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Dubois Q, Brual T, Oriol C, Mandin P, Condemine G, Gueguen E. Function and mechanism of action of the small regulatory RNA ArcZ in Enterobacterales. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 30:1107-1121. [PMID: 38839110 PMCID: PMC11331407 DOI: 10.1261/rna.080010.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
ArcZ is a small regulatory RNA conserved in Enterobacterales It is an Hfq-dependent RNA that is cleaved by RNase E in a processed form of 55-60 nucleotides. This processed form is highly conserved for controlling the expression of target mRNAs. ArcZ expression is induced by abundant oxygen levels and reaches its peak during the stationary growth phase. This control is mediated by the oxygen-responsive two-component system ArcAB, leading to the repression of arcZ transcription under low-oxygen conditions in most bacteria in which it has been studied. ArcZ displays multiple targets, and it can control up to 10% of a genome and interact directly with more than 300 mRNAs in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica ArcZ displays a multifaceted ability to regulate its targets through diverse mechanisms such as RNase recruitment, modulation of ribosome accessibility on the mRNA, and interaction with translational enhancing regions. By influencing stress response, motility, and virulence through the regulation of master regulators such as FlhDC or RpoS, ArcZ emerges as a major orchestrator of cell physiology within Enterobacterales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dubois
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240 MAP Lyon, France
| | - Typhaine Brual
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240 MAP Lyon, France
| | - Charlotte Oriol
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR7283, IMM, IM2B, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Mandin
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR7283, IMM, IM2B, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Guy Condemine
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240 MAP Lyon, France
| | - Erwan Gueguen
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240 MAP Lyon, France
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2
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Moores AN, Uphoff S. Robust Quantification of Live-Cell Single-Molecule Tracking Data for Fluorophores with Different Photophysical Properties. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:7291-7303. [PMID: 38859654 PMCID: PMC11301680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
High-speed single-molecule tracking in live cells is becoming an increasingly popular method for quantifying the spatiotemporal behavior of proteins in vivo. The method provides a wealth of quantitative information, but users need to be aware of biases that can skew estimates of molecular mobilities. The range of suitable fluorophores for live-cell single-molecule imaging has grown substantially over the past few years, but it remains unclear to what extent differences in photophysical properties introduce biases. Here, we tested two fluorophores with entirely different photophysical properties, one that photoswitches frequently between bright and dark states (TMR) and one that shows exceptional photostability without photoswitching (JFX650). We used a fusion of the Escherichia coli DNA repair enzyme MutS to the HaloTag and optimized sample preparation and imaging conditions for both types of fluorophore. We then assessed the reliability of two common data analysis algorithms, mean-square displacement (MSD) analysis and Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM), to estimate the diffusion coefficients and fractions of MutS molecules in different states of motion. We introduce a simple approach that removes discrepancies in the data analyses and show that both algorithms yield consistent results, regardless of the fluorophore used. Nevertheless, each dye has its own strengths and weaknesses, with TMR being more suitable for sampling the diffusive behavior of many molecules, while JFX650 enables prolonged observation of only a few molecules per cell. These characterizations and recommendations should help to standardize measurements for increased reproducibility and comparability across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Moores
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Stephan Uphoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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3
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Sloan DB, Broz AK, Kuster SA, Muthye V, Peñafiel-Ayala A, Marron JR, Lavrov DV, Brieba LG. Expansion of the MutS Gene Family in Plants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.17.603841. [PMID: 39071318 PMCID: PMC11275761 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.17.603841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The MutS gene family is distributed across the tree of life and is involved in recombination, DNA repair, and protein translation. Multiple evolutionary processes have expanded the set of MutS genes in plants relative to other eukaryotes. Here, we investigate the origins and functions of these plant-specific genes. Land plants, green algae, red algae, and glaucophytes share cyanobacterial-like MutS1 and MutS2 genes that presumably were gained via plastid endosymbiotic gene transfer. MutS1 was subsequently lost in some taxa, including seed plants, whereas MutS2 was duplicated in Viridiplantae (i.e., land plants and green algae) with widespread retention of both resulting paralogs. Viridiplantae also have two anciently duplicated copies of the eukaryotic MSH6 gene (i.e., MSH6 and MSH7) and acquired MSH1 via horizontal gene transfer - potentially from a nucleocytovirus. Despite sharing the same name, "plant MSH1" is not directly related to the gene known as MSH1 in some fungi and animals, which may be an ancestral eukaryotic gene acquired via mitochondrial endosymbiosis and subsequently lost in most eukaryotic lineages. There has been substantial progress in understanding the functions of MSH1 and MSH6/MSH7 in plants, but the roles of the cyanobacterial-like MutS1 and MutS2 genes remain uncharacterized. Known functions of bacterial homologs and predicted protein structures, including fusions to diverse nuclease domains, provide hypotheses about potential molecular mechanisms. Because most plant-specific MutS proteins are targeted to the mitochondria and/or plastids, the expansion of this family appears to have played a large role in shaping plant organelle genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amanda K. Broz
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Shady A. Kuster
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Viraj Muthye
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alejandro Peñafiel-Ayala
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Gto, México
| | | | - Dennis V. Lavrov
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis G. Brieba
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Gto, México
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4
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Kadyrova LY, Mieczkowski PA, Kadyrov FA. MutLα suppresses error-prone DNA mismatch repair and preferentially protects noncoding DNA from mutations. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107406. [PMID: 38782208 PMCID: PMC11231602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system promotes genome stability and protects humans from certain types of cancer. Its primary function is the correction of DNA polymerase errors. MutLα is an important eukaryotic MMR factor. We have examined the contributions of MutLα to maintaining genome stability. We show here that loss of MutLα in yeast increases the genome-wide mutation rate by ∼130-fold and generates a genome-wide mutation spectrum that consists of small indels and base substitutions. We also show that loss of yeast MutLα leads to error-prone MMR that produces T > C base substitutions in 5'-ATA-3' sequences. In agreement with this finding, our examination of human whole-genome DNA sequencing data has revealed that loss of MutLα in induced pluripotent stem cells triggers error-prone MMR that leads to the formation of T > C mutations in 5'-NTN-3' sequences. Our further analysis has shown that MutLα-independent MMR plays a role in suppressing base substitutions in N3 homopolymeric runs. In addition, we describe that MutLα preferentially protects noncoding DNA from mutations. Our study defines the contributions of MutLα-dependent and independent mechanisms to genome-wide MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Y Kadyrova
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Piotr A Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Farid A Kadyrov
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
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5
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Storozhuk O, Bruekner SR, Paul A, Lebbink JHG, Sixma TK, Friedhoff P. MutL Activates UvrD by Interaction Between the MutL C-terminal Domain and the UvrD 2B Domain. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168589. [PMID: 38677494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
UvrD is a helicase vital for DNA replication and quality control processes. In its monomeric state, UvrD exhibits limited helicase activity, necessitating either dimerization or assistance from an accessory protein to efficiently unwind DNA. Within the DNA mismatch repair pathway, MutL plays a pivotal role in relaying the repair signal, enabling UvrD to unwind DNA from the strand incision site up to and beyond the mismatch. Although this interdependence is well-established, the precise mechanism of activation and the specific MutL-UvrD interactions that trigger helicase activity remain elusive. To address these questions, we employed site-specific crosslinking techniques using single-cysteine variants of MutL and UvrD followed by functional assays. Our investigation unveils that the C-terminal domain of MutL not only engages with UvrD but also acts as a self-sufficient activator of UvrD helicase activity on DNA substrates with 3'-single-stranded tails. Especially when MutL is covalently attached to the 2B or 1B domain the tail length can be reduced to a minimal substrate of 5 nucleotides without affecting unwinding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Storozhuk
