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Sutherland JC, Sutherland BM. Human photoreactivating enzyme action spectrum and safelight conditions. Biophys J 2009; 15:435-40. [PMID: 19211015 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(75)85828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The action spectrum for photoreactivation by enzymes from human leukocytes and fibroblasts extends from 300 to approximately 600 nm with a maximum near 400 nm. The ability of the human enzymes to utilize light of wavelengths greater than 500 nm suggested that yellow or gold lights conventionally used as safelights for photoreactivation might serve as sources of photoreactivating light for these enzymes. Experiments using lights with a range of spectral outputs confirm that the standard yellow "safe" lights do produce photoreactivation by the human but not the Escherichia coli enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Sutherland
- Department ofPhysiology, University ofCalifornia, Irvine, California 92664, USA
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2
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Cleaver JE. Historical Aspects of Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Nucleotide Excision Repair. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM 2008; 637:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09599-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Beukers R, Eker APM, Lohman PHM. 50 years thymine dimer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:530-43. [PMID: 18191622 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years ago thymine dimer was discovered in the Biochemical and Biophysical Laboratory of Delft Technological University, The Netherlands, by one of the authors of this review (Beukers) as the first environmentally induced DNA lesion. It is one of the photoproducts formed between adjacent pyrimidine bases in DNA by UV irradiation, currently known as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) photoproducts. Major lesions found in DNA after in vitro or in vivo UV irradiation are the cis-syn cyclobutane thymine dimer and the thymine-cytosine (6-4) photoproduct. Even after 50 years the study of photo-induced DNA lesions is still going on as is illustrated by the hundreds of papers published every year and the millions hits when browsing the internet for dimer-related information. Living organisms possess efficient and different mechanisms to repair detrimental lesions in their DNA. A unique mechanism to repair CPDs is reversion by either direct interaction with light of short wavelength or by enzymatic photoreactivation. Photophysical mechanisms that induce and reverse molecular bonds in biological macromolecules have been a main focus of research of the group in Delft in the middle of the last century. This review describes the break-through results of these studies which were the result of intense interactions between scientists in the fields of physics, organic chemistry and biochemistry. Philosophically, the "view" of the group in Delft was very appealing: since in nature photolesions are induced in DNA by the sun, how is it possible that repair of these lesions could be accomplished by the same energy source. Evolutionary, it is hardly possible to think of a more efficient repair mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Beukers
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tanida H, Tahara E, Mochizuki M, Yamane Y, Ryoji M. Purification, cDNA cloning, and expression profiles of the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase of Xenopus laevis. FEBS J 2006; 272:6098-108. [PMID: 16302973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photolyase is a light-dependent enzyme that repairs pyrimidine dimers in DNA. Two types of photolyases have been found in frog Xenopus laevis, one for repairing cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD photolyase) and the other for pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4)photoproduct [(6-4)photolyase]. However, little is known about the former type of the Xenopus photolyases. To characterize this enzyme and its expression profiles, we isolated the entire coding region of a putative CPD photolyase cDNA by extending an EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence obtained from the Xenopus database. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNA revealed a protein of 557 amino acids with close similarity to CPD photolyase of rat kangaroo. The identity of this cDNA was further established by the molecular mass (65 kDa) and the partial amino acid sequences of the major CPD photolyase that we purified from Xenopus ovaries. The gene of this enzyme is expressed in various tissues of Xenopus. Even internal organs like heart express relatively high levels of mRNA. A much smaller amount was found in skin, although UV damage is thought to occur most frequently in this tissue. Such expression profiles suggest that CPD photolyase may have roles in addition to the photorepair function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tanida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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Cleaver JE. Richard B. Setlow, a commentary on seminal contributions and scientific controversies. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2001; 38:122-131. [PMID: 11746745 DOI: 10.1002/em.