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Tewari M, Michalski S, Egan TM. Modulation of Microglial Function by ATP-Gated P2X7 Receptors: Studies in Rat, Mice and Human. Cells 2024; 13:161. [PMID: 38247852 PMCID: PMC10814008 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are a family of seven ATP-gated ion channels that trigger physiological and pathophysiological responses in a variety of cells. Five of the family members are sensitive to low concentrations of extracellular ATP, while the P2X6 receptor has an unknown affinity. The last subtype, the P2X7 receptor, is unique in requiring millimolar concentrations to fully activate in humans. This low sensitivity imparts the agonist with the ability to act as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers the innate immune response in response to the elevated levels of extracellular ATP that accompany inflammation and tissue damage. In this review, we focus on microglia because they are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, and they activate in response to ATP or its synthetic analog, BzATP. We start by introducing purinergic receptors and then briefly consider the roles that microglia play in neurodevelopment and disease by referencing both original works and relevant reviews. Next, we move to the role of extracellular ATP and P2X receptors in initiating and/or modulating innate immunity in the central nervous system. While most of the data that we review involve work on mice and rats, we highlight human studies of P2X7R whenever possible.
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2
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Alberto AVP, Ferreira NCDS, Bonavita AGC, Nihei OK, de Farias FP, Bisaggio RDC, de Albuquerque C, Savino W, Coutinho‐Silva R, Persechini PM, Alves LA. Physiologic roles of P2 receptors in leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:983-1012. [PMID: 35837975 PMCID: PMC9796137 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ru0421-226rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1970s, purinergic receptors have been shown to play key roles in a wide variety of biologic systems and cell types. In the immune system, purinergic receptors participate in innate immunity and in the modulation of the adaptive immune response. In particular, P2 receptors, which respond to extracellular nucleotides, are widely expressed on leukocytes, causing the release of cytokines and chemokines and the formation of inflammatory mediators, and inducing phagocytosis, degranulation, and cell death. The activity of these receptors is regulated by ectonucleotidases-expressed in these same cell types-which regulate the availability of nucleotides in the extracellular environment. In this article, we review the characteristics of the main purinergic receptor subtypes present in the immune system, focusing on the P2 family. In addition, we describe the physiologic roles of the P2 receptors already identified in leukocytes and how they can positively or negatively modulate the development of infectious diseases, inflammation, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anael Viana Pinto Alberto
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | | | - Oscar Kenji Nihei
- Center of Education and LetterState University of the West of ParanáFoz do IguaçuPRBrazil
| | | | - Rodrigo da Cunha Bisaggio
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on NeuroimmunomodulationRio de Janeiro Research Network on NeuroinflammationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Robson Coutinho‐Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Pedro Muanis Persechini
- Laboratory of Immunobiophysics, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
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3
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Zanoni M, Sarti AC, Zamagni A, Cortesi M, Pignatta S, Arienti C, Tebaldi M, Sarnelli A, Romeo A, Bartolini D, Tosatto L, Adinolfi E, Tesei A, Di Virgilio F. Irradiation causes senescence, ATP release, and P2X7 receptor isoform switch in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:80. [PMID: 35075119 PMCID: PMC8786947 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain tumor in adults. Radiation, together with temozolomide is the standard treatment, but nevertheless, relapse occurs in nearly all cases. Understanding the mechanisms underlying radiation resistance may help to find more effective therapies. After radiation treatment, ATP is released into the tumor microenvironment where it binds and activates purinergic P2 receptors, mainly of the P2X7 subtype. Two main P2X7 splice variants, P2X7A and P2X7B, are expressed in most cell types, where they associate with distinct biochemical and functional responses. GBM cells widely differ for the level of P2X7 isoform expression and accordingly for sensitivity to stimulation with extracellular ATP (eATP). Irradiation causes a dramatic shift in P2X7 isoform expression, with the P2X7A isoform being down- and the P2X7B isoform up-modulated, as well as extensive cell death and overexpression of stemness and senescence markers. Treatment with P2X7 blockers during the post-irradiation recovery potentiated irradiation-dependent cytotoxicity, suggesting that P2X7B activation by eATP generated a trophic/growth-promoting stimulus. Altogether, these data show that P2X7A and B receptor isoform levels are inversely modulated during the post-irradiation recovery phase in GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zanoni
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy.
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alice Zamagni
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Michela Cortesi
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Pignatta
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Arienti
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Michela Tebaldi
- Biostatistics and Clinical Trials Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Sarnelli
- Medical Physics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Antonino Romeo
- Radiotherapy Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Luigino Tosatto
- Department of Neurosurgery, M. Bufalini Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy.
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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4
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Li CF, Chan TC, Pan CT, Vejvisithsakul PP, Lai JC, Chen SY, Hsu YW, Shiao MS, Shiue YL. EMP2 induces cytostasis and apoptosis via the TGFβ/SMAD/SP1 axis and recruitment of P2RX7 in urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1133-1150. [PMID: 34339014 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBUC) is a common malignant disease, and its high recurrence rates impose a heavy clinical burden. The objective of this study was to identify signaling pathways downstream of epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2), which induces cytostasis and apoptosis in UBUC. METHODS A series of in vitro and in vivo assays using different UBUC-derived cell lines and mouse xenograft models were performed, respectively. In addition, primary UBUC specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Exogenous expression of EMP2 in J82 UBUC cells significantly decreased DNA replication and altered the expression levels of several TGFβ signaling-related proteins. EMP2 knockdown in BFTC905 UBUC cells resulted in opposite effects. EMP2-dysregulated cell cycle progression was found to be mediated by the TGFβ/TGFBR1/SP1 family member SMAD. EMP2 or purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2RX7) gene expression upregulation induced apoptosis via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In 242 UBUC patient samples, P2RX7 protein levels were found to be significantly and positively correlated with EMP2 protein levels. Low P2RX7 levels conferred poor disease-specific and metastasis-free survival rates, and significantly decreased apoptotic cell rates. EMP2 was found to physically interact with P2RX7. In the presence of a P2RX7 agonist, BzATP, overexpression of both EMP2 and P2RX7 significantly increased apoptotic cell rates compared to overexpression of EMP2 or P2RX7 alone. CONCLUSIONS EMP2 induces cytostasis via the TGFβ/SMAD/SP1 axis and recruits P2RX7 to enhance apoptosis in UBUC. Our data provide new insights that may be employed for the design of UBUC targeting therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Smad Proteins/genetics
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- National Cancer Research Institute, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Chun Chan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- National Cancer Research Institute, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tang Pan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pichpisith Pierre Vejvisithsakul
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd, 80424, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jia-Chen Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd, 80424, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd, 80424, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd, 80424, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shin Shiao
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd, 80424, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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5
