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De Clercq E. Selected Milestones in Antiviral Drug Development. Viruses 2024; 16:169. [PMID: 38399945 PMCID: PMC10891914 DOI: 10.3390/v16020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article will describe the (wide) variety of approaches that I envisaged to develop a specific therapy for viral infections: (i) interferon and its inducers, (ii) HSV, VZV and CMV inhibitors, (iii) NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), NtRTIs (nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) as HIV inhibitors, (iv) NtRTIs as HBV inhibitors, and finally, (v) the transition of an HIV inhibitor to a stem cell mobilizer, as exemplified by AMD-3100 (Mozobil®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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De Clercq E. 1984-Discovery of the First Anti-HIV Drug, Suramin. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081646. [PMID: 34452510 PMCID: PMC8402867 DOI: 10.3390/v13081646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Buchanan A, Díaz-Delgado J, Balamayooran G, Anguiano M, Groch K, Krol L. Leukemic histiocytic sarcoma in a captive common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) with Saimiriine Gammaherpesvirus 2 (Rhadinovirus), Saimiri sciureus lymphocryptovirus 2 (Lymphocryptovirus) and Squirrel monkey retrovirus (β-Retrovirus) coinfection. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:341-343. [PMID: 32412106 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic neoplasia other than lymphoma and leukemia is uncommon among non-human primates. Herein, we provide the first evidence of occurrence of leukemic histiocytic sarcoma in a captive common squirrel monkey with Saimiriine Gammaherpesvirus 2 (Rhadinovirus), Saimiri sciureus lymphocryptovirus 2 (Lymphocryptovirus), and Squirrel monkey retrovirus (β-Retrovirus) coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gaya Balamayooran
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Maritza Anguiano
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kátia Groch
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lana Krol
- San Francisco Zoological Society, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Rogers DL, McClure GB, Ruiz JC, Abee CR, Vanchiere JA. Endemic Viruses of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri spp.). Comp Med 2015; 65:232-240. [PMID: 26141448 PMCID: PMC4485632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are the experimental animals of choice for the study of many human diseases. As such, it is important to understand that endemic viruses of primates can potentially affect the design, methods, and results of biomedical studies designed to model human disease. Here we review the viruses known to be endemic in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.). The pathogenic potential of these viruses in squirrel monkeys that undergo experimental manipulation remains largely unexplored but may have implications regarding the use of squirrel monkeys in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gloria B McClure
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Julio C Ruiz
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Christian R Abee
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - John A Vanchiere
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
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5
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Yamamoto N, Matsumoto T, Koyanagi Y, Tanaka Y, Hinuma Y. Unique cell lines harbouring both Epstein-Barr virus and adult T-cell leukaemia virus, established from leukaemia patients. Nature 1982; 299:367-9. [PMID: 6287295 DOI: 10.1038/299367a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of three distinct classes of animal virus have been associated with naturally occurring neoplasias in man: Epstein--Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus belonging to herpesvirus group, papillomavirus, and a novel human RNA (retro) virus, human T-cell leukemia virus or adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) virus. We have established seven continuous cell lines from ATL patients and 0.1-7% of these cells consistently express ATL-specific antigens (ATLA). EBV-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) is also found in more than 90% of these cells. We have cloned cells from two of these lines and show here that both ATLA and EBNA were present in the same B-cell clone carrying surface immunoglobulin (sIg).
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6
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Yaniv A, Gotlieb-Stematsky T, Vonsover A, Perk K. Evidence for type-C retrovirus production by Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell line. Int J Cancer 1980; 25:205-11. [PMID: 6248466 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910250207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, P3HR-I, was found to secrete virions with properties of known type-C RNA tumor viruses. The viral particles had a buoyant density of 1.16 g/ml in sucrose gradients and contained a high-molecular-weight RNA and an RNA-instructed DNA polymerase. The viral polymerase was active in an endogenous reaction requiring the presence of the four deoxyriboside triphosphates and manganese ions, and was sensitive to RNase. The DNA product of the endogenous reaction specifically hybridized to P3HR-I viral 60 to 70S RNA. Electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of P3HR-I cells revealed immature, mature and budding virions typical of type-C retroviridae. Nucleic acid hybridization assays showed no sequence homoblastosis virus, murine oncornaviruses, simian sarcoma virus or RD114 virus.