- Institute for Biochemistry, FB 08, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne R Bruekner
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ankon Paul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce H G Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Titia K Sixma
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedhoff
- Institute for Biochemistry, FB 08, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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6
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Dagva O, Thibessard A, Lorenzi JN, Labat V, Piotrowski E, Rouhier N, Myllykallio H, Leblond P, Bertrand C. Correction of non-random mutational biases along a linear bacterial chromosome by the mismatch repair endonuclease NucS. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5033-5047. [PMID: 38444149 PMCID: PMC11109965 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The linear chromosome of Streptomyces exhibits a highly compartmentalized structure with a conserved central region flanked by variable arms. As double strand break (DSB) repair mechanisms play a crucial role in shaping the genome plasticity of Streptomyces, we investigated the role of EndoMS/NucS, a recently characterized endonuclease involved in a non-canonical mismatch repair (MMR) mechanism in archaea and actinobacteria, that singularly corrects mismatches by creating a DSB. We showed that Streptomyces mutants lacking NucS display a marked colonial phenotype and a drastic increase in spontaneous mutation rate. In vitro biochemical assays revealed that NucS cooperates with the replication clamp to efficiently cleave G/T, G/G and T/T mismatched DNA by producing DSBs. These findings are consistent with the transition-shifted mutational spectrum observed in the mutant strains and reveal that NucS-dependent MMR specific task is to eliminate G/T mismatches generated by the DNA polymerase during replication. Interestingly, our data unveil a crescent-shaped distribution of the transition frequency from the replication origin towards the chromosomal ends, shedding light on a possible link between NucS-mediated DSBs and Streptomyces genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyut Dagva
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1128 DynAMic, 54000 Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Victor Labat
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1128 DynAMic, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Emilie Piotrowski
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1128 DynAMic, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 IAM, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Hannu Myllykallio
- Ecole Polytechnique, INSERM U696-CNRS UMR 7645 LOB, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre Leblond
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1128 DynAMic, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Claire Bertrand
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1128 DynAMic, 54000 Nancy, France
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7
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Kadyrova LY, Mieczkowski PA, Kadyrov FA. MutLα suppresses error-prone DNA mismatch repair and preferentially protects noncoding DNA from mutations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.01.587563. [PMID: 38617288 PMCID: PMC11014525 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.01.587563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system promotes genome stability and protects humans from certain types of cancer. Its primary function is the correction of DNA polymerase errors. MutLα is an important eukaryotic MMR factor. We have examined the contributions of MutLα to maintaining genome stability. We show here that loss of MutLα in yeast increases the genome-wide mutation rate by ~130-fold and generates a genome-wide mutation spectrum that consists of small indels and base substitutions. We also show that loss of yeast MutLα leads to error-prone MMR that produces T>C base substitutions in 5'-ATA-3' sequences. In agreement with this finding, our examination of human whole genome DNA sequencing data has revealed that loss of MutLα in induced pluripotent stem cells triggers error-prone MMR that leads to the formation of T>C mutations in 5'-NTN-3' sequences. Our further analysis has shown that MutLα-independent MMR plays a role in suppressing base substitutions in N3 homopolymeric runs. In addition, we describe that MutLα preferentially defends noncoding DNA from mutations. Our study defines the contributions of MutLα-dependent and independent mechanisms to genome-wide MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Y. Kadyrova
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Piotr A. Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Farid A. Kadyrov
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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8
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Bratei AA, Stefan-van Staden RI. Correlations between MSH2 and MSH6 Concentrations in Different Biological Fluids and Clinicopathological Features in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients and Their Contribution to Fast and Early Diagnosis of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3213. [PMID: 38137434 PMCID: PMC10741075 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The human MutS homolog, hMSH2, is known to be involved in DNA mismatch repair and is responsible for maintaining the stability of the genome. When DNA damage occurs, MSH2 promotes cell apoptosis via the regulation of ATR/Chk2/p53 signal transduction, and MSH2 deficiency is also related to accelerated telomere shortening in humans. MSH2 missense mutations are involved in a defective DNA reparation process, and it can be implied in carcinogenesis, as it is already involved in well-known cancer-related syndromes such as Lynch syndrome. Human MSH6, which stands for mutS homolog 6, is a member of the MMR family that is responsible for the repair of post-replicative mismatched DNA bases. It is also one of the proteins with gene mutations that are associated with a high risk of developing Lynch syndrome, leading to a large series of tumors. (2) Methods: Patients and their clinical and pathological features were selected from the database of the project GRAPHSENSGASTROINTES and used accordingly, with ethics committee approval no. 32647/2018 awarded by the County Emergency Hospital from Targu-Mures. Analyses were conducted on whole blood, saliva, urine, and tumoral tissue samples using a stochastic method with stochastic microsensors. (3) Results: The results obtained using stochastic sensors were correlated with a series of macroscopic and microscopic pathological features for each sample type. Criteria or relationships were established for tumor location, vascular and perineural invasions, lymph node metastases, the presence of tumor deposits, and the presence of a mucus compound in the tumor mass. (4) Conclusions: The correlation between the concentrations of MSH2 in the four types of samples and the pathological features allowed for the fast characterization of a tumor, which can help surgeons and oncologists choose personalized treatments. Also, the colorectal tumor location was correlated with the concentration of MSH2 in whole blood, urine, and saliva. MSH6, which stands for mutS homolog 6, is not only useful in immunohistochemistry but in pathology practice as well. In this paper, the relationships between MSH6 levels in four biological fluids-whole blood, saliva, urine, and tissues-and tumor locations among the colorectal area, gross features, presence of a mucinous compound, molecular subtype, stroma features, and vascular invasions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Adrian Bratei
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu-Mures, 540139 Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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9
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T N, Govindarajan S, Munavar MH. trans-translation system is important for maintaining genome integrity during DNA damage in bacteria. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104136. [PMID: 37690591 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA integrity in bacteria is regulated by various factors that act on the DNA. trans-translation has previously been shown to be important for the survival of Escherichia coli cells exposed to certain DNA-damaging agents. However, the mechanisms underlying this sensitivity are poorly understood. In this study, we explored the involvement of the trans-translation system in the maintenance of genome integrity using various DNA-damaging agents and mutant backgrounds. Relative viability assays showed that SsrA-defective cells were sensitive to DNA-damaging agents, such as nalidixic acid (NA), ultraviolet radiation (UV), and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). The viability of SsrA-defective cells was rescued by deleting sulA, although the expression of SulA was not more pronounced in SsrA-defective cells than in wild-type cells. Live cell imaging using a Gam-GFP fluorescent reporter showed increased double-strand breaks (DSBs) in SsrA-defective cells during DNA damage. We also showed that the ribosome rescue function of SsrA was sufficient for DNA damage tolerance. DNA damage sensitivity can be alleviated by partial uncoupling of transcription and translation by using sub-lethal concentrations of ribosome inhibiting antibiotic (tetracycline) or by mutating the gene coding for RNase H (rnhA). Taken together, our results highlight the importance of trans-translation system in maintaining genome integrity and bacterial survival during DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan T
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India; Department of Biological Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, India
| | | | - M Hussain Munavar
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India.
