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Su J, Yu B, Zhang C, Yi P, Li H, Xu C, Cao L, Chen P, Li M, Shen K, Chen J. Long noncoding RNA HOXC-AS3 indicates a poor prognosis and regulates tumorigenesis by binding to YBX1 in breast cancer. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:6335-6350. [PMID: 33194034 PMCID: PMC7653616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have highlighted the importance of long noncoding RNAs in tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of lncRNAs in breast cancer are not well understood. Recently, the lncRNA HOXC-AS3 has drawn significant attention due to its regulatory effects on the tumorigenesis of human cancers. However, the potential molecular mechanisms whereby it mediates breast cancer progression remain unknown. Based on public breast cancer expression data and using bioinformatics methods, we discovered significantly upregulated expression levels of HOXC-AS3 in diseased tissues. We verified this result in breast cancer samples and found that the expression of HOXC-AS3 was well correlated with the prognosis of breast cancer. In vitro and in vivo experimental evidence suggests that HOXC-AS3 has the potential to regulate tumorigenesis. Further, mechanistic studies demonstrated the potential of HOXC-AS3 in the transcriptional activation of TK1 via its binding to YBX1. Furthermore, the silencing of TK1 reversed HOXC-AS3-mediated increase in breast cancer cell growth and migration. In conclusion, these results indicated the potential value of HOXC-AS as a prognostic biological marker for breast cancer, and possibly, as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongguo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiqiang Yi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peizhan Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunwei Shen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Identification of a new Schistosoma mansoni SMYB1 partner: putative roles in RNA metabolism. Parasitology 2013; 140:1085-95. [PMID: 23673212 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SMYB1 is a Schistosoma mansoni protein highly similar to members of the Y-box binding protein family. Similar to other homologues, SMYB1 is able to bind double- and single-stranded DNA, as well as RNA molecules. The characterization of proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression in S. mansoni is of great importance for the understanding of molecular events that control morphological and physiological changes in this parasite. Here we demonstrate that SMYB1 is located in the cytoplasm of cells from different life-cycle stages of S. mansoni, suggesting that this protein is probably acting in mRNA metabolism in the cytoplasm and corroborating previous findings from our group that showed its ability to bind RNA. Protein-protein interactions are important events in all biological processes, since most proteins execute their functions through large supramolecular structures. Yeast two-hybrid screenings using SMYB1 as bait identified a partner in S. mansoni similar to the SmD3 protein of Drosophila melanogaster (SmRNP), which is important in the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes. Also, pull-down assays were conducted using immobilized GST-SMYB1 proteins and confirmed the SMYB1-SmRNP interaction. The interaction of SMYB1 with a protein involved in mRNA processing suggests that it may act in processes such as turnover, transport and stabilization of RNA molecules.
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3
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Li CL, Lu CY, Ke PY, Chang ZF. Perturbation of ATP-induced tetramerization of human cytosolic thymidine kinase by substitution of serine-13 with aspartic acid at the mitotic phosphorylation site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:587-93. [PMID: 14697231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human cytosolic thymidine kinase (TK1) is tightly regulated in the cell cycle by multiple mechanisms. Our laboratory has previously shown that in mitotic-arrested cells human TK1 is phosphorylated at serine-13, accompanied by a decrease in catalytic efficiency. In this study we investigated whether serine-13 phosphorylation regulated TK1 activity and found that substitution of serine-13 with aspartic acid (S13D), which mimics phosphorylation, not only diminished the ATP-activating effect on the enzyme, but also decreased its thymidine substrate affinity. Our experimental results further showed that the S13D mutation perturbed ATP-induced tetramerization of TK1. Given that the dimeric form of TK1 is less active than the tetrameric, we propose that mitotic phosphorylation of serine-13 is of physiological importance, in that it may counteract ATP-dependent activation of TK1 by affecting its quaternary structure, thus attenuating its enzymatic function at the G2/M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lung Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No 1 Jen Ai Road First Section, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
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4
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Gaudreault I, Guay D, Lebel M. YB-1 promotes strand separation in vitro of duplex DNA containing either mispaired bases or cisplatin modifications, exhibits endonucleolytic activities and binds several DNA repair proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:316-27. [PMID: 14718551 PMCID: PMC373280 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
YB-1 is a multifunctional protein involved in the regulation of transcription, translation, mRNA splicing and probably DNA repair. It contains a conserved cold shock domain and it binds strongly to inverted CCAAT box of different promoters. In this study, we have found that purified YB-1 oligomerizes readily in solutions to form trimers, hexamers and oligomers of 12 molecules. The presence of ATP changed the conformation of YB-1 in such a way that only dimers were detected by gel filtration analyses. Purified YB-1 can separate different DNA duplexes containing blunt ends, 5' or 3' recessed ends, or forked structures. This strand separation activity is increased on cisplatin-modified DNA or with duplex molecules containing mismatches. In addition to its exonuclease activity, YB-1 exhibits endonucleolytic activities in vitro. Finally, YB-1 affinity chromatography experiments have indicated that in addition to prespliceosome factors like nucleolin and ALY, YB-1 binds the DNA repair proteins MSH2, DNA polymerase delta, Ku80 and WRN proteins in vitro. Furthermore, immunofluorescence studies have shown that YB-1 re-localizes from the cytoplasm to nuclear areas containing either Ku80 or MSH2 proteins in human 293 embryonic kidney cells. These results suggest that YB-1 is involved in base excision and mismatch repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gaudreault
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 9 McMahon Street, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada
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5
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Ke PY, Yang CC, Tsai IC, Chang ZF. Degradation of human thymidine kinase is dependent on serine-13 phosphorylation: involvement of the SCF-mediated pathway. Biochem J 2003; 370:265-73. [PMID: 12435275 PMCID: PMC1223163 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2002] [Revised: 11/11/2002] [Accepted: 11/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression level of human thymidine kinase (hTK) is regulated in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. One of the mechanisms responsible for the fluctuation of TK expression in the cell cycle can be attributed to protein degradation during mitosis. Given the facts that cell-cycle-dependent proteolysis is highly conserved in all eukaryotes and yeast cells are an excellent model system for protein-degradation study, here we report on the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe to investigate the degradation signal and mechanism required for hTK degradation. We found that the stability of hTK is significantly reduced in mitotic yeasts. Previously, we have observed that Ser-13 is the site of mitotic phosphorylation of hTK in HeLa cells [Chang, Huang and Chi (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 12095-12100]. Here, we further provide evidence that the replacement of Ser-13 by Ala (S13A) renders hTK stable in S. pombe and S. cerevisiae. Most interestingly, we demonstrated that degradation of hTK is impaired in S. cerevisiae carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the proteasomal gene pre1-1 or the Skp1-Cullin-1/CDC53-F-box (SCF) complex gene cdc34 or cdc53, suggesting the contribution of the SCF-mediated pathway in hTK degradation. As phosphorylation is a prerequisite signal for SCF recognition, our results implied that phosphorylation of Ser-13 probably contributes to the degradation signal for hTK via the SCF-mediated proteolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 section 1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, Republic of China
