1
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In Situ Cytokine Expression and Morphometric Evaluation of Total Collagen and Collagens Type I and Type III in Keloid Scars. Mediators Inflamm 2017. [PMID: 28638180 PMCID: PMC5468593 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6573802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are characterized by excessive collagen deposition and growth beyond the edges of the initial injury, and cytokines may be related to their formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the collagen fibers, analyze in situ expression of cytokines in keloid lesions, and compare to the control group. Results showed that there was a predominance of women and nonwhite and direct black ancestry. Keloid showed a significant increase in total and type III collagen. Significantly, the expression of mRNA for TGF-β in keloid was increased, the expressions of IFN-γ, IFN-γR1, and IL-10 were lower, and IFN-γR1 and TNF-α had no statistical difference. Correlations between collagen type III and TGF-β mRNA expression were positive and significant, IFN-γ, IFN-γR1, and IL-10 were negative and significant, and TNF-α showed no statistical difference. We conclude that there was a significant increase of total collagen in keloid and predominance of collagen type III compared to the controls, showing keloid as an immature lesion. There is a significant increase in TGF-β mRNA in keloid lesions, and a significant decrease in IFN-γ and IL-10, suggesting that these cytokines are related to keloid lesions.
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2
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Arheden K, Mandahl N, Heim S, Mitelman F. In situ hybridization localizes the human type II alpha 1 collagen gene (COL2A1) to 12q13. Hereditas 2008; 110:165-7. [PMID: 2745153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1989.tb00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have, using in situ hybridization technique, localized the human type II alpha 1 collagen gene (COL2A1) to chromosome band 12q13. The gene had previously been assigned to either 12q13.1-13.2 or 12q14.3. Since the chromosome segment 12q13-15 has been shown to be rearranged in several benign and malignant human neoplasms, the exact band localization of COL2A1 within this region makes it a useful marker for the molecular analysis of these tumors.
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3
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Yamaguchi Y, Crane S, Zhou L, Ochoa SM, Falanga V. Lack of co-ordinate expression of the alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) procollagen genes in fibroblast clonal cultures. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:1149-53. [PMID: 11122014 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several extracellular matrix genes, most notably alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) procollagen, are reported to be co-ordinately expressed in cultures of dermal fibroblasts. However, it remains unclear whether the expression of these genes is truly co-ordinate or whether it may be the result of averaging the phenotypic expression of different fibroblast subpopulations present within each culture. Objectives To determine by Northern analysis the correlation between alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) procollagen mRNA levels in clonal populations of human dermal fibroblasts. METHODS As previously described, clonal cultures were derived from parent strains of human dermal fibroblasts by a microscopically controlled dilution technique and by stimulation of single cells with low oxygen tension in the early phases of clonal growth. RESULTS In agreement with previous reports, we found that baseline steady-state levels of alpha1(I) procollagen mRNA were co-ordinately regulated with the alpha1(III) procollagen mRNA in 26 parent strains (r = 0. 9003; P < 0.0001). However, this close correlation between the expression of these two procollagen chains was absent in a total of 40 unselected clonal strains derived from four of the parent cultures (r = 0.5745; P < 0.0001). Moreover, this intrachain heterogeneity in alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) procollagen mRNA levels in clonal cultures was statistically significant from that measured in parent strains (P = 0.0016). CONCLUSIONS alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) procollagen mRNA levels in clonal cultures do not show the tight co-ordinate regulation observed in non-clonal cultures, suggesting that these two genes operate under different sets of regulatory controls. This clonal heterogeneity may provide additional flexibility to the process of tissue repair and fibroblast clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamaguchi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Department of Dermatology and Skin Surgery, 50 Maude Street, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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4
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Nichols WC, Koller DL, Slovis B, Foroud T, Terry VH, Arnold ND, Siemieniak DR, Wheeler L, Phillips JA, Newman JH, Conneally PM, Ginsburg D, Loyd JE. Localization of the gene for familial primary pulmonary hypertension to chromosome 2q31-32. Nat Genet 1997; 15:277-80. [PMID: 9054941 DOI: 10.1038/ng0397-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), an often fatal disease, is characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressures in the absence of a secondary cause. Endovascular occlusion in the smallest pulmonary arteries occurs by proliferation of cells and matrix, with thrombus and vasospasm. Diagnosis is often delayed because the initial symptoms of fatigue and dyspnea on exertion are nonspecific and definitive diagnosis requires invasive procedures. The average life expectancy after diagnosis is two to three years with death usually due to progressive right heart failure. The aetiology of the disease is unknown. Although most cases appear to be sporadic, approximately 6% of cases recorded in the NIH Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Registry are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with reduced penetrance. Following a genome-wide search using a set of highly polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) markers and 19 affected individuals from six families, initial evidence for linkage was obtained with two chromosome 2q markers. We subsequently genotyped patients and all available family members for 19 additional markers spanning approximately 40 centiMorgans (cM) on the long arm of chromosome 2. We obtained a maximum two-point lod score of 6.97 at theta = 0 with the marker D2S389; multipoint linkage analysis yielded a maximum lod score of 7.86 with the marker D2S311. Haplotype analysis established a minimum candidate interval of approximately 25 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Nichols
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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5
