1
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Mutch NJ, Medcalf RL. The fibrinolysis renaissance. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3304-3316. [PMID: 38000850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is the system primarily responsible for removal of fibrin deposits and blood clots in the vasculature. The terminal enzyme in the pathway, plasmin, is formed from its circulating precursor, plasminogen. Fibrin is by far the most legendary substrate, but plasmin is notoriously prolific and is known to cleave many other proteins and participate in the activation of other proteolytic systems. Fibrinolysis is often overshadowed by the coagulation system and viewed as a simplistic poorer relation. However, the primordial plasminogen activators evolved alongside the complement system, approximately 70 million years before coagulation saw the light of day. It is highly likely that the plasminogen activation system evolved with its roots in primordial immunity. Almost all immune cells harbor at least one of a dozen plasminogen receptors that allow plasmin formation on the cell surface that in turn modulates immune cell behavior. Similarly, numerous pathogens express their own plasminogen activators or contain surface proteins that provide binding sites for host plasminogen. The fibrinolytic system has been harnessed for clinical medicine for many decades with the development of thrombolytic drugs and antifibrinolytic agents. Our refined understanding and appreciation of the fibrinolytic system and its alliance with infection and immunity and beyond are paving the way for new developments and interest in novel therapeutics and applications. One must ponder as to whether the nomenclature of the system hampered our understanding, by focusing on fibrin, rather than the complex myriad of interactions and substrates of the plasminogen activation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Saha A, Kolonin MG, DiGiovanni J. Obesity and prostate cancer - microenvironmental roles of adipose tissue. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:579-596. [PMID: 37198266 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to have important roles in driving prostate cancer aggressiveness and increased mortality. Multiple mechanisms have been postulated for these clinical observations, including effects of diet and lifestyle, systemic changes in energy balance and hormonal regulation and activation of signalling by growth factors and cytokines and other components of the immune system. Over the past decade, research on obesity has shifted towards investigating the role of peri-prostatic white adipose tissue as an important source of locally produced factors that stimulate prostate cancer progression. Cells that comprise white adipose tissue, the adipocytes and their progenitor adipose stromal cells (ASCs), which proliferate to accommodate white adipose tissue expansion in obesity, have been identified as important drivers of obesity-associated cancer progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that adipocytes are a source of lipids that are used by adjacent prostate cancer cells. However, results of preclinical studies indicate that ASCs promote tumour growth by remodelling extracellular matrix and supporting neovascularization, contributing to the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, and inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through paracrine signalling. Because epithelial-mesenchymal transition is associated with cancer chemotherapy resistance and metastasis, ASCs are considered to be potential targets of therapies that could be developed to suppress cancer aggressiveness in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinto Saha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Paediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Disease, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Paediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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3
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Tong H, Li K, Zhou M, Wu R, Yang H, Peng Z, Zhao Q, Luo KQ. Coculture of cancer cells with platelets increases their survival and metastasis by activating the TGFβ/Smad/PAI-1 and PI3K/AKT pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4259-4277. [PMID: 37705745 PMCID: PMC10496510 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
When cancer cells enter the bloodstream, they can interact with platelets to acquire stronger survival and metastatic abilities. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we cocultured metastatic melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer cells with species-homologous platelets. We found that cocultured cancer cells displayed higher viabilities in circulation, stronger capacities for cell migration, invasion, and colony formation in vitro, and more tumorigenesis and metastasis in mice. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the level of serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1) was significantly upregulated in cocultured cancer cells. Knockdown of SERPINE1 reversed the coculture-elevated survival and metastatic phenotypes of cancer cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that coculture with platelets activated the TGFβ/Smad pathway to induce SERPINE1 expression in cancer cells, which encodes plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). PAI-1 then activated PI3K to increase the phosphorylation of AKTThr308 and Bad to elevate Bcl-2, which enhanced cell survival in circulation. Moreover, higher levels of PAI-1 were detected in metastatic tumors from melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer patients than in normal tissues, and high levels of PAI-1 were associated with a shorter overall survival time and worse disease progression in breast cancer. PAI-1 may act as a potential biomarker for detecting and treating metastatic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Tong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Koukou Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Muya Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Renfei Wu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau
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Silva L, Divaris K, Bugge T, Moutsopoulos N. Plasmin-Mediated Fibrinolysis in Periodontitis Pathogenesis. J Dent Res 2023; 102:972-978. [PMID: 37506226 PMCID: PMC10477773 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231171837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemostatic and inflammatory systems work hand in hand to maintain homeostasis at mucosal barrier sites. Among the factors of the hemostatic system, fibrin is well recognized for its role in mucosal homeostasis, wound healing, and inflammation. Here, we present a basic overview of the fibrinolytic system, discuss fibrin as an innate immune regulator, and provide recent work uncovering the role of fibrin-neutrophil activation as a regulator of mucosal/periodontal homeostasis. We reason that the role of fibrin in periodontitis becomes most evident in individuals with the Mendelian genetic defect, congenital plasminogen (PLG) deficiency, who are predisposed to severe periodontitis in childhood due to a defect in fibrinolysis. Consistent with plasminogen deficiency being a risk factor for periodontitis, recent genomics studies uncover genetic polymorphisms in PLG, encoding plasminogen, being significantly associated with periodontal disease, and suggesting PLG variants as candidate risk indicators for common forms of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Silva
- Oral Immunity and Infection Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K. Divaris
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - T.H. Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N.M. Moutsopoulos
- Oral Immunity and Infection Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Scimone C, Alibrandi S, Donato L, De Gaetano GV, Fusco C, Nardella G, Castori M, Rinaldi C, Alafaci C, Germanò A, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. Amplification of protease-activated receptors signaling in sporadic cerebral cavernous malformation endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119474. [PMID: 37030452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, thrombin-mediated activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) results in neuroinflammation and increased vascular permeability. These events have been linked to cancer and neurodegeneration. Endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from sporadic cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) specimens showed dysregulation of genes involved in "thrombin-mediated PAR-1 activation" signaling. CCM is a vascular disease involving brain capillaries. In CCM, ECs show defective cell junctions. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a key role in disease onset and progression. In order to confirm the possible role of thrombin pathway in sporadic CCM pathogenesis, we evaluated PARs expression in CCM-ECs. We found that sporadic CCM-ECs overexpress PAR1, PAR3 and PAR4, together with other coagulation factor encoding genes. Moreover, we investigated about expression of the three familial CCM genes (KRIT1, CCM2 and PDCD10) in human cerebral microvascular ECs, following thrombin exposure, as well as protein level. Thrombin exposure affects EC viability and results in dysregulation of CCM gene expression and, then, in decreased protein level. Our results confirm amplification of PAR pathway in CCM suggesting, for the first time, the possible role of PAR1-mediated thrombin signaling in sporadic CCM. Thrombin-mediated PARs over activation results in increased blood-brain barrier permeability due to loss of cell junction integrity and, in this context, also the three familial CCM genes may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-edge Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., via Michele Miraglia 20, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-edge Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., via Michele Miraglia 20, Palermo 90139, Italy; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, C.da Papardo-Sperone 31, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-edge Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., via Michele Miraglia 20, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | | | - Carmela Fusco
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Grazia Nardella
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco Castori
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Concetta Alafaci
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Germanò
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-edge Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., via Michele Miraglia 20, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-edge Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., via Michele Miraglia 20, Palermo 90139, Italy
