. The former was related to the hydrogen bonds formed in the CBM4 clefts, resulting in a favorable enthalpy but compensated by unfavorable entropy change; on the contrary, the latter was mainly driven by favorable entropy but compensated by unfavorable enthalpic change due to water rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Dinano Tech Co., Ltd., Nanjing Branch, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, United States
| | - Peipei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
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26
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Nemmaru B, Ramirez N, Farino CJ, Yarbrough JM, Kravchenko N, Chundawat SPS. Reduced type-A carbohydrate-binding module interactions to cellulose I leads to improved endocellulase activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1141-1151. [PMID: 33245142 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dissociation of nonproductively bound cellulolytic enzymes from cellulose is hypothesized to be a key rate-limiting factor impeding cost-effective biomass conversion to fermentable sugars. However, the role of carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) in enabling nonproductive enzyme binding is not well understood. Here, we examine the subtle interplay of CBM binding and cellulose hydrolysis activity for three models type-A CBMs (Families 1, 3a, and 64) tethered to multifunctional endoglucanase (CelE) on two distinct cellulose allomorphs (i.e., cellulose I and III). We generated a small library of mutant CBMs with varying cellulose affinity, as determined by equilibrium binding assays, followed by monitoring cellulose hydrolysis activity of CelE-CBM fusion constructs. Finally, kinetic binding assays using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation were employed to measure CBM adsorption and desorption rate constants k on and k off , respectively, towards nanocrystalline cellulose derived from both allomorphs. Overall, our results indicate that reduced CBM equilibrium binding affinity towards cellulose I alone, resulting from increased desorption rates ( k off ) and reduced effective adsorption rates ( nk on ), is correlated to overall improved endocellulase activity. Future studies could employ similar approaches to unravel the role of CBMs in nonproductive enzyme binding and develop improved cellulolytic enzymes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cindy J Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - John M Yarbrough
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas Kravchenko
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shishir P S Chundawat
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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27
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Nakamura A, Ishiwata D, Visootsat A, Uchiyama T, Mizutani K, Kaneko S, Murata T, Igarashi K, Iino R. Domain architecture divergence leads to functional divergence in binding and catalytic domains of bacterial and fungal cellobiohydrolases. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14606-14617. [PMID: 32816991 PMCID: PMC7586223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellobiohydrolases directly convert crystalline cellulose into cellobiose and are of biotechnological interest to achieve efficient biomass utilization. As a result, much research in the field has focused on identifying cellobiohydrolases that are very fast. Cellobiohydrolase A from the bacterium Cellulomonas fimi (CfCel6B) and cellobiohydrolase II from the fungus Trichoderma reesei (TrCel6A) have similar catalytic domains (CDs) and show similar hydrolytic activity. However, TrCel6A and CfCel6B have different cellulose-binding domains (CBDs) and linkers: TrCel6A has a glycosylated peptide linker, whereas CfCel6B's linker consists of three fibronectin type 3 domains. We previously found that TrCel6A's linker plays an important role in increasing the binding rate constant to crystalline cellulose. However, it was not clear whether CfCel6B's linker has similar function. Here we analyze kinetic parameters of CfCel6B using single-molecule fluorescence imaging to compare CfCel6B and TrCel6A. We find that CBD is important for initial binding of CfCel6B, but the contribution of the linker to the binding rate constant or to the dissociation rate constant is minor. The crystal structure of the CfCel6B CD showed longer loops at the entrance and exit of the substrate-binding tunnel compared with TrCel6A CD, which results in higher processivity. Furthermore, CfCel6B CD showed not only fast surface diffusion but also slow processive movement, which is not observed in TrCel6A CD. Combined with the results of a phylogenetic tree analysis, we propose that bacterial cellobiohydrolases are designed to degrade crystalline cellulose using high-affinity CBD and high-processivity CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Nakamura
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Daiki Ishiwata
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan; Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akasit Visootsat
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan; Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Uchiyama
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizutani
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Subtropical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Iino
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan; Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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28