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6
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Mauser A, Holley-Guthrie E, Zanation A, Yarborough W, Kaufmann W, Klingelhutz A, Seaman WT, Kenney S. The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BZLF1 induces expression of E2F-1 and other proteins involved in cell cycle progression in primary keratinocytes and gastric carcinoma cells. J Virol 2002; 76:12543-52. [PMID: 12438580 PMCID: PMC136734 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.24.12543-12552.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early protein BZLF1 mediates the switch between the latent and lytic forms of EBV infection and has been previously shown to induce a G(1)/S block in cell cycle progression in some cell types. To examine the effect of BZLF1 on cellular gene expression, we performed microarray analysis on telomerase-immortalized human keratinocytes that were mock infected or infected with a control adenovirus vector (AdLacZ) or a vector expressing the EBV BZLF1 protein (AdBZLF1). Cellular genes activated by BZLF1 expression included E2F-1, cyclin E, Cdc25A, and a number of other genes involved in cell cycle progression. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that BZLF1 induced expression of E2F-1, cyclin E, Cdc25A, and stem loop binding protein (a protein known to be primarily expressed during S phase) in telomerase-immortalized keratinocytes. Similarly, BZLF1 increased expression of E2F-1, cyclin E, and stem loop binding protein (SLBP) in primary tonsil keratinocytes. In contrast, BZLF1 did not induce E2F-1 expression in normal human fibroblasts. Cell cycle analysis revealed that while BZLF1 dramatically blocked G(1)/S progression in normal human fibroblasts, it did not significantly affect cell cycle progression in primary human tonsil keratinocytes. Furthermore, in EBV-infected gastric carcinoma cells, the BZLF1-positive cells had an increased number of cells in S phase compared to the BZLF1-negative cells. Thus, in certain cell types (but not others), BZLF1 enhances expression of cellular proteins associated with cell cycle progression, which suggests that an S-phase-like environment may be advantageous for efficient lytic EBV replication in some cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Mauser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
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7
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Chang ZF, Huang DY. Regulation of thymidine kinase expression during cellular senescence. J Biomed Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02256410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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8
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Lau JS, Baumeister P, Kim E, Roy B, Hsieh TY, Lai M, Lee AS. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins as regulators of gene expression through interactions with the human thymidine kinase promoter. J Cell Biochem 2000; 79:395-406. [PMID: 10972977 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(20001201)79:3<395::aid-jcb50>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In search for nuclear proteins that interact with the human thymidine kinase (htk) promoter, we discovered that p37AUF, a hnRNP C-like protein, and hnRNP A1, both members of the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein family, can bind with high affinity to an ATTT sequence motif contained within the cell cycle regulatory unit (CCRU). We report here that over-expression of p37AUF stimulates gene expression mediated by the htk promoter in a promoter-sequence specific manner, whereas hnRNP A1 suppresses it. Both recombinant p37AUF and hnRNP A1 can bind the htk CCRU, suggesting that their binding to the DNA target does not require additional cellular components. We further discovered that hnRNP K is a potent suppressor of htk mediated gene activity. However, its mechanism of action is mediated through protein-protein interaction, since hnRNP K itself cannot bind the htk CCRU but can competitively inhibit the binding of other hnRNPs. The binding site for the hnRNPs on the htk CCRU is not required for S-phase induction of the htk promoter. However, in stable but not transient transfectants, the mutation of the hnRNP binding site results in 5- to 10-fold reduction of htk mediated gene activity in synchronized and exponentially growing cells. Collectively, these findings support emerging evidence that hnRNPs, in addition to their traditional role in RNA biogenesis, could be regulators of gene expression through direct DNA binding or interaction with other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9176, USA
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9
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Stenina OI, Poptic EJ, DiCorleto PE. Thrombin activates a Y box-binding protein (DNA-binding protein B) in endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:579-87. [PMID: 10953033 PMCID: PMC380248 DOI: 10.1172/jci9075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin stimulates the expression of multiple genes in endothelial cells (ECs), but the trans-acting factors responsible for this induction remain undefined. We have previously described a thrombin-inducible nuclear factor (TINF), which binds to an element in the PDGF B promoter and is responsible for the thrombin inducibility of this gene. Inactive cytoplasmic TINF is rapidly activated and translocated to nuclei of ECs upon stimulation with thrombin. We have now purified TINF from thrombin-treated ECs. Amino acid sequencing revealed it to be a member of the Y-box protein family, and the sole Y-box protein-encoding cDNA we detected in human or bovine ECs corresponded to DNA-binding protein B (dbpB). DbpB translocated to the nucleus after thrombin stimulation of ECs as shown by FACS analysis of nuclei from ECs expressing GFP-dbpB fusion proteins. During thrombin activation, dbpB was found to be cleaved, yielding a 30-kDa NH(2)-terminal fragment that recognized the thrombin-response element sequence, but not the Y-box consensus sequence. Preincubation of ECs with protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors completely blocked dbpB activation by thrombin and blocked induction of endogenous PDGF B-chain mRNA and promoter activation by thrombin. Y-box proteins are known to act constitutively to regulate the expression of several genes. Activation of this class of transcription factors in response to thrombin or any other agonist represents a novel signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Stenina
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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10
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Chang ZF, Huang DY, Hu SF. NF-Y-mediatedTrans-activation of the human thymidine kinase promoter is closely linked to activation of cyclin-dependent kinase. J Cell Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19991101)75:2<300::aid-jcb12>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Lippert MJ, Chen Q, Liber HL. Increased transcription decreases the spontaneous mutation rate at the thymidine kinase locus in human cells. Mutat Res 1998; 401:1-10. [PMID: 9639662 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcription increases DNA repair efficiency and modulates the distribution of certain types of DNA damage. Furthermore, increased transcription level stimulates spontaneous mutation rate in yeast. We explored whether transcription level affects spontaneous mutation rate in human cells. We first developed two thymidine kinase (tk) inducible human cell lines using the Gal4-Estrogen receptor system. In our TK6i-G3 and G9 tk heterozygous cell lines, the active tk allele is linked to an inducible promoter element. Tk mRNA is induced following treatment with estrogen. Spontaneous mutation rate was significantly decreased in human cell lines after induction in contrast to the report in yeast. Thus, humans may have evolved different or additional mechanisms to deal with transcription related spontaneous mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lippert
