1
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Yan C, Fyfe C, Minty L, Barrington H, Jamieson C, Reid M. Computer vision as a new paradigm for monitoring of solution and solid phase peptide synthesis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11872-11880. [PMID: 37920332 PMCID: PMC10619640 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01383a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a strategy for the camera-enabled non-contact colourimetric reaction monitoring and optimisation of amide bond formation, mediated by coupling reagents. For amide bond formation in solution phase, investigation of reactions mediated by HATU, PyAOP, and DIC/Oxyma evidenced correlations between colour parameters extracted from video data and conversion to amide product measured by off-line HPLC analysis of concentration. These correlations, supported by mutual information analysis, were further investigated using video recordings of solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), co-analysed by off-line HPLC to track remaining unreacted substrate in solution. An optimisation method of coupling time in SPPS was derived from ΔE (a measurement of colour contrast), giving comparable isolated peptide yield and purity at 65-95% reduced overall reaction time. The same colour data enabled data-rich monitoring of reaction rate attenuation, consisted with computationally-derived measures of amino acid steric bulk. These findings provide a foundation for exploring the use of camera technology and computer vision towards automated and online mechanistic profiling of SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yan
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Calum Fyfe
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Laura Minty
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Henry Barrington
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Craig Jamieson
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Marc Reid
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
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2
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Saebi A, Brown JS, Marando VM, Hartrampf N, Chumbler NM, Hanna S, Poskus M, Loas A, Kiessling LL, Hung DT, Pentelute BL. Rapid Single-Shot Synthesis of the 214 Amino Acid-Long N-Terminal Domain of Pyocin S2. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:518-527. [PMID: 36821521 PMCID: PMC10460144 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The impermeable outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is bypassed by antibacterial proteins known as S-type pyocins. Because of their properties, pyocins are investigated as a potential new class of antimicrobials against Pseudomonas infections. Their production and modification, however, remain challenging. To address this limitation, we employed automated fast-flow peptide synthesis for the rapid production of a pyocin S2 import domain. The N-terminal domain sequence (PyS2NTD) was synthesized in under 10 h and purified to yield milligram quantities of the desired product. To our knowledge, the 214 amino acid sequence of PyS2NTD is among the longest peptides produced from a "single-shot" synthesis, i.e., made in a single stepwise route without the use of ligation techniques. Biophysical characterization of the PyS2NTD with circular dichroism was consistent with the literature reports. Fluorescently labeled PyS2NTD binds to P. aeruginosa expressing the cognate ferripyoverdine receptor and is taken up into the periplasm. This selective uptake was validated with confocal and super resolution microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. These modified, synthetic S-type pyocin domains can be used to probe import mechanisms of P. aeruginosa and leveraged to develop selective antimicrobial agents that bypass the outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Saebi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph S Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Victoria M Marando
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicole M Chumbler
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Stephanie Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mackenzie Poskus
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Deborah T Hung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Ralbovsky NM, Smith JP. Process analytical technology and its recent applications for asymmetric synthesis. Talanta 2022; 252:123787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Tian J, Li Y, Ma B, Tan Z, Shang S. Automated Peptide Synthesizers and Glycoprotein Synthesis. Front Chem 2022; 10:896098. [PMID: 35601548 PMCID: PMC9117762 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.896098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and application of commercially available automated peptide synthesizers has played an essential role in almost all areas of peptide and protein research. Recent advances in peptide synthesis method and solid-phase chemistry provide new opportunities for optimizing synthetic efficiency of peptide synthesizers. The efforts in this direction have led to the successful preparation of peptides up to more than 150 amino acid residues in length. Such success is particularly useful for addressing the challenges associated with the chemical synthesis of glycoproteins. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the evolution of peptide synthesizer and glycoprotein synthesis. The discussions in this article include the principles underlying the representative synthesizers, the strengths and weaknesses of different synthesizers in light of their principles, and how to further improve the applicability of peptide synthesizers in glycoprotein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekang Tian
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongping Tan, ; Shiying Shang,
| | - Shiying Shang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongping Tan, ; Shiying Shang,
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5