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Morrow GB, Mutch NJ. Past, Present, and Future Perspectives of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Semin Thromb Hemost 2023; 49:305-313. [PMID: 36522166 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a SERPIN inhibitor, is primarily known for its regulation of fibrinolysis. However, it is now known that this inhibitor functions and contributes to many (patho)physiological processes including inflammation, wound healing, cell adhesion, and tumor progression.This review discusses the past, present, and future roles of PAI-1, with a particular focus on the discovery of this inhibitor in the 1970s and subsequent characterization in health and disease. Throughout the past few decades diverse functions of this serpin have unraveled and it is now considered an important player in many disease processes. PAI-1 is expressed by numerous cell types, including megakaryocytes and platelets, adipocytes, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and smooth muscle cells. In the circulation PAI-1 exists in two pools, within plasma itself and in platelet α-granules. Platelet PAI-1 is secreted following activation with retention of the inhibitor on the activated platelet membrane. Furthermore, these anucleate cells contain PAI-1 messenger ribonucleic acid to allow de novo synthesis.Outside of the traditional role of PAI-1 in fibrinolysis, this serpin has also been identified to play important roles in metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and most recently, acute respiratory distress syndrome, including coronavirus disease 2019 disease. This review highlights the complexity of PAI-1 and the requirement to ascertain a better understanding on how this complex serpin functions in (patho)physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael B Morrow
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Dysregulated Hemostasis and Immunothrombosis in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012575. [PMID: 36293431 PMCID: PMC9604397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a neurovascular disease that affects 0.5% of the general population. For a long time, CCM research focused on genetic mutations, endothelial junctions and proliferation, but recently, transcriptome and proteome studies have revealed that the hemostatic system and neuroinflammation play a crucial role in the development and severity of cavernomas, with some of these publications coming from our group. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the latest molecular insights into the interaction between CCM-deficient endothelial cells with blood components and the neurovascular unit. Specifically, we underscore how endothelial dysfunction can result in dysregulated hemostasis, bleeding, hypoxia and neurological symptoms. We conducted a thorough review of the literature and found a field that is increasingly poised to regard CCM as a hemostatic disease, which may have implications for therapy.
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Myxomavirus Serp-1 Protein Ameliorates Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051154. [PMID: 35625891 PMCID: PMC9138346 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked disease afflicting 1 in 3500 males that is characterized by muscle weakness and wasting during early childhood, and loss of ambulation and death by early adulthood. Chronic inflammation due to myofiber instability leads to fibrosis, which is a primary cause of loss of ambulation and cardiorespiratory insufficiency. Current standard of care focuses on reducing inflammation with corticosteroids, which have serious adverse effects. It is imperative to identify alternate immunosuppressants as treatments to reduce fibrosis and mortality. Serp-1, a Myxoma virus-derived 55 kDa secreted glycoprotein, has proven efficacy in a range of animal models of acute inflammation, and its safety and efficacy has been shown in a clinical trial. In this initial study, we examined whether pegylated Serp-1 (PEGSerp-1) treatment would ameliorate chronic inflammation in a mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Our data revealed a significant reduction in diaphragm fibrosis and increased myofiber diameter, and significantly decreased pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage infiltration. The M2a macrophage and overall T cell populations showed no change. These data demonstrate that treatment with this new class of poxvirus-derived immune-modulating serpin has potential as a therapeutic approach designed to ameliorate DMD pathology and facilitate muscle regeneration.
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9
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Mechanisms of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Ismail AA, Shaker BT, Bajou K. The Plasminogen-Activator Plasmin System in Physiological and Pathophysiological Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010337. [PMID: 35008762 PMCID: PMC8745544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process associated with the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells (EC) to form new blood vessels. It is involved in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions and is controlled by a wide range of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules. The plasminogen activator–plasmin system plays a major role in the extracellular matrix remodeling process necessary for angiogenesis. Urokinase/tissue-type plasminogen activators (uPA/tPA) convert plasminogen into the active enzyme plasmin, which in turn activates matrix metalloproteinases and degrades the extracellular matrix releasing growth factors and proangiogenic molecules such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A). The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of uPA and tPA, thereby an inhibitor of pericellular proteolysis and intravascular fibrinolysis, respectively. Paradoxically, PAI-1, which is expressed by EC during angiogenesis, is elevated in several cancers and is found to promote angiogenesis by regulating plasmin-mediated proteolysis and by promoting cellular migration through vitronectin. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) also induces EC cellular migration during angiogenesis via interacting with signaling partners. Understanding the molecular functions of the plasminogen activator plasmin system and targeting angiogenesis via blocking serine proteases or their interactions with other molecules is one of the major therapeutic strategies scientists have been attracted to in controlling tumor growth and other pathological conditions characterized by neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Anwar Ismail
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.I.); (B.T.S.)
- Human Genetics & Stem Cells Research Group, Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Baraah Tariq Shaker
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.I.); (B.T.S.)
- Human Genetics & Stem Cells Research Group, Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khalid Bajou
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.I.); (B.T.S.)
- Human Genetics & Stem Cells Research Group, Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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Martins SR, Toledo SLDO, da Silva AJ, Mendes FS, de Oliveira MM, Ferreira LGR, Dusse LMS, Carvalho MDG, Rios DRA, Alpoim PN, Pinheiro MDB. Endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in sickle cell disease: is there a role for ADMA and PAI-1? Ann Hematol 2021; 101:273-280. [PMID: 34665295 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-021-04695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Within the spectrum of sickle cell disease (SCD) are sickle cell anemia (SCA), presence of hemoglobin SS (HbSS), hemoglobin SC disease (HbSC), and sickle cell β-thalassemia (Sβ-thal). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) competitively inhibits the binding of arginine to NOS, reducing NO production. In patients with HbSS, increased levels of ADMA have been reported, as well as changes in many hemostatic biomarkers, including the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). We hypothesized that high levels of ADMA and PAI-1 may be associated with more severe SCD. Thus, ADMA and PAI-1 levels were determined in 78 individuals including 38 adult patients with SCD and 40 control subjects. Higher levels of ADMA were shown in HbSS and Sβ-thal patients compared to controls. Concerning PAI-1, all patients showed high levels of PAI-1 compared to controls. As a role of NO in the pathogenesis of SCD has already been established, we concluded that high levels of ADMA should compromise, at least in part, NO synthesis, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. Elevated plasma levels of PAI-1 in all patients may indicate not only endothelial dysfunction but also a hypofibrinolytic state favoring thrombotic complications. Finally, high levels of ADMA and PAI-1 may be associated with more severe SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen Rodrigues Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270901, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Letícia de Oliveira Toledo
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Building: D, Room: 308.1, ChanadourDivinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Aislander Junio da Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270901, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Santos Mendes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270901, Brazil
| | - Marina Mendes de Oliveira
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Building: D, Room: 308.1, ChanadourDivinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.,Fundação Centro de Hematologia E Hemoterapia Do Estado de Minas Gerais, (Hemominas), Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Leticia Gonçalves Resende Ferreira
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Building: D, Room: 308.1, ChanadourDivinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Luci Maria Sant'Ana Dusse
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270901, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270901, Brazil.,Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Building: D, Room: 308.1, ChanadourDivinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Romana Alves Rios
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Building: D, Room: 308.1, ChanadourDivinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nessralla Alpoim
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270901, Brazil.
| | - Melina de Barros Pinheiro
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Building: D, Room: 308.1, ChanadourDivinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.