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8
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Markham PD, Ruscetti F, Salahuddin SZ, Gallagher RE, Gallo RC. Enhanced induction of growth of B lymphoblasts from fresh human blood by primate type-C retroviruses (gibbon ape leukemia virus and simian sarcoma virus). Int J Cancer 1979; 23:148-56. [PMID: 216638 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910230203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cells, Cultured
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Hylobates
- Leukemia Virus, Feline
- Leukemia, Experimental/etiology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
- Retroviridae
- Rosette Formation
- Sarcoma Virus, Woolly Monkey
- Tumor Virus Infections/etiology
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10
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Hehlmann R, Balda BR, Spiegelman S. Particles from mouse melanoma B16 containing reverse transcriptase and 70S RNA related to human melanoma cytoplasmic RNA. Arch Dermatol Res 1978; 262:157-65. [PMID: 80158 DOI: 10.1007/bf00455385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mouse melanoma B16 contains particles encapsulating high molecular weight RNA of 60--70S size associated with a reverse transcriptase. The [3H]DNA synthesized by these particles possesses homology with RNA isolated from a hamster melanoma and from three human malignant melanomas.
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12
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Jose DG. Virus-associated malignant diseases in animals and man. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1978; 8:195-214. [PMID: 98143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1978.tb04512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Hehlmann R, Balda BR, Spiegelman S. Murine and human melanomas containing a high molecular weight RNA associated with an RNA-instructed DNA polymerase. Int J Dermatol 1978; 17:115-22. [PMID: 77259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1978.tb06120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Chandra P, Ebener U, Steel LK, Laube H, Gericke D, Mildner B, Bardos TJ, Ho YK, Götz A. Molecular approaches to inhibit oncogenesis by RNA tumor viruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1977; 284:444-62. [PMID: 280144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb21981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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16
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Klucis E, Jackson L, Parsons PG. Survey of human lymphoblastoid cell lines and primary cultures of normal and leukaemic leukocytes for oncornavirus production. Int J Cancer 1976; 18:413-20. [PMID: 977188 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910180404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Velocity sedimentation of uridine-labelled cultures was found to be more reliable than isopycnic sedimentation in detecting oncornavirus production in lymphoid cells. Of 13 cell lines (including six derivea from Burkitt's lymphomas and two from leukaemic leukocytes) only one, the leukaemia-derived, Epstein-Barr virus-producing line QIMR-WIL, showed any activity. The nature of the QIMR-WIL particles was further defined by isolation of uridine-labelled 70S RNA and by the simultaneous assay for reverse transcriptase and 70S RNA, but production of such particles was detected in only three of 10 assays. Pretreatment of cells with 5'-iododeoxyuridine or culture in arginine-free medium did not induce particle production. Syncytia assays using XC cells were negative. Of 13 primary cultures (nine samples of leukaemic leukocytes and four of cord leukocytes) treated with mitogens and subjected to inducing conditions, one (leukocytes from a patient with acute myelogenous leukaemia) showed evidence in successive assays of oncornavirus synthesis. The low and transient yield of oncornavirus-like particles obtained in this work parallels that reported in previous studies of fresh lymphoid cells and primary cultures.
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17
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Steinke H, Laufs R, Dörfler W. Oncornaviruslike particles in human malignancies. Med Microbiol Immunol 1976; 162:137-42. [PMID: 59306 DOI: 10.1007/bf02121323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal and epithelial human malignancies were examined in the simultaneous detection test for the presence of particles with 70 S RNA and reverse transcriptase. Out of the 23 tumors tested 14 were found to be positive (61%). The finding that 2 uterine cancers contained 70 S RNA and reverse transcriptase indicates that uterine cancers may belong to the list of malignancies where the involvement of oncornaviruses is suspected. Out of the 10 human sarcomas examined in this study 4 were shown to contain particles with properties of oncornaviruses.