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Chang ZF, Huang DY, Chi LM. Serine 13 is the site of mitotic phosphorylation of human thymidine kinase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:12095-100. [PMID: 9575153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that the polypeptide of thymidine kinase type 1 (TK1) from human and mouse cells can be modified by phosphorylation. Our laboratory has further shown that the level of human TK phosphorylation increases during mitotic arrest in different cell types (Chang, Z.-F., Huang, D.-Y., and Hsue, N.-C. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:21249-21254). In the present study, we demonstrated that a mutation converting Ser13 to Ala abolished the mitotic phosphorylation of native TK1 expressed in Ltk- cells. Furthermore, we expressed recombinant proteins of wild-type and mutated human TK1 with fused FLAG epitope in HeLa cells, and confirmed the occurrence of mitotic phosphorylation on Ser13 of hTK1. By using an in vitro phosphorylation assay, it was shown that wild-type hTK1, but not mutant TK1(Ala13), could serve as a good substrate for Cdc2 or Cdk2 kinase. Coexpression of p21(waf1/cip1), which is a universal inhibitor of Cdk kinases, in Ltk- fibroblasts also suppressed mitotic phosphorylation of hTK1 expressed in this cell line. Thus, Cdc2 or related kinase(s) is probably involved in mitotic phosphorylation on Ser13 of the hTK1 polypeptide. We also found that mutation on Ser13 did not affect the functional activity of hTK1. As the sequences around Ser13 are highly conserved in vertebrate TK1s, we speculate that phosphorylation of Ser13 may play a role in the regulation of TK1 expression in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z F Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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13
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Swamynathan SK, Nambiar A, Guntaka RV. Role of single-stranded DNA regions and Y-box proteins in transcriptional regulation of viral and cellular genes. FASEB J 1998; 12:515-22. [PMID: 9576478 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.12.7.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Single-stranded regions, known to be important for optimal rates of transcription, have been observed in the promoters of several cellular genes as well as in the promoters of many pathogenic viruses. Several host-encoded, single-stranded DNA binding proteins capable of binding these regions have been purified and their genes isolated. In this review, information available about single-stranded regions present within various promoters and the interaction of a novel class of single-stranded DNA binding transcription factors belonging to the Y-box family of proteins is reviewed. Mechanisms by which these proteins influence transcription of both cellular and viral genes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Swamynathan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, 65212, USA
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14
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Furukawa M, Uchiumi T, Nomoto M, Takano H, Morimoto RI, Naito S, Kuwano M, Kohno K. The role of an inverted CCAAT element in transcriptional activation of the human DNA topoisomerase IIalpha gene by heat shock. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:10550-5. [PMID: 9553115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.17.10550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the DNA topoisomerase IIalpha (topoIIalpha) gene is highly sensitive to various environmental stimuli including heat shock. The amount of topoIIalpha mRNA was increased 1.5-3-fold 6-24 h after exposure of T24 human urinary bladder cancer cells to heat shock stress at 43 degreesC for 1 h. The effect of heat shock on the transcriptional activity of the human topoIIalpha gene promoter was investigated by transient transfection of T24 cells with luciferase reporter plasmids containing various lengths of the promoter sequence. The transcriptional activity of the full-length promoter (nucleotides (nt) -295 to +85) and of three deletion constructs (nt -197 to +85, -154 to +85, and -74 to +85) was increased approximately 3-fold 24 h after heat shock stress. In contrast, the transcriptional activity of the minimal promoter (nt -20 to +85), which lacks the first inverted CCAAT element (ICE1), the GC box, and the heat shock element located between nt -74 and -21, was not increased by heat shock. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of promoter constructs containing mutations in the GC box or heat shock element, but not that of a construct containing mutations in ICE1, was significantly increased by heat shock. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed reduced binding of a nuclear factor to an oligonucleotide containing ICE1 when nuclear extracts were derived from cells cultured for 3-24 h after heat shock. No such change in factor binding was apparent with an oligonucleotide containing the heat shock element of the topoIIalpha gene promoter. Finally, in vivo footprint analysis of the topoIIalpha gene promoter revealed that two G residues of ICE1 that were protected in control cells became sensitive to dimethyl sulfate modification after heat shock. These results suggest that transcriptional activation of the topoIIalpha gene by heat shock requires the release of a negative regulatory factor from ICE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Furukawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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15
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Höhler T, Kruger A, Gerken G, Schneider PM, Meyer zum Büschenefelde KH, Rittner C. A tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter polymorphism is associated with chronic hepatitis B infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111:579-82. [PMID: 9528902 PMCID: PMC1904884 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines such as TNF-alpha and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) are important for the elimination of infected hepatocytes during acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Two G versus A transitions in the TNF-alpha promoter region at positions -308 and -238 possibly influence TNF-alpha expression. We investigated these TNF-alpha polymorphisms in 71 patients with chronic HBV infection, in 32 subjects that had spontaneously recovered from acute HBV infection, and in 99 healthy controls. The -238 A promoter variant was present in 18 (25%) of 71 patients with chronic HBV infection compared with two (6%) of 32 subjects with acute infection (P<0.04), and seven (7%) of 99 controls (P<0.003). By contrast, the prevalence of the variant at position -308 was similar in all investigated groups. The observed differences could not be explained by linkage disequilibrium to HLA-B or -DRB1* alleles. These findings suggest an association between the TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism at position -238 and the development of chronic HBV infection. This promoter variant appears to be linked to defective viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Höhler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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16
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Höhler T, Kruger A, Gerken G, Schneider PM, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Rittner C. Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter polymorphism at position -238 is associated with chronic active hepatitis C infection. J Med Virol 1998; 54:173-7. [PMID: 9515764 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199803)54:3<173::aid-jmv5>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The gene for TNF-alpha is encoded in the major histocompatibility locus (MHC). Two polymorphisms at positions -308 and -238 in the TNF-alpha promoter region might influence TNF-alpha expression. These promoter polymorphisms have been linked previously to a number of infectious diseases. TNF-alpha promoter polymorphisms at positions -238 and -308 were studied by DNA sequencing and sequence-specific oligonucleotide hybridization in 82 individuals with chronic hepatitis C and 99 control subjects. Subjects had been HLA class I and class II typed in a previous study. The frequency of the TNF238.2 promoter allele was significantly higher in the hepatitis C group (18.7%) compared to the controls (3.5%; P < 0.0001; pcorr < 0.009). No significant differences in the frequency of the TNF308.2 allele were observed between patients and controls. The increased frequency of the TNF238.2 allele could not be explained by linkage disequilibrium to HLA-B or -DR genes. These findings show an association between the TNF238.2 promoter variant and chronic active hepatitis C. They suggest that this polymorphism or a linked gene may be a host factor contributing to the development of chronic active hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Höhler
