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Simpson RT. Structure and function of chromatin. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 38:41-108. [PMID: 4582788 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122839.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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2
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D'Haese E, Nelis HJ, Reybroeck W. Inhibition of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by tetracycline residues in milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:4116-9. [PMID: 9327580 PMCID: PMC168727 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.10.4116-4119.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Low levels of tetracyclines found as residues in milk inhibited the biosynthesis of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli. To produce the same effect, other antibacterials had to occur in concentrations that were more than 10-fold higher. This relative selectivity was exploited for the development of a screening test for tetracyclines in milk based on a chemiluminometric assay of beta-galactosidase. The method was validated with spiked samples of raw milk and applied to field samples contaminated with tetracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D'Haese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Wainwright M, Beacham IR. The effect of translation and transcription inhibitors on the synthesis of periplasmic phosphatases in E. coli. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1977; 154:67-73. [PMID: 142903 DOI: 10.1007/bf00265578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies by others have indicated that the synthesis of secreted enzymes is unusually sensitive to many translation inhibitors and resistant, for about 30 min, to rifampicin. We have studied the sensitivity of secreted (periplasmic) phosphatases to such inhibitors. Alkaline phosphatase synthesis is more sensitive than total protein synthesis to tetracyclin and spectinomycin, but not to sparsomycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kasugamycin, blasticidin S or thiostrepton; it is slightly more resistant than total protein synthesis to the latter two antibiotics. Acid hexose-phosphatase was also preferentially sensitive to tetracyclin and spectinomycin and also to kasugamycin. beta-galactosidase was also included in the study, as an intracellular enzyme, and was found to be preferentially inhibited ("repressed"), sometimes transiently, by all eight translation inhibitors. This effect did not seem to be mediated through cyclic AMP or guanosine tetraphosphate; the "repression" was still evident in mutants with altered rho factor indicating that it may also not be related to artificial polarity. Synthesis of both periplasmic phosphatases was immediately inhibited by rifampicin. These results differ from those found in previous studies with other organisms and suggest a reappraisal of the usual interpretation of these phenomena.
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4
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Ford SR, Switzer RL. Stimulation of derepressed enzyme synthesis in bacteria by growth on sublethal concentrations of chloramphenicol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975; 7:555-63. [PMID: 1147588 PMCID: PMC429182 DOI: 10.1128/aac.7.5.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Culturing of Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli cells in the presence of low concentrations (</=1 mug/ml) of chloramphenicol (CAP) permitted exponential growth, but at doubling times up to twice those of controls. When such cultures were subsequently starved for uracil or arginine, derepression of aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) or ornithine transcarbamylase, respectively, was enhanced three- to 10-fold as compared to cultures not exposed to CAP. Enhancement of beta-galactosidase synthesis by prior exposure to CAP was also observed in uracil-starved E. coli cultures. Stimulation of enzyme synthesis appeared to be a specific effect of CAP; low levels of erythromycin, puromycin, sparsomycin, tetracycline, and rifampin did not show such effects. Derepression of ATCase synthesis in exponentially growing cells in the presence of CAP did not result in stimulation of enzyme synthesis by CAP. A prior history of growth of a culture in the presence of CAP was shown to be necessary for enhancement of enzyme synthesis by CAP; furthermore, continued presence of CAP in the medium during starvation was not necessary for enhanced enzyme synthesis and inhibited it in some instances. Enhanced enzyme synthesis in starving, CAP-treated cultures could be blocked by rifampin, which suggested that CAP treatment allows prolonged or more extensive messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis.
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5
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Biological, biochemical, and physicochemical evidence for the existence of the polyadenylic-polyuridylic-polyinosinic acid triplex. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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6
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Abstract
Strains of Escherichia coli that possess ribonucleic acid accumulated under relaxed growth conditions show a considerable increase in time before the onset of beta-galactosidase inducibility. This time dependency can be related to the presence or absence of ribonuclease I.