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Adachi E, Hopkinson I, Hayashi T. Basement-membrane stromal relationships: interactions between collagen fibrils and the lamina densa. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 173:73-156. [PMID: 9127952 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Collagens, the most abundant molecules in the extracellular space, predominantly form either fibrillar or sheet-like structures-the two major supramolecular conformations that maintain tissue integrity. In connective tissues, other than cartilage, collagen fibrils are mainly composed of collagens I, III, and V at different molecular ratios, exhibiting a D-periodic banding pattern, with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, that can form a coarse network in the extracellular matrix in comparison with a fine meshwork of lamina densa. The lamina densa represents a stable sheet-like meshwork composed of collagen IV, laminin, nidogen, and perlecan compartmentalizing tissue from one another. We hypothesize that the interactions between collagen fibrils and the lamina densa are crucial for maintaining tissue-tissue interactions. A detailed analysis of these interactions forms the basis of this review article. Here, we demonstrate that there is a direct connection between collagen fibrils and the lamina densa and propose that collagen V may play a crucial role in this connection. Collagen V might also be involved in regulation of collagen fibril diameter and anchoring of epithelia to underlying connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adachi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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6
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Cole WG. Collagen genes: mutations affecting collagen structure and expression. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 47:29-80. [PMID: 8016323 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is to be expected that more collagen genes will be identified and that additional heritable connective tissue diseases will be shown to arise from collagen mutations. Further progress will be fostered by the coordinated study of naturally occurring and induced heritable connective tissues diseases. In some instances, human mutations will be studied in more detail using transgenic mice, while in others, transgenic studies will be used to determine the type of human phenotype that is likely to result from mutations of a given collagen gene. Further studies of transcriptional regulation of the collagen genes will provide the prospect for therapeutic control of expression of specific collagen genes in patients with genetically determined collagen disorders as well as in a wide range of common human diseases in which abnormal formation of the connective tissues is a feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Cole
- Division of Orthopaedics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Swallow DM, Islam I, Fox MF, Povey S, Klima H, Schepers U, Sandhoff K. Regional localization of the gene coding for the GM2 activator protein (GM2A) to chromosome 5q32-33 and confirmation of the assignment of GM2AP to chromosome 3. Ann Hum Genet 1993; 57:187-93. [PMID: 8257088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1993.tb01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The gene coding for the GM2 activator protein (GM2A) was previously mapped by us to chromosome 5 by an ELISA-based technique. Here we confirm this assignment using a PCR analysis of somatic cell hybrids and describe a regional localization to chromosome 5q32-33 by in situ hybridization. We also confirm the assignment of a pseudogene GM2AP to chromosome 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Swallow
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Galton Laboratory, University College London, UK
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8
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Isolation and sequencing of cDNAs and genomic DNAs encoding the alpha 4 chain of basement membrane collagen type IV and assignment of the gene to the distal long arm of human chromosome 2. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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9
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Williams CJ, Harrison DA, Hopkinson I, Baldwin CT, Ahmad NN, Ala-Kokko L, Korn RM, Buxton PG, Dimascio J, Considine EL. Detection of sequence variants in the gene for human type II procollagen (COL2A1) by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genomic DNA. Hum Mutat 1992; 1:403-16. [PMID: 1301950 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The direct sequencing of the human type II procollagen (COL2A1) gene from polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified genomic DNA is described. Thirty-two regions of the COL2A1 gene were asymmetrically amplified with intron primers which were specifically chosen to amplify a region spanning 500 to 800 bp of sequence encoding one or more exons and their accompanying intervening sequences. Primers for dideoxynucleotide sequencing of the PCR products were then designed to provide complete exon sequence information and to insure that intron:exon splice junction sequence data would be obtained. Amplification and sequencing reactions were performed on an automated workstation to facilitate the handling of multiple DNA templates. The procedure allowed efficient sequencing of over 25,000 bp of each allele of the COL2A1 gene per diploid genome. We used this method for the comparative analyses of COL2A1 sequences in DNA isolated from the blood of 42 unrelated individuals and we identified 21 neutral sequence variants in the gene. The sequence variations were confirmed by independent assays, including restriction enzyme digestion. The sequence variants described here will be important for identifying haplotypes of the type II procollagen gene that will be useful in defining a genetic etiology for diseases of cartilaginous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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Thomas JT, Cresswell CJ, Rash B, Nicolai H, Jones T, Solomon E, Grant ME, Boot-Handford RP. The human collagen X gene. Complete primary translated sequence and chromosomal localization. Biochem J 1991; 280 ( Pt 3):617-23. [PMID: 1764025 PMCID: PMC1130499 DOI: 10.1042/bj2800617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on the complete primary translated sequence of human alpha 1(X) collagen, deduced from a genomic clone, and the chromosomal localization of the human collagen X gene. The primary translated product of human collagen X is encoded by two exons of 169 bp and approx. 2940 bp. The 169 bp exon encodes 15 bp of 5'-end untranslated sequence, 18 amino acid residues (54 bp) of signal peptide and 33 1/3 amino acid residues (100 bp) of the N-terminal non-collagenous domain. The 2940 bp exon encodes 4 2/3 amino acid residues (14 bp) of the N-terminal non-collagenous domain, the complete triple-helical domain of 463 amino acid residues (1389 bp), the complete C-terminal non-collagenous domain of 161 amino acid residues (483 bp) and 1054 bp of 3'-end untranslated sequence up to and including a potential cleavage/polyadenylation signal. The size of the intron separating the two exons, as estimated by partial sequencing and Southern-blot analyses, is approx. 3200 bp. By a combination of somatic cell hybrid screening and hybridization in situ the human collagen X gene (COL10A1) has been assigned to the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 6 at the locus 6q21-6q22.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, U.K
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11