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Tommasi S, Pfeifer GP. Constitutive protection of E2F recognition sequences in the human thymidine kinase promoter during cell cycle progression. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:30483-90. [PMID: 9374541 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.48.30483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequences responsible for S phase-specific induction of the human thymidine kinase (TK) gene have been mapped to a small region that contains putative E2F binding sites. We have analyzed protein-DNA interactions at the TK promoter during cell cycle progression in human fibroblasts using an in vivo footprinting approach. We found 14 protein binding sites that were occupied in vivo. All of the sites (among them two inverted CCAAT boxes and several Sp1 sites) bound transcription factors constitutively throughout the cell cycle, i.e. none of the factor binding was cell cycle-dependent. An E2F-like site located between nucleotides -97 and -89 relative to the major transcription start site was protected in G0, G1, S, and G2 phases. This cell cycle-independent protection of E2F sequences in the TK promoter differs from the G0/G1-restricted binding of E2F complexes observed for genes in which the E2F sites function as repressor elements (Tommasi, S., and Pfeifer, G. P. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 6901-6913; Zwicker, J., Liu, N., Engeland, K., Lucibello, F. C., and Müller, R. (1996) Science 271, 1595-1597). A comparison of several genes containing E2F motifs indicates that E2F sites located in proximity to the transcription initiation site (-50 to +20) in TATA-less promoters predominantly function as repressor elements, while in other genes constitutively bound E2F complexes located further upstream mediate activation presumably in conjunction with a functional TATA box.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tommasi
- Department of Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
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18
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Slack RS, Belliveau DJ, Rosenberg M, Atwal J, Lochmüller H, Aloyz R, Haghighi A, Lach B, Seth P, Cooper E, Miller FD. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the tumor suppressor, p53, induces apoptosis in postmitotic neurons. J Cell Biol 1996; 135:1085-96. [PMID: 8922388 PMCID: PMC2133379 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.135.4.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an ongoing process in both the developing and the mature nervous system. The tumor suppressor gene, p53, can induce apoptosis in a number of different cell types. Recently, the enhanced expression of p53 has been observed during acute neurological disease. To determine whether p53 overexpression could influence neuronal survival, we used a recombinant adenovirus vector carrying wild type p53 to transduce postmitotic neurons. A control consisting of the same adenovirus vector background but carrying the lacZ reporter expression cassette was used to establish working parameters for the effective genetic manipulation of sympathetic neurons. We have found that recombinant adenovirus can be used at titers sufficiently high (10 to 50 multiplicity of infection) to transduce the majority of the neuronal population without perturbing survival, electrophysiological function, or cytoarchitecture. Moreover, we demonstrate that overexpression of wild type p53 is sufficient to induce programmed cell death in neurons. The observation that p53 is capable of inducing apoptosis in postmitotic neurons has major implications for the mechanisms of cell death in the traumatized mature nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Slack
- Centre for Neuronal Survival, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
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19
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Chang ZF, Huang DY, Lai TC. Different regulation of the human thymidine kinase promoter in normal human diploid IMR-90 fibroblasts and HeLa cells. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:27374-9. [PMID: 7593001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.45.27374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of the human thymidine kinase (hTK) promoter plays an important role in the cell cycle control of thymidine kinase expression. Using the luciferase reporter cotransfection assay, we found that the activity of the hTK promoter in IMR-90 normal human diploid fibroblasts was increased by the constitutively over-expressed cyclin A or cyclin E but not by cyclin D, suggesting that the former two cyclins may act as positive regulators for the hTK promoter. The sequence responsible for the transcriptional activation by cyclin E was identified to be located between -133 and -92 of the hTK promoter. Regulation of the hTK promoter in HeLa cells appeared to be different from that in IMR-90 fibroblasts. Firstly, the hTK promoter in HeLa was already highly activated and could not be further activated by ectopically expressed cyclin A or E. Secondly, the -133 to -92 region of the hTK promoter was important for the promoter strength in HeLa cells but not in IMR-90 cells. The steady-state levels of cyclins A and E were readily detected in HeLa cells but not in normal IMR-90 fibroblasts. Based on these results, we propose that the cellular environment of the HeLa cell allows the hTK promoter to stay fully activated for transcription regardless of ectopically expressed cyclin A or E and that transcriptional activation of thymidine kinase gene is deregulated in these tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z F Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung College of Medicine and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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20
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el-Hodiri HM, Perry M. Interaction of the CCAAT displacement protein with shared regulatory elements required for transcription of paired histone genes. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:3587-96. [PMID: 7791766 PMCID: PMC230596 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.7.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The H2A and H2B genes of the Xenopus xlh3 histone gene cluster are transcribed in opposite directions from initiation points located approximately 235 bp apart. The close proximity of these genes to one another suggests that their expression may be controlled by either a single bidirectional promoter or by separate promoters. Our analysis of the transcription of histone gene pairs containing deletions and site-specific mutations of intergenic DNA revealed that both promoters are distinct but that they overlap physically and share multiple regulatory elements, providing a possible basis for the coordinate regulation of their in vivo activities. Using the intergenic DNA fragment as a probe and extracts from mammalian and amphibian cells, we observed the formation of a specific complex containing the CCAAT displacement protein (CDP). The formation of the CDP-containing complex was not strictly dependent on any single element in the intergenic region but instead required the presence of at least two of the three CCAAT motifs. Interestingly, similar CDP-containing complexes were formed on the promoters from the three other histone genes. The binding of CDP to histone gene promoters may contribute to the coordination of their activities during the cell cycle and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M el-Hodiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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21
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Chesters JK, Boyne R, Petrie L, Lipson KE. Role of the promoter in the sensitivity of human thymidine kinase to lack of Zn2+. Biochem J 1995; 308 ( Pt 2):659-64. [PMID: 7772056 PMCID: PMC1136977 DOI: 10.1042/bj3080659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies had indicated that lack of Zn2+ inhibits the expression of thymidine kinase activity and produces a corresponding reduction in the concentration of its mRNA. The present investigations have shown that with human thymidine kinase this is associated with increased binding of a specific protein to the gene's promoter in the region between -55 and -83 bp 5' to the transcription initiation site. A second binding site for the protein is present within the sixth exon of the human thymidine kinase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chesters
- Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K
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22
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Zou Y, Chien KR. EFIA/YB-1 is a component of cardiac HF-1A binding activity and positively regulates transcription of the myosin light-chain 2v gene. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:2972-82. [PMID: 7760795 PMCID: PMC230528 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.6.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient assays in cultured ventricular muscle cells and studies in transgenic mice have identified two adjacent regulatory elements (HF-1a and HF-1b/MEF-2) as required to maintain ventricular chamber-specific expression of the myosin light-chain 2v (MLC-2v) gene. A rat neonatal heart cDNA library was screened with an HF-1a binding site, resulting in the isolation of EFIA, the rat homolog of human YB-1. Purified recombinant EFIA/YB-1 protein binds to the HF-1a site in a sequence-specific manner and contacts a subset of the HF-1a contact points made by the cardiac nuclear factor(s). The HF-1a sequence contains AGTGG, which is highly homologous to the inverted CCAAT core of the EFIA/YB-1 binding sites and is found to be essential for binding of the recombinant EFIA/YB-1. Antiserum against Xenopus YB-3 (100% identical in the DNA binding domain and 89% identical in overall amino acid sequence to rat EFIA) can specifically abolish a component of the endogenous HF-1a complex in the rat cardiac myocyte nuclear extracts. In cotransfection assays, EFIA/YB-1 increased 250-bp MLC-2v promoter activity by 3.4-fold specifically in the cardiac cell context and in an HF-1a site-dependent manner. EFIA/YB-1 complexes with an unknown protein in cardiac myocyte nuclear extracts to form the endogenous HF-1a binding activity. Immunocoprecipitation revealed that EFIA/YB-1 has a major associated protein of approximately 30 kDa (p30) in cardiac muscle cells. This study suggests that EFIA/YB-1, together with the partner p30, binds to the HF-1a site and, in conjunction with HF-1b/MEF-2, mediates ventricular chamber-specific expression of the MLC-2v gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0613, USA
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23
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Good L, Chen J, Chen KY. Analysis of sequence-specific binding activity of cis-elements in human thymidine kinase gene promoter during G1/S phase transition. J Cell Physiol 1995; 163:636-44. [PMID: 7775606 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041630326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Expression of thymidine kinase (TK) gene in normal human diploid, cells is both cell cycle and age dependent and appears to be transcriptionally regulated. Several studies have indicated that the G1/S control sequence may reside within the region of about 130 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site. We have previously shown that a trans-acting factor, CBP/tk (CCAAT binding protein for TK gene), binds to either one of the two inverted CCAAT boxes in a cell cycle- and age-dependent manner (Pang and Chen, 1993, J. Biol. Chem., 268:2909-2916). An upstream 25 bp fragment (-109/-84), containing both Yi-like and E2F-like binding sites, has recently been proposed to be essential for the G1/S regulation of human TK gene. To assess the contribution of various cis-elements in human TK promoter to the G1/S regulation, we have examined the binding activity of these cis-elements in the nuclear extracts derived from human IMR-90 cells at low passage number. Our results indicated that no binding activity could be detected using either the 25 bp fragment (-109/-94) or the authentic Yi sequence. However, Yi binding activity was observed in SV-40 transformed IMR-90 cells. In contrast, the 28 bp fragment (-91/-64) that contains the distal inverted CCAAT box exhibited a strong binding in serum-stimulated young IMR-90 cells. The binding of CBP/tk to the 28 bp fragment was abolished by a single base mutation in the CCAAT box. The CBP/tk binding of the 28 bp fragment could not be displaced by either the 25 bp fragment or the authentic Yi element. A deletion of the 5'-flanking region of the 28 bp fragment up to 5 bases also abolished the binding activity. The CBP/tk binding in IMR-90 cells was supershifted by antiserum against NF-Ya, but not by antiserum made against p107, pRb, cyclin A, p33cdk2, or p34cdc2. Taken together, our results suggest that the G1/S regulatory cis-element in human TK promoter may be confined only to CBP/tk binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Good
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855-0939, USA
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24
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Mao X, Xia L, Liang G, Gai X, Huang DY, Prystowsky MB, Lipson KE. CCAAT-box contributions to human thymidine kinase mRNA expression. J Cell Biochem 1995; 57:701-10. [PMID: 7615653 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240570415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine the role of two inverted CCAAT boxes near the start of transcription of the human thymidine kinase (TK) gene, a series of constructs were prepared in which one or both CCAAT boxes were deleted or mutated. These altered promoters (1.2 kb of 5'-flanking sequence) were used to express a TK minigene containing the first two exons and introns followed by the remainder of the cDNA. RNA blots were prepared from stable cell lines of ts13 cells containing these constructs under three conditions: 1) serum deprived cells, 2) serum stimulated cells, and 3) cells that had been stimulated with serum, but were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by the temperature sensitive mutation carried by these cells. TK mRNA expression from each construct was suppressed by the temperature sensitive block to cell cycle progression. Measurement of protein expression from the various altered TK promoters indicated that both CCAAT boxes contribute to promoter strength. These experiments also suggested that the two CCAAT boxes were not equivalent and that the distal CCAAT could substitute for the proximal CCAAT, but the converse was not true.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Mao
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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25
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Lipson KE, Liang G, Xia L, Gai X, Prystowsky MB, Mao X. Protein that binds to the distal, but not to the proximal, CCAAT of the human thymidine kinase gene promoter. J Cell Biochem 1995; 57:711-23. [PMID: 7615654 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240570416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mobility shift assays were used to examine protein binding to the human TK gene CCAAT boxes. Similar protein binding patterns were observed with probes containing either the proximal or distal CCAAT. However, probes containing both CCAAT boxes in which one of the CCAAT boxes was inactivated by mutation did not demonstrate identical binding patterns. One of the complexes formed with the longer probes was only observed when the distal CCAAT was intact. This species was not formed with probes that only contained an intact proximal CCAAT, and its formation could only be competed by oligonucleotides containing the distal CCAAT motif. This observation reveals the existence of a protein that can bind to the distal, but not to the proximal, CCAAT of the human TK promoter. This protein may account for the previous observation that the two CCAAT motifs are not functionally equivalent. The protein that binds to the distal, but not to the proximal, CCAAT (DTK-CBP) was also present in two human cell lines. Significantly more DTK-CBP was present in nuclear extracts of HepG2 and WI38 cells than in TK-ts13 cells. However, this protein was not observed in three different murine cell lines and one primary culture. Its abundance in some human cell lines suggests it might modulate the expression of human TK mRNA in cells that express this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lipson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854, USA
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26
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Abstract