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18
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Evans AS. Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1976; 49:175-95. [PMID: 782050 PMCID: PMC2595276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Henle-Koch postulates are reviewed in terms of their full validity in Koch's day and in light of subsequent developments. The changing guidelines developed for viral diseases, for viruses in relation to cancer and to chronic central nervous system infection, and for causative agents in chronic diseases are discussed chronologically. A set of guidelines for both acute infectious and chronic diseases is presented. The need for recognizing the role of the host and the spectrum of host responses, for sound biologic sense in evaluating causal roles of agents in disease, and for flexibility in adapting our guidelines to new knowledge are emphasized.
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19
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Calneck BW, Payne LN. Lack of correlation between Marena tumor induction and expression of endogenous avian RNA tumor virus genome. Int J Cancer 1976; 17:235-44. [PMID: 175029 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910170212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Marek's disease virus (MDV) and subsequent tumor development failed to induce the expression of endogenous avian RNA tumor virus genome in Line-15I and Line-7 chickens which lacked such expression at 1 day of age. Titers of avian leukosis virus (ALV) group-specific (gs) antigen detected by the COFAL test and expression of chick helper factor (chf) activity remained relatively constant in birds which expressed these genome functions at hatching time. Endogenous ALV belonging to the E-subgroup was isolated from two of 50 birds; both were controls not exposed to MDV. There was no correlation between expression of ALV genome (gs or chf) at 1 day of age and the rate of tumor development subsequent ot MDV infection. It was concluded that MDV infection can induce tumors without the participation of endogenous ALV genome.
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20
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Viola MV, Frazier M, Wiernik PH, McCredie KB, Spiegelman S. Reverse transcriptase in leukocytes of leukemic patients in remission. N Engl J Med 1976; 294:75-80. [PMID: 53787 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197601082940203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A cytoplasmic particulate fraction from human leukemic cells has been shown to contain reverse transcriptase and its associated high-molecular weight RHA template. We attempted to detect the reverse-transcriptase-template complex in morphologically normal peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with acute leukemia in complete remission. Our assay system consisted of a velocity glycerol gradient and cesium sulfate equilibrium gradient analysis of the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction product. Three of nine patients in remission had positive reactions determined by glycerol gradient analysis, and eight of 10 patients in remission had positive reactions by cesium sulfate gradient analysis. We were unable to detect the template complex in leukocytes of normal persons. Thus, normal-appearing leukocytes in the peripheral blood of some leukemia patients in remission seem to retain a number of biochemical characteristics, possibly viral related, associated with leukemic cells.
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22
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Spiegelman S. Molecular evidence for the association of RNA tumor viruses with human mesenchymal malignancies. HAMATOLOGIE UND BLUTTRANSFUSION 1976; 19:391-429. [PMID: 64383 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-87524-3_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Kotler M, Balabanova H, Weinberg E, Friedmann A, Becker Y. Oncornavirus-like particles released from arginine-deprived human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:4592-6. [PMID: 53842 PMCID: PMC388769 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.11.4592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-C RNA tumor virus particles were released from three different human lymphoblastoid cell lines after incubation in arginine-deficient medium. The released virus-like particles were characterized by (a) their ability to band in sucrose gradients at a density of 1.16-1.18 g/ml; (b) the presence of an RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity resembling that of the oncornaviruses; and (c) isolation of cores that band at a density of 1.26-1.27 g/ml in sucrose gradients. Examination of the arginine-deprived human lymphoblastoid cell line strain P3HR-1 by electron microscopy revealed the presence of C-type particles in the intracellular spaces.
