1
|
da Costa GG, Neves K, Amaral O. Estimating the replicability of highly cited clinical research (2004-2018). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307145. [PMID: 39110675 PMCID: PMC11305584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies about the replicability of clinical research based on the published literature have suggested that highly cited articles are often contradicted or found to have inflated effects. Nevertheless, there are no recent updates of such efforts, and this situation may have changed over time. METHODS We searched the Web of Science database for articles studying medical interventions with more than 2000 citations, published between 2004 and 2018 in high-impact medical journals. We then searched for replications of these studies in PubMed using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcome) framework. Replication success was evaluated by the presence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction and by overlap of the replication's effect size confidence interval (CIs) with that of the original study. Evidence of effect size inflation and potential predictors of replicability were also analyzed. RESULTS A total of 89 eligible studies, of which 24 had valid replications (17 meta-analyses and 7 primary studies) were found. Of these, 21 (88%) had effect sizes with overlapping CIs. Of 15 highly cited studies with a statistically significant difference in the primary outcome, 13 (87%) had a significant effect in the replication as well. When both criteria were considered together, the replicability rate in our sample was of 20 out of 24 (83%). There was no evidence of systematic inflation in these highly cited studies, with a mean effect size ratio of 1.03 [95% CI (0.88, 1.21)] between initial and subsequent effects. Due to the small number of contradicted results, our analysis had low statistical power to detect predictors of replicability. CONCLUSION Although most studies did not have eligible replications, the replicability rate of highly cited clinical studies in our sample was higher than in previous estimates, with little evidence of systematic effect size inflation. This estimate is based on a very select sample of studies and may not be generalizable to clinical research in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonçalves da Costa
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kleber Neves
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olavo Amaral
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
García LF, Gutiérrez F, García O, Aluja A. The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders: Assessment, Convergent and Discriminant Validity, and a Look to the Future. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2024; 20:431-455. [PMID: 38211624 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081122-010709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) is a dimensional, empirically based diagnostic system developed to overcome the serious limitations of traditional categories. We review the mounting evidence on its convergent and discriminant validity, with an incursion into the less-studied ICD-11 system. In the literature, the AMPD's Pathological Trait Model (Criterion B) shows excellent convergence with normal personality traits, and it could be useful as an organizing framework for mental disorders. In contrast, Personality Functioning (Criterion A) cannot be distinguished from personality traits, lacks both discriminant and incremental validity, and has a shaky theoretical background. We offer some suggestions with a view to the future. These include removing Criterion A, using the real-life consequences of traits as indicators of severity, delving into the dynamic mechanisms underlying traits, and furthering the integration of currently disengaged psychological paradigms that can shape a sounder clinical science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F García
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gutiérrez
- Personality Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oscar García
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychology, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anton Aluja
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim MH, Buford K, Ellis A, Davis-Kean PE, Antony C, Braun C, Hurst T, Todd J. A metascience investigation of inclusive, open, and reproducible science practices in research posters at the 2021 SRCD biennial meeting. Child Dev 2024; 95:1109-1123. [PMID: 38102780 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growing appreciation of metascience issues in psychological science. Using data collected from 2615 posters presented at the 2021 biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, this article examines the use of transparent research practices to increase rigor and reproducibility as well as generalizability through greater inclusivity of diverse samples. Research presented through poster presentations was heavily skewed toward quantitative studies featuring American researchers using Western hemisphere samples. Sharing of data/materials, preregistrations, and replications were uncommon. During a time when governments are increasingly requiring more open practices and access, this research provides an important baseline by which developmental science can benchmark progress toward the goals of greater inclusivity and openness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kristen Buford
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alexa Ellis
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Pamela E Davis-Kean
- Department of Psychology and the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chellam Antony
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Braun
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Tabetha Hurst
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julia Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Straiton J. Artificial intelligence: help or hindrance in solving the reproducibility crisis? Biotechniques 2024:1-4. [PMID: 38899492 DOI: 10.1080/07366205.2024.2355776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Science is in the midst of a reproducibility crisis and the integration of artificial intelligence into scientific research has only compounded the problem; yet could the technology hold the solution to its own problems?[Formula: see text].