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10
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Wolf K, Kosinski J, Gibson TJ, Wesch N, Dötsch V, Genuardi M, Cordisco EL, Zeuzem S, Brieger A, Plotz G. A conserved motif in the disordered linker of human MLH1 is vital for DNA mismatch repair and its function is diminished by a cancer family mutation. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:6307-6320. [PMID: 37224528 PMCID: PMC10325900 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is essential for correction of DNA replication errors. Germline mutations of the human MMR gene MLH1 are the major cause of Lynch syndrome, a heritable cancer predisposition. In the MLH1 protein, a non-conserved, intrinsically disordered region connects two conserved, catalytically active structured domains of MLH1. This region has as yet been regarded as a flexible spacer, and missense alterations in this region have been considered non-pathogenic. However, we have identified and investigated a small motif (ConMot) in this linker which is conserved in eukaryotes. Deletion of the ConMot or scrambling of the motif abolished mismatch repair activity. A mutation from a cancer family within the motif (p.Arg385Pro) also inactivated MMR, suggesting that ConMot alterations can be causative for Lynch syndrome. Intriguingly, the mismatch repair defect of the ConMot variants could be restored by addition of a ConMot peptide containing the deleted sequence. This is the first instance of a DNA mismatch repair defect conferred by a mutation that can be overcome by addition of a small molecule. Based on the experimental data and AlphaFold2 predictions, we suggest that the ConMot may bind close to the C-terminal MLH1-PMS2 endonuclease and modulate its activation during the MMR process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Jan Kosinski
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Toby J Gibson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
| | - Nicole Wesch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Maurizio Genuardi
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome00168, Italy
| | - Emanuela Lucci Cordisco
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome00168, Italy
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Angela Brieger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Guido Plotz
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
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11
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Pham P, Wood EA, Cox MM, Goodman MF. RecA and SSB genome-wide distribution in ssDNA gaps and ends in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:5527-5546. [PMID: 37070184 PMCID: PMC10287960 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gapped regions are common intermediates in DNA transactions. Using a new non-denaturing bisulfite treatment combined with ChIP-seq, abbreviated 'ssGap-seq', we explore RecA and SSB binding to ssDNA on a genomic scale in E. coli in a wide range of genetic backgrounds. Some results are expected. During log phase growth, RecA and SSB assembly profiles coincide globally, concentrated on the lagging strand and enhanced after UV irradiation. Unexpected results also abound. Near the terminus, RecA binding is favored over SSB, binding patterns change in the absence of RecG, and the absence of XerD results in massive RecA assembly. RecA may substitute for the absence of XerCD to resolve chromosome dimers. A RecA loading pathway may exist that is independent of RecBCD and RecFOR. Two prominent and focused peaks of RecA binding revealed a pair of 222 bp and GC-rich repeats, equidistant from dif and flanking the Ter domain. The repeats, here named RRS for replication risk sequence, trigger a genomically programmed generation of post-replication gaps that may play a special role in relieving topological stress during replication termination and chromosome segregation. As demonstrated here, ssGap-seq provides a new window on previously inaccessible aspects of ssDNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Pham
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Michael M Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Myron F Goodman
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA
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12
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Britton BM, London JA, Martin-Lopez J, Jones ND, Liu J, Lee JB, Fishel R. Exploiting the distinctive properties of the bacterial and human MutS homolog sliding clamps on mismatched DNA. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102505. [PMID: 36126773 PMCID: PMC9597889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MutS homologs (MSHs) are highly conserved core components of DNA mismatch repair. Mismatch recognition provokes ATP-binding by MSH proteins that drives a conformational transition from a short-lived lesion-searching clamp to an extremely stable sliding clamp on the DNA. Here, we have expanded on previous bulk biochemical studies to examine the stability, lifetime, and kinetics of bacterial and human MSH sliding clamps on mismatched DNA using surface plasmon resonance and single-molecule analysis of fluorescently labeled proteins. We found that ATP-bound MSH complexes bound to blocked-end or very long mismatched DNAs were extremely stable over a range of ionic conditions. These observations underpinned the development of a high-throughput Förster resonance energy transfer system that specifically detects the formation of MSH sliding clamps on mismatched DNA. The Förster resonance energy transfer system is capable of distinguishing between HsMSH2-HsMSH3 and HsMSH2-HsMSH6 and appears suitable for chemical inhibitor screens. Taken together, our results provide additional insight into MSH sliding clamps as well as methods to distinguish their functions in mismatch repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Britton
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - James A London
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Juana Martin-Lopez
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nathan D Jones
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiaquan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jong-Bong Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea; Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea
| | - Richard Fishel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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13
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Vanderwaeren L, Dok R, Voordeckers K, Nuyts S, Verstrepen KJ. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model System for Eukaryotic Cell Biology, from Cell Cycle Control to DNA Damage Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11665. [PMID: 36232965 PMCID: PMC9570374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used for bread making and beer brewing for thousands of years. In addition, its ease of manipulation, well-annotated genome, expansive molecular toolbox, and its strong conservation of basic eukaryotic biology also make it a prime model for eukaryotic cell biology and genetics. In this review, we discuss the characteristics that made yeast such an extensively used model organism and specifically focus on the DNA damage response pathway as a prime example of how research in S. cerevisiae helped elucidate a highly conserved biological process. In addition, we also highlight differences in the DNA damage response of S. cerevisiae and humans and discuss the challenges of using S. cerevisiae as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vanderwaeren
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rüveyda Dok
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Voordeckers
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Nuyts
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J. Verstrepen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Cueny RR, McMillan SD, Keck JL. G-quadruplexes in bacteria: insights into the regulatory roles and interacting proteins of non-canonical nucleic acid structures. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:539-561. [PMID: 36999585 PMCID: PMC10336854 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2023.2181310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are highly stable, non-canonical DNA or RNA structures that can form in guanine-rich stretches of nucleic acids. G4-forming sequences have been found in all domains of life, and proteins that bind and/or resolve G4s have been discovered in both bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. G4s regulate a variety of cellular processes through inhibitory or stimulatory roles that depend upon their positions within genomes or transcripts. These include potential roles as impediments to genome replication, transcription, and translation or, in other contexts, as activators of genome stability, transcription, and recombination. This duality suggests that G4 sequences can aid cellular processes but that their presence can also be problematic. Despite their documented importance in bacterial species, G4s remain understudied in bacteria relative to eukaryotes. In this review, we highlight the roles of bacterial G4s by discussing their prevalence in bacterial genomes, the proteins that bind and unwind G4s in bacteria, and the processes regulated by bacterial G4s. We identify limitations in our current understanding of the functions of G4s in bacteria and describe new avenues for studying these remarkable nucleic acid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R. Cueny
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Sarah D. McMillan
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - James L. Keck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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15
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Borsellini A, Lebbink JHG, Lamers MH. MutL binds to 3' resected DNA ends and blocks DNA polymerase access. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6224-6234. [PMID: 35670670 PMCID: PMC9226502 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair removes mis-incorporated bases after DNA replication and reduces the error rate a 100–1000-fold. After recognition of a mismatch, a large section of up to a thousand nucleotides is removed from the daughter strand followed by re-synthesis. How these opposite activities are coordinated is poorly understood. Here we show that the Escherichia coli MutL protein binds to the 3′ end of the resected strand and blocks access of Pol I and Pol III. The cryo-EM structure of an 85-kDa MutL-DNA complex, determined to 3.7 Å resolution, reveals a unique DNA binding mode that positions MutL at the 3′ end of a primer-template, but not at a 5′ resected DNA end or a blunt DNA end. Hence, our work reveals a novel role for MutL in the final stages of mismatch repair by preventing premature DNA synthesis during removal of the mismatched strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Borsellini
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce H G Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meindert H Lamers
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Evolutionary Significance of Fungal Hypermutators: Lessons Learned from Clinical Strains and Implications for Fungal Plant Pathogens. mSphere 2022; 7:e0008722. [PMID: 35638358 PMCID: PMC9241500 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00087-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid evolution of fungal pathogens poses a serious threat to medicine and agriculture. The mutation rate determines the pace of evolution of a fungal pathogen. Hypermutator fungal strains have an elevated mutation rate owing to certain defects such as those in the DNA mismatch repair system. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae show that hypermutators expedite evolution by generating beneficial alleles at a faster pace than the wild-type strains. However, an accumulation of deleterious alleles in a hypermutator may reduce its fitness. The balance between fitness cost and mutation benefit determines the prevalence of hypermutators in a population. This balance is affected by a complex interaction of ploidy, mode of reproduction, population size, and recent population history. Studies in human fungal pathogens like Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus deuterogattii, and Cryptococcus neoformans have highlighted the importance of hypermutators in host adaptation and development of antifungal resistance. However, a critical examination of hypermutator biology, experimental evolution studies, and epidemiological studies suggests that hypermutators may impact evolutionary investigations. This review aims to integrate the knowledge about biology, experimental evolution, and dynamics of fungal hypermutators to critically examine the evolutionary role of hypermutators in fungal pathogen populations and project implications of hypermutators in the evolution of fungal plant pathogen populations. Understanding the factors determining the emergence and evolution of fungal hypermutators can open a novel avenue of managing rapidly evolving fungal pathogens in medicine and agriculture.