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Yang SR, Hua KF, Takahata A, Wu CY, Hsieh CY, Chiu HW, Chen CH, Mukhopadhyay D, Suzuki Y, Ka SM, Huang HS, Chen A. LCC18, a benzamide-linked small molecule, ameliorates IgA nephropathy in mice. J Pathol 2021; 253:427-441. [PMID: 33373038 DOI: 10.1002/path.5609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN), an immune complex-mediated process and the most common primary glomerulonephritis, can progress to end-stage renal disease in up to 40% of patients. Accordingly, a therapeutic strategy targeting a specific molecular pathway is urgently warranted. Aided by structure characterisation and target identification, we predicted that a novel ring-fused 6-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione (LCC18) targets the NLRP3 inflammasome, which participates in IgAN pathogenesis. We further developed biomarkers for the disease. We used two complementary IgAN models in C57BL/6 mice, involving TEPC-15 hybridoma-derived IgA, and in gddY mice. Moreover, we created specific cell models to validate therapeutic effects of LCC18 on IgAN and to explain its underlying mechanisms. IgAN mice benefited significantly from treatment with LCC18, showing dramatically improved renal function, including greatly reduced proteinuria and renal pathology. Mechanistic studies showed that the mode of action specifically involved: (1) blocking of the MAPKs/COX-2 axis-mediated priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome; (2) inhibition of ASC oligomerisation and NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by inhibiting NLRP3 binding to PKR, NEK7 and ASC; and (3) activation of autophagy. LCC18 exerts therapeutic effects on murine IgAN by differentially regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autophagy induction, suggesting this new compound as a promising drug candidate to treat IgAN. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ruen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Akiko Takahata
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chung-Yao Wu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Shan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Khalafalla MG, Woods LT, Jasmer KJ, Forti KM, Camden JM, Jensen JL, Limesand KH, Galtung HK, Weisman GA. P2 Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in the Salivary Gland: From Physiology to Dysfunction. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:222. [PMID: 32231563 PMCID: PMC7082426 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although often overlooked in our daily lives, saliva performs a host of necessary physiological functions, including lubricating and protecting the oral cavity, facilitating taste sensation and digestion and maintaining tooth enamel. Therefore, salivary gland dysfunction and hyposalivation, often resulting from pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome or from radiotherapy of the head and neck region during cancer treatment, severely reduce the quality of life of afflicted patients and can lead to dental caries, periodontitis, digestive disorders, loss of taste and difficulty speaking. Since their initial discovery in the 1970s, P2 purinergic receptors for extracellular nucleotides, including ATP-gated ion channel P2X and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors, have been shown to mediate physiological processes in numerous tissues, including the salivary glands where P2 receptors represent a link between canonical and non-canonical saliva secretion. Additionally, extracellular nucleotides released during periods of cellular stress and inflammation act as a tissue alarmin to coordinate immunological and tissue repair responses through P2 receptor activation. Accordingly, P2 receptors have gained widespread clinical interest with agonists and antagonists either currently undergoing clinical trials or already approved for human use. Here, we review the contributions of P2 receptors to salivary gland function and describe their role in salivary gland dysfunction. We further consider their potential as therapeutic targets to promote physiological saliva flow, prevent salivary gland inflammation and enhance tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G. Khalafalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lucas T. Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kimberly J. Jasmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jean M. Camden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Janicke L. Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Section of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Hilde K. Galtung
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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7
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He W, Long T, Pan Q, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Qin G, Chen L, Zhou J. Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates IL-1β release and contributes to central sensitization in a recurrent nitroglycerin-induced migraine model. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:78. [PMID: 30971286 PMCID: PMC6456991 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central sensitization is an important mechanism of chronic migraine (CM) and is related to the inflammatory response of microglia. The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may regulate the inflammatory process of microglia in several neurological diseases, but its role in CM is largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the precise role of microglial NLRP3 in CM. Methods An experimental CM mouse model was established by repeated intraperitoneal (i.p) injection with nitroglycerin (NTG). We evaluated the expression levels of NLRP3 and its downstream interleukin (IL)-1β protein in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC; which is a central area relevant to migraine pain) at different time points. To further examine the effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway on central sensitization of CM, we examined MCC950, an NLRP3 inflammasome-specific inhibitor, and IL-1ra, an IL-1β antagonist, whether altered NTG-induced mechanical hyperalgesia of the periorbital area and hind paw. The effect of MCC950 and IL-1ra on c-Fos, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the TNC were also analyzed. The cell localization of NLRP3 and IL-1β in the TNC was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Results Repeated NTG administration induced acute and chronic mechanical hyperalgesia and increased expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β. Blockade of NLRP3 or IL-1β reduced NTG-induced hyperalgesia, and this effect was accompanied by a significant inhibition of the NTG-induced increase in p-ERK, c-Fos and CGRP levels in the TNC. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that NLRP3 and IL-1β were mainly expressed in microglia in the TNC, and the IL-1β receptor, IL-1R, was mainly expressed in neurons in the TNC. Conclusions These results indicate that NLRP3 activation in the TNC participates in the microglial-neuronal signal by mediating the inflammatory response. This process contributes to the central sensitization observed in CM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1459-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Long
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunke Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Glucosamine inhibits IL-1β expression by preserving mitochondrial integrity and disrupting assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5603. [PMID: 30944389 PMCID: PMC6447579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome promotes the pathogenesis of metabolic, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. Increasing evidences show that the NLRP3 inflammasome is a promising therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. Glucosamine is widely used as a dietary supplement to promote the health of cartilage tissue and is expected to exert anti-inflammatory activity in joint inflammation, which is a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-associated complication. Here, we investigated whether GlcN inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and dissected the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that GlcN suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse and human macrophages. A mechanistic study revealed that GlcN inhibited the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β precursor by reducing reactive oxygen species generation and NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. GlcN also suppressed mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial integrity loss in NLRP3-activated macrophages. Additionally, GlcN disrupted NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by inhibiting NLRP3 binding to PKR, NEK7 and ASC. Furthermore, oral administration of GlcN reduced peritoneal neutrophils influx and lavage fluids concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 MCP-1 and TNF-α in uric acid crystal-injected mice. These results indicated that GlcN might be a novel dietary supplement for the amelioration of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated complications.
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9
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ATP in the tumour microenvironment drives expression of nfP2X 7, a key mediator of cancer cell survival. Oncogene 2018; 38:194-208. [PMID: 30087439 PMCID: PMC6328436 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-gated receptor P2X7 is expressed in multiple malignant tumours including neuroblastoma, melanoma, prostate, lung and breast. P2X7 has a significant role in mediating diverse cell responses, which upon dysregulation are associated with tumour initiation and development. The rapid, ATP-mediated activation of P2X7 induces a fast-inward cation current in cells. However, prolonged ATP-mediated activation of P2X7 leads to formation of a pore that increases membrane permeability and eventually causes cell death. This presents a potential paradox, as the tumour microenvironment contains extracellular ATP at levels sufficient to activate the P2X7 pore and trigger cell death. However, P2X7 expression is associated with enhanced cancer cell survival, proliferation and metastatic potential. At least one distinct conformational form of P2X7, termed non-pore functional P2X7 (nfP2X7), has been described, which is not able to form a functional pore. We demonstrate for the first time in this study that exposure to a high ATP concentration, equivalent to those measured in the tumour microenvironment, drives nfP2X7 expression and also that nfP2X7 is essential for tumour cell survival. We show that monoclonal antibodies raised against a P2X7 amino acid sequence (200–216), whose conformation is distinct from that of wild-type (WT) P2X7, bind specifically to nfP2X7 expressed on the surface of tumour cells. We also show that nfP2X7 is broadly expressed in patient-derived tumour sections from a wide range of cancers. Therefore, antibodies raised against E200 provide tools that can differentiate between forms of the P2X7 receptor that have a key role in cancer.