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Stockwell RA. Cartilage failure in osteoarthritis: Relevance of normal structure and function. A review. Clin Anat 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.980040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Kashtan CE, Rich SS, Michael AF, de Martinville B. Gene mapping in Alport families with different basement membrane antigenic phenotypes. Kidney Int 1990; 38:925-30. [PMID: 2266677 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1990.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine whether differences among Alport kindreds in the antigenic phenotypes of their basement membranes result from defects at distinct genetic loci or from allelic mutations at a single locus. We analyzed linkage of the Alport gene to polymorphic loci on the X chromosome in three families with Alport syndrome. In two of the families, epidermal basement membranes of affected members showed altered immunohistologic reactivity with a discriminating antibody (FNS1) that identified a 26 kD peptide in the NCl domain of basement membrane collagen. In the third family epidermal basement membranes of affected individuals reacted normally with the antibody. The disease gene mapped to the Xq21-q22 region of the long arm of the X chromosome in the two families with altered basement membrane antigenicity and in the family with normal basement membrane antigens. We conclude that Alport syndrome in each of these kindreds arose from allelic mutations at a single genetic locus, although we cannot at this time exclude the possibility that two or more tightly linked genes are involved. As the genes for the known chains of type IV collagen are on chromosome 13, our findings suggest that the Alport gene may encode a new basement membrane collagen chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kashtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
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13
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Kashtan CE, Kleppel MM, Butkowski RJ, Michael AF, Fish AJ. Alport syndrome, basement membranes and collagen. Pediatr Nephrol 1990; 4:523-32. [PMID: 2242324 DOI: 10.1007/bf00869840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alport syndrome, an inherited disorder of the kidney, eye and ear, has fascinated nephrologists, pathologists, and geneticists for nearly a century. With the recent application of molecular biochemical and genetic techniques, this mysterious disease has begun to yield some of its secrets. Alport syndrome can now be viewed as a generalized disorder of basement membranes that appears to result from mutations in an X-chromosome-encoded basement membrane collagen chain. This chain, along with two other novel collagen chains, is absent from Alport basement membranes, in contrast to the classical chains of collagen IV. Phenotypic heterogeneity in Alport syndrome probably arises from allelic mutations at a single genetic locus. The phenomenon of post-transplant anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis may be a manifestation of specific mutations at the Alport locus that prevent synthesis of the gene's protein product and the establishment of immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kashtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455
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14
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Abstract
Acentric extrachromosomal elements, such as submicroscopic autonomously replicating circular molecules (episomes) and double minute chromosomes, are common early, and in some cases initial, intermediates of gene amplification in many drug-resistant and tumor cell lines. In order to gain a more complete understanding of the amplification process, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which such extrachromosomal elements are generated and we traced the fate of these amplification intermediates over time. The model system consists of a Chinese hamster cell line (L46) created by gene transfer in which the initial amplification product was shown previously to be an unstable extrachromosomal element containing an inverted duplication spanning more than 160 kilobases (J. C. Ruiz and G. M. Wahl, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4302-4313, 1988). In this study, we show that these molecules were formed by a process involving chromosomal deletion. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed at multiple time points on cells with amplified sequences. These studies reveal that the extrachromosomal molecules rapidly integrate into chromosomes, often near or at telomeres, and once integrated, the amplified sequences are themselves unstable. These data provide a molecular and cytogenetic chronology for gene amplification in this model system; an early event involves deletion to generate extrachromosomal elements, and subsequent integration of these elements precipitates a cascade of chromosome instability.
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15
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Myers JC, Jones TA, Pohjolainen ER, Kadri AS, Goddard AD, Sheer D, Solomon E, Pihlajaniemi T. Molecular cloning of alpha 5(IV) collagen and assignment of the gene to the region of the X chromosome containing the Alport syndrome locus. Am J Hum Genet 1990; 46:1024-33. [PMID: 2339699 PMCID: PMC1683837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type IV collagen is a major structural component of basement membranes. Four constituent polypeptides have been described and characterized to different degrees. Whereas the primary structure of the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains has been completely established, only short protein sequences have been reported for the recently recognized alpha 3(IV) and alpha 4(IV) subunits. We have isolated overlapping human cDNA clones whose derived amino acid sequence is highly homologous to the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains. However, these clones code for neither alpha 3(IV) nor alpha 4(IV), and thus this new polypeptide has been designated the alpha 5 chain of type IV collagen. To determine whether the gene encoding the alpha 5(IV) chain is syntenic with the contiguously arranged alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) genes at 13q34, the alpha 5(IV) cloned DNA was hybridized to genomic DNA from somatic cell hybrids and to metaphase chromosomes. The results demonstrated that the alpha 5(IV) collagen gene is located on the long arm of the X chromosome. Since 14 collagen genes have previously been assigned to nine autosomes, these data represent the first mapping of a collagen gene to the X chromosome. Most important, the alpha 5(IV) gene has been sublocalized to bands Xq22----q23, which are in the same region known to contain the locus for the X-linked form of Alport syndrome. It is therefore possible that this severe dominantly inherited nephritis, manifested by splitting of the glomerular basement membrane, could be caused by mutations in the alpha 5(IV) collagen gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6059
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16
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Abstract