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17
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De Jaeger-Braet J, Krause L, Buchholz A, Schnittger A. Heat stress reveals a specialized variant of the pachytene checkpoint in meiosis of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:433-454. [PMID: 34718750 PMCID: PMC8846176 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and fertility strongly depend on environmental conditions such as temperature. Remarkably, temperature also influences meiotic recombination and thus, the current climate change will affect the genetic make-up of plants. To better understand the effects of temperature on meiosis, we followed male meiocytes in Arabidopsis thaliana by live cell imaging under three temperature regimes: at 21°C; at heat shock conditions of 30°C and 34°C; after an acclimatization phase of 1 week at 30°C. This work led to a cytological framework of meiotic progression at elevated temperature. We determined that an increase from 21°C to 30°C speeds up meiosis with specific phases being more amenable to heat than others. An acclimatization phase often moderated this effect. A sudden increase to 34°C promoted a faster progression of early prophase compared to 21°C. However, the phase in which cross-overs mature was prolonged at 34°C. Since mutants involved in the recombination pathway largely did not show the extension of this phase at 34°C, we conclude that the delay is recombination-dependent. Further analysis also revealed the involvement of the ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED kinase in this prolongation, indicating the existence of a pachytene checkpoint in plants, yet in a specialized form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke De Jaeger-Braet
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda Krause
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anika Buchholz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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O’Brown ZK, Greer EL. N6-methyladenine: A Rare and Dynamic DNA Mark. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1389:177-210. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11454-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Bilotti K, Potapov V, Pryor JM, Duckworth AT, Keck J, Lohman GJS. OUP accepted manuscript. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:4647-4658. [PMID: 35438779 PMCID: PMC9071435 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Potapov
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - John M Pryor
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - Alexander T Duckworth
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - James L Keck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gregory J S Lohman
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 978 998 7916; Fax: +1 978 921 1350;
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20
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Inoue K, Takada S, Terakawa T. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of base-pair mismatch recognition protein MutS sliding along DNA. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:1-16. [PMID: 35797408 PMCID: PMC9173861 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatches are frequently generated by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors including DNA replication errors, oxygen species, ultraviolet, and ionizing radiation. These mismatches should be corrected by the mismatches repair (MMR) pathway to maintain genome integrity. In the Escherichia coli (E. coli) MMR pathway, MutS searches and recognizes a base-pair mismatch from millions of base-pairs. Once recognized, ADP bound to MutS is exchanged with ATP, which induces a conformational change in MutS. Previous single-molecule fluorescence microscopy studies have suggested that ADP-bound MutS temporarily slides along double-stranded DNA in a rotation-coupled manner to search a base-pair mismatch and so does ATP-bound MutS in a rotation-uncoupled manner. However, the detailed structural dynamics of the sliding remains unclear. In this study, we performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the E. coli MutS bound on DNA in three different conformations: ADP-bound (MutSADP), ATP-bound open clamp (MutSOpenATP), and ATP-bound closed clamp (MutSClosedATP) conformations. In the simulations, we observed conformation-dependent diffusion of MutS along DNA. MutSADP and MutSClosedATP diffused along DNA in a rotation-coupled manner with rare and frequent groove-crossing events, respectively. In the groove-crossing events, MutS overcame an edge of a groove and temporarily diffused in a rotation-uncoupled manner. It was also indicated that mismatch searches by MutSOpenATP is inefficient in terms of mismatch checking even though it diffuses along DNA and reaches unchecked regions more rapidly than MutSADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Inoue
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
| | - Shoji Takada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
| | - Tsuyoshi Terakawa
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
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21
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Abstract
The pathogenic consequences of 369 unique human HsMLH1 missense variants has been hampered by the lack of a detailed function in mismatch repair (MMR). Here single-molecule images show that HsMSH2-HsMSH6 provides a platform for HsMLH1-HsPMS2 to form a stable sliding clamp on mismatched DNA. The mechanics of sliding clamp progression solves a significant operational puzzle in MMR and provides explicit predictions for the distribution of clinically relevant HsMLH1 missense mutations.
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22
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Elez M. Mismatch Repair: From Preserving Genome Stability to Enabling Mutation Studies in Real-Time Single Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061535. [PMID: 34207040 PMCID: PMC8235422 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mismatch Repair (MMR) is an important and conserved keeper of the maintenance of genetic information. Miroslav Radman's contributions to the field of MMR are multiple and tremendous. One of the most notable was to provide, along with Bob Wagner and Matthew Meselson, the first direct evidence for the existence of the methyl-directed MMR. The purpose of this review is to outline several aspects and biological implications of MMR that his work has helped unveil, including the role of MMR during replication and recombination editing, and the current understanding of its mechanism. The review also summarizes recent discoveries related to the visualization of MMR components and discusses how it has helped shape our understanding of the coupling of mismatch recognition to replication. Finally, the author explains how visualization of MMR components has paved the way to the study of spontaneous mutations in living cells in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Elez
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin (LJP), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
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23
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Control of Genome Stability by EndoMS/NucS-Mediated Non-Canonical Mismatch Repair. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061314. [PMID: 34070467 PMCID: PMC8228993 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA repair endonuclease EndoMS/NucS is highly conserved in Archaea and Actinobacteria. This enzyme is able to recognize and cleave dsDNA carrying a mismatched base pair, and its activity is enhanced by the interaction with the sliding clamp of the replisome. Today, EndoMS/NucS has been established as the key protein of a non-canonical mismatch repair (MMR) pathway, acting specifically in the repair of transitions and being essential for maintaining genome stability. Despite having some particularities, such as its lower activity on transversions and the inability to correct indels, EndoMS/NucS meets the main hallmarks of a MMR. Its absence leads to a hypermutator phenotype, a transition-biased mutational spectrum and an increase in homeologous recombination. Interestingly, polymorphic EndoMS/NucS variants with a possible effect in mutation rate have been detected in clinical isolates of the relevant actinobacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Considering that MMR defects are often associated with the emergence of resistant bacteria, the existence of EndoMS/NucS-defective mutators could have an important role in the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis. Therefore, a further understanding of the EndoMS/NucS-mediated non-canonical MMR pathway may reveal new strategies to predict and fight drug resistance. This review is focused on the recent progress in NucS, with special emphasis on its effect on genome stability and evolvability in Actinobacteria.