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10
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Ramirez GA, Coletto LA, Sciorati C, Bozzolo EP, Manunta P, Rovere-Querini P, Manfredi AA. Ion Channels and Transporters in Inflammation: Special Focus on TRP Channels and TRPC6. Cells 2018; 7:E70. [PMID: 29973568 PMCID: PMC6070975 DOI: 10.3390/cells7070070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy and autoimmune diseases are characterised by a multifactorial pathogenic background. Several genes involved in the control of innate and adaptive immunity have been associated with diseases and variably combine with each other as well as with environmental factors and epigenetic processes to shape the characteristics of individual manifestations. Systemic or local perturbations in salt/water balance and in ion exchanges between the intra- and extracellular spaces or among tissues play a role. In this field, usually referred to as elementary immunology, novel evidence has been recently acquired on the role of members of the transient potential receptor (TRP) channel family in several cellular mechanisms of potential significance for the pathophysiology of the immune response. TRP canonical channel 6 (TRPC6) is emerging as a functional element for the control of calcium currents in immune-committed cells and target tissues. In fact, TRPC6 influences leukocytes’ tasks such as transendothelial migration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and cytokine release. TRPC6 also modulates the sensitivity of immune cells to apoptosis and influences tissue susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury and excitotoxicity. Here, we provide a view of the interactions between ion exchanges and inflammation with a focus on the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and potential future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Immunity, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lavinia A Coletto
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Immunity, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Clara Sciorati
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Immunity, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Enrica P Bozzolo
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Unit of Nephrology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Immunity, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Immunity, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Di Virgilio F, Schmalzing G, Markwardt F. The Elusive P2X7 Macropore. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:392-404. [PMID: 29439897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ATP, which is released under pathological conditions and is considered a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), activates P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs), trimeric plasma membrane ion channels selective for small cations. P2X7Rs are partners in NOD-like receptor containing a pyrin (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and promoters of tumor cell growth. P2X7R overstimulation triggers the ATP-dependent opening of a nonselective plasma membrane pore, known as a 'macropore', which allows fluxes of large hydrophilic molecules. The pathophysiological functions of P2X7R are thought to be dependent on activation of this conductance pathway, yet its molecular identity is unknown. Recent reports show that P2X7R permeability to organic solutes is an early and intrinsic property of the channel itself. A better understanding of P2X7R-dependent changes in plasma membrane permeability will allow a rationale development of novel anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Günther Schmalzing
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fritz Markwardt
- Institute for Physiology, Martin Luther University, Halle/Saale, Germany
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12
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Chen SP, Qin T, Seidel JL, Zheng Y, Eikermann M, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Moskowitz MA, Ayata C, Eikermann-Haerter K. Inhibition of the P2X7-PANX1 complex suppresses spreading depolarization and neuroinflammation. Brain 2017; 140:1643-1656. [PMID: 28430869 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spreading depolarization is a wave of neuronal and glial depolarization. Within minutes after spreading depolarization, the neuronal hemichannel pannexin 1 (PANX1) opens and forms a pore complex with the ligand-gated cation channel P2X7, allowing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters to sustain spreading depolarization and activate neuroinflammation. Here, we explore the hypothesis that the P2X7-PANX1 pore complex is a critical determinant of spreading depolarization susceptibility with important consequences for neuroinflammation and trigeminovascular activation. We found that genetic loss of function or ablation of the P2x7 gene inhibits spreading depolarization. Moreover, pharmacological suppression of the P2X7-PANX1 pore complex inhibits spreading depolarization in mice carrying the human familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 R192Q missense mutation as well as in wild-type mice and rats. Pore inhibitors elevate the electrical threshold for spreading depolarization, and reduce spreading depolarization frequency and amplitude. Pore inhibitors also suppress downstream consequences of spreading depolarization such as upregulation of interleukin-1 beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the cortex after spreading depolarization. In addition, they inhibit surrogates for trigeminovascular activation, including expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the trigeminal ganglion and c-Fos in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the P2X7-PANX1 pore complex is a critical determinant of spreading depolarization susceptibility and its downstream consequences, of potential relevance to its signature disorders such as migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Pin Chen
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tao Qin
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Seidel
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Eikermann
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA and Universitaet Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Eikermann-Haerter
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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13
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Lordén G, Sanjuán-García I, de Pablo N, Meana C, Alvarez-Miguel I, Pérez-García MT, Pelegrín P, Balsinde J, Balboa MA. Lipin-2 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome by affecting P2X7 receptor activation. J Exp Med 2016; 214:511-528. [PMID: 28031477 PMCID: PMC5294860 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lordén et al. show that the phosphatidic acid phosphatase lipin-2 is a key regulator of the cellular machinery that generates IL-1β in macrophages. This work provides a molecular explanation for the development of the autoinflammatory disease known as Majeed syndrome. Mutations in human LPIN2 produce a disease known as Majeed syndrome, the clinical manifestations of which are ameliorated by strategies that block IL-1β or its receptor. However the role of lipin-2 during IL-1β production remains elusive. We show here that lipin-2 controls excessive IL-1β formation in primary human and mouse macrophages by several mechanisms, including activation of the inflammasome NLRP3. Lipin-2 regulates MAPK activation, which mediates synthesis of pro–IL-1β during inflammasome priming. Lipin-2 also inhibits the activation and sensitization of the purinergic receptor P2X7 and K+ efflux, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein with a CARD domain oligomerization, and caspase-1 processing, key events during inflammasome activation. Reduced levels of lipin-2 in macrophages lead to a decrease in cellular cholesterol levels. In fact, restoration of cholesterol concentrations in cells lacking lipin-2 decreases ion currents through the P2X7 receptor, and downstream events that drive IL-1β production. Furthermore, lipin-2–deficient mice exhibit increased sensitivity to high lipopolysaccharide doses. Collectively, our results unveil lipin-2 as a critical player in the negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Lordén
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Sanjuán-García
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nagore de Pablo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Meana
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Alvarez-Miguel
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Pérez-García
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Murcia Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Kwak SH, Lee WG, Lee YJ, Lee SD, Kim YC, Ko H. Discovery of novel purine-based heterocyclic P2X7 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Chem 2015; 61:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Seeland S, Kettiger H, Murphy M, Treiber A, Giller J, Kiss A, Sube R, Krähenbühl S, Hafner M, Huwyler J. ATP-induced cellular stress and mitochondrial toxicity in cells expressing purinergic P2X7 receptor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00123. [PMID: 26038699 PMCID: PMC4448979 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Under pathological conditions, the purinergic P2X7 receptor is activated by elevated concentrations of extracellular ATP. Thereby, the receptor forms a slowly dilating pore, allowing cations and, upon prolonged stimulation, large molecules to enter the cell. This process has a strong impact on cell signaling, metabolism, and viability. This study aimed to establish a link between gradual P2X7 activation and pharmacological endpoints including oxidative stress, hydrogen peroxide generation, and cytotoxicity. Mechanisms of cellular stress and cytotoxicity were studied in P2X7-transfected HEK293 cells. We performed real-time monitoring of metabolic and respiratory activity of cells expressing the P2X7-receptor protein using a cytosensor system. Agonistic effects were monitored using exogenously applied ATP or the stable analogue BzATP. Oxidative stress induced by ATP or BzATP in target cells was monitored by hydrogen peroxide release in human mononuclear blood cells. P2X7-receptor activation was studied by patch-clamp experiments using a primary mouse microglia cell line. Stimulation of the P2X7 receptor leads to ion influx, metabolic activation of target cells, and ultimately cytotoxicity. Conversion of the P2X7 receptor from a small cation channel to a large pore occurring under prolonged stimulation can be monitored in real time covering a time frame of milliseconds to hours. Selectivity of the effects can be demonstrated using the selective P2X7-receptor antagonist AZD9056. Our findings established a direct link between P2X7-receptor activation by extracellular ATP or BzATP and cellular events culminating in cytotoxicity. Mechanisms of toxicity include metabolic and oxidative stress, increase in intracellular calcium concentration and disturbance of mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial toxicity is suggested to be a key event leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Seeland
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland ; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Applied Science Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hélène Kettiger
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Murphy
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Giller
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Kiss
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Romain Sube
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Basel 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Applied Science Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Roger S, Jelassi B, Couillin I, Pelegrin P, Besson P, Jiang LH. Understanding the roles of the P2X7 receptor in solid tumour progression and therapeutic perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2584-602. [PMID: 25450340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