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Zhang H, Liu B, Jiang S, Wu JF, Qi CH, Mohammadtursun N, Li Q, Li L, Zhang H, Sun J, Dong JC. Baicalin ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation in rats by modulating HDAC2/NF-κB/PAI-1 signalling. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 70:102061. [PMID: 34314854 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease distinguished by airway remodelling and progressive inflammation. PAI-1 is an important regulator of fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that PAI-1 seems to be involved in COPD progression. Elevated levels of PAI-1 have been found in the lungs of patients with acute inflammation. PAI-1 has been shown to regulate the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, indicating that PAI-1 may play a fundamental role during inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory role of baicalin, the main active component of Scutellaria baicalensis, against cigarette smoke (extract) (CS/CSE)-induced airway inflammation in vivo and in vitro. For the in vivo study, SD rats were exposed to CS for 1 h/day, 6 days/week, for 24 weeks and treated with baicalin (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) or budesonide (0.2 mg/kg). For this study, HBE cells were pretreated with baicalin (10, 20, 40 μM) or dexamethasone (10-7 M) and then exposed to CSE. We found that baicalin treatment could ameliorate CS-induced airway inflammatory infiltration in rats and decrease PAI-1 expression. The ELISA results showed that baicalin significantly inhibited the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in CS/CSE-exposed rats and cells. Mechanistic studies showed that baicalin enhanced histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) protein expression and inhibited the expression of NF-κB and its downstream target PAI-1, and these effects were reversed by the HDAC2 inhibitor CAY-10683. In conclusion, baicalin ameliorated CS-induced airway inflammation in rats, and these effects were partially attributed to the modulation of HDAC2/NF-κB/PAI-1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Baojun Liu
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wu
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chun-Hui Qi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qingpu District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nabijan Mohammadtursun
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiuping Li
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jing-Cheng Dong
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Han M, Pandey D. ZMPSTE24 Regulates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-enhanced Expression of Endothelial Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:300-308. [PMID: 34003736 PMCID: PMC8485999 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0544oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is implicated in the thrombotic events reported in COVID-19 patients, but underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Circulating levels of the coagulation cascade activator PAI-1 are substantially higher in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory dysfunction than in patients with bacterial-sepsis and ARDS. Indeed, the elevation of PAI-1 is recognized as an early marker of endothelial dysfunction. Here, we report that recombinant SARS-CoV-2-S1 stimulated robust production of PAI-1 by HPMEC. We examined the role of protein degradation in this SARS-CoV-2-S1 induction of PAI-1 and found that the proteasomal degradation inhibitor bortezomib inhibited SARS-CoV-2-S1 mediated changes in PAI-1. Our data further show that bortezomib upregulated KLF2, a shear-stress-regulated transcription factor that suppresses PAI-1 expression. Aging and metabolic disorders are known to increase the mortality and morbidity in COVID-19 patients. We therefore examined the role of ZMPSTE24, a metalloprotease with a demonstrated role in host defense against RNA viruses that is decreased in the elderly and in metabolic syndrome, in the induction of PAI-1 in HPMEC by SARS-CoV-2-S1. Indeed, overexpression of ZMPSTE24 blunted enhancement of PAI-1 production in spike protein-exposed HPMEC. Additionally, we found that membrane expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 was reduced by ZMPSTE24-mediated cleavage and shedding of the ACE2 ectodomain, leading to accumulation of ACE2 decoy fragments that may bind SARS-CoV-2. These data indicate that decreases in ZMPSTE24 with age and comorbidities may increase vulnerability to vascular endothelial injury by SARS-CoV-2 viruses and that enhanced production of endothelial PAI-1 might play role in prothrombotic events in COVID-19 patients. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Han
- Johns Hopkins University, 1466, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,University of Science and Technology of China, 12652, Hefei, China
| | - Deepesh Pandey
- Johns Hopkins University, 1466, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
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Plasmin and Plasminogen System in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081838. [PMID: 33921488 PMCID: PMC8070608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we present a detailed discussion of how the plasminogen-activation system is utilized by tumor cells in their unrelenting attack on the tissues surrounding them. Plasmin is an enzyme which is responsible for digesting several proteins that hold the tissues surrounding solid tumors together. In this process tumor cells utilize the activity of plasmin to digest tissue barriers in order to leave the tumour site and spread to other parts of the body. We specifically focus on the role of plasminogen receptor—p11 which is an important regulatory protein that facilitates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and by this means promotes the attack by the tumour cells on their surrounding tissues. Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) is now being widely accepted as the key contributor to a range of processes involved in cancer progression from tumor growth to metastasis and chemoresistance. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and the proteases that mediate the remodeling of the ECM form an integral part of the TME. Plasmin is a broad-spectrum, highly potent, serine protease whose activation from its precursor plasminogen is tightly regulated by the activators (uPA, uPAR, and tPA), the inhibitors (PAI-1, PAI-2), and plasminogen receptors. Collectively, this system is called the plasminogen activation system. The expression of the components of the plasminogen activation system by malignant cells and the surrounding stromal cells modulates the TME resulting in sustained cancer progression signals. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the roles of plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance with specific emphasis on their role in the TME. We particularly review the recent highlights of the plasminogen receptor S100A10 (p11), which is a pivotal component of the plasminogen activation system.
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Sillen M, Declerck PJ. A Narrative Review on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Its (Patho)Physiological Role: To Target or Not to Target? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052721. [PMID: 33800359 PMCID: PMC7962805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators (PAs) and is therefore an important inhibitor of the plasminogen/plasmin system. Being the fast-acting inhibitor of tissue-type PA (tPA), PAI-1 primarily attenuates fibrinolysis. Through inhibition of urokinase-type PA (uPA) and interaction with biological ligands such as vitronectin and cell-surface receptors, the function of PAI-1 extends to pericellular proteolysis, tissue remodeling and other processes including cell migration. This review aims at providing a general overview of the properties of PAI-1 and the role it plays in many biological processes and touches upon the possible use of PAI-1 inhibitors as therapeutics.