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24
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Effect of mismatch repair on the mutational footprint of the bacterial SOS mutator activity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 103:103130. [PMID: 33991871 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial SOS response to DNA damage induces an error-prone repair program that is mutagenic. In Escherichia coli, SOS-induced mutations are caused by the translesion synthesis (TLS) activity of two error-prone polymerases (EPPs), Pol IV and Pol V. The mutational footprint of the EPPs is confounded by both DNA damage and repair, as mutations are targeted to DNA lesions via TLS and corrected by the mismatch repair (MMR) system. To remove these factors and assess untargeted EPP mutations genome-wide, we constructed spontaneous SOS mutator strains deficient in MMR, then analyzed their mutational footprints by mutation accumulation and whole genome sequencing. Our analysis reveals new features of untargeted SOS-mutagenesis, showing how MMR alters its spectrum, sequence specificity, and strand-bias. Our data support a model where the EPPs prefer to act on the lagging strand of the replication fork, producing base pair mismatches that are differentially repaired by MMR depending on the type of mismatch.
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25
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Pećina-Šlaus N, Kafka A, Salamon I, Bukovac A. Mismatch Repair Pathway, Genome Stability and Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:122. [PMID: 32671096 PMCID: PMC7332687 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of genomic instability is one of the key characteristics of the cancer cell, and microsatellite instability (MSI) is an important segment of this phenomenon. This review aims to describe the mismatch DNA repair (MMR) system whose deficiency is responsible for MSI and discuss the cellular roles of MMR genes. Malfunctioning of the MMR repair pathway increases the mutational burden of specific cancers and is often involved in its etiology, sometimes as an influential bystander and sometimes as the main driving force. Detecting the presence of MSI has for a long time been an important part of clinical diagnostics, but has still not achieved its full potential. The MSI blueprints of specific tumors are useful for precize grading, evaluation of cancer chance and prognosis and to help us understand how and why therapy-resistant cancers arise. Furthermore, evidence indicates that MSI is an important predictive biomarker for the application of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pećina-Šlaus
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Kafka
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Salamon
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Anja Bukovac
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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26
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Mardenborough YSN, Nitsenko K, Laffeber C, Duboc C, Sahin E, Quessada-Vial A, Winterwerp HHK, Sixma TK, Kanaar R, Friedhoff P, Strick TR, Lebbink JHG. The unstructured linker arms of MutL enable GATC site incision beyond roadblocks during initiation of DNA mismatch repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11667-11680. [PMID: 31598722 PMCID: PMC6902014 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) maintains genome stability through repair of DNA replication errors. In Escherichia coli, initiation of MMR involves recognition of the mismatch by MutS, recruitment of MutL, activation of endonuclease MutH and DNA strand incision at a hemimethylated GATC site. Here, we studied the mechanism of communication that couples mismatch recognition to daughter strand incision. We investigated the effect of catalytically-deficient Cas9 as well as stalled RNA polymerase as roadblocks placed on DNA in between the mismatch and GATC site in ensemble and single molecule nanomanipulation incision assays. The MMR proteins were observed to incise GATC sites beyond a roadblock, albeit with reduced efficiency. This residual incision is completely abolished upon shortening the disordered linker regions of MutL. These results indicate that roadblock bypass can be fully attributed to the long, disordered linker regions in MutL and establish that communication during MMR initiation occurs along the DNA backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Nitsenko
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR7592, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Charlie Laffeber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Camille Duboc
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR7592, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Enes Sahin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Audrey Quessada-Vial
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR7592, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | | | - Titia K Sixma
- Oncode Institute, the Netherlands.,Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedhoff
- Institute for Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Terence R Strick
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR7592, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Programme "Equipe Labellisée", Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer
| | - Joyce H G Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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27
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Hirotsu Y, Nagakubo Y, Amemiya K, Oyama T, Mochizuki H, Omata M. Microsatellite instability status is determined by targeted sequencing with MSIcall in 25 cancer types. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 502:207-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Liu J, Lee R, Britton BM, London JA, Yang K, Hanne J, Lee JB, Fishel R. MutL sliding clamps coordinate exonuclease-independent Escherichia coli mismatch repair. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5294. [PMID: 31757945 PMCID: PMC6876574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A shared paradigm of mismatch repair (MMR) across biology depicts extensive exonuclease-driven strand-specific excision that begins at a distant single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) break and proceeds back past the mismatched nucleotides. Historical reconstitution studies concluded that Escherichia coli (Ec) MMR employed EcMutS, EcMutL, EcMutH, EcUvrD, EcSSB and one of four ssDNA exonucleases to accomplish excision. Recent single-molecule images demonstrated that EcMutS and EcMutL formed cascading sliding clamps on a mismatched DNA that together assisted EcMutH in introducing ssDNA breaks at distant newly replicated GATC sites. Here we visualize the complete strand-specific excision process and find that long-lived EcMutL sliding clamps capture EcUvrD helicase near the ssDNA break, significantly increasing its unwinding processivity. EcSSB modulates the EcMutL–EcUvrD unwinding dynamics, which is rarely accompanied by extensive ssDNA exonuclease digestion. Together these observations are consistent with an exonuclease-independent MMR strand excision mechanism that relies on EcMutL–EcUvrD helicase-driven displacement of ssDNA segments between adjacent EcMutH–GATC incisions. The mechanics of MMR strand specific excision that begins at a distant ssDNA break are not yet clear. Here the authors have used multiple single molecule imaging techniques to visualize the behavior of MMR components on mismatched DNA substrates and reveal an exonuclease-independent mechanism for E.coli MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaquan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ryanggeun Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Brooke M Britton
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - James A London
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Keunsang Yang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Jeungphill Hanne
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jong-Bong Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea. .,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea.
| | - Richard Fishel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Exploring the Binding Mechanism and Dynamics of EndoMS/NucS to Mismatched dsDNA. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205142. [PMID: 31627318 PMCID: PMC6829318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known mismatch repair (MMR) machinery, MutS/MutL, is absent in numerous Archaea and some Bacteria. Recent studies have shown that EndoMS/NucS has the ability to cleave double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) containing a mismatched base pair, which suggests a novel mismatch repair process. However, the recognition mechanism and the binding process of EndoMS/NucS in the MMR pathway remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the binding dynamics of EndoMS/NucS to mismatched dsDNA and its energy as a function of the angle between the two C-terminal domains of EndoMS/NucS, through molecular docking and extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is found that there exists a half-open transition state corresponding to an energy barrier (at an activation angle of approximately 80∘) between the open state and the closed state, according to the energy curve. When the angle is larger than the activation angle, the C-terminal domains can move freely and tend to change to the open state (local energy minimum). Otherwise, the C-terminal domains will interact with the mismatched dsDNA directly and converge to the closed state at the global energy minimum. As such, this two-state system enables the exposed N-terminal domains of EndoMS/NucS to recognize mismatched dsDNA during the open state and then stabilize the binding of the C-terminal domains of EndoMS/NucS to the mismatched dsDNA during the closed state. We also investigate how the EndoMS/NucS recognizes and binds to mismatched dsDNA, as well as the effects of K+ ions. The results provide insights into the recognition and binding mechanisms of EndoMS/NucS to mismatched dsDNA in the MMR pathway.