P2X7 is an intriguing ionotropic receptor for which the activation by extracellular ATP induces rapid inward cationic currents and intracellular signalling pathways associated with numerous physiological processes such as the induction of the inflammatory cascade, the survival and proliferation of cells. In contrast, long-term stimulation of P2X7 is generally associated with membrane permeabilisation and cell death. Recently, P2X7 has attracted great attention in the cancer field, and particularly in the neoplastic transformation and the progression of solid tumours. A growing number of studies were published; however they often appeared contradictory in their results and conclusions. As such, the involvement of P2X7 in the oncogenic process remains unclear so far. The present review aims to discuss the current knowledge and hypotheses on the involvement of the P2X7 receptor in the development and progression of solid tumours, and highlight the different aspects that require further clarification in order to decipher whether P2X7 could be considered as a cancer biomarker or as a target for pharmacological intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; Département de Physiologie Animale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Bilel Jelassi
- Inserm UMR1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- UMR CNRS 7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Université d'Orléans, 3B rue de la Ferollerie, F-45071 Orléans, France
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Research Unit, CIBERehd, Clinical University Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", Murcia's BioHealth Research Institute IMIB-Arrixaca, Carretera Cartagena-Madrid s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pierre Besson
- Inserm UMR1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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17
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Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM. Purinergic signalling and immune cells. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:529-64. [PMID: 25352330 PMCID: PMC4272370 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a historical perspective on the role of purinergic signalling in the regulation of various subsets of immune cells from early discoveries to current understanding. It is now recognised that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides are released from cells following stress or injury. They can act on virtually all subsets of immune cells through a spectrum of P2X ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Furthermore, ATP is rapidly degraded into adenosine by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, and adenosine exerts additional regulatory effects through its own receptors. The resulting effect ranges from stimulation to tolerance depending on the amount and time courses of nucleotides released, and the balance between ATP and adenosine. This review identifies the various receptors involved in the different subsets of immune cells and their effects on the function of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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18
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Jacob F, Novo CP, Bachert C, Van Crombruggen K. Purinergic signaling in inflammatory cells: P2 receptor expression, functional effects, and modulation of inflammatory responses. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:285-306. [PMID: 23404828 PMCID: PMC3757148 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and related nucleotides promote a wide range of pathophysiological responses via activation of cell surface purinergic P2 receptors. Almost every cell type expresses P2 receptors and/or exhibit regulated release of ATP. In this review, we focus on the purinergic receptor distribution in inflammatory cells and their implication in diverse immune responses by providing an overview of the current knowledge in the literature related to purinergic signaling in neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. The pathophysiological role of purinergic signaling in these cells include among others calcium mobilization, actin polymerization, chemotaxis, release of mediators, cell maturation, cytotoxicity, and cell death. We finally discuss the therapeutic potential of P2 receptor subtype selective drugs in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenila Jacob
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claudina Pérez Novo
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Abstract
The appearance of multicellular organisms imposed the development of several mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication, whereby different types of cells coordinate their function. Some of these mechanisms depend on the intercellular diffusion of signal molecules in the extracellular spaces, whereas others require cell-to-cell contact. Among the latter mechanisms, those provided by the proteins of the connexin family are widespread in most tissues. Connexin signaling is achieved via direct exchanges of cytosolic molecules between adjacent cells at gap junctions, for cell-to-cell coupling, and possibly also involves the formation of membrane "hemi-channels," for the extracellular release of cytosolic signals, direct interactions between connexins and other cell proteins, and coordinated influence on the expression of multiple genes. Connexin signaling appears to be an obligatory attribute of all multicellular exocrine and endocrine glands. Specifically, the experimental evidence we review here points to a direct participation of the Cx36 isoform in the function of the insulin-producing β-cells of the endocrine pancreas, and of the Cx40 isoform in the function of the renin-producing juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells of the kidney cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Bosco
- Department of Surgery, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Identification of 2-oxo-N-(phenylmethyl)-4-imidazolidinecarboxamide antagonists of the P2X7 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6370-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Gregory CD, Pound JD. Cell death in the neighbourhood: direct microenvironmental effects of apoptosis in normal and neoplastic tissues. J Pathol 2010; 223:177-94. [PMID: 21125674 DOI: 10.1002/path.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we consider the impact of the physiological cell-death programme on normal tissue homeostasis and on disease pathogenesis, with particular reference to evolution and progression of neoplasia. We seek to describe the direct contributions played by apoptosis in creating the microenvironments of normal and malignant tissues and to discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the elements of the '3Rs' that define the meaning of apoptosis: recognition, response, and removal. Apoptotic cells elicit responses in other cell types-both phagocytic and non-phagocytic-through short- and long-range signalling modes that range from direct contact to intercellular communication via membrane-bound microparticles. Such cellular responses include migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as production of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory mediators together with, in the case of phagocytes, engulfment, and breakdown of apoptotic cells. In normal tissues, the removal of apoptotic cells is rapid and typically non-phlogistic. We discuss the importance of this clearance process in tissue homeostasis and the consequences of its failure in disease pathogenesis. Using the typical cell culture environment in vitro as an illustrative example in which apoptosis occurs commonly in the absence of the removal mechanisms, we also discuss the inhibitory effects of persistent apoptotic cells on their otherwise viable neighbours. Since apoptosis is a common and sustained event in high-grade malignancies, we hypothesize on its purposeful role in conditioning the tumour microenvironment. We propose that apoptosis subserves several pro-tumour functions-trophic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory-and we identify strategies targeting host responses to apoptotic cells as promising modes of future therapies that could be applied to multiple cancer types in which tumour-cell apoptosis is active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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22
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Abdi MH, Beswick PJ, Billinton A, Chambers LJ, Charlton A, Collins SD, Collis KL, Dean DK, Fonfria E, Gleave RJ, Lejeune CL, Livermore DG, Medhurst SJ, Michel AD, Moses AP, Page L, Patel S, Roman SA, Senger S, Slingsby B, Steadman JG, Stevens AJ, Walter DS. Discovery and structure–activity relationships of a series of pyroglutamic acid amide antagonists of the P2X7 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5080-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Beswick PJ, Billinton A, Chambers LJ, Dean DK, Fonfria E, Gleave RJ, Medhurst SJ, Michel AD, Moses AP, Patel S, Roman SA, Roomans S, Senger S, Stevens AJ, Walter DS. Structure-activity relationships and in vivo activity of (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide antagonists of the P2X(7) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4653-6. [PMID: 20579878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships (SAR) of analogues of lead compound 1 were investigated and compound 16 was selected for further study in animal models of pain. Compound 16 was shown to be a potent antihyperalgesic agent in both the rat acute complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain [Iadarola, M. J.; Douglass, J.; Civelli, O.; Naranjo, J. R. rain Res.1988, 455, 205] and the knee joint model of chronic inflammatory pain [Wilson, A. W.; Medhurst, S. J.; Dixon, C. I.; Bontoft, N. C.; Winyard, L. A.; Brackenborough, K. T.; De Alba, J.; Clarke, C. J.; Gunthorpe, M. J.; Hicks, G. A.; Bountra, C.; McQueen, D. S.; Chessell, I. P. Eur. J. Pain2006, 10, 537].
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Beswick
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK
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24
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Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of a series of (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide antagonists of the P2X7 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3161-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Lee JY, Kim YC. Combinatorial Library Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,4]diazepine as a Potential Privileged Structure. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:733-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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The P2X(7) receptor-pannexin connection to dye uptake and IL-1beta release. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:129-37. [PMID: 19212823 PMCID: PMC2686830 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R) is uniquely associated with two distinct cellular responses: activation of a dye-permeable pathway allowing passage of molecules up to 900 Da and rapid release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), from activated macrophage. How this dye uptake path forms and whether it is involved in IL-1beta release has not been known. Pannexin-1 is a recently identified protein found to physically associate with the P2X(7)R. Inhibition of pannexin-1 does not alter P2X(7)R ion channel activation or associated calcium flux but blocks one component of P2X(7)R-induced dye uptake and unmasks a slower, previously undetected, dye uptake pathway. Inhibition of pannexin-1 blocks P2X(7)R-mediated IL-1beta release from macrophage as well as release mediated by other stimuli which couple to activation of capase-1 and additionally inhibits the release of interleukin-1alpha, a member of the IL-1 family whose processing does not require caspase-1 activation. Thus, pannexin-1 is linked to both dye uptake and IL-1beta release but via distinct mechanisms.