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7
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Pitton JS. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. ERGEBNISSE DER PHYSIOLOGIE, BIOLOGISCHEN CHEMIE UND EXPERIMENTELLEN PHARMAKOLOGIE 1972; 65:15-93. [PMID: 4566421 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-05814-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Liao S, Fang S. Receptor-proteims for androgens and the mode of action of androgens on gene transcription in ventral prostate. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1970; 27:17-90. [PMID: 4911119 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Gaillard R. [Study of the phenomenon of transitory repression in a continous culture. Evidence for the linear synthesis of beta-galactosidase]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1969; 9:363-70. [PMID: 4894030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Abstract
A study of the regulation of the synthesis of the enzyme glutamine synthase in Bacillus subtilis was initiated. An assay, based on the measurement of glutamo-hydroxamate, was used to characterize the enzyme in crude preparations and in toluene-treated cells. Determinations were made of the Michaelis constants for adenosine triphosphate, hydroxylamine, and glutamate (9 x 10(-3), 4 x 10(-3), and 2.2 x 10(-2)m, respectively), the pH optimum (7.6 to 7.7), and the stability. The differential rate of synthesis was determined under various growth conditions. The enzyme was found to be relatively insensitive to regulation. Partial repression was caused by glutamine, arginine, asparagine, and glutamate, or by carbon limitation in a chemostat. Derepression was caused by exhaustion of externally added amino acids or by nitrogen limitation in a chemostat.
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11
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Kirschmann C, Davis BD. Phenotypic suppression in Escherichia coli by chloramphenicol and other reversible inhibitors of the ribosome. J Bacteriol 1969; 98:152-9. [PMID: 4891806 PMCID: PMC249917 DOI: 10.1128/jb.98.1.152-159.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics that interfere reversibly with various aspects of ribosomal function (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and spectinomycin) are shown to antagonize, at barely inhibitory concentrations, the inhibitory effect of low concentrations of streptomycin (SM) on the growth of Escherichia coli. Paradoxically, these compounds can also replace SM in supporting the growth of conditionally SM-dependent mutants. Chloramphenicol produced about as much phenotypic suppression as SM in SM-sensitive strains, but less than that attainable with high concentrations of SM in resistant strains. The antagonism to SM inhibition and the phenotypic suppression appear to be specific for those growth inhibitors that act on the ribosome. Since inhibitors of the 50S subunit of the ribosome (chloramphenicol, erythromycin) are as active as inhibitors of the 30S subunit, it is suggested that phenotypic suppression by borderline concentrations of ribosome inhibitors does not necessarily depend on an alteration of the recognition region of the ribosome. Alternatively, partial inhibition of the ribosomes might change the environment in a way that would influence the frequency of misreading. Phenotypic suppression by a low concentration of SM as well as by chloramphenicol was found to depend on the presence of a trace of the required growth factor.
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12
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Tyler B, Magasanik B. Molecular basis of transient repression of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:550-6. [PMID: 4886283 PMCID: PMC249726 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.2.550-556.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of transient repression of beta-galactosidase by glucose was examined. This repression acted only at the level of transcription. Apparently, it was not mediated by the I-gene product. Analysis of single cells in a culture subjected to transient repression showed that essentially all cells initially experienced repression and later became gradually resistant to repression.
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13
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Sch�pf E, Schulz KH, Isensee I. Untersuchungen �ber den Lymphocytentransformationstest bei Quecksilber-Allergie. Arch Dermatol Res 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00508338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Paigen K, Williams B. Catabolite Repression and other Control Mechanisms in Carbohydrate Utilization. Adv Microb Physiol 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Firshein W, Benson RC. Effects of Polyribonucleotides of Known Composition on Deoxycytidylate and Deoxyguanylate Kinase Activity in Pneumococci. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)93307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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16
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Benjamin W, Gellhorn A. Acidic proteins of mammalian nuclei: isolation and characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 59:262-8. [PMID: 4874832 PMCID: PMC286030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.59.1.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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17
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Abstract
Severe transient repression of constitutive or induced beta-galactosidase synthesis occurs upon the addition of glucose to cells of Escherichia coli growing on glycerol, succinic acid, or lactic acid. Only mutants particularily well adapted to growth on glucose exhibit this phenomenon when transferred to a glucose-containing medium. No change in ribonucleic acid (RNA) metabolism was observed during transient repression. We could show that transient repression is pleiotropic, affecting all products of the lac operon. It occurs in a mutant insensitive to catabolite repression. It is established much more rapidly than catabolite repression, and is elicited by glucose analogues that are phosphorylated but not further catabolized by the cell. Thus, transient repression is not a consequence of the exclusion of inducer from the cell, does not require catabolism of the added compound, and does not involve a gross change in RNA metabolism. We conclude that transient repression is distinct from catabolite repression.