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Alfano AI, Lange H, Brindisi M. Amide Bonds Meet Flow Chemistry: A Journey into Methodologies and Sustainable Evolution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102708. [PMID: 35015338 PMCID: PMC9304223 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of amide bonds is of immanent importance in organic and synthetic medicinal chemistry. Its presence in "traditional" small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients, in linear or cyclic oligo- and polypeptidic actives, including pseudopeptides, has led to the development of dedicated synthetic approaches for the formation of amide bonds starting from, if necessary, suitably protected amino acids. While the use of solid supported reagents is common in traditional peptide synthesis, similar approaches targeting amide bond formation in continuous-flow mode took off more significantly, after a first publication in 2006, only a couple of years ago. Most efforts rely upon the transition of traditional approaches in flow mode, or the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis principles with flow chemistry, and advantages are mainly seen in improving space-time yields. This Review summarizes and compares the various approaches in terms of basic amide formation, peptide synthesis, and pseudopeptide generation, describing the technological approaches and the advantages that were generated by the specific flow approaches. A final discussion highlights potential future needs and perspectives in terms of greener and more sustainable syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ilenia Alfano
- SPOTS-Lab – Sustainable Pharmaceutical and Organic Technology and Synthesis LaboratoryUniversity of Naples ‘Federico II', Department of PharmacyVia Domenico Montesano 4980131NaplesItaly
| | - Heiko Lange
- University of Milano-Bicocca Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesPiazza della Scienza 120126MilanItaly
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- SPOTS-Lab – Sustainable Pharmaceutical and Organic Technology and Synthesis LaboratoryUniversity of Naples ‘Federico II', Department of PharmacyVia Domenico Montesano 4980131NaplesItaly
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6
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Naoum JN, Alshanski I, Mayer G, Strauss P, Hurevich M. Stirring Peptide Synthesis to a New Level of Efficiency. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny N. Naoum
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Israel Alshanski
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Guy Mayer
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Poriah Strauss
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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7
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Shepperson OA, Hanna CC, Brimble MA, Harris PWR, Cameron AJ. Total Synthesis of Novel Antimicrobial β-Hairpin Capitellacin Via Rapid Flow-Based SPPS Assembly and Regioselective On-Resin Disulfide Cyclisation. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Farkas V, Ferentzi K, Horváti K, Perczel A. Cost-Effective Flow Peptide Synthesis: Metamorphosis of HPLC. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Farkas
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Ferentzi
- ELTE Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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9
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Mohapatra S, Hartrampf N, Poskus M, Loas A, Gómez-Bombarelli R, Pentelute BL. Deep Learning for Prediction and Optimization of Fast-Flow Peptide Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2277-2286. [PMID: 33376788 PMCID: PMC7760468 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of polypeptides involves stepwise formation of amide bonds on an immobilized solid support. The high yields required for efficient incorporation of each individual amino acid in the growing chain are often impacted by sequence-dependent events such as aggregation. Here, we apply deep learning over ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) analytical data collected from 35 427 individual fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) deprotection reactions performed with an automated fast-flow peptide synthesizer. The integral, height, and width of these time-resolved UV-vis deprotection traces indirectly allow for analysis of the iterative amide coupling cycles on resin. The computational model maps structural representations of amino acids and peptide sequences to experimental synthesis parameters and predicts the outcome of deprotection reactions with less than 6% error. Our deep-learning approach enables experimentally aware computational design for prediction of Fmoc deprotection efficiency and minimization of aggregation events, building the foundation for real-time optimization of peptide synthesis in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somesh Mohapatra
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mackenzie Poskus
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Center
for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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10
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Martin V, Egelund PHG, Johansson H, Thordal Le Quement S, Wojcik F, Sejer Pedersen D. Greening the synthesis of peptide therapeutics: an industrial perspective. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42457-42492. [PMID: 35516773 PMCID: PMC9057961 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is generally the method of choice for the chemical synthesis of peptides, allowing routine synthesis of virtually any type of peptide sequence, including complex or cyclic peptide products. Importantly, SPPS can be automated and is scalable, which has led to its widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry, and a variety of marketed peptide-based drugs are now manufactured using this approach. However, SPPS-based synthetic strategies suffer from a negative environmental footprint mainly due to extensive solvent use. Moreover, most of the solvents used in peptide chemistry are classified as problematic by environmental agencies around the world and will soon need to be replaced, which in recent years has spurred a movement in academia and industry to make peptide synthesis greener. These efforts have been centred around solvent substitution, recycling and reduction, as well as exploring alternative synthetic methods. In this review, we focus on methods pertaining to solvent substitution and reduction with large-scale industrial production in mind, and further outline emerging technologies for peptide synthesis. Specifically, the technical requirements for large-scale manufacturing of peptide therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Martin
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Peter H G Egelund
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | | | - Felix Wojcik
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Gates