Members of the Y-box (YB) family of transcription factors are expressed in a wide range of cell types and are implicated in the regulation of a rapidly increasing number of genes. Although the biological activities of YB proteins appear to be varied, distinct patterns, relating to the timing of their expression and the identity of their target genes, are beginning to emerge. A recent report by Ito et al. focusses attention on cell proliferation and adds support to earlier suggestions that a primary function of YB proteins is to help activate growth-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ladomery
- School of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland
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27
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Lee DK, Sun W, Rhee K, Cho H, Lee CC, Kim K. Analysis of thymidine kinase gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 1994; 39:259-67. [PMID: 7888165 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080390303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase (TK) activity was examined during the development of preimplantation mouse embryos. TK activity was increased approximately 20-fold from day 2 embryos (2-cell) to day 5 embryos (late blastocyst). TK activity did not change along with the progression into S-phase of the first and the second cell cycles but increased sharply at S-phase of the third cell cycle. Analysis of TK mRNA with a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method showed that the level of TK mRNA was low in ovulated eggs and 1-cell embryos and was hardly detectable in day 2 embryos (2-cell), but sharply increased in day 3 embryos (mixture of 5- to 8-cell and morula). The functional role of 5'-flanking sequence of TK gene was also investigated in preimplantation embryos after microinjection with the DNA construct of 5'-flanking sequence of TK (2.4 kb) linked to bacterial lacZ gene (TK2.5lacZ) into the pronucleus of 1-cell and subsequently by histochemical staining with X-gal. beta-Galactosidase activity was first detected in day 3 embryos (8-cell), and 30% of embryos were stained with X-gal in day 4 and day 5 embryos, respectively. These results show that an increase in TK activity occurred after 2-cell stage, and this increase was primarily due to the embryonic activation of TK gene expression. Also, it appears that the 5'-flanking sequence of TK may directly regulate the TK gene expression at the transcriptional level during preimplantation murine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
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28
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Chang Z, Liu C. Human thymidine kinase CCAAT-binding protein is NF-Y, whose A subunit expression is serum-dependent in human IMR-90 diploid fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Boviatsis EJ, Chase M, Wei MX, Tamiya T, Hurford RK, Kowall NW, Tepper RI, Breakefield XO, Chiocca EA. Gene transfer into experimental brain tumors mediated by adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and retrovirus vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1994; 5:183-91. [PMID: 8186298 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1994.5.2-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three vectors derived from retrovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), and adenovirus were compared in cultured rat 9L gliosarcoma cells for gene transfer efficiency and in a 9L rat brain tumor model for histologic pattern and distribution of foreign gene delivery, as well as for associated tumor necrosis and inflammation. At a multiplicity of infection of 1, in vitro transfer of a foreign gene (lacZ from Escherichia coli) into cells was more efficient with either the replication-defective retrovirus vector or the replication-conditional thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient HSV vector than with the replication-defective adenovirus vector. In vivo, stereotactic injections of each vector into rat brain tumors revealed three main histopathologic findings: (i) retrovirus and HSV vector-mediated gene transfer was relatively selective for cells within the tumor, whereas adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer occurred into several types of endogenous neural cells, as well as into cells within the tumor; (ii) gene transfer to multiple infiltrating tumor deposits without apparent gene transfer to intervening normal brain tissue occurred uniquely in one animal inoculated with the HSV vector, and (iii) extensive necrosis and selective inflammation in the tumor were evident with the HSV vector, whereas there was minimal evidence of tumor necrosis and inflammation with either the retrovirus or adenovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Boviatsis
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Charlestown 02129
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30
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Kashanchi F, Duvall JF, Dittmer J, Mireskandari A, Reid RL, Gitlin SD, Brady JN. Involvement of transcription factor YB-1 in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I basal gene expression. J Virol 1994; 68:561-5. [PMID: 8254772 PMCID: PMC236322 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.561-565.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequences which control basal human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) transcription likely play an important role in initiation and maintenance of virus replication. We previously identified and analyzed a 45-nucleotide sequence (downstream regulatory element 1 [DRE 1]), +195 to +240, at the boundary of the R/U5 region of the long terminal repeat which is required for HTLV-I basal transcription. We identified a protein, p37, which specifically bound to DRE 1. An affinity column fraction, containing p37, stimulated HTLV-I transcription approximately 12-fold in vitro. We now report the identification of a cDNA clone (15B-7), from a Jurkat expression library, that binds specifically to the DRE 1 regulatory sequence. Binding of the cDNA fusion protein, similarly to the results obtained with purified Jurkat protein, was decreased by introduction of site-specific mutations in the DRE 1 regulatory sequence. In vitro transcription and translation of 15B-7 cDNA produced a fusion protein which bound specifically to the HTLV-I +195 to +240 oligonucleotide. The partial cDNA encodes a protein which is homologous to the C-terminal 196 amino acids of the 36-kDa transcription factor, YB-1. Cotransfection of a YB-1 expression plasmid increases HTLV-I basal transcription approximately 14-fold in Jurkat T lymphocytes. On the basis of the molecular weight, DNA-binding characteristics, and in vivo transactivation activity, we suggest that the previously identified DRE 1-binding protein, p37, is YB-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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31
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E1A-mediated inhibition of myogenesis correlates with a direct physical interaction of E1A12S and basic helix-loop-helix proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1993. [PMID: 8393137 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.8.4714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that adenovirus E1A gene products can inhibit differentiation of skeletal myocytes suggested that E1A may interfere with the activity of myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. We have examined the ability of E1A to mediate repression of the muscle-specific creatine kinase (MCK) gene. Both the E1A12S and E1A13S products repressed MCK transcription in a concentration-dependent fashion. In contrast, amino-terminal deletion mutants (d2-36 and d15-35) of E1A12S were defective for repression. E1A12S also repressed expression of a promoter containing a multimer of the MCK high-affinity E box (the consensus site for myogenic bHLH protein binding) that was dependent, in C3H10T1/2 cells, on coexpression of a myogenin bHLH-VP16 fusion protein. A series of coprecipitation experiments with glutathione S-transferase fusion and in vitro-translated proteins demonstrated that E1A12S, but not amino-terminal E1A deletion mutants, could bind to full-length myogenin and E12 and to deletion mutants of myogenin and E12 that spare the bHLH domains. Thus, the bHLH domains of myogenin and E12, and the high-affinity E box, are targets for E1A-mediated repression of the MCK enhancer, and domains of E1A required for repression of muscle-specific gene transcription also mediate binding to bHLH proteins. We conclude that E1A mediates repression of muscle-specific gene transcription through its amino-terminal domain and propose that this may involve a direct physical interaction between E1A and the bHLH region of myogenic determination proteins.
