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Trinh DC, Melogno I, Martin M, Trehin C, Smith RS, Hamant O. Arabidopsis floral buds are locked through stress-induced sepal tip curving. NATURE PLANTS 2024:10.1038/s41477-024-01760-6. [PMID: 39060423 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In most plant species, sepals-the outermost floral organs-provide a protective shield for reproductive organs. How the floral bud becomes sealed is unknown. In Arabidopsis, we identified a small region at the sepal tip that is markedly curved inward early on and remains curved even after anthesis. Through modelling and quantitative growth analysis, we find that this hook emerges from growth arrest at the tip at a stage when cortical microtubules align with growth-derived tensile stress. Depolymerizing microtubules specifically at young sepal tips hindered hook formation and resulted in open floral buds. Mutants with defective growth pattern at the tip failed to curve inwards, whereas mutants with enhanced alignment of cortical microtubules at the tip exhibited a stronger hook. We propose that floral buds are locked due to a stress-derived growth arrest event curving the sepal tip and forming a rigid hook early on during flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Chi Trinh
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France.
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Vietnam.
| | - Isaty Melogno
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France.
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Kong S, Zhu M, Pan D, Lane B, Smith RS, Roeder AHK. Tradeoff between speed and robustness in primordium initiation mediated by auxin-CUC1 interaction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5911. [PMID: 39003301 PMCID: PMC11246466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Robustness is the reproducible development of a phenotype despite stochastic noise. It often involves tradeoffs with other performance metrics, but the mechanisms underlying such tradeoffs were largely unknown. An Arabidopsis flower robustly develops four sepals from four precisely positioned auxin maxima. The development related myb-like 1 (drmy1) mutant generates noise in auxin signaling that disrupts robustness in sepal initiation. Here, we find that increased expression of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 (CUC1), a boundary specification transcription factor, in drmy1 underlies this loss of robustness. CUC1 surrounds and amplifies stochastic auxin noise in drmy1 to form variably positioned auxin maxima and sepal primordia. Removing CUC1 from drmy1 provides time for noisy auxin signaling to resolve into four precisely positioned auxin maxima, restoring robust sepal initiation. However, removing CUC1 decreases the intensity of auxin maxima and slows down sepal initiation. Thus, CUC1 increases morphogenesis speed but impairs robustness against auxin noise. Further, using a computational model, we find that the observed phenotype can be explained by the effect of CUC1 in repolarizing PIN FORMED1 (PIN1), a polar auxin transporter. Lastly, our model predicts that reducing global growth rate improves developmental robustness, which we validate experimentally. Thus, our study illustrates a tradeoff between speed and robustness during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Kong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David Pan
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brendan Lane
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Kong S, Zhu M, Roeder AHK. Self-organization underlies developmental robustness in plants. Cells Dev 2024:203936. [PMID: 38960068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Development is a self-organized process that builds on cells and their interactions. Cells are heterogeneous in gene expression, growth, and division; yet how development is robust despite such heterogeneity is a fascinating question. Here, we review recent progress on this topic, highlighting how developmental robustness is achieved through self-organization. We will first discuss sources of heterogeneity, including stochastic gene expression, heterogeneity in growth rate and direction, and heterogeneity in division rate and precision. We then discuss cellular mechanisms that buffer against such noise, including Paf1C- and miRNA-mediated denoising, spatiotemporal growth averaging and compensation, mechanisms to improve cell division precision, and coordination of growth rate and developmental timing between different parts of an organ. We also discuss cases where such heterogeneity is not buffered but utilized for development. Finally, we highlight potential directions for future studies of noise and developmental robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Kong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Kong S, Zhu M, Pan D, Lane B, Smith RS, Roeder AHK. Tradeoff Between Speed and Robustness in Primordium Initiation Mediated by Auxin-CUC1 Interaction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.30.569401. [PMID: 38076982 PMCID: PMC10705432 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.30.569401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Robustness is the reproducible development of a phenotype despite stochastic noise. It often involves tradeoffs with other performance metrics, but the mechanisms underlying such tradeoffs were largely unknown. An Arabidopsis flower robustly develops four sepals from four precisely positioned auxin maxima. The development related myb-like 1 (drmy1) mutant generates noise in auxin signaling that disrupts robustness in sepal initiation. Here, we found that increased expression of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 (CUC1), a boundary specification transcription factor, in drmy1 underlies this loss of robustness. CUC1 surrounds and amplifies stochastic auxin noise in drmy1 to form variably positioned auxin maxima and sepal primordia. Removing CUC1 from drmy1 provides time for noisy auxin signaling to resolve into four precisely positioned auxin maxima, restoring robust sepal initiation. However, removing CUC1 decreases auxin maxima intensity and slows down sepal initiation. Thus, CUC1 increases morphogenesis speed but impairs robustness against auxin noise. Further, using a computational model, we found that the observed phenotype can be explained by the effect of CUC1 in repolarizing PIN FORMED1 (PIN1), a polar auxin transporter. Lastly, our model predicts that reducing global growth rate improves developmental robustness, which we validated experimentally. Thus, our study illustrates a tradeoff between speed and robustness during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Kong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David Pan
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brendan Lane
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S. Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Lead Contact
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Trinh DC, Lionnet C, Trehin C, Hamant O. Sepal shape variability is robust to cell size heterogeneity in Arabidopsis. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240099. [PMID: 38807547 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