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Richard B. Setlow inspired the field of DNA repair. His demonstration that photoproducts could be quantified within cells and their excision examined experimentally pioneered the identification of nucleotide excision repair. His early work was associated with the discovery of many founding phenomena of photobiology and DNA repair: the concept of excision repair itself, correlations between DNA repair, life span and aging, variations in repair among mammalian species, caffeine sensitization to UV damage, and the xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) repair deficiencies. We may now have mapped thoroughly the landscape of DNA repair that Dick helped open to exploration, but questions persist of how comprehensively we have explored all its canyons and mesas. Research into nontraditional species and kingdoms may yet provide unexpected surprises. The signal transduction pathways and mechanisms of DNA replication arrest in damaged mammalian cells remain a challenge. The importance of repair in vivo also provides many difficult research questions. One problem of current interest is the role of endogenous DNA damage and repair in human pathology, especially neurodegeneration exemplified by many XP patients. Cancer and neurodegeneration may represent converse responses of dividing and nondividing cells to mutagenic and lethal effects of DNA damaging agents. Cell death from endogenous oxidative DNA damage (apoptosis) may be antagonistic to malignant transformation in dividing cells but may cause neurodegeneration in nondividing neural tissue. Small reductions in the efficiency of repair, especially transcription-coupled repair, may overemphasize carcinogenesis in mice, while minimizing neurodegeneration, as compared to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Cleaver
- UCSF Cancer Center and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0808, USA.
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Sutherland BM. Mutagenic lesions in carcinogenesis: induction and repair of pyrimidine dimers. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 63:375-7. [PMID: 8934740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B M Sutherland
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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Sutherland BM, Bennett PV. Human white blood cells contain cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimer photolyase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:9732-6. [PMID: 7568207 PMCID: PMC40876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.21.9732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although enzymatic photoreactivation of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in DNA is present in almost all organisms, its presence in placental mammals is controversial. We tested human white blood cells for photolyase by using three defined DNAs (supercoiled pET-2, nonsupercoiled bacteriophage lambda, and a defined-sequence 287-bp oligonucleotide), two dimer-specific endonucleases (T4 endonuclease V and UV endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus), and three assay methods. We show that human white blood cells contain photolyase that can photorepair pyrimidine dimers in defined supercoiled and linear DNAs and in a 287-bp oligonucleotide and that human photolyase is active on genomic DNA in intact human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Sutherland
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
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Kato T, Todo T, Ayaki H, Ishizaki K, Morita T, Mitra S, Ikenaga M. Cloning of a marsupial DNA photolyase gene and the lack of related nucleotide sequences in placental mammals. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:4119-24. [PMID: 7937136 PMCID: PMC331898 DOI: 10.1093/nar/22.20.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreactivating enzyme, DNA photolyase, reduces lethal, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet light (UV) by catalyzing near UV or visible light-dependent repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in DNA. The enzyme activity has been detected in a wide variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to nonplacental mammals. However, the evidence for photoreactivation in placental mammals, including humans, is controversial. As a first step to identify the presence and activity of the gene in mammalian species, we isolated a cDNA clone of this gene from a marsupial, the South American opossum Monodelphis domestica. Photolyase activity was expressed in Escherichia coli from the cDNA which is predicted to encode a polypeptide of 470 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of this protein is strikingly similar to those of photolyases from two metazoans; the opossum photolyase shares 59% and 63% sequence identity with the Drosophila melanogaster and goldfish Carassius auratus enzymes, respectively. However, no closely related nucleotide sequence was detected in higher mammals and a homologous transcript was undetectable in a number of human tissues. These results strongly suggest that humans, as well as other placental mammals, lack the photolyase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kato
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Japan