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Nirwal S, Kulkarni DS, Sharma A, Rao DN, Nair DT. Mechanism of formation of a toroid around DNA by the mismatch sensor protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:256-266. [PMID: 29182773 PMCID: PMC5758902 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway removes errors that appear during genome replication. MutS is the primary mismatch sensor and forms an asymmetric dimer that encircles DNA to bend it to scan for mismatches. The mechanism utilized to load DNA into the central tunnel was unknown and the origin of the force required to bend DNA was unclear. We show that, in absence of DNA, MutS forms a symmetric dimer wherein a gap exists between the monomers through which DNA can enter the central tunnel. The comparison with structures of MutS-DNA complexes suggests that the mismatch scanning monomer (Bm) will move by nearly 50 Å to associate with the other monomer (Am). Consequently, the N-terminal domains of both monomers will press onto DNA to bend it. The proposed mechanism of toroid formation evinces that the force required to bend DNA arises primarily due to the movement of Bm and hence, the MutS dimer acts like a pair of pliers to bend DNA. We also shed light on the allosteric mechanism that influences the expulsion of adenosine triphosphate from Am on DNA binding. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insight regarding the primary event in MMR i.e. the assembly of the MutS-DNA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivlee Nirwal
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhananjaya S Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- TERI-DIAKEN Nanobiotechnolgy Centre, TERI-Gram, Gual Pahari, Gurgaon-Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, 122001, Haryana, India
| | - Desirazu N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak T Nair
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
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31
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Tamura K, Kaneda M, Futagawa M, Takeshita M, Kim S, Nakama M, Kawashita N, Tatsumi-Miyajima J. Genetic and genomic basis of the mismatch repair system involved in Lynch syndrome. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:999-1011. [PMID: 31273487 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is a cancer-predisposing syndrome inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner, wherein colon cancer and endometrial cancer develop frequently in the family, it results from a loss-of-function mutation in one of four different genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) encoding mismatch repair proteins. Being located immediately upstream of the MSH2 gene, EPCAM abnormalities can affect MSH2 and cause Lynch syndrome. Mismatch repair proteins are involved in repairing of incorrect pairing (point mutations and deletion/insertion of simple repetitive sequences, so-called microsatellites) that can arise during DNA replication. MSH2 forms heterodimers with MSH6 or MSH3 (MutSα, MutSβ, respectively) and is involved in mismatch-pair recognition and initiation of repair. MLH1 forms a complex with PMS2, and functions as an endonuclease. If the mismatch repair system is thoroughly working, genome integrity is maintained completely. Lynch syndrome is a state of mismatch repair deficiency due to a monoallelic abnormality of any mismatch repair genes. The phenotype indicating the mismatch repair deficiency can be frequently shown as a microsatellite instability in tumors. Children with germline biallelic mismatch repair gene abnormalities were reported to develop conditions such as gastrointestinal polyposis, colorectal cancer, brain cancer, leukemia, etc., and so on, demonstrating the need to respond with new concepts in genetic counseling. In promoting cancer genome medicine in a new era, such as by utilizing immune checkpoints, it is important to understand the genetic and genomic molecular background, including the status of mismatch repair deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tamura
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan.
| | - Motohide Kaneda
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Mashu Futagawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Miho Takeshita
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Sanghyuk Kim
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Mina Nakama
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Junko Tatsumi-Miyajima
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
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32
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Liu J, Lee JB, Fishel R. Stochastic Processes and Component Plasticity Governing DNA Mismatch Repair. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4456-4468. [PMID: 29864444 PMCID: PMC6461355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a DNA excision-resynthesis process that principally enhances replication fidelity. Highly conserved MutS (MSH) and MutL (MLH/PMS) homologs initiate MMR and in higher eukaryotes act as DNA damage sensors that can trigger apoptosis. MSH proteins recognize mismatched nucleotides, whereas the MLH/PMS proteins mediate multiple interactions associated with downstream MMR events including strand discrimination and strand-specific excision that are initiated at a significant distance from the mismatch. Remarkably, the biophysical functions of the MLH/PMS proteins have been elusive for decades. Here we consider recent observations that have helped to define the mechanics of MLH/PMS proteins and their role in choreographing MMR. We highlight the stochastic nature of DNA interactions that have been visualized by single-molecule analysis and the plasticity of protein complexes that employ thermal diffusion to complete the progressions of MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaquan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Jong-Bong Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 790-784, Pohang, Korea; Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, 790-784, Pohang, Korea.
| | - Richard Fishel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.
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33
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Xiao Y, Chu XN, He M, Liu XC, Hu JY. Impact of UVA pre-radiation on UVC disinfection performance: Inactivation, repair and mechanism study. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:279-288. [PMID: 29800836 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light emission diode (LED), which is mercury free and theoretically more energy efficient, has now become an alternative to conventional UV lamps in water disinfection industry. In this research, the disinfection performance of a novel sequential process, UVA365nm LED followed by UVC265nm LED (UVA-UVC), was evaluated. The results revealed that the responses of different bacterial strains to UVA-UVC varied. Coupled with appropriate dosages of UVC, a 20 min UVA pre-radiation provided higher inactivations (log inactivation) of E. coli ATCC 11229, 15597 and 700891 by 1.2, 1.4 and 1.2 times, respectively than the sum of inactivations by UVA alone and UVC alone. On the contrary, the inactivation of E. coli ATCC 25922, the most UVC sensitive strain, decreased from 3 log to 1.8 log after UVA pre-radiation. A 30 min UVA pre-radiation did not affect the photo repair capacity of the four strains (n = 23, p > 0.1), but their dark repair ability was significantly inhibited (n = 14, p < 0.05). Mechanism study was conducted for two representative strains, E. coli ATCC 15597 and 25922 to understand the observed effect. The hypothesis that UVA pre-radiation promoted the yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was rejected. ELISA results indicated that 18% more cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) were formed in E. coli ATCC 15597 with UVA pre-radiation (n = 3, p < 0.01), however, the CPD levels of E. coli ATCC 25922 was the same with or without UVA pre-radiation (n = 3, p > 0.01). Considering the results of both dark repair and CPD formation, it was concluded that the increased UV sensitivity of E. coli 15597 was originated from the increased CPD. For E. coli ATCC 25922, the enhanced UV resistance was attributed to the strain's adoption of a survival strategy, translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), when triggered by UVA pre-radiation. The study on UmuD protein, which is a key protein during TLS, confirmed this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - X N Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - M He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - X C Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - J Y Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
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34
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Gruber CC, Walker GC. Incomplete base excision repair contributes to cell death from antibiotics and other stresses. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 71:108-117. [PMID: 30181041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous lethal stresses in bacteria including antibiotics, thymineless death, and MalE-LacZ expression trigger an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species. This results in the oxidation of the nucleotide pool by radicals produced by Fenton chemistry. Following the incorporation of these oxidized nucleotides into the genome, the cell's unsuccessful attempt to repair these lesions through base excision repair (BER) contributes causally to the lethality of these stresses. We review the evidence for this phenomenon of incomplete BER-mediated cell death and discuss how better understanding this pathway could contribute to the development of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley C Gruber
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Graham C Walker
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
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35