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27
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Scemes E, Spray DC, Meda P. Connexins, pannexins, innexins: novel roles of "hemi-channels". Pflugers Arch 2008; 457:1207-26. [PMID: 18853183 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Scemes
- The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Iglesias R, Locovei S, Roque A, Alberto AP, Dahl G, Spray DC, Scemes E. P2X7 receptor-Pannexin1 complex: pharmacology and signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C752-60. [PMID: 18596211 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00228.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pannexin 1 (Panx1), an ortholog to invertebrate innexin gap junctions, has recently been proposed to be the pore induced by P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R) activation. We explored the pharmacological action of compounds known to block gap junctions on Panx1 channels activated by the P2X(7)R and the mechanisms involved in the interaction between these two proteins. Whole cell recordings revealed distinct P2X(7)R and Panx1 currents in response to agonists. Activation of Panx1 currents following P2X(7)R stimulation or by membrane depolarization was blocked by Panx1 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and with mefloquine > carbenoxolone > flufenamic acid. Incubation of cells with KN-62, a P2X(7)R antagonist, prevented current activation by 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP). Membrane permeabilization to dye induced by BzATP was also prevented by Panx1 siRNA and by carbenoxolone and mefloquine. Membrane permeant (TAT-P2X(7)) peptides, provided evidence that the Src homology 3 death domain of the COOH-terminus of the P2X(7)R is involved in the initial steps of the signal transduction events leading to Panx1 activation and that a Src tyrosine kinase is likely involved in this process. Competition assays indicated that 20 microM TAT-P2X(7) peptide caused 50% reduction in Src binding to the P2X(7)R complex. Src tyrosine phosphorylation following BzATP stimulation was reduced by KN-62, TAT-P2X(7) peptide, and by the Src tyrosine inhibitor PP2 and these compounds prevented both large-conductance Panx1 currents and membrane permeabilization. These results together with the lack Panx1 tyrosine phosphorylation in response to P2X(7)R stimulation indicate the involvement of an additional molecule in the tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathway mediating Panx1 activation through the P2X(7)R.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Iglesias
- The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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29
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Nelson DW, Sarris K, Kalvin DM, Namovic MT, Grayson G, Donnelly-Roberts DL, Harris R, Honore P, Jarvis MF, Faltynek CR, Carroll WA. Structure−Activity Relationship Studies on N′-Aryl Carbohydrazide P2X7 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3030-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701516f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek W. Nelson
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - Kathy Sarris
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - Douglas M. Kalvin
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - Marian T. Namovic
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - George Grayson
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - Diana L. Donnelly-Roberts
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - Richard Harris
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - Prisca Honore
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - Michael F. Jarvis
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - Connie R. Faltynek
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
| | - William A. Carroll
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research and Advanced Technology, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101
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30
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Hickman SE, Semrad CE, Silverstein SC. P2Z purinoceptors. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 198:71-83; discussion 83-90. [PMID: 8879819 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514900.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In response to tetra-anionic ATP4-, P2Z receptors signal opening of a non-selective plasma membrane pore which permits passage across cell membranes of ions, nucleotides and other small molecules that are usually membrane impermeant. P2Z receptor-induced pores on murine macrophages, macrophage-like cell lines and human culture-matured macrophages are permeable to molecules of up to 831 Da. The function of P2Z receptors is unknown. Also unknown is whether the binding site for ATP4- and the transmembrane pore, the properties that characterize P2Z receptors, reside on a single protein or reflect the activities of two or more proteins. That ATP(4-) -unresponsive cell lines do not express connexin 43 has led Beyer and Steinberg to suggest that opening or surface expression of this gap junction protein is induced by P2Z receptors. Xenopus oocytes, injected with cRNA transcribed from a pool of 100 cDNA clones isolated from a murine macrophage-derived cDNA library, and treated with ATP4-, express a non-selective membrane conductance characteristic of P2Z receptors. The conductance induced with cRNA is smaller than that induced by mRNA from macrophages, suggesting the presence of a dominant subunit of a multicomponent receptor in this pool of 100 cDNA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Hickman
- Department of Physiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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31
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Franchi L, Kanneganti TD, Dubyak GR, Núñez G. Differential requirement of P2X7 receptor and intracellular K+ for caspase-1 activation induced by intracellular and extracellular bacteria. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18810-8. [PMID: 17491021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610762200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in host defense and inflammatory diseases. The maturation and secretion of IL-1beta are mediated by caspase-1, a protease that processes pro-IL-1beta into biologically active IL-1beta. The activity of caspase-1 is controlled by the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex formed by NLR proteins and the adaptor ASC, that induces the activation of caspase-1. The current model proposes that changes in the intracellular concentration of K(+) potentiate caspase-1 activation induced by the recognition of bacterial products. However, the roles of P2X7 receptor and intracellular K(+) in IL-1beta secretion induced by bacterial infection remain unknown. Here we show that, in response to Toll-like receptor agonists such as lipopolysaccharide or infection with extracellular bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, efficient caspase-1 activation is only triggered by addition of ATP, a signal that promotes caspase-1 activation through depletion of intracellular K(+) caused by stimulation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor. In contrast, activation of caspase-1 that relies on cytosolic sensing of flagellin or intracellular bacteria did not require ATP stimulation or depletion of cytoplasmic K(+). Consistently, caspase-1 activation induced by intracellular Salmonella or Listeria was unimpaired in macrophages deficient in P2X7 receptor. These results indicate that, unlike caspase-1 induced by Toll-like receptor agonists and ATP, activation of the inflammasome by intracellular bacteria and cytosolic flagellin proceeds normally in the absence of P2X7 receptor-mediated cytoplasmic K(+) perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Franchi
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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32
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Nelson DW, Gregg RJ, Kort ME, Perez-Medrano A, Voight EA, Wang Y, Grayson G, Namovic MT, Donnelly-Roberts DL, Niforatos W, Honore P, Jarvis MF, Faltynek CR, Carroll WA. Structure-activity relationship studies on a series of novel, substituted 1-benzyl-5-phenyltetrazole P2X7 antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3659-66. [PMID: 16759108 DOI: 10.1021/jm051202e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Benzyl-5-aryltetrazoles were discovered to be novel antagonists for the P2X(7) receptor. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were conducted around both the benzyl and phenyl moieties. In addition, the importance of the regiochemical substitution on the tetrazole was examined. Compounds were evaluated for activity to inhibit calcium flux in both human and rat recombinant P2X(7) cell lines using fluorometric imaging plate reader technology. Analogues were also assayed for their ability to inhibit IL-1beta release and to inhibit P2X(7)-mediated pore formation in human THP-1 cells. Compound 15d was advanced to efficacy studies in a model of neuropathic pain where significant reversal of mechanical allodynia was observed at doses that did not affect motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Nelson
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101, USA.