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24
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Witkin SS, Ohno T, Spiegelman S. Purification of RNA-instructed DNA polymerase from human leukemic spleens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:4133-6. [PMID: 53834 PMCID: PMC433153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.10.4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Particles possessing a density of 1.16 g/ml and encapsulating a 70S RNA and a RNA-instructed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) have been prepared from the spleen of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. These particles have been converted to cores with a density of 1.26 g/ml and containing the enzyme-RNA complex, in complete analogy to the known RNA tumor viruses of avian and murine origin. The reverse transcriptase was purified from the cores by column chromatography to a stage showing a single major protein band of 70,000 daltons in a gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was capable of transcribing heteropolymeric RNA into DNA complements as demonstrated by specific back hybridization to template RNA. The leukemic spleen would appear to represent an important source of this enzyme, as well as other potentially important leukemia-specific reagents.
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25
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Balda BR, Hehlmann R, Cho JR, Spiegelman S. Oncornavirus-like particles in human skin cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:3697-700. [PMID: 52874 PMCID: PMC433064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.9.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-molecular-weight RNA encapsulated with an RNA-instructed DNA polymerase in particles possessing the density characteristic of the RNA tumor viruses has been detected in 13 out of 14 human malignant melanomas. The [3H]DNA synthesized by these particles in an endogenous reaction hybridizes to RNA extracted from the human melanoma particulate structures, but not to RNA from normal skin. Similar particles containing RNA and enzyme have been found in basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. The RNA of the melanoma particles is easily distinguishable by hybridization from the RNAs found in the particles of the basal and squamous cell carcinomas.
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27
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Magrath I, Henle W, Owor R, Olweny C. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr-virus antigens before and after the development of Burkitt's lymphoma in a patient treated for Hodgkin's disease. N Engl J Med 1975; 292:621-3. [PMID: 163432 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197503202921206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Gillespie D, Saxinger WC, Gallo RC. Information transfer in cells infected by RNA tumor viruses and extension to human neoplasia. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1975; 15:1-108. [PMID: 49067 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Mak TW, Manaster J, Howatson AF, McCulloch EA, Till JE. Particles with characteristics of leukoviruses in cultures of marrow cells from leukemic patients in remission and relapse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:4336-40. [PMID: 4140503 PMCID: PMC433877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.11.4336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An enzyme activity with the characteristics of RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) was detected in marrow from patients with leukemia in relapse and in firm hematological remission. Material having the enzyme activity, when analyzed in sucrose gradients, appeared as two distinct homogeneous bands of particles with densities of about 1.17 and 1.23 g/ml. The enzyme activity was stimulated by exogenous template poly(rC).(dG)(12-18) but not by (dT)(12-18). The enzyme activities in these bands also increased (1.7- to 24-fold) after culture, and both bands with enzyme activity were obtained from the cultured cells and from the supernatant medium. Electron microscopic studies showed that the two bands contained particles resembling leukoviruses or their cores.
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MESH Headings
- Bone Marrow/enzymology
- Bone Marrow/microbiology
- Bone Marrow/ultrastructure
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Fractionation
- Cells, Cultured
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/microbiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/microbiology
- Microscopy, Electron
- RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/isolation & purification
- Retroviridae/isolation & purification
- Retroviridae/ultrastructure
- Subcellular Fractions/enzymology
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30
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Pierce GB. Neoplasms, differentiations and mutations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1974; 77:103-118. [PMID: 4447121 PMCID: PMC1910714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has been presented to support the concept that malignant tumors are postembryonic differentiations superimposed upon the process of tissue maintenance and renewal. Malignant stem cells are derived from normal stem cells. They have a capacity for proliferation and differentiation that operates at a different level of control than the normal. Even so, malignant stem cells are responsive to enviornmental control, suggesting that it may be possible to direct their differentiation or at least to control their ability to replicate. A tumor is a caricature of normal tissue and appears undifferentiated because of the preponderance of undifferentiated proliferating stem cells in relationship to the number of cells that have differentiated and become benign.