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Takemoto N, Numata I, Su’etsugu M, Miyoshi-Akiyama T. Bacterial EndoMS/NucS acts as a clamp-mediated mismatch endonuclease to prevent asymmetric accumulation of replication errors. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:6152-6165. [PMID: 29878158 PMCID: PMC6159521 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) systems based on MutS eliminate mismatches originating from replication errors. Despite extensive conservation of mutS homologues throughout the three domains of life, Actinobacteria and some archaea do not have genes homologous to mutS. Here, we report that EndoMS/NucS of Corynebacterium glutamicum is the mismatch-specific endonuclease that functions cooperatively with a sliding clamp. EndoMS/NucS function in MMR was fully dependent on physical interaction between EndoMS/NucS and sliding clamp. A combination of endoMS/nucS gene disruption and a mutation in dnaE, which reduced the fidelity of DNA polymerase, increased the mutation rate synergistically and confirmed the participation of EndoMS in replication error correction. EndoMS specifically cleaved G/T, G/G and T/T mismatches in vitro, and such substrate specificity was consistent with the mutation spectrum observed in genome-wide analyses. The observed substrate specificity of EndoMS, together with the effects of endoMS gene disruption, led us to speculate that the MMR system, regardless of the types of proteins in the system, evolved to address asymmetrically occurring replication errors in which G/T mismatches occur much more frequently than C/A mismatches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Takemoto
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Itaru Numata
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Su’etsugu
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyoshi-Akiyama
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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36
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Cama A, Genuardi M, Guanti G, Radice P, Varesco L. Molecular Genetics of Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 82:122-35. [PMID: 8644374 DOI: 10.1177/030089169608200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The story of the molecular genetics of HNPCC is one of astonishingly rapid achievements. In just 16 months, from May 1993 to September 1994, four different genes, namely hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1 and hPMS2 have been identified and demonstrated to be associated with the disease. Their cloning was facilitated by the finding that tumor cells in HNPCC patients display a hypermutability of DNA short tandem repeats (microsatellite instability). In fact, HNPCC associated genes are the human counterparts of genetic elements known to control the fidelity of DNA replication in lower organisms. So far, more than 50 germline mutations of hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes have been reported in HNPCC kindreds. In addition, somatic mutations have been documented in hereditary as well as sporadic cancers. Unfortunately, the molecular diagnosis of HNPCC is hampered by the lack of mutational “hot spots” and of clearly defined genotype-phenotype correlations and different screening methods are to be employed for the analysis of affected and at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cama
- Cattedra di Patologia Generale, Università Gabriele D'Annuzio, Chieti,Italy
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37
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Billmyre RB, Clancey SA, Heitman J. Natural mismatch repair mutations mediate phenotypic diversity and drug resistance in Cryptococcus deuterogattii. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28948913 PMCID: PMC5614558 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes confront an evolutionary conflict between the pressure to maintain genome stability and the need to adapt to mounting external stresses. Bacteria often respond with elevated mutation rates, but little evidence exists of stable eukaryotic hypermutators in nature. Whole genome resequencing of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus deuterogattii identified an outbreak lineage characterized by a nonsense mutation in the mismatch repair component MSH2. This defect results in a moderate mutation rate increase in typical genes, and a larger increase in genes containing homopolymer runs. This allows facile inactivation of genes with coding homopolymer runs including FRR1, which encodes the target of the immunosuppresive antifungal drugs FK506 and rapamycin. Our study identifies a eukaryotic hypermutator lineage spread over two continents and suggests that pathogenic eukaryotic microbes may experience similar selection pressures on mutation rate as bacterial pathogens, particularly during long periods of clonal growth or while expanding into new environments. As humans, we often think of genetic mutations as being bad. Over the past several decades we have seen health warnings issued on a variety of environmental exposures, from cigarettes to tanning beds, and with good reason because they cause mutations. For multicellular organisms like humans, these mutations are strongly associated with cancer. But in bacteria, this is not true. In fact, the rate at which mutations occur sometimes increases to help bacteria cope with stressful environments. Unlike bacteria, humans are eukaryotes – the name given to organisms whose cells contain different compartments separated by membranes, such as the nucleus of the cell. For years, we have assumed that eukaryotic microbes, like fungi and parasites, act more like humans than like bacteria because work in budding yeast (another eukaryote) has suggested this to be the case. However, recent work in disease-causing fungi has shown that, much like bacteria, elevated mutation rates may help them to respond to stress. This could also enable fungi to become resistant to drugs used to treat fungal infections. Cryptococcus deuterogattii is a fungus that causes human diseases including meningoencephalitis and a lung infection called pulmonary cryptococcosis. An ongoing outbreak of the fungus began in the Pacific Northwest of Canada in the late 1990s and emerged in the United States in 2006/2007. Among isolates closely related to those fungi causing the outbreak, three were found that appear to have a specific mutation in their DNA mismatch repair pathway, meaning that they may also experience a higher mutation rate. These strains are also less able to cause disease than others. Billmyre et al. now demonstrate experimentally that all three isolates have a specific DNA mismatch repair defect, and show that these fungi experience elevated mutation rates, resulting in what is known as a hypermutator state. Furthermore, whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that these hypermutator strains are derived from the outbreak-causing fungi, and that their reduced ability to cause disease is likely a result of accumulating mutations and the loss of the ability to grow at the higher temperatures found in the human body. Fungal infections are difficult to treat, in part because there are a limited number of available drugs. Elevated mutation rates will likely increase how often and how rapidly fungi develop resistance to these drugs. Understanding how commonly fungi exhibit a hypermutator state that could impact the development of drug resistance will therefore be important for treating patients with fungal infections, which account for millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths annually worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blake Billmyre
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Shelly Applen Clancey
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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Abstract
Sebaceous neoplasms such as adenoma, sebaceoma, and carcinoma, although sporadic in their occurrence, are clinically significant because of their association with Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS). MTS is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by the occurrence of sebaceous neoplasms and/or keratoacanthomas and visceral malignancies. MTS is usually the result of germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2 and, albeit less commonly, MLH1. Although less know, MSH6 is yet another key player. Evidence from Lynch syndrome indicates that pathogenic germline mutations in MSH6 are typically microsatellite stable and have a clinical presentation that differs from that associated with germline mutations in MSH2 and/or MLH1. Given this unique mutator phenotype of MSH6, the primary aim of this review was to underscore the clinical manifestations associated with pathogenic mutations in MSH6 in patients with MTS. As the current clinical and laboratory work-up of MTS is geared toward patients harboring a germline mutation in MSH2 and/or MLH1, an additional aim was to provide a scaffolding for the work-up of a patient presenting with an isolated germline mutation in MSH6.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
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40
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Modrich P. Mechanismen der Fehlpaarungsreparatur in E. coliund im Menschen (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Modrich
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry; Duke University, Medical Center; Durham NC 27710 USA
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41
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Modrich P. Mechanisms in E. coli and Human Mismatch Repair (Nobel Lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8490-501. [PMID: 27198632 PMCID: PMC5193110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA molecules are not completely stable, they are subject to chemical or photochemical damage and errors that occur during DNA replication resulting in mismatched base pairs. Through mechanistic studies Paul Modrich showed how replication errors are corrected by strand-directed mismatch repair in Escherichia coli and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Modrich
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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42