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Rooijakkers BJM, Arola S, Velagapudi R, Linder MB. Different effects of carbohydrate binding modules on the viscoelasticity of nanocellulose gels. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 22:100766. [PMID: 32337376 PMCID: PMC7176825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellulose degrading and modifying enzymes have distinct parts called carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs). The CBMs have been shown to increase the concentration of enzymes on the insoluble substrate and thereby enhance catalytic activity. It has been suggested that CBMs also have a role in disrupting or dispersing the insoluble cellulose substrate, but dispute remains and explicit evidence of such a mechanism is lacking. We produced the isolated CBMs from two major cellulases (Cel6A and Cel7A) from Trichoderma reesei as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. We then studied the viscoelastic properties of native unmodified cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) in combination with the highly purified CBMs to detect possible functional effects of the CBMs on the CNF. The two CBMs showed clearly different effects on the viscoelastic properties of CNF. The difference in effects is noteworthy, yet it was not possible to conclude for example disruptive effects. We discuss here the alternative explanations for viscoelastic effects on CNF caused by CBMs, including the effect of ionic cosolutes. The effect of Cellulose Binding Modules (CBM) on the viscoelastic properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were investigated. The CBMs from enzymes Cel6A and Cel7A from Trichoderma reesei affected the rheology of CNF very differently. Additions of even very small amounts of salt (NaCl) also affected the rheology of CNF. The high sensitivity of NFC towards added ionic species makes interpretation of results challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J M Rooijakkers
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Suvi Arola
- VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., High Performance Fiber Products, Tietotie 4E, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rama Velagapudi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
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29
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Qin J, Tong Z, Zhan Y, Buisson C, Song F, He K, Nielsen-LeRoux C, Guo S. A Bacillus thuringiensis Chitin-Binding Protein is Involved in Insect Peritrophic Matrix Adhesion and Takes Part in the Infection Process. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040252. [PMID: 32294913 PMCID: PMC7232397 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is used for insect pest control, and its larvicidal activity is primarily attributed to Cry toxins. Other factors participate in infection, and limited information is available regarding factors acting on the peritrophic matrix (PM). This study aimed to investigate the role of a Bt chitin-binding protein (CBPA) that had been previously shown to be expressed at pH 9 in vitro and could therefore be expressed in the alkaline gut of lepidopteron larvae. A ∆cbpA mutant was generated that was 10-fold less virulent than wild-type Bt HD73 towards Ostrinia furnacalis neonate larvae, indicating its important role in infection. Purified recombinant Escherichia coli CBPA was shown to have a chitin affinity, thus indicating a possible interaction with the chitin-rich PM. A translational GFP-CBPA fusion elucidated the localization of CBPA on the bacterial surface, and the transcriptional activity of the promoter PcbpA was immediately induced and confirmed at pH 9. Next, in order to connect surface expression and possible in vivo gut activity, last instar Galleria mellonella (Gm) larvae (not susceptible to Bt HD-73) were used as a model to follow CBPA in gut expression, bacterial transit, and PM adhesion. CBPA-GFP was quickly expressed in the Gm gut lumen, and more Bt HD73 strain bacteria adhered to the PM than those of the ∆cbpA mutant strain. Therefore, CBPA may help to retain the bacteria, via the PM binding, close to the gut surface and thus takes part in the early steps of Bt gut interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Qin
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zongxing Tong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiling Zhan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Christophe Buisson
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Christina Nielsen-LeRoux
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Correspondence: (C.N.-L.); (S.G.); Tel.: +33-01-3465-2101 (C.N.-L.); +86-10-6891-4495 (S.G.)
| | - Shuyuan Guo
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (C.N.-L.); (S.G.); Tel.: +33-01-3465-2101 (C.N.-L.); +86-10-6891-4495 (S.G.)
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30
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Baig KS. Interaction of enzymes with lignocellulosic materials: causes, mechanism and influencing factors. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractFor the production of biofuel (bioethanol), enzymatic adsorption onto a lignocellulosic biomass surface is a prior condition for the enzymatic hydrolysis process to occur. Lignocellulosic substances are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The polysaccharide matrix (cellulose and hemicellulose) is capable of producing bioethanol. Therefore, lignin is removed or its concentration is reduced from the adsorption substrates by pretreatments. Selected enzymes are used for the production of reducing sugars from cellulosic materials, which in turn are converted to bioethanol. Adsorption of enzymes onto the substrate surface is a complicated process. A large number of research have been performed on the adsorption process, but little has been done to understand the mechanism of adsorption process. This article reviews the mechanisms of adsorption of enzymes onto the biomass surfaces. A conceptual adsorption mechanism is presented which will fill the gaps in literature and help researchers and industry to use adsorption more efficiently. The process of enzymatic adsorption starts with the reciprocal interplay of enzymes and substrates and ends with the establishment of molecular and cellular binding. The kinetics of an enzymatic reaction is almost the same as that of a characteristic chemical catalytic reaction. The influencing factors discussed in detail are: surface characteristics of the participating materials, the environmental factors, such as the associated flow conditions, temperature, concentration, etc. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials and optimum range of shear force and temperature for getting better results of adsorption are recommended.