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Blaustein AR, Hoffman PD, Hokit DG, Kiesecker JM, Walls SC, Hays JB. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: a link to population declines? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:1791-5. [PMID: 8127883 PMCID: PMC43249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.5.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The populations of many amphibian species, in widely scattered habitats, appear to be in severe decline; other amphibians show no such declines. There is no known single cause for the declines, but their widespread distribution suggests involvement of global agents--increased UV-B radiation, for example. We addressed the hypothesis that differential sensitivity among species to UV radiation contributes to these population declines. We focused on species-specific differences in the abilities of eggs to repair UV radiation damage to DNA and differential hatching success of embryos exposed to solar radiation at natural oviposition sites. Quantitative comparisons of activities of a key UV-damage-specific repair enzyme, photolyase, among oocytes and eggs from 10 amphibian species were reproducibly characteristic for a given species but varied > 80-fold among the species. Levels of photolyase generally correlated with expected exposure of eggs to sunlight. Among the frog and toad species studied, the highest activity was shown by the Pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla), whose populations are not known to be in decline. The Western toad (Bufo boreas) and the Cascades frog (Rana cascadae), whose populations have declined markedly, showed significantly lower photolyase levels. In field experiments, the hatching success of embryos exposed to UV radiation was significantly greater in H. regilla than in R. cascadae and B. boreas. Moreover, in R. cascadae and B. boreas, hatching success was greater in regimes shielded from UV radiation compared with regimes that allowed UV radiation. These observations are thus consistent with the UV-sensitivity hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Blaustein
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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Funayama T, Mitani H, Shima A. ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE AND ITS PHOTOREPAIR IN TAIL FIN CELLS OF THE MEDAKA, Oryzias lutipes. Photochem Photobiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb09578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li YF, Kim ST, Sancar A. Evidence for lack of DNA photoreactivating enzyme in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:4389-93. [PMID: 8506278 PMCID: PMC46516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.10.4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreactivating enzyme (DNA photolyase; deoxyribocyclobutadipyrimidine pyrimidine-lyase, EC 4.1.99.3) repairs UV damage to DNA by utilizing the energy of near-UV/visible light to split pyrimidine dimers into monomers. The enzyme is widespread in nature but is absent in certain species in a seemingly unpredictable manner. Its presence in humans has been a source of considerable controversy. To help resolve the issue we used a very specific and sensitive assay to compare photoreactivation activity in human, rattlesnake, yeast, and Escherichia coli cells. Photolyase was easily detectable in E. coli, yeast, and rattlesnake cell-free extracts but none was detected in cell-free extracts from HeLa cells or human white blood cells with an assay capable of detecting 10 molecules per cell. We conclude that humans most likely do not have DNA photolyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599
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Roza L, De Gruijl FR, Bergen Henegouwen JB, Guikers K, Van Weelden H, Van Der Schans GP, Baan RA. Detection of photorepair of UV-induced thymine dimers in human epidermis by immunofluorescence microscopy. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96:903-7. [PMID: 2045678 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12475429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of visible light on the level of UV-induced thymine dimers in human epidermal cells in vivo, we exposed volunteers to UV-B alone, or to a serial combination of UV-B and visible light. Dimers were assayed in skin sections by immunofluorescence microscopy with a monoclonal antibody against the cyclobutyl thymine dimer. The dimer-specific fluorescence from epidermal cell nuclei, identified by counterstaining with propidium iodide, was quantified through computer-mediated image processing and analysis. After a single UV exposure (2-3 MED), significant dimer-specific fluorescence was measured, but no difference could be detected between skin kept in the dark after UV-irradiation and that exposed to visible light. In three other experiments, the UV dose was split into 3 parts (1 MED each), given at 2.5-h intervals. Half of the skin area was exposed to visible light following each dose fraction. After the second and third dose fractions, skin areas treated with visible light clearly showed lower levels of dimers (i.e., about 40% reduced) than skin kept in the dark. The results provide evidence that photorepair of dimers does occur in human skin, but not immediately after a first UV exposure of naive skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Roza