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Extended Abstracts. Toxicol Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/019262339702500633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Hermans N, Laffeber C, Cristovão M, Artola-Borán M, Mardenborough Y, Ikpa P, Jaddoe A, Winterwerp HHK, Wyman C, Jiricny J, Kanaar R, Friedhoff P, Lebbink JHG. Dual daughter strand incision is processive and increases the efficiency of DNA mismatch repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6770-86. [PMID: 27174933 PMCID: PMC5001592 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an evolutionarily-conserved process responsible for the repair of replication errors. In Escherichia coli, MMR is initiated by MutS and MutL, which activate MutH to incise transiently-hemimethylated GATC sites. MMR efficiency depends on the distribution of these GATC sites. To understand which molecular events determine repair efficiency, we quantitatively studied the effect of strand incision on unwinding and excision activity. The distance between mismatch and GATC site did not influence the strand incision rate, and an increase in the number of sites enhanced incision only to a minor extent. Two GATC sites were incised by the same activated MMR complex in a processive manner, with MutS, the closed form of MutL and MutH displaying different roles. Unwinding and strand excision were more efficient on a substrate with two nicks flanking the mismatch, as compared to substrates containing a single nick or two nicks on the same side of the mismatch. Introduction of multiple nicks by the human MutLα endonuclease also contributed to increased repair efficiency. Our data support a general model of prokaryotic and eukaryotic MMR in which, despite mechanistic differences, mismatch-activated complexes facilitate efficient repair by creating multiple daughter strand nicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas Hermans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Charlie Laffeber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Michele Cristovão
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Mariela Artola-Borán
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research of the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yannicka Mardenborough
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Ikpa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Aruna Jaddoe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Herrie H K Winterwerp
- Division of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Wyman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josef Jiricny
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research of the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedhoff
- Institute for Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joyce H G Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ishino S, Nishi Y, Oda S, Uemori T, Sagara T, Takatsu N, Yamagami T, Shirai T, Ishino Y. Identification of a mismatch-specific endonuclease in hyperthermophilic Archaea. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2977-86. [PMID: 27001046 PMCID: PMC4838380 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The common mismatch repair system processed by MutS and MutL and their homologs was identified in Bacteria and Eukarya. However, no evidence of a functional MutS/L homolog has been reported for archaeal organisms, and it is not known whether the mismatch repair system is conserved in Archaea. Here, we describe an endonuclease that cleaves double-stranded DNA containing a mismatched base pair, from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus The corresponding gene revealed that the activity originates from PF0012, and we named this enzyme Endonuclease MS (EndoMS) as the mismatch-specific Endonuclease. The sequence similarity suggested that EndoMS is the ortholog of NucS isolated from Pyrococcus abyssi, published previously. Biochemical characterizations of the EndoMS homolog from Thermococcus kodakarensis clearly showed that EndoMS specifically cleaves both strands of double-stranded DNA into 5'-protruding forms, with the mismatched base pair in the central position. EndoMS cleaves G/T, G/G, T/T, T/C and A/G mismatches, with a more preference for G/T, G/G and T/T, but has very little or no effect on C/C, A/C and A/A mismatches. The discovery of this endonuclease suggests the existence of a novel mismatch repair process, initiated by the double-strand break generated by the EndoMS endonuclease, in Archaea and some Bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Ishino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Soichiro Oda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takashi Uemori
- Takara Bio Inc., Nojihigashi 7-4-38, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0058, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sagara
- Takara Bio Inc., Nojihigashi 7-4-38, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0058, Japan
| | - Nariaki Takatsu
- Takara Bio Inc., Nojihigashi 7-4-38, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0058, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamagami
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Ishino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Rodriges Blanko E, Kadyrova LY, Kadyrov FA. DNA Mismatch Repair Interacts with CAF-1- and ASF1A-H3-H4-dependent Histone (H3-H4)2 Tetramer Deposition. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9203-17. [PMID: 26945061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.713271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is required for the maintenance of genome stability and protection of humans from several types of cancer. Human MMR occurs in the chromatin environment, but little is known about the interactions between MMR and the chromatin environment. Previous research has suggested that MMR coincides with replication-coupled assembly of the newly synthesized DNA into nucleosomes. The first step in replication-coupled nucleosome assembly is CAF-1-dependent histone (H3-H4)2 tetramer deposition, a process that involves ASF1A-H3-H4 complex. In this work we used reconstituted human systems to investigate interactions between MMR and CAF-1- and ASF1A-H3-H4-dependent histone (H3-H4)2 tetramer deposition. We have found that MutSα inhibits CAF-1- and ASF1A-H3-H4-dependent packaging of a DNA mismatch into a tetrasome. This finding supports the idea that MMR occurs before the DNA mismatch is packaged into the tetrasome. Our experiments have also revealed that CAF-1- and ASF1A-H3-H4-dependent deposition of the histone (H3-H4)2 tetramers does not interfere with MMR reactions. In addition, we have established that unnecessary degradation of the discontinuous strand that takes place in both DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ)- and DNA polymerase ϵ (Pol ϵ)-dependent MMR reactions is suppressed by CAF-1- and ASF1A-H3-H4-dependent deposition of the histone (H3-H4)2 tetramers. These data suggest that CAF-1- and ASF1A-H3-H4-dependent deposition of the histone (H3-H4)2 tetramers is compatible with MMR and protects the discontinuous daughter strand from unnecessary degradation by MMR machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodriges Blanko
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - Lyudmila Y Kadyrova
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - Farid A Kadyrov
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
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Jordan B. [A Nobel Prize for DNA repair]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:117-9. [PMID: 26850617 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163201019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This year's Nobel Prize for chemistry recognizes the seminal contributions of three researchers who discovered the existence and the basic mechanisms of DNA repair: base excision repair, mismatch repair, and nucleotide excision repair. They have since been joined by many scientists elucidating diverse aspects of these complex mechanisms that now constitute a thriving research field with many applications, notably for understanding oncogenesis and devising more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Jordan
- UMR 7268 ADÉS, Aix-Marseille, Université/EFS/CNRS, Espace éthique méditerranéen, hôpital d'adultes la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France - CoReBio PACA, case 901, parc scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Kadyrova LY, Kadyrov FA. Endonuclease activities of MutLα and its homologs in DNA mismatch repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 38:42-49. [PMID: 26719141 PMCID: PMC4820397 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MutLα is a key component of the DNA mismatch repair system in eukaryotes. The DNA mismatch repair system has several genetic stabilization functions. Of these functions, DNA mismatch repair is the major one. The loss of MutLα abolishes DNA mismatch repair, thereby predisposing humans to cancer. MutLα has an endonuclease activity that is required for DNA mismatch repair. The endonuclease activity of MutLα depends on the DQHA(X)2E(X)4E motif which is a part of the active site of the nuclease. This motif is also present in many bacterial MutL and eukaryotic MutLγ proteins, DNA mismatch repair system factors that are homologous to MutLα. Recent studies have shown that yeast MutLγ and several MutL proteins containing the DQHA(X)2E(X)4E motif possess endonuclease activities. Here, we review the endonuclease activities of MutLα and its homologs in the context of DNA mismatch repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Y Kadyrova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Farid A Kadyrov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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O'Brown ZK, Greer EL. N6-Methyladenine: A Conserved and Dynamic DNA Mark. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 945:213-246. [PMID: 27826841 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43624-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin, consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) wrapped around histone proteins, facilitates DNA compaction and allows identical DNA codes to confer many different cellular phenotypes. This biological versatility is accomplished in large part by posttranslational modifications to histones and chemical modifications to DNA. These modifications direct the cellular machinery to expand or compact specific chromatin regions and mark regions of the DNA as important for cellular functions. While each of the four bases that make up DNA can be modified (Iyer et al. 2011), this chapter will focus on methylation of the sixth position on adenines (6mA), as this modification has been poorly characterized in recently evolved eukaryotes, but shows promise as a new conserved layer of epigenetic regulation. 6mA was previously thought to be restricted to unicellular organisms, but recent work has revealed its presence in metazoa. Here, we will briefly describe the history of 6mA, examine its evolutionary conservation, and evaluate the current methods for detecting 6mA. We will discuss the enzymes that bind and regulate this mark and finally examine known and potential functions of 6mA in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Klapholz O'Brown
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Eric Lieberman Greer
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Li GM. Celebrating the work of Nobel Laureate Paul Modrich. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 59:93-6. [PMID: 26687727 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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