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng H, Qiu HS, Fosse HB, Uzzi B. Promotional language and the adoption of innovative ideas in science. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320066121. [PMID: 38861605 PMCID: PMC11194578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320066121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
How are the merits of innovative ideas communicated in science? Here, we conduct semantic analyses of grant application success with a focus on scientific promotional language, which may help to convey an innovative idea's originality and significance. Our analysis attempts to surmount the limitations of prior grant studies by examining the full text of tens of thousands of both funded and unfunded grants from three leading public and private funding agencies: the NIH, the NSF, and the Novo Nordisk Foundation, one of the world's largest private science funding foundations. We find a robust association between promotional language and the support and adoption of innovative ideas by funders and other scientists. First, a grant proposal's percentage of promotional language is associated with up to a doubling of the grant's probability of being funded. Second, a grant's promotional language reflects its intrinsic innovativeness. Third, the percentage of promotional language is predictive of the expected citation and productivity impact of publications that are supported by funded grants. Finally, a computer-assisted experiment that manipulates the promotional language in our data demonstrates how promotional language can communicate the merit of ideas through cognitive activation. With the incidence of promotional language in science steeply rising, and the pivotal role of grants in converting promising and aspirational ideas into solutions, our analysis provides empirical evidence that promotional language is associated with effectively communicating the merits of innovative scientific ideas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Peng
- Department of Management & Organizations, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Huilian Sophie Qiu
- Department of Management & Organizations, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Evanston, IL60208
| | | | - Brian Uzzi
- Department of Management & Organizations, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Evanston, IL60208
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Akselevich V, Gilaie-Dotan S. Positive and negative facial valence perception are modulated differently by eccentricity in the parafovea: Replication from KDEF to NimStim. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13757. [PMID: 38877079 PMCID: PMC11178822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
While perceiving the emotional state of others may be crucial for our behavior even when this information is present outside of central vision, emotion perception studies typically focus on central visual field. We have recently investigated emotional valence (pleasantness) perception across the parafovea (≤ 4°) and found that for briefly presented (200 ms) emotional face images (from the established KDEF image-set), positive (happy) valence was the least affected by eccentricity (distance from the central visual field) and negative (fearful) valence the most. Furthermore, we found that performance at 2° predicted performance at 4°. Here we tested (n = 37) whether these effects replicate with face stimuli of different identities from a different well-established image-set (NimStim). All our prior findings replicated and eccentricity-based modulation magnitude was smaller with NimStim (~ 16.6% accuracy reduction at 4°) than with KDEF stimuli (~ 27.3% reduction). Our current investigations support our earlier findings that for briefly presented parafoveal stimuli, positive and negative valence perception are differently affected by eccentricity and may be dissociated. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of investigating emotions beyond central vision and demonstrate commonalities and differences across different image sets in the parafovea, emphasizing the contribution of replication studies to substantiate our knowledge about perceptual mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilisa Akselevich
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sharon Gilaie-Dotan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun J, Smillie LD. Why moral psychology needs personality psychology. J Pers 2024; 92:653-665. [PMID: 38450583 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
People vary in how they perceive, think about, and respond to moral issues. Clearly, we cannot fully understand the psychology of morality without accounting for individual differences in moral functioning. But decades of neglect of and explicit skepticism toward such individual differences has resulted in a lack of integration between moral psychology and personality psychology-the study of psychological differences between people. In recent years, these barriers to progress have started to break down. This special issue aims to celebrate and further increase the visibility of the personality psychology of morality. Here, we introduce the articles in this special issue by highlighting some important contributions a personality-based perspective has to offer moral psychology-particularly in comparison to the currently prominent social psychological approach. We show that personality psychology is well-placed to (a) contribute toward a rigorous empirical foundation for moral psychology, (b) tackle the conceptualization and assessment of stable moral tendencies, (c) assess the predictive validity of moral traits in relation to consequential outcomes, (d) uncover the mechanisms underlying individual differences in moral judgments and behavior, and (e) provide insights into moral development. For these reasons, we believe that moral psychology needs personality psychology to reach its full scholarly potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Sun