- TNO Medical Biological Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Rapid and apparently error-prone excision repair of nonreplicating UV-irradiated plasmids in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Cell Biol 1990. [PMID: 2355915 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.7.3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of UV-irradiated plasmid DNA microinjected into frog oocytes was measured by two techniques: transformation of repair-deficient (delta uvrB delta recA delta phr) bacteria, and removal of UV endonuclease-sensitive sites (ESS). Transformation efficiencies relative to unirradiated plasmids were used to estimate the number of lethal lesions; the latter were assumed to be Poisson distributed. These estimates were in good agreement with measurements of ESS. By both criteria, plasmid DNA was efficiently repaired, mostly during the first 2 h, when as many as 2 x 10(10) lethal lesions were removed per oocyte. This rate is about 10(6) times the average for removal of ESS from repair-proficient human cells. Repair was slower but still significant after 2 h, but some lethal lesions usually remained after overnight incubation. Most repair occurred in the absence of light, in marked contrast to differentiated frog cells, previously shown to possess photoreactivating but no excision repair activity. There was no increase in the resistance to DpnI restriction of plasmids (methylated in Escherichia coli at GATC sites) incubated in oocytes; this implies no increase in hemimethylated GATC sites, and hence no semiconservative DNA replication. Plasmid substrates capable of either intramolecular or intermolecular homologous recombination were not recombined, whether UV-irradiated or not. Repair of Lac+ plasmids was accompanied by a significant UV-dependent increase in the frequency of Lac- mutants, corresponding to a repair synthesis error frequency on the order of 10(-4) per nucleotide.
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Hays JB, Ackerman EJ, Pang QS. Rapid and apparently error-prone excision repair of nonreplicating UV-irradiated plasmids in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:3505-11. [PMID: 2355915 PMCID: PMC360785 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.7.3505-3511.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of UV-irradiated plasmid DNA microinjected into frog oocytes was measured by two techniques: transformation of repair-deficient (delta uvrB delta recA delta phr) bacteria, and removal of UV endonuclease-sensitive sites (ESS). Transformation efficiencies relative to unirradiated plasmids were used to estimate the number of lethal lesions; the latter were assumed to be Poisson distributed. These estimates were in good agreement with measurements of ESS. By both criteria, plasmid DNA was efficiently repaired, mostly during the first 2 h, when as many as 2 x 10(10) lethal lesions were removed per oocyte. This rate is about 10(6) times the average for removal of ESS from repair-proficient human cells. Repair was slower but still significant after 2 h, but some lethal lesions usually remained after overnight incubation. Most repair occurred in the absence of light, in marked contrast to differentiated frog cells, previously shown to possess photoreactivating but no excision repair activity. There was no increase in the resistance to DpnI restriction of plasmids (methylated in Escherichia coli at GATC sites) incubated in oocytes; this implies no increase in hemimethylated GATC sites, and hence no semiconservative DNA replication. Plasmid substrates capable of either intramolecular or intermolecular homologous recombination were not recombined, whether UV-irradiated or not. Repair of Lac+ plasmids was accompanied by a significant UV-dependent increase in the frequency of Lac- mutants, corresponding to a repair synthesis error frequency on the order of 10(-4) per nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Hays
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-6502
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Ogut SE, D'Ambrosio SM, Samuel M, Sutherland BM. DNA photoreactivating enzyme from human tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1989; 4:47-56. [PMID: 2509660 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(89)80101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoreactivating enzyme activity has been quantitated in human fetal skin, kidney, lung, liver, brain and intestine, and in neonatal human foreskin. In all the tissues examined there were at least two activities: one nominally greater than 10,000 Da, and one nominally less than 10,000 Da. Both can photolyze pyrimidine dimers in DNA using only light of wavelengths greater than 320 nm, thus excluding tryptophan-mediated dimer splitting as an important mechanism for these activities. The activities are inactivated by digestion with trypsin or pronase, and decreased partially or totally by heating to 65 degrees C. The activities from all six tissues, as well as that from neonatal foreskin, act catalytically in dimer photolysis. The properties of macromolecular size, heat lability, protease sensitivity and catalytic pyrimidine dimer photolysis by a non-tryptophan-mediated mechanism correspond to those of a true photoreactivating enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Ogut
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