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Sillen M, Declerck PJ. Targeting PAI-1 in Cardiovascular Disease: Structural Insights Into PAI-1 Functionality and Inhibition. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:622473. [PMID: 33415130 PMCID: PMC7782431 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.622473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily with antiprotease activity, is the main physiological inhibitor of tissue-type (tPA) and urokinase-type (uPA) plasminogen activators (PAs). Apart from being crucially involved in fibrinolysis and wound healing, PAI-1 plays a pivotal role in various acute and chronic pathophysiological processes, including cardiovascular disease, tissue fibrosis, cancer, and age-related diseases. In the prospect of treating the broad range of PAI-1-related pathologies, many efforts have been devoted to developing PAI-1 inhibitors. The use of these inhibitors, including low molecular weight molecules, peptides, antibodies, and antibody fragments, in various animal disease models has provided ample evidence of their beneficial effect in vivo and moved forward some of these inhibitors in clinical trials. However, none of these inhibitors is currently approved for therapeutic use in humans, mainly due to selectivity and toxicity issues. Furthermore, the conformational plasticity of PAI-1, which is unique among serpins, poses a real challenge in the identification and development of PAI-1 inhibitors. This review will provide an overview of the structural insights into PAI-1 functionality and modulation thereof and will highlight diverse approaches to inhibit PAI-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Chu Y, Bucci JC, Peterson CB. Dissecting molecular details and functional effects of the high-affinity copper binding site in plasminogen activator Inhibitor-1. Protein Sci 2020; 30:597-612. [PMID: 33345392 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the primary inhibitor for plasminogen activators, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). As a unique member in the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family, PAI-1 is metastable and converts to an inactive, latent structure with a half-life of 1-2 hr under physiological conditions. Unusual effects of metals on the rate of the latency conversion are incompletely understood. Previous work has identified two residues near the N-terminus, H2 and H3, which reside in a high-affinity copper-binding site in PAI-1 [Bucci JC, McClintock CS, Chu Y, Ware GL, McConnell KD, Emerson JP, Peterson CB (2017) J Biol Inorg Chem 22:1123-1,135]. In this study, neighboring residues, H10, E81, and H364, were tested as possible sites that participate in Cu(II) coordination at the high-affinity site. Kinetic methods, gel sensitivity assays, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) revealed that E81 and H364 have different roles in coordinating metal and mediating the stability of PAI-1. H364 provides a third histidine in the metal-coordination sphere with H2 and H3. In contrast, E81 does not appear to be required for metal ligation along with histidines; contacts made by the side-chain carboxylate upon metal binding are perturbed and, in turn, influence dynamic fluctuations within the region encompassing helices D, E, and F and the W86 loop that are important in the pathway for the PAI-1 latency conversion. This investigation underscores a prominent role of protein dynamics, noncovalent bonding networks and ligand binding in controlling the stability of the active form of PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joel C Bucci
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cynthia B Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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18
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PAI-1, the Plasminogen System, and Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197066. [PMID: 32993026 PMCID: PMC7582753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen system is a critical proteolytic system responsible for the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The master regulator of the plasminogen system, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), has been implicated for its role in exacerbating various disease states not only through the accumulation of ECM (i.e., fibrosis) but also its role in altering cell fate/behaviour. Examination of PAI-1 has extended through various tissues and cell-types with recent investigations showing its presence in skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, the role of this protein has been implicated throughout the regeneration process, and in skeletal muscle pathologies (muscular dystrophy, diabetes, and aging-driven pathology). Needless to say, the complete function of this protein in skeletal muscle has yet to be fully elucidated. Given the importance of skeletal muscle in maintaining overall health and quality of life, it is critical to understand the alterations—particularly in PAI-1—that occur to negatively impact this organ. Thus, we provide a comprehensive review of the importance of PAI-1 in skeletal muscle health and function. We aim to shed light on the relevance of this protein in skeletal muscle and propose potential therapeutic approaches to aid in the maintenance of skeletal muscle health.
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Abstract
The components of the endothelial cell cytoskeleton that have been shown to be important in maintaining endothelial structural integrity and in regulating endothelial repair include F-actin microfilament bundles, including stress fibers, and microtubules, and centrosomes. Endothelial cells contain peripheral and central actin microfilaments. The dense peripheral band (DPB) consists of peripheral actin microfilament bundles which are associated with vinculin adhesion plaques and are most prominent in low or no hemodynamic shear stress conditions. The central microfilaments are very prominent in areas of elevated hemodynamic shear stress. There is a redistribution of actin microfilaments characterized by a decrease of peripheral actin and an increase in central microfilaments under a variety of conditions, including exposure to thrombin, phorbol-esters, and hemodynamic shear stress. During reendothelialization, there is a sequential series of cytoskeletal changes. The DPB remains intact during the rapid lamellipodia mediated repair of very small wounds except at the base of the lamellipodia where it is splayed. The DPB is reduced or absent when cell locomotion occurs to repair a wound. In addition, when cell locomotion is required, the centrosome, in the presence of intact microtubules, redistributes to the front of the cell to establish cell polarity and acts as a modulator of the directionality of migration. This occurs prior to the loss of the DPB but does not occur in very small wounds that close without migration. Thus, the cytoskeleton is a dynamic intracellular system which regulates endothelial integrity and repair and is modulated by external stimuli that are present at the vessel wall-blood interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrum I. Gotlieb
- The Toronto Hospital–General Division, Vascular Research Laboratory, 200 Elizabeth Street, CCRW 1-857, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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20
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Wu S, Uyama N, Itou RA, Hatano E, Tsutsui H, Fujimoto J. The Effect of Daikenchuto, Japanese Herbal Medicine, on Adhesion Formation Induced by Cecum Cauterization and Cecum Abrasion in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:179-186. [PMID: 30713250 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Daikenchuto (DKT) has been widely used for the treatment of postsurgical ileus in Japan. However, its effect on postsurgical adhesion formation has been obscure. In this study, the effect of DKT on postsurgical adhesion formation induced by cecum cauterization or cecum abrasion in mice was investigated. First, the expression of adhesion-related molecules in damaged ceca was investigated by quantitative (q)RT-PCR. During 24 h after surgery, mRNA expressions of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and Substance P (SP) in cauterized ceca and those of PAI-1 and IL-17 in abraded ceca were significantly up-regulated. Next, the effect of DKT on adhesion formation macroscopically evaluated with adhesion scoring standards. DKT (22.5-67.5 mg/d) was administered orally for 7 d during the perioperative period, and DKT did not reduce adhesion scores in either the cauterization model (control : DKT 67.5 mg/d, 4.8 ± 0.2 : 4.8 ± 0.2) or in the abrasion model (control : DKT 67.5 mg/d, 4.9 ± 0.1 : 4.5 ± 0.3). Histologically, collagen deposition and leukocyte accumulation were found at the adhesion areas of control mice in both models, and DKT supplementation did not alleviate them. Last, effect of DKT on expression of proadhesion moleculs was evaluated. DKT also failed to down-regulate mRNA expression levels of them in damaged ceca of both models. In conclusion, PAI-1 and IL-17 may be key molecules of postsurgical adhesion formation. Collagen deposition and leukocytes accumulation are histological characteristic feature of post-surgical adhesion formation. DKT may not have any preventive effect on postsurgical adhesion formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreas Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Naoki Uyama
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreas Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Rei Atono Itou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreas Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreas Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Hiroko Tsutsui
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreas Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Jiro Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreas Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine
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21
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Fay WP, Korthuis RJ. No Sweetie Pie: Newly Uncovered Role for PAI (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor)-1 in Inflammatory Responses to Ischemia/Reperfusion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:695-697. [PMID: 29563114 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William P Fay
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia (W.P.F., R.J.K.); Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO (W.P.F., R.J.K.); and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (W.P.F.).
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia (W.P.F., R.J.K.); Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO (W.P.F., R.J.K.); and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (W.P.F.)