- p53 Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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12
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Hartrampf N, Saebi A, Poskus M, Gates ZP, Callahan AJ, Cowfer AE, Hanna S, Antilla S, Schissel CK, Quartararo AJ, Ye X, Mijalis AJ, Simon MD, Loas A, Liu S, Jessen C, Nielsen TE, Pentelute BL. Synthesis of proteins by automated flow chemistry. Science 2020; 368:980-987. [PMID: 32467387 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomes can produce proteins in minutes and are largely constrained to proteinogenic amino acids. Here, we report highly efficient chemistry matched with an automated fast-flow instrument for the direct manufacturing of peptide chains up to 164 amino acids long over 327 consecutive reactions. The machine is rapid: Peptide chain elongation is complete in hours. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by the chemical synthesis of nine different protein chains that represent enzymes, structural units, and regulatory factors. After purification and folding, the synthetic materials display biophysical and enzymatic properties comparable to the biologically expressed proteins. High-fidelity automated flow chemistry is an alternative for producing single-domain proteins without the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Saebi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Poskus
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Z P Gates
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A J Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A E Cowfer
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Antilla
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C K Schissel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A J Quartararo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - X Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A J Mijalis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M D Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C Jessen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - T E Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - B L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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13
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Trojanowicz M. Flow Chemistry in Contemporary Chemical Sciences: A Real Variety of Its Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1434. [PMID: 32245225 PMCID: PMC7146634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry is an area of contemporary chemistry exploiting the hydrodynamic conditions of flowing liquids to provide particular environments for chemical reactions. These particular conditions of enhanced and strictly regulated transport of reagents, improved interface contacts, intensification of heat transfer, and safe operation with hazardous chemicals can be utilized in chemical synthesis, both for mechanization and automation of analytical procedures, and for the investigation of the kinetics of ultrafast reactions. Such methods are developed for more than half a century. In the field of chemical synthesis, they are used mostly in pharmaceutical chemistry for efficient syntheses of small amounts of active substances. In analytical chemistry, flow measuring systems are designed for environmental applications and industrial monitoring, as well as medical and pharmaceutical analysis, providing essential enhancement of the yield of analyses and precision of analytical determinations. The main concept of this review is to show the overlapping of development trends in the design of instrumentation and various ways of the utilization of specificity of chemical operations under flow conditions, especially for synthetic and analytical purposes, with a simultaneous presentation of the still rather limited correspondence between these two main areas of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03–195 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02–093 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Sletten ET, Nuño M, Guthrie D, Seeberger PH. Real-time monitoring of solid-phase peptide synthesis using a variable bed flow reactor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14598-14601. [PMID: 31742308 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-resin aggregation and incomplete amide bond formation are major challenges for solid-phase peptide synthesis that are difficult to be monitored in real-time. Incorporation of a pressure-based variable bed flow reactor into an automated solid-phase peptide synthesizer permitted real-time monitoring of resin swelling to determine amino acid coupling efficiency and on-resin aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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15
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Naoum JN, Alshanski I, Gitlin-Domagalska A, Bentolila M, Gilon C, Hurevich M. Diffusion-Enhanced Amide Bond Formation on a Solid Support. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agata Gitlin-Domagalska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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16
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Gordon CP. The renascence of continuous-flow peptide synthesis - an abridged account of solid and solution-based approaches. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:180-196. [PMID: 29255827 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within a decade of Merrifield's seminal description of solid-phase peptide synthesis, the synergies between solid-phase approaches and flow synthesis were noted by a number of groups. However, despite the various advantages flow brings to peptide synthesis, throughout the 1990s and 2000s, interest in the technique was overshadowed by microwave assisted approaches. However, the current expansion of flow technologies has reinvigorated interest in both solid-phase and solution-phase continuous-flow approaches for assembling peptides. This perspective traces the introduction and evolution of continuous-flow solid-phase synthesis from a practical aspect with a particular focus on solid supports, acylation protocols, and racemisation suppression. Practical aspects of solution-phase continuous-flow peptide synthesis are also considered with an evaluation of microreactor systems, coupling protocols, and fragment-based approaches for assembly of extended peptide units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Gordon
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, 1797, Penrith South, DC, Australia.