Acentric extrachromosomal elements, such as submicroscopic autonomously replicating circular molecules (episomes) and double minute chromosomes, are common early, and in some cases initial, intermediates of gene amplification in many drug-resistant and tumor cell lines. In order to gain a more complete understanding of the amplification process, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which such extrachromosomal elements are generated and we traced the fate of these amplification intermediates over time. The model system consists of a Chinese hamster cell line (L46) created by gene transfer in which the initial amplification product was shown previously to be an unstable extrachromosomal element containing an inverted duplication spanning more than 160 kilobases (J. C. Ruiz and G. M. Wahl, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4302-4313, 1988). In this study, we show that these molecules were formed by a process involving chromosomal deletion. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed at multiple time points on cells with amplified sequences. These studies reveal that the extrachromosomal molecules rapidly integrate into chromosomes, often near or at telomeres, and once integrated, the amplified sequences are themselves unstable. These data provide a molecular and cytogenetic chronology for gene amplification in this model system; an early event involves deletion to generate extrachromosomal elements, and subsequent integration of these elements precipitates a cascade of chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ruiz
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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17
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Butticè G, Kaytes P, D'Armiento J, Vogeli G, Kurkinen M. Evolution of collagen IV genes from a 54-base pair exon: a role for introns in gene evolution. J Mol Evol 1990; 30:479-88. [PMID: 2115927 DOI: 10.1007/bf02101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The exon structure of the collagen IV gene provides a striking example for collagen evolution and the role of introns in gene evolution. Collagen IV, a major component of basement membranes, differs from the fibrillar collagens in that it contains numerous interruptions in the triple helical Gly-X-Y repeat domain. We have characterized all 47 exons in the mouse alpha 2(IV) collagen gene and find two 36-, two 45-, and one 54-bp exons as well as one 99- and three 108-bp exons encoding the Gly-X-Y repeat sequence. All these exons sizes are also found in the fibrillar collagen genes. Strikingly, of the 24 interruption sequences present in the alpha 2-chain of mouse collagen IV, 11 are encoded at the exon/intron borders of the gene, part of one interruption sequence is encoded by an exon of its own, and the remaining interruptions are encoded within the body of exons. In such "fusion exons" the Gly-X-Y encoding domain is also derived from 36-, 45-, or 54-bp sequence elements. These data support the idea that collagen IV genes evolved from a primordial 54-bp coding unit. We furthermore interpret these data to suggest that the interruption sequences in collagen IV may have evolved from introns, presumably by inactivation of splice site signals, following which intronic sequences could have been recruited into exons. We speculated that this mechanism could provide a role for introns in gene evolution in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Butticè
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854
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18
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Li ZL, Mattei MG, Mattei JF, Paulin D. Assignment of the mouse desmin gene to chromosome 1 band C3. Genet Res (Camb) 1990; 55:101-5. [PMID: 2370005 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300025337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal localization of the mouse gene coding for desmin, one of the muscle-specific intermediate filament subunits, was determined by in situ hybridization using a specific 3H-labelled DNA probe. There is only one copy of the desmin gene and it is located on chromosome 1 in the band C3. This result adds an eleventh locus to a conserved gene cluster and confirms the partial homology that exists between the long arm of human chromosome 2 and chromosome 1 of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Li
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Différenciation de l'Université Paris
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19
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Burbelo PD, Horikoshi S, Yamada Y. DNA methylation and collagen IV gene expression in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)34049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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Takahashi E, Hori T, Lawrence JB, McNeil J, Singer RH, O'Connell P, Leppert M, White R. Human type II collagen gene (COL2A1) assigned to chromosome 12q13.1-q13.2 by in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA probe. JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1989; 34:307-11. [PMID: 2634791 DOI: 10.1007/bf01929213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have made a regional assignment of the type II collagen gene (COL2A1) on human chromosome 12 by means of an in situ hybridization technique with a biotinylated DNA probe. The precise localization of the signal was mapped to the band 12q13.1-q13.2. This result was in agreement with the previous mapping by isotopic in situ hybridization technique (12q13.1-q13.2), but not with the result of Southern hybridization analysis using somatic cell hybrids (12q14.3).
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21
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Kashtan CE, Atkin CL, Gregory MC, Michael AF. Identification of variant Alport phenotypes using an Alport-specific antibody probe. Kidney Int 1989; 36:669-74. [PMID: 2478752 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1989.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An antibody, which recognizes an epitope(s) on a 26 kD peptide of the noncollagenous domain of type IV collagen and which fails to bind to basement membranes of individuals with Alport syndrome, was used to characterize members of families representing phenotypic variants of the disorder. Ten of 11 families with juvenile-onset renal failure and 4 of 5 families with adult-onset renal failure exhibited loss of the epitope(s) from epidermal and/or renal basement membranes by indirect immunofluorescence. Two families with typical Alport nephropathy but normal hearing exhibited the same abnormality. This study provides strong evidence that a defect in the main noncollagenous domain of type IV collagen is common to the various phenotypes of Alport syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kashtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
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22
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Kimura T, Cheah KS, Chan SD, Lui VC, Mattei MG, van der Rest M, Ono K, Solomon E, Ninomiya Y, Olsen BR. The Human α2(XI) Collagen (COL11A2) Chain. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)80086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Yon J, Palmer RW, Sheer D, Fried M. Localization of the Surfeit gene cluster containing the ribosomal protein gene L7a to chromosome bands 9q33-34. Ann Hum Genet 1989; 53:149-55. [PMID: 2596824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1989.tb01779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Surfeit gene cluster which contains at least four very tightly spaced unrelated genes, one of which encodes the ribosomal protein L7a, has been localized by an analysis of somatic cell hybrids to the long arm of chromosome 9. By the use of in situ hybridization the Surfeit locus has been further mapped to 9q33-34.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yon