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22
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Urano T, Castellino FJ, Suzuki Y. Regulation of plasminogen activation on cell surfaces and fibrin. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02204-8. [PMID: 29779246 PMCID: PMC6099326 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system dissolves fibrin and maintains vascular patency. Recent advances in imaging analyses allowed visualization of the spatiotemporal regulatory mechanism of fibrinolysis, as well as its regulation by other plasma hemostasis cofactors. Vascular endothelial cells (VECs) retain tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) after secretion and maintain high plasminogen (plg) activation potential on their surfaces. As in plasma, the serpin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), regulates fibrinolytic potential via inhibition of the VEC surface-bound plg activator, tPA. Once fibrin is formed, plg activation by tPA is initiated and effectively amplified on the surface of fibrin, and fibrin is rapidly degraded. The specific binding of plg and tPA to lytic edges of partly degraded fibrin via newly generated C-terminal lysine residues, which amplifies fibrin digestion, is a central aspect of this pathophysiological mechanism. Thrombomodulin (TM) plays a role in the attenuation of plg binding on fibrin and the associated fibrinolysis, which is reversed by a carboxypeptidase B inhibitor. This suggests that the plasma procarboxypeptidase B, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), which is activated by thrombin bound to TM on VECs, is a critical aspect of the regulation of plg activation on VECs and subsequent fibrinolysis. Platelets also contain PAI-1, TAFI, TM, and the fibrin cross-linking enzyme, factor (F) XIIIa, and either secrete or expose these agents upon activation in order to regulate fibrinolysis. In this review, the native machinery of plg activation and fibrinolysis, as well as their spatiotemporal regulatory mechanisms, as revealed by imaging analyses, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Urano
- Department of Medical PhysiologyHamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsuJapan
| | - F. J. Castellino
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene ResearchUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Y. Suzuki
- Department of Medical PhysiologyHamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsuJapan
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23
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Medcalf RL. What drives “fibrinolysis”? Hamostaseologie 2017; 35:303-10. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-10-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryThe timely removal of blood clots and fibrin deposits is essential in the regulation of haemostasis. This is achieved by the fibrinolytic system, an enzymatic process that regulates the activation of plasminogen into its proteolytic form, plasmin. This is a self-regulated event as the very presence of fibrin initiates plasminogen activation on the fibrin surface due to the presentation of exposed C-terminal lysine residues in fibrin that allow plasminogen to position itself via its lysine binding sites and to be more efficiently cleaved by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). Hence fibrin, the ultimate substrate of plasmin during fibrinolysis, is indeed an essential cofactor in the cascade. What has now come to light is that the fibrinolytic system is not solely designed to eliminate fibrin. Indeed, it is a broad acting system that processes a variety of proteins, including many in the brain where there is no fibrin. So what drives t-PA-mediated plasminogen activation when fibrin is not available?This review will describe the broadening role of the fibrinolytic system highlighting the importance of fibrin and other key proteins as facilitators during t-PA-mediated plasminogen activation.
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24
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Vaughan DE, Rai R, Khan SS, Eren M, Ghosh AK. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Is a Marker and a Mediator of Senescence. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1446-1452. [PMID: 28572158 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) is a member of the evolutionarily conserved serine protease inhibitor family and a potent and rapid-acting inhibitor of both of the mammalian plasminogen activators. Organismal homeostasis requires physiological levels of endogenous PAI-1, and increased PAI-1 production guides the onset and progression of numerous human diseases and contributes to the multimorbidity of aging. Both chronological and stress-induced accelerated aging are associated with cellular senescence and accompanied by marked increases in PAI-1 expression in tissues. Recent studies suggest that PAI-1 is not only a marker but also a key mediator of cellular senescence and organismal aging. Here, we review the significance of PAI-1 as a bonafide marker, as well as a critical mediator, of cellular senescence associated with aging and aging-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Vaughan
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
| | - Rahul Rai
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sadiya S Khan
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Mesut Eren
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Asish K Ghosh
- From the Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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25
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Multifaceted plasminogen. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 74:133-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Wang H, Yang T, Li D, Wu Y, Zhang X, Pang C, Zhang J, Ying B, Wang T, Wen F. Elevated circulating PAI-1 levels are related to lung function decline, systemic inflammation, and small airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:2369-2376. [PMID: 27713627 PMCID: PMC5044991 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s107409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) participate in inflammation and tissue remolding in various diseases, but their roles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not yet clear. This study aimed to investigate if PAI-1 and suPAR were involved in systemic inflammation and small airway obstruction (SAO) in COPD. Methods Demographic and clinical characteristics, spirometry examination, and blood samples were obtained from 84 COPD patients and 51 healthy volunteers. Serum concentrations of PAI-1, suPAR, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were detected with Magnetic Luminex Screening Assay. Differences between groups were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance or chi-square test. Pearson’s partial correlation test (adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, cigarette status, and passive smoke exposure) and multivariable linear analysis were used to explore the relationships between circulating PAI-1 and indicators of COPD. Results First, we found that serum PAI-1 levels but not suPAR levels were significantly increased in COPD patients compared with healthy volunteers (125.56±51.74 ng/mL versus 102.98±36.62 ng/mL, P=0.007). Then, the correlation analysis showed that circulating PAI-1 was inversely correlated with pulmonary function parameters including the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), FEV1/Pre (justified r=−0.308, P<0.001; justified r=−0.295, P=0.001, respectively) and SAO indicators such as FEV3/FVC, MMEF25–75/Pre (justified r=−0.289, P=0.001; justified r=−0.273, P=0.002, respectively), but positively related to the inflammatory marker CRP (justified r=0.351, P<0.001), the small airway remolding biomarker TIMP-1, and MMP-9 (justified r=0.498, P<0.001; justified r=0.267, P=0.002, respectively). Besides, multivariable linear analysis showed that FEV1/FVC, CRP, and TIMP-1 were independent parameters associated with PAI-1. Conclusion Our findings first illustrate that elevated serum PAI-1 levels are related to the lung function decline, systemic inflammation, and SAO in COPD, suggesting that PAI-1 may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Diandian Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Caishuang Pang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Kaji H. Adipose Tissue‐Derived Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 Function and Regulation. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1873-1896. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mechanisms of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Heissig B, Dhahri D, Eiamboonsert S, Salama Y, Shimazu H, Munakata S, Hattori K. Role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived fibrinolytic factor in tissue regeneration and cancer progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4759-70. [PMID: 26350342 PMCID: PMC11113371 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration during wound healing or cancer growth and progression depends on the establishment of a cellular microenvironment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are part of this cellular microenvironment, where they functionally modulate cell homing, angiogenesis, and immune modulation. MSC recruitment involves detachment of these cells from their niche, and finally MSC migration into their preferred niches; the wounded area, the tumor bed, and the BM, just to name a few. During this recruitment phase, focal proteolysis disrupts the extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture, breaks cell-matrix interactions with receptors, and integrins, and causes the release of bioactive fragments from ECM molecules. MSC produce a broad array of proteases, promoting remodeling of the surrounding ECM through proteolytic mechanisms. The fibrinolytic system, with its main player plasmin, plays a crucial role in cell migration, growth factor bioavailability, and the regulation of other protease systems during inflammation, tissue regeneration, and cancer. Key components of the fibrinolytic cascade, including the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), are expressed in MSC. This review will introduce general functional properties of the fibrinolytic system, which go beyond its known function of fibrin clot dissolution (fibrinolysis). We will focus on the role of the fibrinolytic system for MSC biology, summarizing our current understanding of the role of the fibrinolytic system for MSC recruitment and the functional consequences for tissue regeneration and cancer. Aspects of MSC origin, maintenance, and the mechanisms by which these cells contribute to altered protease activity in the microenvironment under normal and pathological conditions will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Heissig