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31
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Neubauer RH, Wallen WC, Rabin H. Stimulation of Herpesvirus saimiri expression in the absence of evidence for type C virus activation in a marmoset lymphoid cell line. J Virol 1974; 14:745-50. [PMID: 4138895 PMCID: PMC355578 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.4.745-750.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid base analogues were used to examine a Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS)-infected marmoset lymphoid cell line (MLC-1) for possible association with type C viruses. Synthetic templates poly(rA).d(pT)(10) and poly(dA).d(pT)(10) were used to detect RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity in 100-fold concentrated tissue culture fluids. HVS was monitored by immunofluorescence for early, late, and membrane antigens. MLC-1 cells were exposed to 30 mug of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) per ml for 24 h and examined daily. Similar experiments used 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR) (20 mug/ml) for 30 h or IUdR (20 mug/ml) for 3 days followed by 2% dimethyl sulfoxide for 4 days. Results of these experiments failed to show any type C virus-like polymerase; however, HVS expression was greatly stimulated. BUdR and IUdR enhanced expression of HVS-associated antigens five- to sevenfold, with maximal stimulation being observed 3 to 4 days after removal of the analogue. IUdR-dimethyl sulfoxide treatment was generally less effective. Although more cells showed HVS antigens, the treatments did not increase cell-free infectious virus. The data suggest that HVS-infected lymphoid cells can be stimulated to express virus in a manner similar to that of the Epstein-Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. No evidence of type C virus was found in stimulated cultures.
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33
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Rapp F, Buss ER. Are viruses important in carcinogenesis? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1974; 77:85-102. [PMID: 4374889 PMCID: PMC1910716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of viruses in the etiology of animal cancers is fairly certain. Information derived under both natural and experimental conditions supports the concept that either DNA- or RNA-containing viruses can fulfill this function. The DNA-containing herpesviruses, especially the Epstein-Barr virus, are currently the primary objects of intense investigation concerning their role in human cancer. This article will focus on the properties of counterpart herpesviruses in lower animals as well as the human virus candidates with an assessment of the observations concerning their oncogenic potential.
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34
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Lai PK, Hilton HB, Alpers MP, Mackay-Scollay EM. Letter: Aplastic anemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and EB virus. Lancet 1974; 1:756-7. [PMID: 4132499 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)92985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
MESH Headings
- Anemia, Aplastic/complications
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Biopsy
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/microbiology
- Male
- Neutralization Tests
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RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase—Properties and Functions in Oncogenic RNA Viruses and Cells1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kufe DW, Peters WP, Spiegelman S. Unique nuclear DNA sequences in the involved tissues of Hodgkin's and Burkitt's lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:3810-4. [PMID: 4521207 PMCID: PMC427334 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.12.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that Hodgkin's, Burkitt's, and other human lymphomas contain particulate elements encapsulating 70S RNA and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. [(3)H]DNA probes endogenously synthesized by these particles were used to demonstrate that the nuclear DNA of the lymphomas contain particle-related sequences that cannot be detected (less than 1/20th of a copy per genome) in the DNA of normal cells. This result agrees with our earlier findings in human leukemias. The data are inconsistent with any etiologic concept that invokes germ-line transmission of at least one complete copy of the particulate information associated with the malignancy. The unique sequences found in the nuclear DNA of Burkitt's and Hodgkin's tissues are related to each other but not to the DNA of the Epstein-Barr virus.