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Cleaver JE, Cortés F, Karentz D, Lutze LH, Morgan WF, Player AN, Vuksanovic L, Mitchell DL. The relative biological importance of cyclobutane and (6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone dimer photoproducts in human cells: evidence from a xeroderma pigmentosum revertant. Photochem Photobiol 1988; 48:41-9. [PMID: 3217441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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UV damage and photoreactivation potentials of larval shrimp, Pandalus platyceros, and adult euphausiids, Thysanoessa raschii. Oecologia 1983; 60:169-175. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00379518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/1983] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shima A, Ikenaga M, Nikaido O, Takebe H, Egami N. Photoreactivation of ultraviolet light-induced damage in cultured fish cells as revealed by increased colony forming ability and decreased content of pyrimidine dimers. Photochem Photobiol 1981; 33:313-6. [PMID: 7255560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb05423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Damaged DNA can be repaired by three different mechanisms: photoreactivation, excision repair and postreplication repair. Each mechanism is regulated by a highly specific set of enzymes. Defects within these systems result in diseases which have one common feature: affected individuals are cancer prone. Recently, newly developed methods not only make it possible to diagnose affected patients but also to detect individuals at risk. Furthermore, the results obtained elucidate some mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Clinical applications are discussed.
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Jäckle H, Kalthoff K. Photoreversible UV-inactivation of messenger RNA in an insect embryo(Smittia spec., Chironomidae, Diptera). Photochem Photobiol 1980; 32:749-61. [PMID: 7454852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1980.tb04052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Fu Y, Lange CS, Miller MW. The absence of an effect of photoreactivation on sub-lethal damage accumulation in a photoreactive wallaby cell-line. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1978; 34:73-9. [PMID: 309444 DOI: 10.1080/09553007814550641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monolayer cultures of JU56 wallaby cells were exposed to germicidal U.V. and/or photoreactivating (PR) light. The U.V. exposures induced dose-dependent cell-death. The survival data are consistent with a common extrapolation number (n) of 6 x 17 +/- 0 x 98 with a D(0) of 123 x 0 +/- 6 x 8 erg/mm2 for photo-reactivated cells and a D0 of 87 x 3 +/- 4 x 9 erg/mm2 for non-photoreactivated cells; the photoreactivation protected the cells with a dose-modification factor of 1 x 41 +/- 0 x 02. Therefore PR is not a shoulder phenomenon and so has no relationship to the repair of sub-lethal damage.
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Ley RD, Sedita BA, Grube DD. Absence of photoreactivation of pyrimidine dimers in the epidermis of hairless mice following exposures to ultraviolet light. Photochem Photobiol 1978; 27:483-5. [PMID: 652849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tsuruo T, Baluda MA. Integration of proviral DNA in chicken cells infected with Schmidt-Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus is not enhanced by DNA repair. J Virol 1977; 23:533-42. [PMID: 197260 PMCID: PMC515864 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.23.3.533-542.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect DNA repair might have on the integration of exogenous proviral DNA into host cell DNA was investigated by comparing the efficiency of proviral DNA integration in normal chicken embryonic fibroblasts and in chicken embryonic fibroblasts treated with UV or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. The cells were treated with UV or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide at various time intervals ranging from 6 h before to 24 h after infection with Schmidt-Ruppin strain A of Rous sarcoma virus. The chicken embryonic fibroblasts were subsequently cultured for 18 to 21 days to ensure maximal integration and elimination of nonintegrated exogenous proviral DNA before DNA was extracted. Integration of proviral DNA into the cellular genome was quantitated by hybridization of denatured cellular DNA on filters with an excess of (3)H-labeled 35S viral RNA. The copy number of the integrated proviruses in normal cells and in infected cells was also determined from the kinetics of liquid RNA-DNA hybridization in DNA excess. Both RNA excess and DNA excess methods of hybridization indicate that two to three copies of the endogenous provirus appear to be present per haploid normal chicken cell genome and that two to three copies of the provirus of Schmidt-Ruppin strain A of Rous sarcoma virus become integrated per haploid cell genome after infection. The copy number of viral genome equivalents integrated per cell treated with UV or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide at different time intervals before or after infection did not differ from the copy number in untreated but infected cells. This finding supports our previous report that the integration of oncornavirus proviral DNA is restricted to specific sites in the host cell DNA and suggests a specific mechanism for integration.