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31
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Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Enzyme Assemblies for Enhanced Biotransformations with In Situ Cofactor Regeneration. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1369-1383. [PMID: 32100231 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the use of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) for development of enzyme assemblies in an oriented manner for biotransformation with in situ cofactor regeneration. This is achieved by developing fusion protein enzymes with cellulose-specific binding domains. Specifically, lactate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase were fused with a cellulose binding domain, which enabled both enzyme recovery and assembling in essentially one single step by using NFC. Results showed that the binding capacity of the enzymes was as high as 0.9 μmol-enzyme/g-NFC. Compared to native parent free enzymes, NFC-enzyme assemblies improved the catalytic efficiency of the coupled reaction system by over 100%. The lifetime of enzymes was also improved by as high as 27 folds. The work demonstrates promising potential of using biocompatible and environmentally benign bio-based nanomaterials for construction of efficient catalysts for intensified bioprocessing and biotransformation applications.
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32
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Togo Y, Nakashima K, Mwandira W, Kawasaki S. A Novel Metal Adsorbent Composed of a Hexa-histidine Tag and a Carbohydrate-binding Module on Cellulose. ANAL SCI 2019; 36:459-464. [PMID: 31866603 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel metal adsorbent composed of bio-based materials, cellulose and a protein. The approach involved the immobilization of a hexa-histidine tag (His6), which shows an affinity for an intermediate acid (metal ion) in Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) theory, on cellulose by fusing with a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). The results show that CBM-His6-bound cellulose has adsorption selectivity reflecting the original properties of His6. Additionally, we prepared three configurations of CBM-His6 proteins, which were subsequently immobilized on filter paper for Ni2+ ion adsorption. Of these configurations, we found that the protein containing two His6 tags at each terminus (N- and C-) of CBM exhibited the highest metal adsorption ability. Furthermore, XPS analysis confirmed the binding of Ni2+ ions on the cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Togo
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazunori Nakashima
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Wilson Mwandira
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
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33
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Effects of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Cellulose Nanofibers on the Structure and Properties of Polyhydroxybutyrate Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122063. [PMID: 31835805 PMCID: PMC6960622 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, in commercial applications is its poor elongation at break (~3%). In this study, the effects of nanocellulose contents and their types, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) on the crystallization, thermal, and mechanical properties of PHB composites were systematically compared. We explored the toughening mechanisms of PHB by adding CNCs and cellulose CNFs. The results showed that when the morphology of bagasse nanocellulose was rod-like and its content was 1 wt %, the toughening modification of PHB was the best. Compared with pure PHB, the elongation at break and Young’s modulus increased by 91.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Cellulose nanocrystals worked as heterogeneous nucleating agents in PHB and hence reduced its crystallinity and consequently improved the toughness of PHB. This simple approach could potentially be explored as a strategy to extend the possible applications of this biopolymer in packaging fields.