- Eukaryotic Gene Organization Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London
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24
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Thorner P, Baumal R, Valli VE, Mahuran D, McInnes R, Marrano P. Abnormalities in the NC1 domain of collagen type IV in GBM in canine hereditary nephritis. Kidney Int 1989; 35:843-50. [PMID: 2651761 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1989.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy (SHG) in dogs serves as a model for human X-linked hereditary nephritis (HN). We previously showed that glomerular capillaries of affected males did not stain by immunofluorescence (IF) using serum from a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome. Our goal in the present study was to determine whether the NC1 domain of the collagen type IV molecule, which contains Goodpasture antigen (GPA), could be demonstrated in these dogs, and to assess its immunological reactivity. By SDS-PAGE, NC1 in collagenase digests of glomerular basement membranes (GBM) of unaffected and carrier female dogs in the family with SHG showed 24 kilodalton (kD), 26 kD and 28 kD monomer, and 46 kD and 47 kD dimer components, but the 24 kD monomer was diminished in the affected males. By IF, a rabbit antibody to NCl stained glomerular capillaries of unaffected, affected male, and carrier female dogs. In contrast, a human anti-GBM plasmapheresis fluid (PPF) stained glomerular capillaries of only the unaffected and carrier female dogs. By RIA, both antibodies reacted strongly with NCl in collagenase digests of GBM of the unaffected and carrier female dogs, but showed reduced reactivity with NCl of affected males. By Western blotting, both antibodies bound to dimers and 24 kD and 26 kD monomers of the NCl domain in collagenase digests of GBM of unaffected and carrier female dogs. However, in affected males, the rabbit anti-NCl antibody did not bind to the 24 kD monomer, while the human anti-GBM PPF showed weak binding to the 24 kD and 26 kD monomers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thorner
- Department of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Kaytes P, Wood L, Theriault N, Kurkinen M, Vogeli G. Head-to-head arrangement of murine type IV collagen genes. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Pope FM. Genetics of inherited defects of connective tissue. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY 1988; 2:673-702. [PMID: 3067868 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3579(88)80034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Xu WM, Gorman PA, Rider SH, Hedge PJ, Moore G, Prichard C, Sheer D, Solomon E. Construction of a genetic map of human chromosome 17 by use of chromosome-mediated gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:8563-7. [PMID: 3186746 PMCID: PMC282499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.22.8563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We used somatic-cell hybrids, containing as their only human genetic contribution part or all of chromosome 17, as donors for chromosome-mediated gene transfer. A total of 54 independent transfectant clones were isolated and analyzed by use of probes or isoenzymes for greater than 20 loci located on chromosome 17. By combining the data from this chromosome-mediated gene transfer transfectant panel, conventional somatic-cell hybrids containing well-defined breaks on chromosome 17, and in situ hybridization, we propose the following order for these loci: pter-(TP53-RNP2-D17S1)-(MYH2-MYH1)-D17Z 1-CRYB1-(ERBA1-GCSF-NGL)-acute promyelocytic leukemia breakpoint-RNU2-HOX2-(NGFR-COLIAI-MPO)-GAA-UM PH-GHC-TK1-GALK-qter. Using chromosome-mediated gene transfer, we have also regionally localized the random probes D17S6 to D17S19 on chromosome 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Xu
- Somatic Cell Genetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Hing S, Day AJ, Linton SJ, Ripoche J, Sim RB, Reid KB, Solomon E. Assignment of complement components C4 binding protein (C4BP) and factor H (FH) to human chromosome 1q, using cDNA probes. Ann Hum Genet 1988; 52:117-22. [PMID: 2977721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1988.tb01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Using cDNA probes for Factor H (FH) and C4 binding protein (C4BP) on a panel of somatic cell hybrids, we show that both of these genes map to the long arm of chromosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hing
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London
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29
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Solomon E, Palmer RW, Hing S, Law SK. Regional localization of CD18, the beta-subunit of the cell surface adhesion molecule LFA-1, on human chromosome 21 by in situ hybridization. Ann Hum Genet 1988; 52:123-8. [PMID: 3073708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1988.tb01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The gene coding for the beta-subunit of the cell surface adhesion glycoprotein LFA-1 has been localized to the tip of the long arm of chromosome 21 at 21q22.1-qter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Solomon
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London
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30
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Bowcock AM, Hebert JM, Wijsman E, Gadi I, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Boyd CD. High recombination between two physically close human basement membrane collagen genes at the distal end of chromosome 13q. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:2701-5. [PMID: 2895928 PMCID: PMC280066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.8.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two basement membrane collagen genes coding for the pro alpha 1 chain and pro alpha 2 chain of type IV collagen map to 13q34 and are linked with a maximum likelihood estimate of recombination of 0.028 at a logarithm of odds (lod) score of 19.98. The single-copy sequence that identifies the locus D13S3 is also closely linked to both collagen genes. Four enzymes reveal polymorphisms with COL4A1, and 10 haplotypes have been observed in Caucasoids. Within COL4A1 a nonrandom association of alleles exists only between alleles defined by Hae III and those defined by the other three enzymes. A random association of alleles of COL4A1 and COL4A2 is observed. Between the two collagen genes were detected three meiotic recombination events that contributed to the estimate of 2.8% recombination. This is higher than expected for two genes that lie within 650 kilobases of each other. The lack of linkage disequilibrium between COL4A1 and COL4A2 is in agreement with the relatively high recombination that is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bowcock
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA 94305
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31