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Abstract
A photoreactivating enzyme from human leukocytes has been isolated and characterized. The enzyme requires DNA irradiated with ultraviolet light (220-300 nm) as substrate, and visible light (300-600 nm) for catalysis. In the reaction, the enzyme converts cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in the DNA to monomer pyrimidines. The enzyme has an apparent monomer molecular weight of 40,000 and tends to form aggregates. The pH optimum of 7.2 and absence of a requirement for metal ions are similar to the requirements of the Escherichia coli enzyme; however, the ionic strength optimum of 0.05 is much lower than those for other photoreactivating enzymes. The demonstration that human cells possess photoreactivating enzyme implies that a direct test by photoreactivation may be made of the role of pyrimidine dimers in the induction of abnormal cell growth.
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Sutherland BM, Rice M, Wagner EK. Xeroderma pigmentosum cells contain low levels of photoreactivating enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:103-7. [PMID: 1054487 PMCID: PMC432249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum contain low levels of photoreactivating enzyme in comparison to normal cells. Levels vary from 0 (line 1199) to 50 (line 1259) percent of normal. The depressed enzyme levels are not an artifact of low growth rate, age of cell donor, cell culture conditions, assay conditions, the presence of inhibitors, or mycoplasma contamination. We show that human fibroblasts can monomerize pyrimidine dimers in vivo.
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Paterson MC, Lohman PH. Use of enzymatic assay to evaluate UV-induced DNA repair in human and embryonic chick fibroblasts and multinucleate heterokaryons derived from both. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1975; 5B:735-45. [PMID: 1238081 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2898-8_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive enzymatic assay has been utilized to monitor repair of UV-induced damage to DNA in primary human and embryonic chick cells and in multinucleate heterokaryons artificially derived from both. The assay exploits the unique ability of a purified repair endonuclease to attack UV-irradiated DNA at sites containing pyrimidine dimers. These nuclease-susceptible sites are subsequently observed as single-strand scissions by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. Incubation of UV-damaged cultures followed by extraction and enzymatic analysis of the radioactively labeled DNA enables one to trace the disappearance of such sites in vivo and hence to monitor endogenous repair activity. When UV-irradiated human cells are incubated in the dark, the curve for site removal exhibits a two-phase exponetial decline; i.e. there exists a fast component responsible for elimination of 60% of the initial damage and a second one approximately 7 times slower in rate. The removal of sites is not further enhanced by exposing cells to blacklight during post-UV incubation. Conversely, UV-damaged chick cells rid their DNA of all nuclease-susceptible sites rapidly (i.e. at an exponential rate approximately 13 times faster than the fast component of site removal in human cells) when incubated under blacklight but not when kept in the dark. These data indicate the presence in human and embryonic chick cells of distinct enzymatic mechanisms for the elimination of dimer-containing sites. Wheneras human fibroblasts rely heavily on a light-independent process, excision-repair, chick fibroblasts possess a light-dependent mechanism, presumably photoenzymatic repair. Advantage has been taken of the contrasting repair properties of the human and embryonic chick fibroblasts to evaluate the extent to which each can assist the other in the removal of UV-induced damage from its DNA. The two cell types were fused to form giant human/chick heterokaryons containing a number of intact nuclei from both strains. Experimental conditions were selected so that UV-induced damage resided only in DNA foreign to the repair enzymes under study. Our results strongly suggest that repair enzyme(s) coded for by either fusion partner can remove dimer-containing sites from the DNA of the other with an efficiency comparable to that attained when acting on its own DNA in unfused, parental cells. Further, the light-requiring repair process supplied by the chick is more proficient at operating on these sites in human DNA than is excision-repair, the parallel mechanism available to human cells for this purpose.