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34
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Schiano‐di‐Cola C, Kołaczkowski B, Sørensen TH, Christensen SJ, Cavaleiro AM, Windahl MS, Borch K, Morth JP, Westh P. Structural and biochemical characterization of a family 7 highly thermostable endoglucanase from the fungusRasamsonia emersonii. FEBS J 2019; 287:2577-2596. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trine Holst Sørensen
- Department of Science and Environment Roskilde University Denmark
- Novozymes A/S Lyngby Denmark
| | | | | | - Michael Skovbo Windahl
- Department of Science and Environment Roskilde University Denmark
- Novozymes A/S Lyngby Denmark
| | | | - Jens Preben Morth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Department of Science and Environment Roskilde University Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
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35
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Martone PT, Janot K, Fujita M, Wasteneys G, Ruel K, Joseleau JP, Estevez JM. Cellulose-rich secondary walls in wave-swept red macroalgae fortify flexible tissues. PLANTA 2019; 250:1867-1879. [PMID: 31482328 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic secondary walls evolved convergently in coralline red macroalgae, reinforcing tissues against wave-induced breakage, despite differences in cellulose abundance, microfibril orientation, and wall structure. Cellulose-enriched secondary cell walls are the hallmark of woody vascular plants, which develop thickened walls to support upright growth and resist toppling in terrestrial environments. Here we investigate the striking presence and convergent evolution of cellulosic secondary walls in coralline red algae, which reinforce thalli against forces applied by crashing waves. Despite ostensible similarities to secondary wall synthesis in land plants, we note several structural and mechanical differences. In coralline red algae, secondary walls contain three-times more cellulose (~ 22% w/w) than primary walls (~ 8% w/w), and their presence nearly doubles the total thickness of cell walls (~ 1.2 µm thick). Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that cellulose bundles are cylindrical and lack any predominant orientation in both primary and secondary walls. His-tagged recombinant carbohydrate-binding module differentiated crystalline and amorphous cellulose in planta, noting elevated levels of crystalline cellulose in secondary walls. With the addition of secondary cell walls, Calliarthron genicular tissues become significantly stronger and tougher, yet remain remarkably extensible, more than doubling in length before breaking under tension. Thus, the development of secondary walls contributes to the strong-yet-flexible genicular tissues that enable coralline red algae to survive along wave-battered coastlines throughout the NE Pacific. This study provides an important evolutionary perspective on the development and biomechanical significance of secondary cell walls in a non-model, non-vascular plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Martone
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kyra Janot
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Miki Fujita
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Wasteneys
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katia Ruel
- E.I. LINK-Conseil, 349 rue du Mont-Blanc, 38570, Le Cheylas, France
| | | | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIBBA-CONICET), C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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36
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Novy V, Aïssa K, Nielsen F, Straus SK, Ciesielski P, Hunt CG, Saddler J. Quantifying cellulose accessibility during enzyme-mediated deconstruction using 2 fluorescence-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22545-22551. [PMID: 31636211 PMCID: PMC6842628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912354116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two fluorescence-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), which specifically bind to crystalline (CBM2a-RRedX) and paracrystalline (CBM17-FITC) cellulose, were used to differentiate the supramolecular cellulose structures in bleached softwood Kraft fibers during enzyme-mediated hydrolysis. Differences in CBM adsorption were elucidated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and the structural changes occurring during enzyme-mediated deconstruction were quantified via the relative fluorescence intensities of the respective probes. It was apparent that a high degree of order (i.e., crystalline cellulose) occurred at the cellulose fiber surface, which was interspersed by zones of lower structural organization and increased cellulose accessibility. Quantitative image analysis, supported by 13C NMR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, and fiber length distribution analysis, showed that enzymatic degradation predominates at these zones during the initial phase of the reaction, resulting in rapid fiber fragmentation and an increase in cellulose surface crystallinity. By applying this method to elucidate the differences in the enzyme-mediated deconstruction mechanisms, this work further demonstrated that drying decreased the accessibility of enzymes to these disorganized zones, resulting in a delayed onset of degradation and fragmentation. The use of fluorescence-tagged CBMs with specific recognition sites provided a quantitative way to elucidate supramolecular substructures of cellulose and their impact on enzyme accessibility. By designing a quantitative method to analyze the cellulose ultrastructure and accessibility, this study gives insights into the degradation mechanism of cellulosic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novy
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kevin Aïssa
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fredrik Nielsen
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Suzana K Straus
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Peter Ciesielski
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401
| | - Christopher G Hunt
- Forest Products Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Jack Saddler
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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37
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Sista Kameshwar AK, Qin W. Systematic review of publicly available non-Dikarya fungal proteomes for understanding their plant biomass-degrading and bioremediation potentials. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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38
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Aïssa K, Karaaslan MA, Renneckar S, Saddler JN. Functionalizing Cellulose Nanocrystals with Click Modifiable Carbohydrate-Binding Modules. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3087-3093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Aïssa