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Weil D, Mattei MG, Passage E, N'Guyen VC, Pribula-Conway D, Mann K, Deutzmann R, Timpl R, Chu ML. Cloning and chromosomal localization of human genes encoding the three chains of type VI collagen. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 42:435-45. [PMID: 3348212 PMCID: PMC1715162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type VI collagen is a heterotrimer composed of three polypeptide chains, alpha 1(VI), alpha 2(VI), and alpha 3(VI). By immunological screening of an expression cDNA library, human cDNAs specific for each chain were isolated and characterized. Major mRNA species encoding these chains have a size of 4.2 kb (alpha 1), 3.5 kb (alpha 2), and 8.5 kb (alpha 3). The cDNA clones were also used to map the genes on human chromosomes by somatic cell hybrid analysis and in situ hybridization. The alpha 1 (VI) and alpha 2(VI) collagen genes were both located on chromosome 21, in band q223. This represents a third example of a possible physical proximity of two collagen loci. The alpha 3(VI) collagen gene was localized to chromosome 2, in the region 2q37. The alpha 3(VI) collagen gene is the fifth extracellular matrix gene to be localized to 2q, as four other extracellular matrix genes--i.e., the alpha 1(III) and alpha 2(V) collagen genes, the elastin gene, and the fibronectin gene--have been previously mapped to the distal region of the long arm of chromosome 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weil
- Unité de Recherches de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U12, Paris
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32
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Nicholls AC, De Paepe A, Narcisi P, Dalgleish R, De Keyser F, Matton M, Pope FM. Linkage of a polymorphic marker for the type III collagen gene (COL3A1) to atypical autosomal dominant Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV in a large Belgian pedigree. Hum Genet 1988; 78:276-81. [PMID: 3162228 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have examined a large family in which eleven members have a form of autosomal dominant Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. Analysis of fibroblast cultures from affected individuals showed a partial deficiency of type III collagen production. The protein produced was, however, normal in all aspects examined. Using a restriction site polymorphism associated with the structural gene for human type III collagen (COL3A1), we have found tight linkage between the low frequency polymorphic allele and the clinical expression of the disease (lod = 3.86 at 0 = 0), identifying the type III collagen gene as the disease locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Nicholls
- Dermatology Research Group, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
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33
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Boyd CD, Toth-Fejel SE, Gadi IK, Litt M, Condon MR, Kolbe M, Hagen IK, Kurkinen M, Mackenzie JW, Magenis E. The genes coding for human pro alpha 1(IV) collagen and pro alpha 2(IV) collagen are both located at the end of the long arm of chromosome 13. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 42:309-14. [PMID: 3422542 PMCID: PMC1715273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized a cDNA clone containing DNA sequences coding for the noncollagenous carboxy-terminal domain of human pro alpha 2(IV) collagen. Using this cDNA clone in both Southern blot analysis of DNA isolated from human-mouse somatic-cell hybrids and in situ hybridization of normal human metaphase chromosomes, we have demonstrated that the gene coding for human pro alpha 2(IV) collagen is located at 13q33----34, in the same position on chromosome 13 as the pro alpha 1(IV) collagen gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Boyd
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903
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34
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Drysdale JW. Human ferritin gene expression. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1988; 35:127-72. [PMID: 3065822 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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35
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Killen PD, Francomano CA, Yamada Y, Modi WS, O'Brien SJ. Partial structure of the human alpha 2(IV) collagen chain and chromosomal localization of the gene (COL4A2). Hum Genet 1987; 77:318-24. [PMID: 3692475 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated a 2.1-kb cDNA clone from a human placental library encoding part of the alpha 2 chain of collagen IV, a major structural protein of basement membranes. The DNA sequence encodes 446 amino acids in the triple-helical domain plus the 227 amino acids of the carboxy-terminal globular domain. The latter structure is composed of two homologous subdomains and is highly conserved between the alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains. The triple-helical domain contained seven interruptions of the Gly-X-Y repeat and these interruptions were in general larger than their counterparts in the alpha 1 chain. DNA from human rodent hybrid cell lines was analyzed under conditions in which there was no cross-hybridization of the alpha 2(IV) cDNA probe with the gene for the alpha 1(IV) collagen chain. An EcoRI fragment characteristic of the alpha 2 chain had a concordance of 0.97 with chromosome 13. This result was confirmed and extended with in situ localization of the gene at 13q34. Since the alpha 1(IV) gene has previously been localized to 13q34, the two type IV collagen genes reside in the same chromosome region (13q34), possibly in a gene cluster. The presence of the genes for type IV collagen chains on chromosome 13 excludes a primary role for these genes in adult polycystic kidney disease and X-linked forms of hereditary nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Killen
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Anomalies, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, MD 20892
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36
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Cannizzaro LA, Croce CM, Griffin CA, Simeone A, Boncinelli E, Huebner K. Human homeo box-containing genes located at chromosome regions 2q31----2q37 and 12q12----12q13. Am J Hum Genet 1987; 41:1-15. [PMID: 2886047 PMCID: PMC1684175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Four human homeo box-containing cDNAs isolated from mRNA of an SV40-transformed human fibroblast cell line have been regionally localized on the human gene map. One cDNA clone, c10, was found to be nearly identical to the previously mapped Hox-2.1 gene at 17q21. A second cDNA clone, c1, which is 87% homologous to Hox-2.2 at the nucleotide level but is distinct from Hox-2.1 and Hox-2.2, also maps to this region of human chromosome 17 and is probably another member of the Hox-2 cluster of homeo box-containing genes. The third cDNA clone, c8, in which the homeo box is approximately 84% homologous to the mouse Hox-1.1 homeo box region on mouse chromosome 6, maps to chromosome region 12q12----12q13, a region that is involved in chromosome abnormalities in human seminomas and teratomas. The fourth cDNA clone, c13, whose homeo box is approximately 73% homologous to the Hox-2.2 homeo box sequence, is located at chromosome region 2q31----q37. The human homeo box-containing cluster of genes at chromosome region 17q21 is the human cognate of the mouse homeo box-containing gene cluster on mouse chromosome 11. Other mouse homeo box-containing genes of the Antennapedia class (class I) map to mouse chromosomes 6 (Hox-1, proximal to the IgK locus) and 15 (Hox-3). A mouse gene, En-1, with an engrailed-like homeo box (class II) and flanking region maps to mouse chromosome 1 (near the dominant hemimelia gene). Neither of the class I homeo box-containing genes--c8 and c13--maps to a region of obvious homology to chromosomal positions of the presently known mouse homeo box-containing genes.