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Sutherland BM, Runge P, Sutherland JC. DNA photoreactivating enzyme from placental mammals. Origin and characteristics. Biochemistry 1974; 13:4710-5. [PMID: 4429659 DOI: 10.1021/bi00720a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Paterson MC, Lohman PH, Westerveld A, Sluyter ML. DNA repair in human/embryonic chick heterokaryons. Ability of each species to aid the other in the removal of ultraviolet-induced damage. Biophys J 1974; 14:835-45. [PMID: 4474028 PMCID: PMC1334579 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(74)85953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured human and embryonic chick fibroblasts possess different enzyme-mediated processes to repair cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers induced in their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. While dimers are corrected in human cells by excision repair, a photoenzymatic repair process exists in embryonic chick cells for the removal of these potentially deleterious UV photoproducts. We have utilized a sensitive enzymatic assay to monitor the disappearance, i.e. repair, of dimer-containing sites in fused populations of human and chick cells primarily consisting of multinucleate human/chick heterokaryons. Fused cultures were constructed such that UV photoproducts were present only in chick DNA when evaluating excision repair and only in human DNA when evaluating photoenzymatic repair. Based on the kinetics of site removal observed in these cultures we are led to conclude the following: Within heterokaryons per se the photoreactivating enzyme derived from chick nuclei and at least one excision-repair enzyme (presumably a UV endonuclease) derived from human nuclei act on UV-damaged DNA in foreign nuclei with an efficiency equal to that displayed toward their own nuclear DNA. Hence, after cell fusion these chick and human repair enzymes are apparently able to diffuse into foreign nuclei and once therein competently attack UV-irradiated DNA independently of its origin. In harmony with the situation in nonfused parental cultures, in heterokaryons the chick photoenzymatic repair process rapidly removed all dimer-containing sites from human DNA including the residual fraction normally acted upon slowly by the human excision-repair process.
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Abstract
DAMAGE IN DNA AFTER IRRADIATION CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE KINDS: base damage, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, DNA-DNA cross-linking, and DNA-protein cross-linking. Of these, repair of base damage is the best understood. In eukaryotes, at least three repair systems are known that can deal with base damage: photoreactivation, excision repair, and post-replication repair. Photoreactivation is specific for UV-induced damage and occurs widely throughout the biosphere, although it seems to be absent from placental mammals. Excision repair is present in prokaryotes and in animals but does not seem to be present in plants. Post-replication repair is poorly understood. Recent reports indicate that growing points in mammalian DNA simply skip past UV-induced lesions, leaving gaps in newly made DNA that are subsequently filled in by de novo synthesis. Evidence that this concept is oversimplified or incorrect is presented.-Single-strand breaks are induced by ionizing radiation but most cells can rapidly repair most or all of them, even after supralethal doses. The chemistry of the fragments formed when breaks are induced by ionizing radiation is complex and poorly understood. Therefore, the intermediate steps in the repair of single-strand breaks are unknown. Double-strand breaks and the two kinds of cross-linking have been studied very little and almost nothing is known about their mechanisms for repair.-The role of mammalian DNA repair in mutations is not known. Although there is evidence that defective repair can lead to cancer and/or premature aging in humans, the relationship between the molecular defects and the diseased state remains obscure.