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Atopy (Allergy) Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Douaa Dhahri
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Salita Eiamboonsert
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yousef Salama
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimazu
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shinya Munakata
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Center for Genome and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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Lalić K, Jotić A, Rajković N, Singh S, Stošić L, Popović L, Lukić L, Miličić T, Seferović JP, Maćešić M, Stanarčić J, Čivčić M, Kadić I, Lalić NM. Altered Daytime Fluctuation Pattern of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Strong Association with Persistently Elevated Plasma Insulin, Increased Insulin Resistance, and Abdominal Obesity. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:390185. [PMID: 26089884 PMCID: PMC4451778 DOI: 10.1155/2015/390185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating daily fluctuation of PAI-1 levels in relation to insulin resistance (IR) and daily profile of plasma insulin and glucose levels in 26 type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (group A), 10 T2D patients without CAD (group B), 12 nondiabetics with CAD (group C), and 12 healthy controls (group D). The percentage of PAI-1 decrease was lower in group A versus group B (4.4 ± 2.7 versus 35.0 ± 5.4%; P < 0.05) and in C versus D (14.0 ± 5.8 versus 44.7 ± 3.1%; P < 0.001). HOMA-IR was higher in group A versus group B (P < 0.05) and in C versus D (P < 0.01). Simultaneously, AUCs of PAI-1 and insulin were higher in group A versus group B (P < 0.05) and in C versus D (P < 0.01), while AUC of glucose did not differ between groups. In multiple regression analysis waist-to-hip ratio and AUC of insulin were independent determinants of decrease in PAI-1. The altered diurnal fluctuation of PAI-1, especially in T2D with CAD, might be strongly influenced by a prolonged exposure to hyperinsulinemia in the settings of increased IR and abdominal obesity, facilitating altogether an accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Lalić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- *Katarina Lalić:
| | - Aleksandra Jotić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Rajković
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Singh
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Stošić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Popović
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Lukić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Miličić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena P. Seferović
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Maćešić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stanarčić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Čivčić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva Kadić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša M. Lalić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr. Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Van De Craen B, Declerck PJ, Gils A. The Biochemistry, Physiology and Pathological roles of PAI-1 and the requirements for PAI-1 inhibition in vivo. Thromb Res 2012; 130:576-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gilabert-Estellés J, Ramón LA, Braza-Boïls A, Gilabert J, Chirivella M, España F, Estellés A. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4 G/5 G polymorphism and endometrial cancer. Influence of PAI-1 polymorphism on tissue PAI-1 antigen and mRNA expression and tumor severity. Thromb Res 2012; 130:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mechanisms of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and therefore plays an important role in the plasminogen/plasmin system. PAI-1 is involved in a variety of cardiovascular diseases (mainly through inhibition of t-PA) as well as in cell migration and tumor development (mainly through inhibition of u-PA and interaction with vitronectin). PAI-1 is a unique member of the serpin superfamily, exhibiting particular unique conformational and functional properties. Since its involvement in various biological and pathophysiological processes PAI-1 has been the subject of many in vivo studies in mouse models. We briefly discuss structural and physiological differences between human and mouse PAI-1 that should be taken into account prior to extrapolation of data obtained in mouse models to the human situation. The current review provides an overview of the various models, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and cancer, using wild-type mice or genetically modified mice, either deficient in PAI-1 or overexpressing different variants of PAI-1.
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Cesari M, Pahor M, Incalzi RA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): a key factor linking fibrinolysis and age-related subclinical and clinical conditions. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 28:e72-91. [PMID: 20626406 PMCID: PMC2958211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The close relationship existing between aging and thrombosis has growingly been studied in this last decade. The age-related development of a prothrombotic imbalance in the fibrinolysis homeostasis has been hypothesized as the basis of this increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk. Fibrinolysis is the result of the interactions among multiple plasminogen activators and inhibitors constituting the enzymatic cascade, and ultimately leading to the degradation of fibrin. The plasminogen activator system plays a key role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a member of the superfamily of serine-protease inhibitors (or serpins), and the principal inhibitor of both the tissue-type and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, the two plasminogen activators able to activate plasminogen. Current evidence describing the central role played by PAI-1 in a number of age-related subclinical (i.e., inflammation, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance) and clinical (i.e., obesity, comorbidities, Werner syndrome) conditions is presented. CONCLUSIONS Despite some controversial and unclear issues, PAI-1 represents an extremely promising marker that may become a biological parameter to be progressively considered in the prognostic evaluation, in the disease monitoring, and as treatment target of age-related conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cesari
- Area di Geriatria, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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Wiman B. Predictive value of fibrinolytic factors in coronary heart disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00365519909168323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kwieciński J, Kłak M, Trysberg E, Blennow K, Tarkowski A, Jin T. Relationship between elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and neuronal destruction in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2094-101. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Guo J, Shi YQ, Yang W, Li YC, Hu ZY, Liu YX. Testosterone upregulation of tissue type plasminogen activator expression in Sertoli cells : tPA expression in Sertoli cells. Endocrine 2007; 32:83-9. [PMID: 17992606 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-007-9014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) might be involved in matrix degradation of blood-testis barrier in rat. In this study, we have further investigated the effect of testosterone (T) on tPA production in rat Sertoli cells. Our results showed that Sertoli cells isolated from rat testes at various ages in vitro secreted tPA in an age-dependent manner. The tPA activity was detected on day 20 after birth, and reached maximum on day 60. The Sertoli cells isolated from the testes on day 20 were then cultured in the presence or absence of testosterone, FSH, and forskolin, the tPA activities were upregulated by T, FSH and forskolin. Addition of H89 or U0126, both inhibited the testosterone-, FSH-, and forskolin-induced tPA expression. It is suggested that FSH- and testosterone-stimulated tPA expression in Sertoli cells may be via PKA and ERK signal transduction. Furthermore, we have observed that testosterone stimulated tPA secretion at all the stages of spermatogenesis (II-VI, VII-VIII, IX-XII and XIII-I), the highest stimulation of tPA activity was observed at stages VII-VIII. This study further suggests that testosterone-induced tPA activity in the Sertoli cells might be related to the function of blood-testis barrier opening and/or closing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