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luke D Smillie
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ursić L, Bralić N, Žuljević MF, Puljak L, Buljan I. Exploring the understanding of reproducibility among stakeholders within academia and their expectations for a web-based education tool: A qualitative study. Account Res 2024:1-30. [PMID: 38704659 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2024.2345723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Although reproducibility is central to the scientific method, its understanding within the research community remains insufficient. We aimed to explore the perceptions of research reproducibility among stakeholders within academia, learn about possible barriers and facilitators to reproducibility-related practices, and gather their suggestions for the Croatian Reproducibility Network website. We conducted four focus groups with researchers, teachers, editors, research managers, and policymakers from Croatia (n = 23). The participants observed a lack of consensus on the core definitions of reproducibility, both generally and between disciplines. They noted that incentivization and recognition of reproducibility-related practices from publishers and institutions, alongside comprehensive education adapted to the researchers' career stage, could help with implementing reproducibility. Education was considered essential to these efforts, as it could help create a research culture based on good reproducibility-related practices and behavior rather than one driven by mandates or career advancement. This was particularly found to be relevant for growing reproducibility efforts globally. Regarding the Croatian Reproducibility Network website, the participants suggested we adapt the content to users from different disciplines or career stages and offer guidance and tools for reproducibility through which we should present core reproducibility concepts. Our findings could inform other initiatives focused on improving research reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Ursić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Croatian Reproducibility and Integrity Network, Croatia
| | - Nensi Bralić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Croatian Reproducibility and Integrity Network, Croatia
| | - Marija Franka Žuljević
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Croatian Reproducibility and Integrity Network, Croatia
- Department of Medical Humanities, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Livia Puljak
- Croatian Reproducibility and Integrity Network, Croatia
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Healthcare, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Buljan
- Croatian Reproducibility and Integrity Network, Croatia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Split, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Messeri L, Crockett MJ. Artificial intelligence and illusions of understanding in scientific research. Nature 2024; 627:49-58. [PMID: 38448693 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Scientists are enthusiastically imagining ways in which artificial intelligence (AI) tools might improve research. Why are AI tools so attractive and what are the risks of implementing them across the research pipeline? Here we develop a taxonomy of scientists' visions for AI, observing that their appeal comes from promises to improve productivity and objectivity by overcoming human shortcomings. But proposed AI solutions can also exploit our cognitive limitations, making us vulnerable to illusions of understanding in which we believe we understand more about the world than we actually do. Such illusions obscure the scientific community's ability to see the formation of scientific monocultures, in which some types of methods, questions and viewpoints come to dominate alternative approaches, making science less innovative and more vulnerable to errors. The proliferation of AI tools in science risks introducing a phase of scientific enquiry in which we produce more but understand less. By analysing the appeal of these tools, we provide a framework for advancing discussions of responsible knowledge production in the age of AI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Messeri
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - M J Crockett
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- University Center for Human Values, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Joss D, Lu J, Teicher MH, Lazar SW. Childhood adversity severity modulates the associations between adaptive psychological changes and amygdala volumetric changes in response to behavioral interventions. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2024; 15:100714. [PMID: 38314142 PMCID: PMC10836063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) has been shown to have detrimental impact on amygdala structure. Prior research found that adaptive psychological changes after Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBI) were associated with amygdala volumetric changes. The present study aims to further investigate whether such effects also occur among ACE survivors and whether the effects are unique to MBI. Methods A total of 64 young adult childhood adversity survivors were randomized to an eight-week MBI or Stress Management Education (SME) as an active control condition. Anatomical MRI and questionnaires on mindfulness, stress and psychological health were collected at baseline and post-intervention. Due to subject dropout, the final sample included 39 subjects (MBI:20, SME:19). Results Both groups showed increased mindfulness levels, reduced stress, and improved psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, and somatization), with no significant group by time interaction effect. There was no significant group difference on amygdala volumetric changes. Within the MBI group, childhood maltreatment severity was a significant mediator between changes of mindfulness levels and right amygdala volumetric changes. Across pooled sample of both groups, childhood maltreatment was a significant moderator for the effect of trait anxiety level changes on left amygdala volumetric changes. Limitations Modest sample size, relatively low retention rates, suboptimal monitoring of home practice. Conclusions MBI did not demonstrate overall better clinical effects than SME. Psychological-change-dependent amygdala volumetric change was not specific to MBI. Childhood maltreatment severity modulated the relationships between adaptive psychological changes and amygdala volumetric changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Joss
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Junjie Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Sara W. Lazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Perales JC, Flayelle M, Verdejo-García A, Clark L, Billieux J. Cognitive, computational and learning processes involved in behavioral addiction: Current views and future directions. Addict Behav 2024; 148:107874. [PMID: 37821335 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José C Perales
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada, Spain.
| | - Maèva Flayelle
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luke Clark
- Department of Psychology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nickson D, Singmann H, Meyer C, Toro C, Walasek L. Replicability and reproducibility of predictive models for diagnosis of depression among young adults using Electronic Health Records. Diagn Progn Res 2023; 7:25. [PMID: 38049919 PMCID: PMC10696659 DOI: 10.1186/s41512-023-00160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in machine learning combined with the growing availability of digitized health records offer new opportunities for improving early diagnosis of depression. An emerging body of research shows that Electronic Health Records can be used to accurately predict cases of depression on the basis of individual's primary care records. The successes of these studies are undeniable, but there is a growing concern that their results may not be replicable, which could cast doubt on their clinical usefulness. METHODS To address this issue in the present paper, we set out to reproduce and replicate the work by Nichols et al. (2018), who trained predictive models of depression among young adults using Electronic Healthcare Records. Our contribution consists of three parts. First, we attempt to replicate the methodology used by the original authors, acquiring a more up-to-date set of primary health care records to the same specification and reproducing their data processing and analysis. Second, we test models presented in the original paper on our own data, thus providing out-of-sample prediction of the predictive models. Third, we extend past work by considering several novel machine-learning approaches in an attempt to improve the predictive accuracy achieved in the original work. RESULTS In summary, our results demonstrate that the work of Nichols et al. is largely reproducible and replicable. This was the case both for the replication of the original model and the out-of-sample replication applying NRCBM coefficients to our new EHRs data. Although alternative predictive models did not improve model performance over standard logistic regression, our results indicate that stepwise variable selection is not stable even in the case of large data sets. CONCLUSION We discuss the challenges associated with the research on mental health and Electronic Health Records, including the need to produce interpretable and robust models. We demonstrated some potential issues associated with the reliance on EHRs, including changes in the regulations and guidelines (such as the QOF guidelines in the UK) and reliance on visits to GP as a predictor of specific disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Singmann
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Meyer
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Carla Toro
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Lukasz Walasek
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boyce V, Mathur M, Frank MC. Eleven years of student replication projects provide evidence on the correlates of replicability in psychology. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231240. [PMID: 38026006 PMCID: PMC10645069 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative scientific progress requires empirical results that are robust enough to support theory construction and extension. Yet in psychology, some prominent findings have failed to replicate, and large-scale studies suggest replicability issues are widespread. The identification of predictors of replication success is limited by the difficulty of conducting large samples of independent replication experiments, however: most investigations reanalyse the same set of 170 replications . We introduce a new dataset of 176 replications from students in a graduate-level methods course. Replication results were judged to be successful in 49% of replications; of the 136 where effect sizes could be numerically compared, 46% had point estimates within the prediction interval of the original outcome (versus the expected 95%). Larger original effect sizes and within-participants designs were especially related to replication success. Our results indicate that, consistent with prior reports, the robustness of the psychology literature is low enough to limit cumulative progress by student investigators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Boyce