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18
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Michael TM, Michael JG, Massell BF. Preferential inhibition of penicillinase induction by oxytetracycline and its effect on the penicillin susceptibility of staphylococci. J Bacteriol 1967; 93:1749-52. [PMID: 5182245 PMCID: PMC276686 DOI: 10.1128/jb.93.6.1749-1752.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of penicillinase-producing staphylococci to a combination of penicillin and oxytetracycline resulted in a synergistic inhibitory activity of the antibiotics on the bacteria. Oxytetracycline was employed in concentrations having little or no effect on bacterial growth. It was found that the synergistic antibacterial effect was caused by the preferential inhibition of penicillinase induction by oxytetracycline, rendering the staphylococci more susceptible to penicillin.
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Prevost C, Moses V. Pool sizes of metabolic intermediates and their relation to glucose repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis in Escherichia coli. Biochem J 1967; 103:349-57. [PMID: 4382255 PMCID: PMC1270415 DOI: 10.1042/bj1030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The intermediary metabolism of two strains of Escherichia coli has been examined. One strain (Q22) exhibits acute transient repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis when glucose is supplied to cells growing on glycerol; the other strain (W3110) does not. The two strains do not differ genetically in their lac operons. 2. Strain Q22 uses about twice as much glucose as strain W3110 per unit of cell mass produced. 3. Pentose phosphate-cycle activity in the presence of glucose is much stronger in strain Q22 than in strain W3110. 4. In strain Q22 the pool sizes of glucose 6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate and NADPH increase when glucose is added to cells growing on glycerol, and beta-galactosidase synthesis is severely inhibited. After about 1hr. the synthesis of beta-galactosidase is partly resumed, and the pool sizes of the four compounds fall. ATP, NADH and several other phosphorylated compounds show no concentration changes. 5. These concentration changes do not occur in strain W3110, in which beta-galactosidase synthesis is only rather weakly repressed by glucose. 6. It is suggested that repression of enzyme synthesis by glucose requires the rapid operation of the pentose phosphate cycle, and is mediated by one of the four substances whose concentration rises and later falls in strain Q22. A definite choice of effector from among these four possibilities cannot at present be made.
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20
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Palmer J, Moses V. Involvement of the lac regulatory genes in catabolite repression in Escherichia coli. Biochem J 1967; 103:358-66. [PMID: 5340365 PMCID: PMC1270416 DOI: 10.1042/bj1030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
1. Acute transient catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis, observed when glucose is added to glycerol-grown cells of Escherichia coli (Moses & Prevost, 1966), requires the presence of a functional operator gene (o) in the lactose operon. Total deletion of the operator gene abolished acute transient repression, even in the presence of a functional regulator gene (i). 2. Regulator constitutives (i(-)) also show transient repression provided that the operator gene is functional. Regulator deletion mutants (i(del)), with which to test specifically the role of the i gene, have not so far been available. 3. The above mutants, showing various changes in the lactose operon, show no alteration in the effect of glucose on induced tryptophanase synthesis. Glucose metabolism, as measured in terms of the release of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]glucose and [6-(14)C]glucose, also showed no differences between strains exhibiting or not exhibiting transient repression. This suggests no change in the operation of the pentose phosphate cycle, a metabolic activity known to be of paramount importance for glucose repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis (Prevost & Moses, 1967). 4. Chronic permanent repression by glucose of beta-galactosidase synthesis (less severe in degree than acute transient repression) persists in strains in which transient repression has been genetically abolished. Constitutive alkaline-phosphatase synthesis, which shows no transient repression, also demonstrates chronic permanent repression by glucose. 5. Chloramphenicol repression also persists in mutants with no transient repression, and also affects alkaline phosphatase. It is suggested that chronic permanent repression and chloramphenicol repression are non-specific, and that they do not influence beta-galactosidase synthesis via the regulatory system of the lactose operon.