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Barnett JM, McCollum GW, Fowler JA, Duan JJW, Kay JD, Liu RQ, Bingaman DP, Penn JS. Pharmacologic and genetic manipulation of MMP-2 and -9 affects retinal neovascularization in rodent models of OIR. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:907-15. [PMID: 17251494 PMCID: PMC2614400 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of three matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors with various selectivities (Ro-31-9790, AG3340, and DPC-A37668) was investigated in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity, to examine the roles of MMP-2 and -9 in retinal neovascularization. The susceptibilities of MMP-2(-/-) and -9(-/-) mice to preretinal neovascularization were investigated in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. METHODS Sprague-Dawley newborn rats were exposed to alternating episodes of 50% and 10% oxygen (variable oxygen exposure) to induce retinal neovascularization. Three MMP inhibitors with various selectivity profiles were administered to variable oxygen-exposed rats via local or systemic routes. Antineovascular efficacy was determined in drug-treated versus vehicle-treated rat pups by computerized imaging of adenosine diphosphatase (ADPase)-stained retinal flatmounts. Wild-type C57BL/6J and isogenic MMP-2(-/-) and -9(-/-) mice were exposed to 75% oxygen followed by normoxia. The mice were killed immediately before or after the normoxic exposure, and eyes were either harvested for retinal dissection and flatmounting or were paraffin embedded and sectioned. Retinal vascular area and retinal neovascularization were assessed by adenosine diphosphatase staining of retinal flatmounts and by counting preretinal nuclei of hematoxylin and eosin-stained retinal sections, respectively. RESULTS Ro-31-9790, AG3340, and DPC-A37668 had no effect on normal development of the rat retinal vasculature, regardless of dose or route of administration. Intravitreal injection of Ro-31-9790 (broad-spectrum) immediately after variable-oxygen exposure and 2 days after exposure resulted in 78% and 82% inhibition of retinal neovascularization, respectively. AG3340 (MMP-2- and -9-selective inhibitor) and DPC-A37668 (MMP-2-selective inhibitor) resulted in 65% and 52% inhibition, respectively, when administered by intravitreal injection immediately after variable-oxygen exposure. Intraperitoneal injection of 5, 15, and 50 mg/mL AG3340 or DPC-A37668 for 6 days after variable oxygen exposure resulted in 22% to 39% and 0% to 31% inhibition of neovascularization, respectively. AG3340 and DPC-A37668 administered by oral gavage at doses of 3, 10, or 30 mg/mL provided up to 42% and 86% inhibition of neovascularization, respectively. The average vascular areas of retinas from MMP-2(-/-) or -9(-/-) mice at postnatal day 12 were not significantly different from the wild-type control. There was a 75% (P < 0.001) and 44% (P < 0.01) reduction in preretinal neovascularization in oxygen-exposed MMP-2(-/-) and -9(-/-) mice at postnatal day 19, respectively, compared with wild-type control mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that MMP-2 plays a predominant role in retinal angiogenesis in both the mouse and rat models of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Furthermore, MMP-2 inhibition may be a viable therapeutic approach for ocular diseases characterized by retinal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Barnett
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, ennessee
| | - Gary W. McCollum
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, ennessee
| | - Jessica A. Fowler
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, ennessee
| | | | - Jesse D. Kay
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, ennessee
| | - Rui-Qin Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - David P. Bingaman
- Alcon Retina Discovery Unit, Alcon Research, Ltd., Fort Worth, Texas
| | - John S. Penn
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, ennessee
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Castelló R, Landete JM, España F, Vázquez C, Fuster C, Almenar SM, Ramón LA, Radtke KP, Estellés A. Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitors type 1 and type 3 and urokinase plasminogen activator protein and mRNA in breast cancer. Thromb Res 2007; 120:753-62. [PMID: 17258797 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been involved in cancer cell invasion and in metastasis. uPA activity is controlled by its principal inhibitor, the PA inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), but it can also be inhibited by PAI-3. Increased levels of uPA and PAI-1 are known to be associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. To our knowledge this is the first study of the expression and role of PAI-3 in human breast cancer tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein and mRNA levels were evaluated for uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-3 in breast cancer tissues from 70 different patients. The localization of antigen and mRNA of these proteins was studied by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. RESULTS No significant differences were observed for PAI-3 mRNA or protein levels between the nodal status groups or the different post-surgical tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) stages. However, uPA and PAI-1 mRNA and antigen levels significantly increased at the pTNM stage and in node-positive patients. PAI-3 antigen levels were significantly higher in early relapse-free patients, whereas PAI-1 antigen levels were significantly higher in patients who suffered a relapse. PAI-3 protein and mRNA were localized in stromal cells. PAI-1 and uPA protein were detected in cancer, endothelial and stromal cells and their mRNA mainly in stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PAI-3 is expressed in human breast cancer tissues, and that elevated levels of PAI-3 could be a positive prognostic factor in this disease. A potential mechanism for the contribution of PAI-3 to a positive long-term outcome may involve suppression of tumor invasion through protease inhibition in stroma.
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Balsara RD, Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. A Novel Function of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Modulation of the AKT Pathway in Wild-type and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1-deficient Endothelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22527-36. [PMID: 16785241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512819200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation, an event associated with angiogenesis, involves coordinated activities of a number of proteins. The role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in angiogenesis remains controversial. Utilizing proliferating PAI-1-/- endothelial cells (EC), the impact of a host PAI-1 deficiency on Akt activation was evaluated. Hyperactivation of Akt(Ser(P)473) was observed in PAI-1-/- EC, and this was probably due to enhanced inactivation of tumor suppressor PTEN, thus rendering the cells resistant to apoptotic signals. Higher levels of inactivated caspase-9 in PAI-1-/- EC led to lower levels of procaspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3, thereby promoting survival. These effects were reversed when recombinant PAI-1 was added to PAI-1-/- EC. Additional studies demonstrated that regulation of proliferation is dependent on its interaction with low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Thus, PAI-1 is a negative regulator of cell growth, exerting its effect on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and allowing controlled cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashna D Balsara
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Castelló R, España F, Vázquez C, Fuster C, Almenar SM, Aznar J, Estellés A. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism in breast cancer patients and its association with tissue PAI-1 levels and tumor severity. Thromb Res 2006; 117:487-92. [PMID: 15907980 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2005.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G polymorphism may have significance for PAI-1 expression. High levels of PAI-1 in breast cancer patients are associated with a poor prognosis. In this study, we analyzed the influence of the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism on tissue PAI-1 levels and its association with tumor severity in women with breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied 104 women with breast carcinoma (patient group) and 104 healthy age-matched women (control group). In patients and controls, the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism was determined by PCR amplification using allele-specific primers. In patients, PAI-1 levels were quantified in breast cancer tissue by using an ELISA. RESULTS The frequency of the PAI-1 4G allele tended to be higher in patients than in controls (p=0.062). The presence of the 4G allele (4G/5G plus 4G/4G genotypes) was significantly higher among patients with histological grade 3 tumors than among those with grade 1 tumors (p=0.026). Furthermore, patients with the 4G/4G genotype had significantly higher tissue PAI-1 levels than those with the 5G/5G genotype. Moreover, tissue PAI-1 antigen levels were significantly and positively correlated with tumor severity (p=0.003) and tumor size (p=0.009). However, no significant differences in PAI-1 level were observed in relation to menopause, hormone receptor or nodal status. CONCLUSION Tissue PAI-1 antigen levels and tumor severity seem to be associated with the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism. Further studies with a larger number of patients are needed to clarify the influence of this polymorphism in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remedios Castelló
- Hospital Universitario La Fe, Centro de Investigación. Avda. Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
Fibrinolysis plays a crucial role in the development of vascular disease. The interface between the plasminogen activators and inhibitors determines the fibrinolytic potential of human blood. In addition to fibrin degradation, fibrinolytic system components modulate several complex biological events such as angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, arteriosclerosis and cellular migration. Recent experimental and clinical data indicated that PAI-1 as a novel vascular risk factor. In this concise review, we will examine the accumulating evidence suggesting that there is an intricate relationship between these systems which may provide new therapeutic strategies for prevention of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agirbasli