How organisms produce organs with robust shapes and sizes is still an open question. In recent years, the Arabidopsis sepal has been used as a model system to study this question because of its highly reproducible shape and size. One interesting aspect of the sepal is that its epidermis contains cells of very different sizes. Previous reports have qualitatively shown that sepals with more or less giant cells exhibit comparable final size and shape. Here, we investigate this question using quantitative approaches. We find that a mixed population of cell size modestly contribute to the normal width of the sepal but is not essential for its shape robustness. Furthermore, in a mutant with increased cell and organ growth variability, the change in final sepal shape caused by giant cells is exaggerated but the shape robustness is not affected. This formally demonstrates that sepal shape variability is robust to cell size heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Chi Trinh
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS , Lyon 69364 CEDEX 07, France
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), University of Science and Technology of Hanoi , Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Claire Lionnet
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS , Lyon 69364 CEDEX 07, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS , Lyon 69364 CEDEX 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS , Lyon 69364 CEDEX 07, France
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Burda I, Martin AC, Roeder AHK, Collins MA. The dynamics and biophysics of shape formation: Common themes in plant and animal morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2850-2866. [PMID: 38113851 PMCID: PMC10752614 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of tissue form in multicellular organisms results from the complex interplay between genetics and physics. In both plants and animals, cells must act in concert to pattern their behaviors. Our understanding of the factors sculpting multicellular form has increased dramatically in the past few decades. From this work, common themes have emerged that connect plant and animal morphogenesis-an exciting connection that solidifies our understanding of the developmental basis of multicellular life. In this review, we will discuss the themes and the underlying principles that connect plant and animal morphogenesis, including the coordination of gene expression, signaling, growth, contraction, and mechanical and geometric feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Burda
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Genetic Genomics and Development Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Genetic Genomics and Development Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Collins
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Xu S, He X, Trinh DC, Zhang X, Wu X, Qiu D, Zhou M, Xiang D, Roeder AHK, Hamant O, Hong L. A 3-component module maintains sepal flatness in Arabidopsis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.06.570430. [PMID: 38106021 PMCID: PMC10723459 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
As in origami, morphogenesis in living systems heavily relies on tissue curving and folding, through the interplay between biochemical and biomechanical cues. In contrast, certain organs maintain their flat posture over several days. Here we identified a pathway, which is required for the maintenance of organ flatness, taking the sepal, the outermost floral organ, in Arabidopsis as a model system. Through genetic, cellular and mechanical approaches, our results demonstrate that global gene expression regulator VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 4 (VIP4) fine-tunes the mechanical properties of sepal cell walls and maintains balanced growth on both sides of the sepals, mainly by orchestrating the distribution pattern of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 3 (ARF3). vip4 mutation results in softer cell walls and faster cell growth on the adaxial sepal side, which eventually cause sepals to bend outward. Downstream of VIP4, ARF3 works through modulating auxin signaling to down-regulate pectin methylesterase VANGUARD1, resulting in decreased cell wall stiffness. Our work unravels a 3-component module, which relates hormonal patterns to organ curvature, and actively maintains sepal flatness during its growth.
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Burda I, Li CB, Clark FK, Roeder AHK. Robust organ size in Arabidopsis is primarily governed by cell growth rather than cell division patterns. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.11.566685. [PMID: 38014347 PMCID: PMC10680605 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Organ sizes and shapes are highly reproducible, or robust, within a species and individuals. Arabidopsis thaliana sepals, which are the leaf-like organs that enclose flower buds, have consistent size and shape, which indicates robust development. Counterintuitively, variability in cell growth rate over time and between cells facilitates robust development because cumulative cell growth averages to a uniform rate. Here we investigate how sepal morphogenesis is robust to changes in cell division but not robust to changes in cell growth variability. We live image and quantitatively compare the development of sepals with increased or decreased cell division rate ( lgo mutant and LGO overexpression, respectively), a mutant with altered cell growth variability ( ftsh4 ), and double mutants combining these. We find that robustness is preserved when cell division rate changes because there is no change in the spatial pattern of growth. Meanwhile when robustness is lost in ftsh4 mutants, cell growth accumulates unevenly, and cells have disorganized growth directions. Thus, we demonstrate in vivo that both cell growth rate and direction average in robust development, preserving robustness despite changes in cell division. Summary statement Robust sepal development is preserved despite changes in cell division rate and is characterized by spatiotemporal averaging of heterogeneity in cell growth rate and direction.
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Kannivadi Ramakanth K, Long Y. In preprints: shrinking boundary cells reveal fluid flux in organogenesis. Development 2023; 150:dev202450. [PMID: 37922124 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuchen Long
- Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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Cochella L, Chaker Z. Development, regeneration and aging: a bizarre love triangle. Development 2023; 150:dev202086. [PMID: 37791585 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The Jacques Monod Conference on 'Growth and regeneration during development and aging' was organized by Claude Desplan and Allison Bardin in May 2023. The conference took place in Roscoff, France, where participants shared recent conceptual advances under the general motto that developmental processes do not end with embryogenesis. The meeting covered various aspects of how development relates to fitness, regeneration and aging across a refreshing diversity of evolutionarily distant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cochella
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zayna Chaker
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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