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37
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Myers JC, Emanuel BS. Chromosomal localization of human collagen genes. COLLAGEN AND RELATED RESEARCH 1987; 7:149-59. [PMID: 3304820 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(87)80006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Solomon E, Hall V, Kurkinen M. The human alpha 2(IV) collagen gene, COL4A2, is syntenic with the alpha 1(IV) gene, COL4A1, on chromosome 13. Ann Hum Genet 1987; 51:125-7. [PMID: 3674752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1987.tb01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously assigned the gene for the alpha 1 chain of type IV collagen to chromosome 13. In this report we show that the gene coding for the second chain of this heterotrimer is on the same chromosome. This is the first example of the genes for both chains of one collagen molecule being syntenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Solomon
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London
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39
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40
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Dalgleish R, Hawkins JR, Keston M. Exclusion of the alpha 2(I) and alpha 1(III) collagen genes as the mutant loci in a Marfan syndrome family. J Med Genet 1987; 24:148-51. [PMID: 2883320 PMCID: PMC1049947 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.24.3.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The inheritance of restriction fragment length polymorphisms for two fibrillar collagen genes (COL1A2 and COL3A1) has been studied in a large Marfan syndrome kindred. We are able to show discordant segregation between the Marfan syndrome and each of the two collagen gene markers.
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41
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Weil D, Bernard M, Gargano S, Ramirez F. The pro alpha 2(V) collagen gene is evolutionarily related to the major fibrillar-forming collagens. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:181-98. [PMID: 3029669 PMCID: PMC340404 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.1.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of overlapping cDNA clones, covering 5.2 kb of sequences which code for the human pro alpha 2(V) collagen chain, have been isolated. Analysis of the structural data have indicated a close evolutionary kinship between the pro alpha 2(V) chain and the major fibrillar collagen types. Isolation and analysis of an 8 kb genomic fragment has further supported this notion by revealing a homologous arrangement of nine triple-helical domain exons. These studies have therefore provided conclusive evidence which categorizes the Type V collagen as a member of the Group 1 molecules, or fibrillar-forming collagens.
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42
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Griffin CA, Emanuel BS, Hansen JR, Cavenee WK, Myers JC. Human collagen genes encoding basement membrane alpha 1 (IV) and alpha 2 (IV) chains map to the distal long arm of chromosome 13. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:512-6. [PMID: 3025878 PMCID: PMC304239 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.2.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
At least 20 genes encode the structurally related collagen chains that comprise greater than 10 homo- or heterotrimeric types. Six members of this multigene family have been assigned to five chromosomes in the human genome. The two type I genes, alpha 1 and alpha 2, are located on chromosomes 17 and 7, respectively, and the alpha 1 (II) gene is located on chromosome 12. Our recent mapping of the alpha 1 (III) and alpha 2 (V) genes to the q24.3----q31 region of chromosome 2 provided the only evidence that the collagen genes are not entirely dispersed. To further determine their organization, we and others localized the alpha 1 (IV) gene to chromosome 13 and in our experiments sublocalized the gene to band q34 by in situ hybridization. Here we show the presence of the alpha 2 type IV locus also on the distal long arm of chromosome 13 by hybridizing a human alpha 2 (IV) cDNA clone to rodent-human hybrids and to metaphase chromosomes. To our knowledge, these studies represent the only demonstration of linkage between genes encoding both polypeptide chains of the same collagen type.
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43
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44
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Rabin M, Ferguson-Smith A, Hart CP, Ruddle FH. Cognate homeo-box loci mapped on homologous human and mouse chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:9104-8. [PMID: 2878432 PMCID: PMC387083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.23.9104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeotic genes of Drosophila, which regulate pattern formation during larval development, contain a 180-base-pair DNA sequence termed the "homeo-box." Nucleotide sequence comparisons indicate that the homeo-box motif is highly conserved in a variety of motazoan species. As in Drosophila, homeo-box sequences of mammalian species are expressed in a temporal and tissue-specific pattern during embryogenesis. These observations suggest functional homologies between dipteran and mammalian homeo-box gene products. To identify possible relationships between homeo-box genes of mice and humans, we have compared the chromosomal location of homeo-box genes in these species. Using in situ hybridization and somatic cell genetic techniques, we have mapped the chromosome 6-specific murine Hox-1 homolog to the region p14-p21 on human chromosome 7. We have also regionally mapped the murine Hox-3 locus to 15F1-3 and its human cognate to 12q11-q21. These comparative mapping data indicate that a syntenic relationship in mice and humans is maintained for all homeo-box loci examined to date. We suggest these regions represent evolutionarily conserved genomic domains encoding homologous protein products that function in regulating patterns of mammalian development.
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45
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Boyd CD, Weliky K, Toth-Fejel S, Deak SB, Christiano AM, Mackenzie JW, Sandell LJ, Tryggvason K, Magenis E. The single copy gene coding for human alpha 1 (IV) procollagen is located at the terminal end of the long arm of chromosome 13. Hum Genet 1986; 74:121-5. [PMID: 3770740 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Using dual-laser sorted chromosomes and spot-blot analysis, we have previously assigned genomic DNA sequences coding for human alpha 1 (IV) procollagen to chromosome 13 (Pihlajaniemi et al. 1985). By in situ hybridization to normal chromosomes and chromosomes with 13q deletions, we now report the localization of this gene to the terminal end of the long arm of chromosome 13. In addition, Southern and slot blot hybridization analysis clearly show that these genomic sequences are present only once per haploid genome.