- Division of Cardiology, Marmara University Medical Center, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Duffy TC, Kirby R, Rudloff E. Critical role of the vascular endothelial cell in health and disease: a review article. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1534-6935.2004.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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del Zoppo GJ, Kalafut M. Mechanisms of Thrombosis and thrombolysis. Stroke 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/b0-44-306600-0/50046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huang YH, Lei HY, Liu HS, Lin YS, Chen SH, Liu CC, Yeh TM. Tissue plasminogen activator induced by dengue virus infection of human endothelial cells. J Med Virol 2003; 70:610-6. [PMID: 12794725 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) are severe complications of dengue virus (DV) infection. However, the pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by dengue virus infection is poorly understood. Since endothelial cells play a pivotal role in the regulation of hemostasis, we studied the effect of DV infection on the production of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in vitro using both primary isolated endothelial cells, human umbilical cord veins cells, and a human microvascular endothelial cell line. DV infection significantly induced the secretion of tPA but not PAI-1 of human endothelial cells. In addition, tPA mRNA of endothelial cells was induced by DV as demonstrated by RT-PCR. Antibody against IL-6 but not control antibody inhibited DV-induced tPA production of endothelial cells. Furthermore, a good correlation between sera levels of IL-6 and tPA was found in DHF but not DF patients. These results suggest that IL-6 can regulate DV-induced tPA production of endothelial cells, which may play important roles in the pathogenic development of DHF/DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Huey Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Liu K, Feng Q, Gao HJ, Hu ZY, Zou RJ, Li YC, Liu YX. Expression and regulation of plasminogen activators, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in the rhesus monkey corpus luteum. Endocrinology 2003; 144:3611-7. [PMID: 12865343 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine organ that secretes progesterone to support early pregnancy. Using primate materials obtained from rhesus monkeys, we have in this study investigated the expression and regulation of the plasminogen activators (PAs) and PA inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) during CL development and regression. Adult (5-7 yr old) female rhesus monkeys were treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin to induce ovulation and follicular luteinization. At various luteal developmental stages, CL or whole ovaries were obtained for preparing luteal cells, Northern blot, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that luteal cells from the rhesus monkey were able to produce both tissue type PA (tPA) and urokinase type PA, as well as the physiological PAI-1. During luteal development in the monkey, urokinase type PA was the major PA species taking part in the active angiogenesis and tissue remodeling processes in the forming CL. However, the mRNA as well as the enzymatic activity levels of tPA increased dramatically in monkey CL with the advent of luteolysis. This change of tPA levels was in a temporal coordination with the regulation of PAI-1 expression, resulting in an increased tPA activity at the initiation of luteolysis. Therefore, we suggest that tPA might be a luteolytic factor to the monkey CL. A PAI-1 modulated tPA activity might be important for the initiation of luteolysis in the monkey. In addition, we have also demonstrated that the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in the monkey CL was in accordance with the changes of progesterone production, suggesting that steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression may be considered as a reliable marker for CL function in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080, People's Republic of China
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Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Urokinase Plasminogen Activator, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1, and Tissue Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Type 1 Gene Expressions in Primary Breast Cancer. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.8.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The plasminogen activation system and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in the degradation of basement membrane and extracellular matrix in tissue remodeling, cancer cell invasion, and metastasis.
Methods: Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays were developed to quantify urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), and tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor type 1 (TIMP-1) mRNA in 54 breast cancer tissues. Gene fragments were amplified in a LightCycler real-time PCR system using gene-specific primers and SYBR Green I. The results were normalized to β-actin mRNA. We also quantified antigen and functional concentrations of these components.
Results: The intra- and interassay variabilities for mRNA quantification showed mean SDs for the crossing point of 0.12 and 0.15 cycles, respectively. PAI-1, uPA, and TIMP-1 mRNA and antigen concentrations and PAI-1 and uPA functional concentrations increased with tumor severity; the increase was statistically significant for PAI-1, uPA, and TIMP-1 mRNA and antigen concentrations and for uPA functional concentrations. Node-positive patients showed significantly higher PAI-1, uPA, and TIMP-1 mRNA and antigen concentrations than those who were node negative.
Conclusions: Quantitative real-time RT-PCR is a highly sensitive, reproducible, and fast method for measuring gene expression of PAI-1, uPA, and TIMP-1 in breast cancer. These components may be involved in breast cancer development, and increased mRNA expression may be associated with a worse prognosis.
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Kimura S, Tsuji H, Nishimura H, Kato H, Ukimura N, Yano S, Kunieda Y, Kawano H, Nakagawa K, Nakagawa M. Bradykinin enhances in vitro procoagulant and antifibrinolytic properties of rat vascular endothelial cells. Thromb Res 2002; 106:41-50. [PMID: 12165288 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bradykinin (BK) is a biologically active peptides that exerts a broad spectrum of pathophysiological effects mainly by producing nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin from vascular endothelial cells. A direct effect of BK on vascular endothelial cells regarding the expression of the regulatory proteins of coagulation and fibrinolysis has not been fully elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of BK on the expression of tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) in cultured rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) were respectively evaluated by Northern blot and chromogenic assay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS BK significantly increased the expression of TF and PAI-1 in both mRNA and protein levels, but it did not affect the expression of TFPI. Although BK tended to increase TPA mRNA expression, the observed increase was not statistically significant. Those effects are considered to be mediated by B(2) receptor, because B(2) receptor antagonist (Hoe 140) suppressed those mRNA inductions by BK. Furthermore, since those mRNA inductions by BK were enhanced by nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) and attenuated by L-arginine (L-Arg), NO was speculated to negatively contribute to the expressions of TF and PAI-1. CONCLUSION BK was indicated to modify the property of vascular endothelial cells to be procoagulant and antifibrinolytic. Those effects of BK were considered to be the net of its direct effect and the effect negatively mediated by NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinzo Kimura
- Second Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, 602-8566, Kyoto, Japan
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Lei HY, Yeh TM, Liu HS, Lin YS, Chen SH, Liu CC. Immunopathogenesis of dengue virus infection. J Biomed Sci 2001; 8:377-88. [PMID: 11549879 DOI: 10.1007/bf02255946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infection causes dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), whose pathogeneses are not clearly understood. Current hypotheses of antibody-dependent enhancement, virus virulence, and IFN-gamma/TNFalpha-mediated immunopathogenesis are insufficient to explain clinical manifestations of DHF/DSS such as thrombocytopenia and hemoconcentration. Dengue virus infection induces transient immune aberrant activation of CD4/CD8 ratio inversion and cytokine overproduction, and infection of endothelial cells and hepatocytes causes apoptosis and dysfunction of these cells. The coagulation and fibrinolysis systems are also activated after dengue virus infection. We propose a new hypothesis for the immunopathogenesis for dengue virus infection. The aberrant immune responses not only impair the immune response to clear the virus, but also result in overproduction of cytokines that affect monocytes, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Platelets are destroyed by crossreactive anti-platelet autoantibodies. Dengue-virus-induced vasculopathy and coagulopathy must be involved in the pathogenesis of hemorrhage, and the unbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis activation increases the likelihood of severe hemorrhage in DHF/DSS. Hemostasis is maintained unless the dysregulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis persists. The overproduced IL-6 might play a crucial role in the enhanced production of anti-platelet or anti-endothelial cell autoantibodies, elevated levels of tPA, as well as a deficiency in coagulation. Capillary leakage is triggered by the dengue virus itself or by antibodies to its antigens. This immunopathogenesis of DHF/DSS can account for specific characteristics of clinical, pathologic, and epidemiological observations in dengue virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, ROC.
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