- Forest Products, Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Muzaffer A. Karaaslan
- Forest Products, Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Forest Products, Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jack N. Saddler
- Forest Products, Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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39
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Wu X, Yuan Q, Liu S, Shi S, Russell TP, Wang D. Nanorod-Surfactant Assemblies and Their Interfacial Behavior at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:512-518. [PMID: 35619362 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial behavior of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) surfactants (CNCSs), formed by the interactions between CNCs dispersed in water and amine terminated polymer dissolved in oil, was investigated using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a function of pH and areal density of CNCSs. The AFM results show that the strength of the interactions between the CNCs and the ligands dictates the response of the CNCS assemblies to an applied compress whether the assemblies wrinkle or buckle or if the orientation of the CNCSs with respect to the interfaces is changed. AFM force curve measurements provide an alternative route to evaluate the interfacial tension and, more importantly, allow quantitative evaluation of the strength of interactions between the CNCs assembled at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingqing Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaowei Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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40
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Carbohydrate binding modules enhance cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis by increasing access of cellulases to the substrate. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Ezaki T, Nishinari K, Samejima M, Igarashi K. Bridging the Micro-Macro Gap between Single-Molecular Behavior and Bulk Hydrolysis Properties of Cellulase. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:098102. [PMID: 30932525 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.098102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic kinetics of enzymes at the single-molecule level often deviate considerably from those expected from bulk biochemical experiments. Here, we propose a coarse-grained-model approach to bridge this gap, focusing on the unexpectedly slow bulk hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose by cellulase, which constitutes a major obstacle to mass production of biofuels and biochemicals. Building on our previous success in tracking the movements of single molecules of cellulase on crystalline cellulose, we develop a mathematical description of the collective motion and function of enzyme molecules hydrolyzing the surface of cellulose. Model simulations robustly explained the experimental findings at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels and revealed a hitherto-unknown mechanism causing a considerable slowdown of the reaction, which we call the crowding-out effect. The size of the cellulase molecule impacted significantly on the collective dynamics, whereas the rate of molecular motion on the surface did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ezaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nishinari
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Masahiro Samejima
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo FI-02044, Finland
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42
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Griffo A, Rooijakkers BJM, Hähl H, Jacobs K, Linder MB, Laaksonen P. Binding Forces of Cellulose Binding Modules on Cellulosic Nanomaterials. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:769-777. [PMID: 30657665 PMCID: PMC6727214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
this study, the interaction forces between different cellulosic
nanomaterials and a protein domain belonging to cellulose binding
modules family 1 (CBM1) were investigated at the molecular scale.
Cellulose binding modules are protein domains found in carbohydrate
active enzymes having an affinity toward cellulosic materials. Here,
the binding force of a fusion protein containing a cellulose binding
module (CBM1) produced recombinantly in E. coli was quantified on different cellulose nanocrystals immobilized on
surfaces. Adhesion of the CBM on cellulose with different degrees
of crystallinity as well as on chitin nanocrystals was examined. This
study was carried out by single molecule force spectroscopy using
an atomic force microscope, which enables the detection of binding
force of individual molecules. The study contains a preliminary quantification
of the interactions at the molecular level that sheds light on the
development of new nanocellulose-based nanocomposites with improved
strength and elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Griffo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Bart J M Rooijakkers
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Hendrik Hähl
- Department of Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken 66123 , Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Department of Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken 66123 , Germany
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
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43
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Cosgrove DJ. Nanoscale structure, mechanics and growth of epidermal cell walls. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:77-86. [PMID: 30142487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This article briefly reviews recent advances in nano-scale and micro-scale assessments of primary cell wall structure, mechanical behaviors and expansive growth. Cellulose microfibrils have hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces which may selectively bind different matrix polysaccharides and adjacent microfibrils. These distinctive binding interactions may guide partially aligned cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls to form a planar, load-bearing network within each lamella of polylamellate walls. Consideration of expansive growth of cross-lamellate walls leads to a surprising inference: side-by-side sliding of microfibrils may be a key rate-limiting physical step, potentially targeted by specific wall loosening agents. Atomic force microscopy shows different patterns of microfibril movement during force-driven extension versus enzymatic loosening. Consequently, simulations of cell growth as elastic deformation of isotropic cell walls may need to be augmented to incorporate the distinctive behavior of growing cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16803, USA.