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46
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Eyre DR, Upton MP, Shapiro FD, Wilkinson RH, Vawter GF. Nonexpression of cartilage type II collagen in a case of Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis. Am J Hum Genet 1986; 39:52-67. [PMID: 3752081 PMCID: PMC1684025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A lethal short-limbed dwarfism was diagnosed at autopsy as the Langer-Saldino variant of achondrogenesis by radiological, histological, and gross pathological criteria. Cartilage was obtained for biochemical and ultrastructural analyses from the ends of long bones, from ribs and from a scapula of the newborn infant. At all sites, it had an abnormal gelatinous texture and translucent appearance. Biochemical analyses of the cartilages to identify pepsin-solubilized collagen alpha-chains and collagen-specific CNBr-peptides failed to detect type II collagen at any site where it would normally be the main constituent. Instead, type I was the predominant collagen present. However, three cartilage-specific minor collagen chains identified as 1 alpha, 2 alpha, and 3 alpha chains by their electrophoretic mobility were present at about 10% of the total collagen. Cartilage-specific proteoglycans also appeared to be abundant in the tissue judging by its high hexosamine content and high ratio of galactosamine to glucosamine. The findings indicate that a chondrocyte phenotype had differentiated but without the expression of type II collagen. In addition to the skeletal abnormalities, the severe pulmonary hypoplasia was also felt to be directly related to the underlying pathology in collagen expression. The term chondrogenesis imperfecta rather than achondrogenesis should be considered a more accurate description of this and related conditions.
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47
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Wilson DE, Swallow DM, Povey S. Assignment of the human gene for uridine 5'-monophosphate phosphohydrolase (UMPH2) to the long arm of chromosome 17. Ann Hum Genet 1986; 50:223-7. [PMID: 2833155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1986.tb01042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct isozymes of uridine 5'-monophosphate phosphohydrolase (UMPH) have been identified in mammalian cells. Both of these isozymes hydrolyse other pyrimidine nucleotides. One of the isozymes, UMPH2, is more active against deoxy-nucleotides than non-deoxy-nucleotides and has a wider substrate specificity. We examined the segregation of the human gene for UMPH2 in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids. Electrophoretic analysis of UMPH2 in hybrids suggested that the enzyme is a dimer. Human UMPH2 cosegregated with the long arm of chromosome 17 in the nineteen hybrids examined. The ease of separation of the rodent and human isozymes of UMPH2 and the relative simplicity of the enzyme assay suggest that UMPH2 may be a more useful marker gene for chromosome 17 than galactokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Wilson
- Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y. 12181
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48
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Huerre-Jeanpierre C, Henry I, Bernard M, Gallano P, Weil D, Grzeschik KH, Ramirez F, Junien C. The pro alpha 2(V) collagen gene (COL5A2) maps to 2q14----2q32, syntenic to the pro alpha 1 (III) collagen locus (COL3A1). Hum Genet 1986; 73:64-7. [PMID: 3011647 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant probe specific for the pro alpha 2 chain of human Type V collagen has been used for the localization of the corresponding gene (COL5A2) to chromosome 2. Regional mapping by in situ hybridization and analysis of DNA from human X rodent cell lines indicated that COL5A2 is confined within the segment 2q14----2q32, thus syntenic to the pro alpha 1 (III) collagen gene (COL3A1).
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Law ML, Tung L, Morse HG, Berger R, Jones C, Cheah KS, Solomon E. The human type II collagen gene (COL2A1) assigned to 12q14.3. Ann Hum Genet 1986; 50:131-7. [PMID: 3435042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1986.tb01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A cosmid clone containing the entire human type II alpha 1 collagen gene (COL2A1) was used as probe in the Southern analysis of DNA from a panel of human/hamster somatic cell hybrids containing different portions of human chromosome 12. Two of the hybrids exhibited a similar terminal deletion q14.3----qter, but one was positive for the gene while the other was negative. Therefore, the gene must reside in the region q14.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Law
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Research, Denver, CO
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50
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Miskulin M, Dalgleish R, Kluve-Beckerman B, Rennard SI, Tolstoshev P, Brantly M, Crystal RG. Human type III collagen gene expression is coordinately modulated with the type I collagen genes during fibroblast growth. Biochemistry 1986; 25:1408-13. [PMID: 3754462 DOI: 10.1021/bi00354a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Type III collagen is one of the major interstitial collagens and, as such, plays an important role in modulating the structure and function of most tissues. To compare the expression of the type III collagen gene to that of the type I collagen alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) genes, cDNAs encoding the 3' one-third of the human alpha 1(III) collagen mRNA were obtained by screening a human fetal lung fibroblast cDNA library with a cloned segment of the chicken alpha 1(III) gene. Northern blot analysis of human fetal lung fibroblast RNA demonstrated two alpha 1(III)-specific mRNAs of sizes 6.6 and 5.8 kilobases, sizes clearly different from those of the type I collagen mRNAs. Analyses of populations of dividing and nondividing human lung fibroblasts revealed that, on a per cell basis, the nondividing population contained twice as much alpha 1(III) mRNA than did the dividing population. The same was true for the type I collagen alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) mRNA transcripts. Similar results were obtained when alpha 1(III), alpha 1(I), and alpha 2(I) mRNA transcripts were quantified by using dot blot evaluation of total RNA, Northern analysis of total RNA, and dot blot evaluation of cytoplasmic RNA. Thus, despite the fact that the alpha 1(III) collagen gene is located on a chromosome different from the alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) genes, the expression of these three collagen chains appears to be coordinately controlled during periods of rapid and slow fibroblast growth.
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