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32
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Roehl HH, Anderson MM, Mehigh CS, Conrad SE. Regulation of the cellular thymidine kinase gene promoter in simian virus 40-infected cells. J Virol 1993; 67:4964-71. [PMID: 8392622 PMCID: PMC237884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.8.4964-4971.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the regulation of the cellular thymidine kinase (TK) gene promoter in simian virus 40 (SV40)-infected simian CV1 cells. Nuclear run-on transcription assays demonstrated a three- to fourfold increase in the rate of transcription of the endogenous gene at 14 to 16 h following viral infection. In addition, hybrid genes containing the human TK promoter linked to the bacterial neomycin resistance gene were induced by SV40 in stably transfected cells, indicating that promoter sequences are sufficient to confer viral regulation. Analysis of human TK promoter deletion mutants indicated that sequences localized between -67 and +30 bp relative to the transcriptional initiation site are sufficient to confer regulation on SV40-infected cells. These sequence elements are distinct from those required for serum induction, which were previously localized to the region between -135 and -67. These results suggest that SV40 activates novel cellular pathways that are not activated by serum stimulation of quiescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Roehl
- Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1101
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33
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Taylor DA, Kraus VB, Schwarz JJ, Olson EN, Kraus WE. E1A-mediated inhibition of myogenesis correlates with a direct physical interaction of E1A12S and basic helix-loop-helix proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:4714-27. [PMID: 8393137 PMCID: PMC360097 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.8.4714-4727.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The observation that adenovirus E1A gene products can inhibit differentiation of skeletal myocytes suggested that E1A may interfere with the activity of myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. We have examined the ability of E1A to mediate repression of the muscle-specific creatine kinase (MCK) gene. Both the E1A12S and E1A13S products repressed MCK transcription in a concentration-dependent fashion. In contrast, amino-terminal deletion mutants (d2-36 and d15-35) of E1A12S were defective for repression. E1A12S also repressed expression of a promoter containing a multimer of the MCK high-affinity E box (the consensus site for myogenic bHLH protein binding) that was dependent, in C3H10T1/2 cells, on coexpression of a myogenin bHLH-VP16 fusion protein. A series of coprecipitation experiments with glutathione S-transferase fusion and in vitro-translated proteins demonstrated that E1A12S, but not amino-terminal E1A deletion mutants, could bind to full-length myogenin and E12 and to deletion mutants of myogenin and E12 that spare the bHLH domains. Thus, the bHLH domains of myogenin and E12, and the high-affinity E box, are targets for E1A-mediated repression of the MCK enhancer, and domains of E1A required for repression of muscle-specific gene transcription also mediate binding to bHLH proteins. We conclude that E1A mediates repression of muscle-specific gene transcription through its amino-terminal domain and propose that this may involve a direct physical interaction between E1A and the bHLH region of myogenic determination proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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34
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Abstract
The influence of zinc (Zn) availability on thymidine kinase mRNA concentration has been investigated in cells in which production of the mRNA was regulated by either truncated thymidine kinase promoters or by the SV40 early promoter. Thymidine kinase mRNA concentrations were decreased by low Zn availability even when the promoter was truncated to 80 bp but not when it was replaced by the SV40 promoter. However, thymidine incorporation by the SV40 cells was still sensitive to lack of Zn, suggesting a second Zn-sensitive process involved in commitment to S phase. The increase in histone H3 mRNA production prior to S phase was not inhibited by lack of Zn leading to a preferential increase in this mRNA in exponentially growing cells deprived of Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chesters
- Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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35
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Li LJ, Naeve GS, Lee AS. Temporal regulation of cyclin A-p107 and p33cdk2 complexes binding to a human thymidine kinase promoter element important for G1-S phase transcriptional regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:3554-8. [PMID: 8475104 PMCID: PMC46339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclins are an extensive family of proteins whose cell cycle-dependent synthesis is postulated to control multiple events during the cell cycle. The synthesis of A-type cyclins begins at the start of S phase. In mammalian cells, association with the cdc-type kinases suggests that cyclin A complexes are important for DNA replication and regulating other DNA-bound substrates required for S phase. We report here that a 25-bp promoter element previously shown to be important for the G1-S activation of the human thymidine kinase (htk) promoter in growth-stimulated cells is a cellular target of cyclin A and the p33cdk2 complexes. Though the p33cdk2 and other nuclear factor complexes exhibit constitutive binding to the htk G1-S regulatory domain, the binding activity of a cyclin A/p107 protein complex is greatly enhanced when the cells enter S phase, correlating with the increase in the tk mRNA levels and the replication of DNA. The binding activity of the cyclin A complex is maintained throughout S phase. Mutation of the DNA sequences on either half of the 25-bp protein binding site results in the loss of its ability to compete efficiently in vitro for the htk complexes, including that of cyclin A-containing complex. The loss of high-affinity binding for the htk complexes also substantially reduces the S-phase regulation of the htk promoter in vivo. Our results support the hypothesis that a cyclin A complex, in association with the p33cdk2 kinase, mediates the S-phase-regulated transcription of the htk promoter in growth-stimulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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36
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Goldsmith M, Madden M, Morrow C, Cowan K. A Y-box consensus sequence is required for basal expression of the human multidrug resistance (mdr1) gene. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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37
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A specific CCAAT-binding protein, CBP/tk, may be involved in the regulation of thymidine kinase gene expression in human IMR-90 diploid fibroblasts during senescence. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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38
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39
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Takayanagi A, Kaneda S, Ayusawa D, Seno T. Intron 1 and the 5'-flanking region of the human thymidylate synthase gene as a regulatory determinant of growth-dependent expression. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:4021-5. [PMID: 1508686 PMCID: PMC334082 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.15.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the regulatory regions responsible for the growth-dependent expression of the human thymidylate synthase (TS) gene, using a set of minigenes constructed from segments of the human TS gene and the cDNA clone. Each construct was introduced stably into a TS-negative mutant of rat fibroblast 3Y1 cells. By serum-restricted synchronization of the cloned transformant cells, we found that a minigene with the genomic 5'-flanking region and intron 1 without other introns were sufficient for the normal extent and pattern of S-phase specific expression at the levels of both mRNA and enzymatic activity. In contrast, a TS cDNA clone driven by an SV40-based expression vector showed constitutive expression. Insertion of intron 1 into the cDNA clone in the normal location, or replacement of the viral 5'-promoter region of the cDNA clone by the genomic 5'-flanking sequence converted the constitutive expression to the S-phase dependent one, but only partly, that is, coexistence of the two regions were required for the normal expression. Results obtained by nuclear run-on assay suggested that posttranscriptional controls are also involved in this regulation in consistent with our previous results with the bona fide human TS gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Takayanagi
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Japan
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40
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The HIP1 binding site is required for growth regulation of the dihydrofolate reductase gene promoter. Mol Cell Biol 1992. [PMID: 1545788 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.3.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription rate of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene increases at the G1/S boundary of the proliferative cell cycle. Through analysis of transiently and stably transfected NIH 3T3 cells, we have now demonstrated that DHFR promoter sequences extending from -270 to +20 are sufficient to confer similar regulation on a reporter gene. Mutation of a protein binding site that spans sequences from -16 to +11 in the DHFR promoter resulted in loss of the transcriptional increase at the G1/S boundary. Purification of an activity from HeLa nuclear extract that binds to this region enriched for a 180-kDa polypeptide (HIP1). Using this HIP1 preparation, we have identified specific positions within the binding site that are critical for efficient protein-DNA interactions. An analysis of association and dissociation rates suggests that bound HIP1 protein can exchange rapidly with free protein. This rapid exchange may facilitate the burst of transcriptional activity from the DHFR promoter at the G1/S boundary.