- Department of Psychology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maya Mathur
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Frank
- Department of Psychology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Crockett MJ, Bai X, Kapoor S, Messeri L, Narayanan A. The limitations of machine learning models for predicting scientific replicability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307596120. [PMID: 37549293 PMCID: PMC10433273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307596120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Crockett
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
- University Center for Human Values, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Xuechunzi Bai
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Sayash Kapoor
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
- Center for Information Technology Policy, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Lisa Messeri
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Arvind Narayanan
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
- Center for Information Technology Policy, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Youyou W, Yang Y, Uzzi B. Reply to Crocket et al. and Mottelson and Kontogiorgos: Machine Learning's scientific significance and future impact on replicability research. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308195120. [PMID: 37549279 PMCID: PMC10433270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308195120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Youyou
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, LondonWC1H 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Yang
- Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN46556
| | - Brian Uzzi
- The Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- The Northwestern University Institute on Complex Systems and Data Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mottelson A, Kontogiorgos D. Replicating replicability modeling of psychology papers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309496120. [PMID: 37549283 PMCID: PMC10433267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309496120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aske Mottelson
- Department of Digital Design, IT University of Copenhagen, 2300Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dimosthenis Kontogiorgos
- Department of Computer Science, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, 0587Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu L, Jones BF, Uzzi B, Wang D. Data, measurement and empirical methods in the science of science. Nat Hum Behav 2023:10.1038/s41562-023-01562-4. [PMID: 37264084 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The advent of large-scale datasets that trace the workings of science has encouraged researchers from many different disciplinary backgrounds to turn scientific methods into science itself, cultivating a rapidly expanding 'science of science'. This Review considers this growing, multidisciplinary literature through the lens of data, measurement and empirical methods. We discuss the purposes, strengths and limitations of major empirical approaches, seeking to increase understanding of the field's diverse methodologies and expand researchers' toolkits. Overall, new empirical developments provide enormous capacity to test traditional beliefs and conceptual frameworks about science, discover factors associated with scientific productivity, predict scientific outcomes and design policies that facilitate scientific progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Jones
- Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brian Uzzi
- Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Dashun Wang
- Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Treger S, Benau EM, Timko CA. Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285267. [PMID: 37159447 PMCID: PMC10168577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Terror Management Theory (TMT) postulates that humans, in response to awareness of their death, developed complex defenses to remove the salience and discomfort stemming from those thoughts. In a standard paradigm to test this theory, an individual is presented with a death-related prime (Mortality Salience; MS), such as writing the details of their own death, or something neutral, such as watching television. After a distractor task (for delay), participants complete the dependent variable, such as rating how much they like or agree with a pro- or anti-national essay and its author. Individuals in the MS condition typically exhibit greater worldview defense than control conditions by rating the pro-national essay more positively and the anti-national essay more negatively. We completed five separate studies across five unique samples with the goal of replicating and extending this well-established pattern to provide further understanding of the phenomena that underlie the effects of MS. However, despite using standard procedures, we were unable to replicate basic patterns of the dependent variable in the MS conditions. We also pooled all responses into two meta-analyses, one examining all dependent variables and one focusing on the anti-national essay; yet the effect sizes in these analyses did not significantly differ from zero. We discuss the methodological and theoretical implications of these (unintended) failures to replicate. It is not clear if these null findings were due to methodological limitations, restraints of online/crowd-sourced recruitment, or ever-evolving sociocultural factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Treger
- Northern Trust Corporation, Chicago, IL United States of America
| | - Erik M Benau
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States of America
| | - C Alix Timko
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|