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Paterson MC, Lohman PH, de Weerd-Kastelein EA, Westerveld A. Photoreactivation and excision repair of ultraviolet radiation-injured DNA in primary embryonic chick cells. Biophys J 1974; 14:454-66. [PMID: 4134590 PMCID: PMC1334523 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(74)85926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary embryonic chick cells have been evaluated on the basis of their capacity to repair photochemical lesions produced in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The fate of one prominent class of UV photoproducts, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, was monitored by an in vitro enzymatic assay. UV-irradiated cultures were incubated for prescribed times after which their damaged, radioactive-labeled DNA was extracted and exposed to a purified UV endonuclease selectively active toward sites altered by dimer formation. Single-strand scissions specifically introduced by the enzyme treatment and, therefore, the dimer-containing sites remaining in the DNA were quantified retrospectively by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose. When the chick fibroblasts were incubated in black light, essentially all nuclease-susceptible sites rapidly disappeared from the UV-damaged DNA. In sharp contrast, incubation of the irradiated cultures in total darkness severely impeded the metabolic machinery responsible for site elimination. A substantial amount of UV-stimulated DNA repair synthesis was also detected in the chick cells by conventional techniques involving isopyknic centrifugation and autoradiography. However, the UV photoproducts triggering this indicator of excision repair were probably not dimers since incubation of the irradiated cultures in the light rather than in the dark did not lead to a diminution in the extent of repair synthesis. By these criteria of DNA repair, it appears that embryonic chick cells primarily rely on a highly proficient, light-requiring mechanism, presumably enzymatic photoreactivation, for dimer elimination but also possess a light-independent, excision-type process to cope with other, as yet unidentified, photochemical defects.
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Cook JS, Proctor WR. Yeast deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase (photoreactivating enzyme): optimum conditions for activity and competitive inhibition. Photochem Photobiol 1974; 19:385-90. [PMID: 4599747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1974.tb06530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Enzymes Involved in the Repair of DNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-035404-7.50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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41
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Miller GR, Farnham CJ, Sarachek A. Photoreactivating enzyme activity of primitive and advanced species of Hansenula. Photochem Photobiol 1973; 18:521-3. [PMID: 4773942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1973.tb06457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Todd P, Schroy CB, Lebed MR. Post-irradiation effects of photoreactivating light and caffeine on cultured marsupial cells exposed to ultraviolet light. Photochem Photobiol 1973; 18:433-6. [PMID: 4796459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1973.tb06445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kalthoff K. ACTION SPECTRA FOR UV INDUCTION AND PHOTOREVERSAL OF A SWITCH IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM OF THE EGG OF AN INSECT (SMITTIA)*. Photochem Photobiol 1973. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1973.tb06435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Ultraviolet induces only chromatid-type aberrations in synchronized G(1) V-79 Chinese hamster and A8W243 Xenopus tissue culture cells. Posttreatment with white light prevents expression of most potential aberrations in the A8 toad cell, which possesses a photoreactivation enzyme. We conclude that the major ultraviolet-induced DNA lesion leading to chromosomal aberrations is the pyrimidine dimer.
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Griggs HG, Bender MA. Ultraviolet and gamma-ray induced reproductive death and photoreactivation in a Xenopus tissue culture cell line. Photochem Photobiol 1972; 15:517-26. [PMID: 5064251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1972.tb06264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Ultraviolet light-inactivated frog virus 3 is efficiently photoreactivated by chick embryo cells. A cellular enzyme is presumably responsible for this repair of viral deoxyribonucleic acid, for the phenomenon is insensitive to an inhibitor of protein synthesis and is not seen in mammalian cells that are known to lack photoreactivating enzyme. Since frog virus 3 is a cytoplasmic virus, functionally significant amounts of photoreactivating enzyme are probably present in the cytoplasm of chick embryo cells.
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Trosko JE, Krause D, Isoun M. Sunlight-induced pyrimidine dimers in human cells in vitro. Nature 1970; 228:358-9. [PMID: 5473981 DOI: 10.1038/228358b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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