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17
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Isidro-Llobet A, Kenworthy MN, Mukherjee S, Kopach ME, Wegner K, Gallou F, Smith AG, Roschangar F. Sustainability Challenges in Peptide Synthesis and Purification: From R&D to Production. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4615-4628. [PMID: 30900880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in therapeutic peptides within the pharmaceutical industry with more than 50 peptide drugs on the market, approximately 170 in clinical trials, and >200 in preclinical development. However, the current state of the art in peptide synthesis involves primarily legacy technologies with use of large amounts of highly hazardous reagents and solvents and little focus on green chemistry and engineering. In 2016, the ACS Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable identified development of greener processes for peptide API as a critical unmet need, and as a result, a new Roundtable team formed to address this important area. The initial focus of this new team is to highlight best practices in peptide synthesis and encourage much needed innovations. In this Perspective, we aim to summarize the current challenges of peptide synthesis and purification in terms of sustainability, highlight possible solutions, and encourage synergies between academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and contract research organizations/contract manufacturing organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Isidro-Llobet
- Medicines Research Centre , GlaxoSmithKline , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Martin N Kenworthy
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development , AstraZeneca , Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way , Macclesfield SK10 2NA , U.K
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical and Synthetic Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Michael E Kopach
- Small Molecule Design and Development , Eli Lilly and Company , 1400 West Raymond Street , Indianapolis , Indiana , United States
| | - Katarzyna Wegner
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Development , IPSEN Manufacturing Ireland, Ltd. , Blanchardstown Industrial Park , Dublin 15 , Ireland
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical & Analytical Development , Novartis , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Austin G Smith
- Drug Substance Process Development , Amgen, Inc. , 1 Amgen Center Drive , Thousand Oaks , California 91320 , United States
| | - Frank Roschangar
- Chemical Development , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
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18
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Spare LK, Menti M, Harman DG, Aldrich-Wright JR, Gordon CP. A continuous flow protocol to generate, regenerate, load, and recycle chlorotrityl functionalised resins. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
From a screen of chlorinating agent concentration, flow rates, and reagent addition methodologies, a continuous flow protocol to activate, reactivate, and recycle both 2-chlorotrityl chloride functionalised polystyrene and trityl-hydroxy ChemMatrix functionalised resins was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawson K. Spare
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - Maria Menti
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - David G. Harman
- School of Medicine
- Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus
- Australia
- Molecular Medicine Research Group
- Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus
| | - Janice R. Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith South DC
- Australia
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith South DC
- Australia
- Molecular Medicine Research Group
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19
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Alshanski I, Bentolila M, Gitlin-Domagalska A, Zamir D, Zorsky S, Joubran S, Hurevich M, Gilon C. Enhancing the Efficiency of the Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) Process by High Shear Mixing. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Alshanski
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Moshe Bentolila
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | | | - Dolev Zamir
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shir Zorsky
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Salim Joubran
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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20
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Szloszár A, Mándity IM, Fülöp F. Sustainable synthesis of N-methylated peptides in a continuous-flow fixed bed reactor. J Flow Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-018-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Szloszár A, Fülöp F, Mándity IM. Accelerated Synthesis of Protected Peptides in a Continuous-Flow Fixed-Bed Reactor. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliz Szloszár
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
- Stereochemistry Research Group; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Eötvös u. 6 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - István M. Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
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22
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Mándity IM, Ötvös SB, Szőlősi G, Fülöp F. Harnessing the Versatility of Continuous-Flow Processes: Selective and Efficient Reactions. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1018-33. [PMID: 26997251 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a great need for effective transformations and a broad range of novel chemical entities. Continuous-flow (CF) approaches are of considerable current interest: highly efficient and selective reactions can be performed in CF reactors. The reaction setup of CF reactors offers a wide variety of possible points where versatility can be introduced. This article presents a number of selective and highly efficient gas-liquid-solid and liquid-solid reactions involving a range of reagents and immobilized catalysts. Enantioselective transformations through catalytic hydrogenation and organocatalytic reactions are included, and isotopically labelled compounds and pharmaceutically relevant 1,2,3-triazoles are synthesized in CF reactors. Importantly, the catalyst bed can be changed to a solid-phase peptide synthesis resin, with which peptide synthesis can be performed with the utilization of only 1.5 equivalents of the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - György Szőlősi
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
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23
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Mándity IM, Olasz B, Ötvös SB, Fülöp F. Continuous-flow solid-phase peptide synthesis: a revolutionary reduction of the amino acid excess. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:3172-3176. [PMID: 25196512 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient continuous-flow technique for the synthesis of peptides was developed. The method allows the application of only 1.5 equivalents of amino acids during coupling, while yielding virtually quantitative conversions. A mesoscale reactor was constructed which permits the use of high temperature and pressure during the synthesis. A complete reaction parameter optimization was carried out. Under the optimum conditions, the couplings of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids were achieved with 1.5 amino acid equivalents with quantitative conversions. As a demonstration of the efficiency of the methodology, difficult sequences and β-peptide foldamers with alicyclic side-chains were synthetized in excellent yields and with lower costs thanks to the lower amounts of amino acid and solvent used. By this the synthesis is highly economic and sustainable. Importantly, exotic and expensive artificial amino acids were incorporated into peptidic sequences by the utilization of a reasonable number of amino acid equivalents. The synthesis can be performed in quantities of microgram to gram in an automated way.