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33
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Egan TM, Samways DSK, Li Z. Biophysics of P2X receptors. Pflugers Arch 2006; 452:501-12. [PMID: 16708237 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The P2X receptor is the baby brother of the ligand-gated ion channel super-family. An understanding of its role in human physiology is still developing, and no one truly knows how it works to transport ions across the membrane. In this study, we review some aspects of P2X channel biophysics, concentrating on ion permeation and gating. P2X channels transport both small and large cations and anions across cell membranes in a manner that depends on both the subunit composition of the receptor and the experimental conditions. We describe the pore properties of wild-type receptors and use the altered phenotypes of mutant receptors to point the way towards a structural model of the pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance M Egan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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34
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Aswad F, Kawamura H, Dennert G. High sensitivity of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells to extracellular metabolites nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and ATP: a role for P2X7 receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3075-83. [PMID: 16116196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although regulatory lymphocytes play an important role in the immune system, the regulation of their functions is poorly understood and remains to be elucidated. In this study we demonstrate that micromolar concentrations of the common cell metabolite NAD induce death in murine forkhead/winged helix transcription factor gene-expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells with high efficiency and within minutes. Similar, but less dramatic, effects are demonstrable with ATP and its nonhydrolysable derivative, benzoylbenzoyl-ATP. Other T cell subsets are more resistant, with CD8 cells being the least sensitive and CD4 cells expressing intermediate sensitivity. The higher sensitivity of CD4+CD25+ cells is demonstrable in vivo. Injection of NAD or benzoylbenzoyl-ATP causes preferential induction of a cell death signal in CD4+CD25+ cells. Transmission of the death signal requires functional P2X7 receptors, pointing to a role for these receptors in regulation and homeostasis of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Consistent with this, P2X7R gene-deleted mice possess increased levels of forkhead/winged helix transcription factor gene-expressing CD4+CD25+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Aswad
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0800, USA
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35
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Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Ikari A, Takagi K. Involvement of chloride in apoptotic cell death induced by activation of ATP-sensitive P2X7 purinoceptor. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:2653-8. [PMID: 15550367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411072200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-gated P2X(7) receptor is a plasma membrane receptor belonging to the family of P2X purinoceptors. Its activation leads to multiple downstream events including influx of ions, pore formation to allow the passage of larger molecular weight species, and cell death by apoptosis and/or necrosis. The cell death is thought to be correlated with the pore formation but does not directly result from the dilatation of pores. We have generated and characterized a clone of chicken DT40 lymphocytes stably transfected with the rat P2X(7) receptor. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of P2X(7) receptor-induced cell death using this clone. Treatment with P2X(7) receptor agonist, 2'-3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP induced depolarization of membrane potential, pore formation, and cell shrinkage, an early hallmark of apoptosis in the buffer containing physiological concentrations of ions. Analysis by flow cytometry revealed that the activity of pore formation in shrunk cells was much higher than in non-shrunk cells. The activation of P2X(7) receptor also caused the release of lactate dehydrogenase from cells. The P2X(7) receptor-mediated cell shrinkage and lactate dehydrogenase release were blocked when media Cl(-) was replaced with gluconate. However, removal of extracellular Cl(-) did not affect plasma membrane depolarization and pore formation by treatment with 2'-3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP. Therefore we concluded that pore formation plays a critical role in the P2X(7) receptor-induced apoptotic cell death and that this is mediated by extracellular Cl(-) influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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36
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Burnstock G, Knight GE. Cellular Distribution and Functions of P2 Receptor Subtypes in Different Systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 240:31-304. [PMID: 15548415 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)40002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at providing readers with a comprehensive reference article about the distribution and function of P2 receptors in all the organs, tissues, and cells in the body. Each section provides an account of the early history of purinergic signaling in the organ?cell up to 1994, then summarizes subsequent evidence for the presence of P2X and P2Y receptor subtype mRNA and proteins as well as functional data, all fully referenced. A section is included describing the plasticity of expression of P2 receptors during development and aging as well as in various pathophysiological conditions. Finally, there is some discussion of possible future developments in the purinergic signaling field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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37
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Kahlenberg JM, Dubyak GR. Mechanisms of caspase-1 activation by P2X7 receptor-mediated K+ release. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 286:C1100-8. [PMID: 15075209 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00494.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta processing during inflammatory activation of monocytes and macrophages are not well defined. Here, we describe an in vitro proteolytic processing assay that allows for comparison of caspase-1 regulatory components in a cell-free system separately from the confounding issue of IL-1beta secretion. Analysis of in vitro IL-1beta and caspase-1 processing in lysates from unstimulated Bac1 murine macrophages indicated a slow rate of basal caspase-1 activation and proteolytic maturation of IL-1beta. In contrast, brief (5 min) treatment of intact macrophages with extracellular ATP (as an activator of the P2X(7) receptor) or nigericin before cell lysis markedly accelerated the in vitro processing of caspase-1 and IL-1beta. This acceleration of in vitro processing was strictly dependent on loss of intracellular K(+) from the intact cells. The induction of in vitro caspase-1 activation by lysis per se or by K(+) loss before lysis was sensitive to pretreatment of intact macrophages with the tyrphostin AG-126 or bromoenol lactone, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2). Caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta processing in lysates from unstimulated macrophages were also accelerated by addition of recombinant ASC, a previously identified adapter protein that directly associates with caspase-1. These data indicate that increased K(+) efflux via P2X(7) nucleotide receptor stimulation activates AG-126- and bromoenol lactone-sensitive signaling pathways in murine macrophages that result in stably maintained signals for caspase-1 regulation in cell-free assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Dept. of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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38
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Bowler JW, Jayne Bailey R, Alan North R, Surprenant A. P2X4, P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors on rat alveolar macrophages. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:567-75. [PMID: 12970084 PMCID: PMC1574050 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP receptors present on rat alveolar macrophages (NR8383 cells) were identified by recordings of membrane current, measurements of intracellular calcium, RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. In whole-cell recordings with a sodium-based internal solution, ATP evoked an inward current at -60 mV. This reversed at 0 mV. The EC50 for ATP was 18 microM in normal external solution (calcium 2 mm, magnesium 1 mm). The currents evoked by 2',3-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP were about five-fold smaller than those observed with ATP. ADP, UTP and alphabeta-methylene-ATP (alphabetameATP) (up to 100 microM) had no effect. ATP-evoked currents were potentiated up to ten-fold by ivermectin and were unaffected by suramin (30-100 microM), pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-(2,4-sulphonic acid) (30-100 microM), and brilliant blue G (1 microM). In whole-cell recordings with a potassium-based internal solution and low EGTA (0.01 mm), ATP evoked an inward current at -60 mV that was followed by larger outward current. ADP and UTP (1-100 microM) evoked only outward currents; these reversed polarity at the potassium equilibrium potential and were blocked by apamin (10 nm). Outward currents were also blocked by the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 (1 microM), and they were not seen with higher intracellular EGTA (10 mm). Suramin (30 microM) blocked the outward currents evoked by ATP and UTP, but not that evoked by ADP. PPADS (10 microM) blocked the ADP-evoked outward current without altering the ATP or UTP currents. RT-PCR showed transcripts for P2X subunits 1, 4 and 7 (not 2, 3, 5, 6) and P2Y receptors 1, 2, 4 and 12 (not 6). Immunocytochemistry showed strong P2X4 receptor expression partly associated with the membrane, weak P2X7 staining that was not associated with the cell membrane, and no P2X1 receptor immunoreactivity. We conclude that rat alveolar macrophages express (probably homomeric) P2X4 receptors, but find no evidence for other functional P2X subtypes. The P2Y receptors are most likely P2Y1 and P2Y2 and these couple through phospholipase C to an increase in intracellular calcium and the opening of SK type potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Bowler
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN
| | - R Jayne Bailey
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN
| | - R Alan North
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN
| | - Annmarie Surprenant
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN
- Author for correspondence:
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Laliberte RE, Perregaux DG, Hoth LR, Rosner PJ, Jordan CK, Peese KM, Eggler JF, Dombroski MA, Geoghegan KF, Gabel CA. Glutathione s-transferase omega 1-1 is a target of cytokine release inhibitory drugs and may be responsible for their effect on interleukin-1beta posttranslational processing. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:16567-78. [PMID: 12624100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211596200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-induced posttranslational processing of human monocyte interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is accompanied by major changes to the intracellular ionic environment, activation of caspase-1, and cell death. Certain diarylsulfonylureas inhibit this response, and are designated cytokine release inhibitory drugs (CRIDs). CRIDs arrest activated monocytes so that caspase-1 remains inactive and plasma membrane latency is preserved. Affinity labeling with [(14)C]CRIDs and affinity chromatography on immobilized CRID were used in seeking potential protein targets of their action. Following treatment of intact human monocytes with an epoxide-bearing [(14)C]CRID, glutathione S-transferase (GST) Omega 1-1 was identified as a preferred target. Moreover, labeling of this polypeptide correlated with irreversible inhibition of ATP-induced IL-1beta posttranslational processing. When extracts of human monocytic cells were chromatographed on a CRID affinity column, GST Omega 1-1 bound selectively to the affinity matrix and was eluted by soluble CRID. Recombinant GST Omega 1-1 readily incorporated [(14)C]CRID epoxides, but labeling was negated by co-incubation with S-substituted glutathiones or by mutagenesis of the catalytic center Cys(32) to alanine. Peptide mapping by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry also demonstrated that Cys(32) was the site of modification. Although S-alkylglutathiones did not arrest ATP-induced IL-1beta posttranslational processing or inhibit [(14)C]CRID incorporation into cell-associated GST Omega 1-1, a glutathione-CRID adduct effectively demonstrated these attributes. Therefore, the ability of CRIDs to arrest stimulus-induced IL-1beta posttranslational processing may be attributable to their interaction with GST Omega 1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Laliberte
- Department of Antibacterials, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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40
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Abstract
P2X receptors are membrane ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular ATP. Seven genes in vertebrates encode P2X receptor subunits, which are 40-50% identical in amino acid sequence. Each subunit has two transmembrane domains, separated by an extracellular domain (approximately 280 amino acids). Channels form as multimers of several subunits. Homomeric P2X1, P2X2, P2X3, P2X4, P2X5, and P2X7 channels and heteromeric P2X2/3 and P2X1/5 channels have been most fully characterized following heterologous expression. Some agonists (e.g., alphabeta-methylene ATP) and antagonists [e.g., 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-ATP] are strongly selective for receptors containing P2X1 and P2X3 subunits. All P2X receptors are permeable to small monovalent cations; some have significant calcium or anion permeability. In many cells, activation of homomeric P2X7 receptors induces a permeability increase to larger organic cations including some fluorescent dyes and also signals to the cytoskeleton; these changes probably involve additional interacting proteins. P2X receptors are abundantly distributed, and functional responses are seen in neurons, glia, epithelia, endothelia, bone, muscle, and hemopoietic tissues. The molecular composition of native receptors is becoming understood, and some cells express more than one type of P2X receptor. On smooth muscles, P2X receptors respond to ATP released from sympathetic motor nerves (e.g., in ejaculation). On sensory nerves, they are involved in the initiation of afferent signals in several viscera (e.g., bladder, intestine) and play a key role in sensing tissue-damaging and inflammatory stimuli. Paracrine roles for ATP signaling through P2X receptors are likely in neurohypophysis, ducted glands, airway epithelia, kidney, bone, and hemopoietic tissues. In the last case, P2X7 receptor activation stimulates cytokine release by engaging intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan North
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Adriouch S, Dox C, Welge V, Seman M, Koch-Nolte F, Haag F. Cutting edge: a natural P451L mutation in the cytoplasmic domain impairs the function of the mouse P2X7 receptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4108-12. [PMID: 12370338 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X(7)R) is an ATP-gated channel that mediates apoptosis of cells of the immune system. The capacity of P2X(7)R to form large pores depends on its large cytoplasmic tail, which harbors a putative TNFR-related death domain. Previous transfection studies indicated that mouse P2X(7)R forms pores much less efficiently than its counterparts from humans and rats. In this study, we demonstrate that an allelic mutation (P451L) in the predicted death domain of P2X(7)R confers a drastically reduced sensitivity to ATP-induced pore formation in cells from some commonly used strains of mice, i.e., C57BL/6 and DBA/2. In contrast, most other strains of mice, including strains derived from wild mice, carry P451 at this position as do rats and humans. The effects of the P451L mutation resemble those of the E496A mutation in human P2X(7)R. These P2X(7)R mutants may provide useful tools to decipher the molecular mechanisms leading to pore formation.
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42
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Labasi JM, Petrushova N, Donovan C, McCurdy S, Lira P, Payette MM, Brissette W, Wicks JR, Audoly L, Gabel CA. Absence of the P2X7 receptor alters leukocyte function and attenuates an inflammatory response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6436-45. [PMID: 12055263 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When challenged with extracellular ATP, leukocytes respond and activate processes attributed to the P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R), an unusual ligand-gated ion channel. To prove P2X(7)R involvement, blood samples from P2X(7)R-deficient mice were characterized. Monocytes and lymphocytes associated with wild-type blood responded to ATP and underwent volume/shape changes and shed L-selectin. In contrast, leukocytes from P2X(7)R-deficient animals demonstrated no change in physical properties or L-selectin expression following ATP challenge. Blood stimulated with LPS or ATP individually generated minimal quantities of the leaderless polypeptide IL-1 beta, but sequential treatment of wild-type, but not P2X(7)R-deficient, blood with LPS and ATP yielded large amounts of cell-free cytokine. Based on these differences, wild-type and P2X(7)R-deficient animals were compared following induction of monoclonal anti-collagen-induced arthritis. Ab-treated wild-type animals subsequently challenged with LPS developed inflamed, swollen paws; their joint cartilage demonstrated lesions, loss of proteoglycan content, and the presence of collagen degradation products. P2X(7)R-deficient animals subjected to the same challenge were markedly less affected; both the incidence and severity of disease were reduced. These data indicate that ATP does act via the P2X(7)R to affect leukocyte function and that the P2X(7)R can serve as an important component of an in vivo inflammatory response.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen Type II/immunology
- Female
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- L-Selectin/biosynthesis
- L-Selectin/blood
- Leukocyte Count
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/deficiency
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Labasi
- Department of Antibacterials, Immunology, and Inflammation, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
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43
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Melo AC, Moeller PD, Glasgow H, Burkholder JM, Ramsdell JS. Microfluorimetric analysis of a purinergic receptor (P2X7) in GH4C1 rat pituitary cells: effects of a bioactive substance produced by Pfiesteria piscicida. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2001; 109 Suppl 5:731-737. [PMID: 11677182 PMCID: PMC1240604 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.01109s5731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger & Burkholder is a toxic dinoflagellate that leads to fish and human toxicity. It produces a bioactive substance that leads to cytotoxicity of GH4C1 rat pituitary cells. Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acting on P2X7 purinergic receptors induces the formation of a nonselective cation channel, causing elevation of the cytosolic free calcium followed by a characteristic permeabilization of the cell to progressively larger ions and subsequent cell lysis. We investigated whether GH4C1 rat pituitary cells express functional P2X7 receptors, and if so, are they activated by a bioactive substance isolated from toxic P. piscicida cultures. We tested the selective agonist 2'-3'-O-(benzoyl-4-benzoyl)-ATP (BzATP) and antagonists piridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2'-4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS) and oxidized-ATP (oxATP) using elevated cytosolic free calcium in Fura-2 loaded cells, and induced permeability of these cells to the fluorescent dye YO-PRO-1 as end points. We demonstrated that in GH4C1 cells, BzATP induces both the elevation of cytosolic free calcium and the permeabilization of the cell membrane. ATP-induced membrane permeabilization was inhibited by PPADS reversibly and by oxATP irreversibly. The putative Pfiesteria toxin (pPfTx) also elevated cytosolic free calcium in Fura-2 in GH4C1 cells and increased the permeability to YO-PRO-1 in a manner inhibited fully by oxATP. This study indicates that GH4C1 cells express a purinoceptor with characteristics consistent with the P2X7 subtype, and that pPfTx mimics the kinetics of cell permeabilization by ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Melo
- Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA
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Perregaux DG, Labasi J, Laliberte R, Stam E, Solle M, Koller B, Griffiths R, Gabel CA. Interleukin-1? posttranslational processing?exploration of P2X7 receptor involvement. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Di Virgilio F, Chiozzi P, Ferrari D, Falzoni S, Sanz JM, Morelli A, Torboli M, Bolognesi G, Baricordi OR. Nucleotide receptors: an emerging family of regulatory molecules in blood cells. Blood 2001; 97:587-600. [PMID: 11157473 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.3.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides are emerging as an ubiquitous family of extracellular signaling molecules. It has been known for many years that adenosine diphosphate is a potent platelet aggregating factor, but it is now clear that virtually every circulating cell is responsive to nucleotides. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These effects are mediated through a specific class of plasma membrane receptors called purinergic P2 receptors that, according to the molecular structure, are further subdivided into 2 subfamilies: P2Y and P2X. ATP and possibly other nucleotides are released from damaged cells or secreted via nonlytic mechanisms. Thus, during inflammation or vascular damage, nucleotides may provide an important mechanism involved in the activation of leukocytes and platelets. However, the cell physiology of these receptors is still at its dawn, and the precise function of the multiple P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes remains to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Di Virgilio