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44
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Multiple thermostable enzyme hydrolases on magnetic nanoparticles: An immobilized enzyme-mediated approach to saccharification through simultaneous xylanase, cellulase and amylolytic glucanotransferase action. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1650-1658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kari J, Olsen JP, Jensen K, Badino SF, Krogh KBRM, Borch K, Westh P. Sabatier Principle for Interfacial (Heterogeneous) Enzyme Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Kari
- Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, Roskilde University, 1 Universitetsvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Johan P. Olsen
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Jensen
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Silke F. Badino
- Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, Roskilde University, 1 Universitetsvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, Roskilde University, 1 Universitetsvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Erlandsson J, Françon H, Marais A, Granberg H, Wågberg L. Cross-Linked and Shapeable Porous 3D Substrates from Freeze-Linked Cellulose Nanofibrils. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:728-737. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Erlandsson
- Division of Fibre Technology at the Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Françon
- Division of Fibre Technology at the Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Marais
- Division of Fibre Technology at the Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Granberg
- Papermaking and Packaging, RISE Bioeconomy, Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Division of Fibre Technology at the Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Liu P, Pang B, Tian L, Schäfer T, Gutmann T, Liu H, Volkert CA, Buntkowsky G, Zhang K. Efficient, Self-Terminating Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals through Periodate Oxidation in Pickering Emulsions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3581-3585. [PMID: 30126073 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many efforts have been made to isolate native nanocrystals from raw materials in the last two decades, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), but existing methods still suffer from low yields, complicated synthesis processes, and nonuniform sizes of obtained CNCs. This study concerns a facile, self-terminating, and efficient method for the formation of uniform CNCs in high yields during the periodate oxidation process within Pickering emulsions. A biphasic system containing hexane with dissolved hexylamine and an aqueous solution of sodium periodate (NaIO4 ) was used as the reaction medium. Regulated by hexylamine, owing to its limited solubility in water, the pH value of the aqueous phase was enhanced to around 9.8, leading to the precipitation of sodium orthoperiodate (Na2 H3 IO6 ) nanoplates and thus the formation of the initial Pickering emulsions. During the gradual formation of cellulose nanofibers and then CNCs, CNCs were attracted to stabilize the interface of the Pickering emulsions, which prevented further decomposition of CNCs by the oxidizing agent in aqueous suspensions. Thus, this isolation strategy secured the efficient separation of CNCs based on their own particular amphiphilic properties and achieved a high yield of up to 56 wt %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Liu
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bo Pang
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lin Tian
- Institute for Material Physics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timmy Schäfer
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Huan Liu
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cynthia A Volkert
- Institute for Material Physics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kai Zhang
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Poshina DN, Raik SV, Poshin AN, Skorik YA. Accessibility of chitin and chitosan in enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gruninger RJ, Nguyen TTM, Reid ID, Yanke JL, Wang P, Abbott DW, Tsang A, McAllister T. Application of Transcriptomics to Compare the Carbohydrate Active Enzymes That Are Expressed by Diverse Genera of Anaerobic Fungi to Degrade Plant Cell Wall Carbohydrates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1581. [PMID: 30061875 PMCID: PMC6054980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency with which the anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) degrade plant biomass is well-recognized and in recent years has received renewed interest. To further understand the biological mechanisms that are utilized by the rumen anaerobic fungi to break down lignocellulose, we have used a transcriptomic approach to examine carbohydrate digestion by Neocallimastix frontalis, Piromyces rhizinflata, Orpinomyces joyonii, and Anaeromyces mucronatus cultured on several carbon sources. The number of predicted unique transcripts ranged from 6,633 to 12,751. Pfam domains were identified in 62–70% of the fungal proteins and were linked to gene ontology terms to infer the biological function of the transcripts. Most of the predicted functions are consistent across species suggesting a similar overall strategy evolved for successful colonization of the rumen. However, the presence of differential profiles in enzyme classes suggests that there may be also be niche specialization. All fungal species were found to express an extensive array of transcripts encoding carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) ranging from 8.3 to 11.3% of the transcriptome. CAZyme families involved in hemicellulose digestion were the most abundant across all four fungi. This study provides additional insight into how anaerobic fungi have evolved to become specialists at breaking down the plant cell wall in the complex and, strictly anaerobic rumen ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gruninger
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Thi T M Nguyen
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian D Reid
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jay L Yanke
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Pan Wang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Denis W Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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