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Peters WP, Kufe D, Schlom J, Frankel JW, Prickett CO, Groupé V, Spiegelman S. Biological and biochemical evidence for an interaction between Marek's disease herpesvirus and avian leukosis virus in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:3175-8. [PMID: 4361680 PMCID: PMC427195 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.11.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-containing Epstein-Barr herpesvirus has been implicated in the etiology of Burkitt's lymphoma, a malignant tumor of children in Africa. Recently, however, particles possessing four biochemical characteristics of RNA tumor viruses have also been identified in these tumors. The fact that both types of viruses are found suggests that an interaction between them may be playing a role in the etiology of Burkitt's lymphoma. To explore this possibility with a defined animal model, experiments were performed with the avian Marek's disease, a malignant lymphoproliferative disease associated with a herpesvirus. Controlled contact studies demonstrated that tumorigenesis in a line of isolator-derived, barrier-sustained, specific pathogen-free chickens requires exposure to both the Marek's disease herpesvirus and an avian leukosis virus, Rous-associated virus, type 2. Exposure to either agent alone did not result in tumors. Molecular hybridization experiments to cytoplasmic RNA from similarly contact-exposed conventional Cornell S-line chickens provided further evidence for the occurrence of an interaction between Marek's disease herpesvirus and the avian leukosis virus.
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Gallo RC, Miller NR, Saxinger WC, Gillespie D. Primate RNA tumor virus-like DNA synthesized endogenously by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virus-like particles from fresh human acute leukemic blood cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:3219-24. [PMID: 4131745 PMCID: PMC427204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.11.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A particle of discrete biochemical composition was purified from fresh, unfrozen peripheral blood leukocytes of human patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. This particle endogenously synthesized DNA by use of an RNA primer and template. About half of the DNA sequences synthesized in the presence of actinomycin D hybridized to RNA isolated from type-C sarcoma viruses of primates or mice; lower annealing values were obtained with RNA isolated from other sarcoma or leukemia viruses. The results confirm and extend previous results from molecular hybridization experiments related to the existence in human leukemia of components of RNA tumor viruses.
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Shope T, Dechairo D, Miller G. Malignant lymphoma in cottontop marmosets after inoculation with Epstein-Barr virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:2487-91. [PMID: 4354852 PMCID: PMC427039 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.9.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplasia resembling human malignant lymphoma, reticulum cell sarcoma type, occurred in cottontop marmosets inoculated with materials containing Epstein-Barr virus. One of four monkeys that received autologous cells transformed in vitro by Epstein-Barr virus developed lymphoma in mesenteric lymph nodes 7.5 months after inoculation. Three of four marmosets inoculated with cell-free Epstein-Barr virus developed lymphoma. The latent period for detectable tumor formation after addition of virus was 31-46 days. Immunosuppressive drugs given with the virus accelerated the course of disease. Nevertheless, malignant lymphoma occurred in an animal given only cell-free virus. Six of eight marmosets inoculated with the virus demonstrated antibodies to the virus. Four marmosets not exposed to the virus, including two that received immunosuppressive drugs, developed neither tumors nor antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus. Virus antigen detectable by immunofluorescence was found in 5% of cells shed from one tumor maintained in organ culture. These results imply that Epstein-Barr virus is capable of inducing malignant lymphoma in at least one primate species. Additional evidence is required before its oncogenic capacity in this host can be accepted without reservation.
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Ruprecht RM, Goodman NC, Spiegelman S. Determination of natural host taxonomy of RNA tumor viruses by molecular hybridization: application to RD-114, a candidate human virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:1437-41. [PMID: 4351179 PMCID: PMC433514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.5.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysogenic bacteriophages and the RNA tumor viruses have in common the ability to add their genetic information to the genome of their host cells. The biological similarity extends further; data summarized here indicate that they both possess homology to the DNA of their uninfected indigenous hosts. Sharing of common sequences with normal host DNA has been established with avian, murine, feline, and primate oncornaviruses. This finding provides a method for determining the taxonomic position of the natural host of any new RNA tumor virus isolated. Application of this approach to RD-114 revealed extensive hybridization to normal cat DNA and little, if any, hybridization to human DNA. We conclude that the data assign a feline origin rather than a human origin to RD-114.
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Evans AS. Commentary. EB virus, infectious mononucleosis, and cancer: the closing of the web. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1974; 47:113-22. [PMID: 4372814 PMCID: PMC2596416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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