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Affiliation(s)
- István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged (Hungary)
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24
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Simon MD, Heider PL, Adamo A, Vinogradov AA, Mong SK, Li X, Berger T, Policarpo RL, Zhang C, Zou Y, Liao X, Spokoyny AM, Jensen KF, Pentelute BL. Rapid flow-based peptide synthesis. Chembiochem 2014; 15:713-20. [PMID: 24616230 PMCID: PMC4045704 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A flow-based solid-phase peptide synthesis methodology that enables the incorporation of an amino acid residue every 1.8 min under automatic control or every 3 min under manual control is described. This is accomplished by passing a stream of reagent through a heat exchanger into a low volume, low backpressure reaction vessel, and through a UV detector. These features enable continuous delivery of heated solvents and reagents to the solid support at high flow rate, thereby maintaining maximal concentration of reagents in the reaction vessel, quickly exchanging reagents, and eliminating the need to rapidly heat reagents after they have been added to the vessel. The UV detector enables continuous monitoring of the process. To demonstrate the broad applicability and reliability of this method, it was employed in the total synthesis of a small protein, as well as dozens of peptides. The quality of the material obtained with this method is comparable to that for traditional batch methods, and, in all cases, the desired material was readily purifiable by RP-HPLC. The application of this method to the synthesis of the 113-residue Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RNase and the 130-residue DARPin pE59 is described in the accompanying manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Patrick L. Heider
- Department of Chemical Engeneering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Department of Chemical Engeneering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alexander A. Vinogradov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Surin K. Mong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Xiyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Tatiana Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Rocco L. Policarpo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Yekui Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engeneering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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25
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Stawikowski M, Fields GB. Introduction to peptide synthesis. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2012; Chapter 18:18.1.1-18.1.13. [PMID: 22851497 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1801s69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A number of synthetic peptides are significant commercial or pharmaceutical products, ranging from the dipeptide sugar substitute aspartame to clinically used hormones such as oxytocin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and calcitonin. This unit provides an overview of the field of synthetic peptides and proteins. It discusses selecting the solid support and common coupling reagents. Additional information is provided regarding common side reactions and synthesizing modified residues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida
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26
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Bouillon I, Soural M, Krchňák V. Resin capsules: permeable containers for parallel/combinatorial solid-phase organic synthesis. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 10:714-720. [PMID: 18656988 PMCID: PMC2652863 DOI: 10.1021/cc800072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A resin capsule is a permeable container for resin beads designed for multiple/combinatorial solid-phase organic synthesis. Resin capsules consist of a high density polyethylene ring sealed with peek mesh on both sides. The cylindrical shape of resin capsules enabled space-saving packing into plastic columnlike reaction vessels commonly used for solid-phase organic synthesis. Resin capsules have been evaluated for their use in combinatorial synthesis, and a set of model compounds with excellent purity was prepared.
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27
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Abstract
A number of synthetic peptides are significant commercial or pharmaceutical products, ranging from the dipeptide sugar-substitute aspartame to clinically used hormones, such as oxytocin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and calcitonin. This unit provides an overview of the field of synthetic peptides and proteins, including their purification. It discusses selecting the solid support and common coupling reagents. Additional information is provided regarding common side reactions and synthesizing modified residues.