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21
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MacDonald RE, Turnock G, Forchhammer J. The synthesis and function of ribosomes in a new mutant of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 57:141-7. [PMID: 4860191 PMCID: PMC335476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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22
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Proteins of the Cell Nucleus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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23
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Kischer CW, Gurley LR, Shepherd GR. Nuclear histones and early embryogenesis of the chick. Nature 1966; 212:304-6. [PMID: 5970135 DOI: 10.1038/212304b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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24
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Moses V, Prevost C. Catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis in Escherichia coli. Biochem J 1966; 100:336-53. [PMID: 5338805 PMCID: PMC1265142 DOI: 10.1042/bj1000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
1. Repression by glucose of beta-galactosidase synthesis is spontaneously reversible in all strains of Escherichia coli examined long before the glucose has all been consumed. The extent of recovery and the time necessary for reversal differ among various strains. Other inducible enzymes show similar effects. 2. This transient effect of glucose repression is observed in constitutive (i(-)) and permease-less (y(-)) cells as well as in the corresponding i(+) and y(+) strains. 3. Repression is exerted by several rapidly metabolizable substrates (galactose, ribose and ribonucleosides) but not by non-metabolized or poorly metabolized compounds (2-deoxyglucose, 2-deoxyribose, phenyl thio-beta-galactoside and 2-deoxyribonucleosides). 4. The transient repression with glucose is observed in inducible cells supplied with a powerful inducer of beta-galactosidase synthesis (e.g. isopropyl thio-beta-galactoside) but not with a weak inducer (lactose); in the latter instance glucose repression is permanent. Diauxic growth on glucose plus lactose can be abolished by including isopropyl thio-beta-galactoside in the medium. 5. In some strains phosphate starvation increases catabolite repression; in others it relieves it. Adenine starvation in an adenine-requiring mutant also relieves catabolite repression by glycerol but not that by glucose. Restoration of phosphate or adenine to cells starved of these nutrients causes a pronounced temporary repression. Alkaline-phosphatase synthesis is not affected by the availability of adenine. 6. During periods of transient repression of induced enzyme synthesis the differential rate of RNA synthesis, measured by labelled uracil incorporation in 2min. pulses, shows a temporary rise. 7. The differential rate of uracil incorporation into RNA falls during exponential growth of batch cultures of E. coli. This is equally true for uracil-requiring and non-requiring strains. The fall in the rate of incorporation has been shown to be due to a real fall in the rate of RNA synthesis. The significance of the changes in the rate of RNA synthesis is discussed. 8. A partial model of catabolite repression is presented with suggestions for determining the chemical identification of the catabolite co-repressor itself.
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Benjamin W, Levander OA, Gellhorn A, DeBellis RH. An RNA-histone complex in mammalian cells: the isolation and characterization of a new RNA species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:858-65. [PMID: 5219694 PMCID: PMC224242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.4.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Abstract
Moses, V. (University of California, Berkeley), and M. Calvin. Lifetime of bacterial messenger ribonucleic acid. J. Bacteriol. 90:1205-1217. 1965.-When cells from a stationary culture of Escherichia coli were placed in fresh medium containing inducer for beta-galactosidase, growth, as represented by increase in turbidity and by total protein synthesis, started within 30 sec. By contrast, beta-galactosidase synthesis was greatly delayed compared with induction during exponential growth. Two other inducible enzymes (d-serine deaminase and l-tryptophanase) and one repressible enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) showed similar lags. The lags were not due to catabolite repression. They could not be reduced by pretreatment of the culture with inducer, or by supplementing the fresh medium with amino acids or nucleotides. The lag was also demonstrated by an i(-) mutant constitutive for beta-galactosidase synthesis. An inhibitor of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, 6-azauracil, preferentially inhibited beta-galactosidase synthesis compared with growth in both inducible and constitutive strains. Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, acted as an inhibitor at additional sites during the induction of beta-galactosidase synthesis. No inhibition of the reactions proceeding during the first 20 sec of induction was observed, but puromycin seemed to prevent the accumulation of messenger RNA during the period between 20 sec and the first appearance of enzyme activity after 3 min. It is suggested that these observations, together with many reports in the literature that inducible enzyme synthesis is more sensitive than total growth to some inhibitors and adverse growth conditions, can be explained by supposing that messenger RNA for normally inducible enzymes is biologically more labile than that for some normally constitutive proteins. The possible implications of this hypothesis for the achievement of cell differentiation by genetic regulation of enzyme synthesis are briefly discussed.
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Baker DB, Ray PM. Relation between Effects of Auxin on Cell Wall Synthesis and Cell Elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1965; 40:360-8. [PMID: 16656094 PMCID: PMC550294 DOI: 10.1104/pp.40.2.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D B Baker
- Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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