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology and Medical Genetics, and Center of Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Solle M, Labasi J, Perregaux DG, Stam E, Petrushova N, Koller BH, Griffiths RJ, Gabel CA. Altered cytokine production in mice lacking P2X(7) receptors. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:125-32. [PMID: 11016935 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006781200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 746] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R) is an ATP-gated ion channel expressed by monocytes and macrophages. To directly address the role of this receptor in interleukin (IL)-1 beta post-translational processing, we have generated a P2X(7)R-deficient mouse line. P2X(7)R(-/-) macrophages respond to lipopolysaccharide and produce levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and pro-IL-1 beta comparable with those generated by wild-type cells. In response to ATP, however, pro-IL-1 beta produced by the P2X(7)R(-/-) cells is not externalized or activated by caspase-1. Nigericin, an alternate secretion stimulus, promotes release of 17-kDa IL-1 beta from P2X(7)R(-/-) macrophages. In response to in vivo lipopolysaccharide injection, both wild-type and P2X(7)R(-/-) animals display increases in peritoneal lavage IL-6 levels but no detectable IL-1. Subsequent ATP injection to wild-type animals promotes an increase in IL-1, which in turn leads to additional IL-6 production; similar increases did not occur in ATP-treated, LPS-primed P2X(7)R(-/-) animals. Absence of the P2X(7)R thus leads to an inability of peritoneal macrophages to release IL-1 in response to ATP. As a result of the IL-1 deficiency, in vivo cytokine signaling cascades are impaired in P2X(7)R-deficient animals. Together these results demonstrate that P2X(7)R activation can provide a signal that leads to maturation and release of IL-1 beta and initiation of a cytokine cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solle
- Department of Respiratory, Allergy, Immunology, Inflammation, and Infectious Diseases, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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Perregaux DG, McNiff P, Laliberte R, Conklyn M, Gabel CA. ATP acts as an agonist to promote stimulus-induced secretion of IL-1 beta and IL-18 in human blood. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4615-23. [PMID: 11035104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cultured monocytes and macrophages stimulated with LPS produce large quantities of proIL-1beta, but release little mature cytokine to the medium. The efficiency at which the procytokine is converted to its active 17-kDa species and released extracellularly is enhanced by treating cytokine-producing cells with a secretion stimulus such as ATP or nigericin. To determine whether this need for a secretion stimulus extends to blood, individual donors were bled twice daily for 4 consecutive days, and the collected blood samples were subjected to a two-step IL-1 production assay. LPS-activated blood samples generated cell-free IL-1beta, but levels of the extracellular cytokine were greatly increased by subsequent treatment with ATP or nigericin. Specificity and concentration requirements of the nucleotide triphosphate effect suggests a P2X(7) receptor involvement. Quantities of IL-1beta generated by an individual donor's blood in response to the LPS-only and LPS/ATP stimuli were relatively consistent over the 4-day period. Between donors, consistent differences in cytokine production capacity were observed. Blood samples treated with ATP also demonstrated enhanced IL-18 production, but TNF-alpha levels decreased. Among leukocytes, monocytes appeared to be the most affected cellular targets of the ATP stimulus. These studies indicate that an exogenous stimulus is required by blood for the efficient production of IL-1beta and IL-18, and suggest that circulating blood monocytes constitutively express a P2X(7)-like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Perregaux
- Department of Respiratory, Allergy, Immunology, Inflammation, and Infectious Diseases, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Virginio C, MacKenzie A, North RA, Surprenant A. Kinetics of cell lysis, dye uptake and permeability changes in cells expressing the rat P2X7 receptor. J Physiol 1999; 519 Pt 2:335-46. [PMID: 10457053 PMCID: PMC2269518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0335m.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/1999] [Accepted: 05/25/1999] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Extracellular ATP acting on P2X7 receptors opens a channel permeable to small cations, creates an access pathway for the entry of larger molecular weight dyes, and causes cell death. We used whole-cell recording and fluorescence microscopy to measure the time courses of ionic currents, uptake of the propidium dye YO-PRO-1, and membrane disruption, in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells expressing the rat P2X7 receptor. 2. The ATP analogue 2', 3'-O-(benzoyl-4-benzoyl)-ATP (30 microM) induced membrane blebbing within 30-40 s of sustained application; this was 5-10 times slower when extracellular sodium was replaced by larger cations. 3. Fluorescence of YO-PRO-1 was detectable within 3 s, and the uptake reached a steady rate within 10-20 s; YO-PRO-1 uptake was greatly enhanced by removing extracellular sodium. 4. Electrophysiological measurements of current reversal potentials with intracellular sodium and extracellular cations of different sizes showed that the ionic channel progressively t'2+LE0i%-i"dilated during 10-20 s to a diameter greater than 1 nm (10 A). With short agonist applications (3-5 s) the pore dilatation and YO-PRO-1 uptake were reversible and repeatable. 5. Polyethylene glycols having molecular weights >= 5000 blocked the increase in cation permeability, YO-PRO-1 uptake and membrane blebbing. 6. We conclude that maximum P2X7 receptor activation causes an exponential dilatation of the ion channel with a time constant of 25 s to a final diameter of 3-5 nm from an initial minimum pore diameter of 0.8 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Virginio
- Geneva Biomedical Research Institute, GlaxoWellcome Research and Development, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
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49
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Perregaux DG, Gabel CA. Human monocyte stimulus-coupled IL-1beta posttranslational processing: modulation via monovalent cations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:C1538-47. [PMID: 9843715 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.6.c1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide-activated human monocytes produce prointerleukin (pro-IL)-1beta but release little of this inflammatory cytokine as the biologically active species. Efficient externalization of mature 17-kDa cytokine requires that the activated monocytes encounter a secondary stimulus such as ATP. To identify cation requirements of the ATP-induced process, lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes were treated with ATP in media containing different Cl- salts or sucrose. Media devoid of Na+ did not support IL-1beta processing. Titration of NaCl into choline chloride- or sucrose-based media restored 17-kDa IL-1beta production. Na+ replacement, however, was not sufficient to support ATP-induced production of 17-kDa IL-1beta in the presence of >/=37 mM extracellular K+ or Li+. Inhibition by K+ suggests that efflux of this cation is a necessary component of the stimulus-coupled response. The inhibitory effect achieved by Na+ depletion is not due to inactivation of the ATP receptor and is distinct from a caspase-1 inhibitor. Stimulus-coupled IL-1beta posttranslational processing, therefore, requires extracellular Na+ for a step downstream of the initiating stimulus but preceding caspase-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Perregaux
- Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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50
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Perregaux DG, Gabel CA. Post-Translational Processing of Murine IL-1: Evidence that ATP-Induced Release of IL-1α and IL-1β Occurs via a Similar Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.5.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In response to LPS, peritoneal macrophages produce IL-1, but, for the most part, newly synthesized cytokine molecules remain cell associated. Externalization and proteolytic processing of pro-IL-1β can be initiated by extracellular ATP. In this study, kinetics and inhibitor sensitivity of the stimulus-coupled mechanism were investigated with [35S]methionine-labeled macrophages. Optimal ATP concentrations required to promote cytokine post-translational processing suggest the involvement of a P2Z type of receptor. Proteolysis of pro-IL-1β initiates within 7.5 min of ATP addition; 17-kDa mature IL-1β is observed first intracellularly and subsequently extracellularly. In contrast, ATP-treated cells do not contain 17-kDa IL-1α. Macrophages exposed to ATP continuously or only for a 15-min pulse release IL-1α, IL-1β, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Proteolytic maturation of IL-1β exceeds that of IL-1α in both formats, but pulsed cells process the externalized cytokines more efficiently. Ethacrynic acid and DIDS (4,4′-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid) block ATP-induced proteolysis of pro-IL-1β and prevent release of pro-IL-1α/β and LDH; they do not inhibit ATP-induced K+ (86Rb+) efflux. Ethacrynic acid inhibits release of both forms of IL-1 with a similar concentration dependence; within the arrested cells, procytokines accumulate in a Triton-insoluble fraction. An IL-1β-converting enzyme inhibitor blocks proteolysis of IL-1β, but it does not prevent release of pro-IL-1α, pro-IL-1β, or LDH. These results indicate that ATP stimulates externalization of both IL-1α and IL-1β. The ATP-induced cytokine release mechanism is accompanied by cell death and requires activity of an anion transport inhibitor-sensitive component, but this pathway operates independently of cytokine proteolytic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Perregaux
- Department of Cancer, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Christopher A. Gabel
- Department of Cancer, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, CT 06340
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