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28
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Hediger ME. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of aza inhibitors of chorismate mutase. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:4995-5010. [PMID: 15336279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of aza inhibitors (4-9) of chorismate mutase (E.C. 5.4.99.5) was designed, prepared, and evaluated against the enzyme by monitoring the direct inhibition of the chorismate, 1, to prephenate, 2, conversion. None of these aza inhibitors displayed tighter binding to the enzyme than the native substrate chorismate or greater inhibitory action than the previously reported ether analogue, 3. Furthermore, no time-dependent loss of enzyme activity was observed in the presence of the two potentially reactive aza inhibitors (7 and 9). These results in conjunction with inhibition data from a broader series of chorismate mutase inhibitors allowed a novel proposal for the mechanistic role of chorismate mutase to be developed. This proposed mechanism was computationally verified and correlated with crystallographic studies of various chorismate mutases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hediger
- College of Chemistry, Latimer Hall, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA.
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29
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Ueki M, Nishigaki N, Aoki H, Tsurusaki T, Katoh T. One-pot Deprotection and Coupling of Peptides by the Fmoc Strategy. CHEM LETT 1993. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1993.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Coffey AF, Johnson T. Continuous flow solid (gel) phase peptide synthesis using unsupported ultra-high load polymers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1992; 39:419-30. [PMID: 1428532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb01446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple, manually operated, continuous flow apparatus is described for solid (gel) phase peptide synthesis. The approach uses an unsupported phenolic bead form core network at an initial matrix loading of 5 mmol g-1, the theoretical maximum. The synthesis is performed in a flow reactor under low pressure conditions. "Layered displacement" of reagent solutions and washing solvents is an essential feature that has been developed to facilitate efficient peptide synthesis. The usefulness of the present system in conjunction with N alpha Boc protected amino acids is illustrated by the syntheses of [Leu5]-enkephalin and dermorphin. The potential for scale up synthesis has also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Coffey
- School of Applied Sciences, Wolverhampton Polytechnic, UK
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31
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Fields GB, Noble RL. Solid phase peptide synthesis utilizing 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino acids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1990; 35:161-214. [PMID: 2191922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1990.tb00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1864] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) amino acids were first used for solid phase peptide synthesis a little more than a decade ago. Since that time, Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis methodology has been greatly enhanced by the introduction of a variety of solid supports, linkages, and side chain protecting groups, as well as by increased understanding of solvation conditions. These advances have led to many impressive syntheses, such as those of biologically active and isotopically labeled peptides and small proteins. The great variety of conditions under which Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis may be carried out represents a truly "orthogonal" scheme, and thus offers many unique opportunities for bioorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Fields
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco
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32
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Nozaki S. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Steroidogenesis-Activator Polypeptide under Continuous Flow Conditions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1990. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.63.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Nozaki S. Solid Phase Synthesis of Magainin 1 under Continuous Flow Conditions. CHEM LETT 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1989.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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34
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Krchnák V, Vágner J, Mach O. Multiple continuous-flow solid-phase peptide synthesis. Synthesis of an HIV antigenic peptide and its omission analogues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1989; 33:209-13. [PMID: 2714934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple continuous-flow solid-phase peptide synthesis was performed on a standard polystyrene-based resin under low-pressure conditions using a simple manually operated synthesizer. Stable-flow resin-packed columns were prepared in small polypropylene flow reactors, adjustable for volume. The concurrent synthesis of 10 peptides was carried out in flow reactors concatenated together; solvents and reactants were passed through this set of columns using moderate overpressure. One decapeptide, H-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-Asp-Ser-Arg-Asn-Pro-Leu-NH2, containing an antigenic determinant of the p31 protein product of the pol gene of the human immunodeficiency virus, and its nine omission analogues were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Krchnák
- Léciva-Pharmaceuticals, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague
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35
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Barany G, Kneib-Cordonier N, Mullen DG. Solid-phase peptide synthesis: a silver anniversary report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1987; 30:705-39. [PMID: 3326854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1987.tb03385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been a quarter of a century since Merrifield's initial report on solid-phase peptide synthesis. The field has matured significantly in recent years with a better understanding of the underlying chemistry. This is reflected by new, milder orthogonal protection schemes and more efficient coupling methods, some of which have been incorporated into automated systems. Advances in purification, especially high performance liquid chromatography, have had a major impact. The efficacy of these improvements has been demonstrated by an impressive litany of applications to biological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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36
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Jackson AE, Harris TM, Puett D. Characterization of specific fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-containing calmodulin adducts by spectroscopy and phosphodiesterase stimulation. Protein J 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00276736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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