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41
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Means AL, Slansky JE, McMahon SL, Knuth MW, Farnham PJ. The HIP1 binding site is required for growth regulation of the dihydrofolate reductase gene promoter. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:1054-63. [PMID: 1545788 PMCID: PMC369537 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.3.1054-1063.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription rate of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene increases at the G1/S boundary of the proliferative cell cycle. Through analysis of transiently and stably transfected NIH 3T3 cells, we have now demonstrated that DHFR promoter sequences extending from -270 to +20 are sufficient to confer similar regulation on a reporter gene. Mutation of a protein binding site that spans sequences from -16 to +11 in the DHFR promoter resulted in loss of the transcriptional increase at the G1/S boundary. Purification of an activity from HeLa nuclear extract that binds to this region enriched for a 180-kDa polypeptide (HIP1). Using this HIP1 preparation, we have identified specific positions within the binding site that are critical for efficient protein-DNA interactions. An analysis of association and dissociation rates suggests that bound HIP1 protein can exchange rapidly with free protein. This rapid exchange may facilitate the burst of transcriptional activity from the DHFR promoter at the G1/S boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Means
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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42
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Kim YK, Lee AS. Identification of a protein-binding site in the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene required for the G1-S-regulated transcription. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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43
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Charollais RH, Alder H, Ferber A, Koniecki J, Sell C, Baserga R. The role of the promoter in the expression of the PCNA gene. Gene Expr 1992; 2:285-96. [PMID: 1360287 PMCID: PMC6057379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/1991] [Accepted: 02/26/1992] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
G1-specific temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the cell cycle arrest in G1 after serum stimulation at the restrictive temperature. Under these conditions, the RNA levels of late growth-regulated genes (such as DNA polymerase alpha, PCNA, thymidine kinase, and core histones) are markedly decreased or even undetectable, while early growth-regulated genes (for instance, c-myc) are normally expressed, and certain promoters are actually super-induced. We have used the human PCNA gene transfected into TK-ts13 cells (a G1-specific ts mutant) to investigate whether the inhibition of gene expression caused by this type of growth inhibition occurs at a transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Constructs were made in which the 5' and 3' flanking sequences of the human PCNA gene were replaced by the corresponding elements of the SV40 T antigen coding gene. Using these constructs and data from run-on assays and RT-PCR, we conclude that the failure of expression of the PCNA gene in G1-arrested TK-ts13 cells occurs at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Charollais
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5541
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44
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Marino TA, Haldar S, Williamson EC, Beaverson K, Walter RA, Marino DR, Beatty C, Lipson KE. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen in developing and adult rat cardiac muscle cells. Circ Res 1991; 69:1353-60. [PMID: 1718625 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.69.5.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During early development, rat cardiac muscle cells actively proliferate. Shortly after birth, division of cardiac muscle cells ceases, whereas DNA synthesis continues for approximately 2 weeks at a progressively diminishing rate. Little DNA synthesis or cell division occurs in adult cardiocytes. Thus, developing cardiac muscle cells are an ideal system in which to examine the expression of cell cycle-regulated genes during development. We chose to examine proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a gene expressed at the G1/S phase boundary of the cell cycle. Northern blots of RNA from cardiac muscle cells from 18-day-old rat fetuses and from day 0, 5, and 14 neonatal as well as adult rat hearts revealed that the PCNA mRNA was found in cardiac muscle cells from all ages. However, because it was possible that this was a result of fibroblast PCNA gene expression, we used reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction to see if it was possible to detect the message for PCNA in cardiac muscle cells from all ages. Because of the great sensitivity of this technique, RNA was recovered from 25 isolated adult cardiac muscle cells. Polymerase chain reaction amplification products for PCNA produced from the RNA isolated from these cells conclusively demonstrated that mRNA for this gene, which normally is associated with proliferating cells, is expressed in adult cardiac muscle cells that no longer divide. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated that the PCNA protein was found only in embryonic and neonatal cells and not in adult rat cardiac muscle cells. Therefore, it might be inferred from these data that PCNA might be regulated at the posttranscriptional level in adult cardiac muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Marino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa 19140
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45
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Identification of a 70-base-pair cell cycle regulatory unit within the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene and its interaction with cellular factors. Mol Cell Biol 1991. [PMID: 2005912 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.4.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene contains cis-regulatory elements responsible for its cell-cycle-regulated expression. We report here that a 70-bp region between -133 and -64 is sufficient to confer cell cycle regulation on a heterologous promoter. The 20-bp region between -64 and -83, which contains an inverted CCAAT motif, is important for transcriptional stimulation of this functional unit. The sequence of this CCAAT motif is nearly identical to the consensus sequence for the transcriptional factor CP1. We also examined the specificity and binding activities of cellular factors interacting with the 70-bp fragment. We showed that the cellular factors binding to the 70-bp region are similar during the G1, S, and G2 phases, suggesting that the cell cycle regulatory activity observed must involve processes other than factor binding to the DNA.
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46
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Kim YK, Lee AS. Identification of a 70-base-pair cell cycle regulatory unit within the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene and its interaction with cellular factors. Mol Cell Biol 1991; 11:2296-302. [PMID: 2005912 PMCID: PMC359933 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.4.2296-2302.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene contains cis-regulatory elements responsible for its cell-cycle-regulated expression. We report here that a 70-bp region between -133 and -64 is sufficient to confer cell cycle regulation on a heterologous promoter. The 20-bp region between -64 and -83, which contains an inverted CCAAT motif, is important for transcriptional stimulation of this functional unit. The sequence of this CCAAT motif is nearly identical to the consensus sequence for the transcriptional factor CP1. We also examined the specificity and binding activities of cellular factors interacting with the 70-bp fragment. We showed that the cellular factors binding to the 70-bp region are similar during the G1, S, and G2 phases, suggesting that the cell cycle regulatory activity observed must involve processes other than factor binding to the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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47
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Inducible proteins binding to the murine thymidine kinase promoter in late G1/S phase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:1157-61. [PMID: 1996317 PMCID: PMC50976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.4.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
By performing DNase I footprint and band-shift analyses of a 170-base-pair region of the murine thymidine kinase promoter, we identified an inducible DNA binding activity that we named Yi. Yi binding activity was not detected in G0 and G1 extracts, but it was observed as cells crossed the G1/S boundary. Yi proteins bind specifically to a consensus sequence (CCCNCNNNCT) found at three distinct sites in this promoter region. We also observed a murine Sp1 binding activity that was constitutive throughout the cell cycle. We propose that the G1/S-specific Yi binding is important for murine thymidine kinase gene regulation and perhaps also for initiation of DNA synthesis.
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48
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Arcot SS, Traina-Dorge VL, Deininger PL. The rat thymidine kinase gene 5' region: evolution of a promoter. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 1991; 2:129-31. [PMID: 1777676 DOI: 10.3109/10425179109039682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the rat thymidine kinase (tk) gene 5' region was determined and compared to the 5' sequences of the tk gene from mouse, human, hamster and chicken. This analysis revealed the highest degree of homology to be between the rat and the mouse sequences and correspondingly greater sequence variation relative to the other species. There has apparently been an especially high rate of change in regions that have been demonstrated to be protein binding regions in some of these promoters. This has led to changes in the potential transcription factors bound by some of these promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Arcot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70112
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49
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Chesters JK, Petrie L, Travis AJ. A requirement for Zn2+ for the induction of thymidine kinase but not ornithine decarboxylase in 3T3 cells stimulated from quiescence. Biochem J 1990; 272:525-7. [PMID: 2268279 PMCID: PMC1149732 DOI: 10.1042/bj2720525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In 3T3 cells stimulated from quiescence by serum, impaired thymidine incorporation caused by inadequate supply of Zn2+ was associated with both decreased thymidine kinase activity and a comparable decrease in its mRNA concentration. In contrast, the amount of mRNA for ribosomal protein S6 was not affected, nor was the earlier increase in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chesters
- Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, U.K
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50
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Interleukin 2-induced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen is regulated by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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