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Jia H, Jia H, Lu S, Zhang Z, Su Z, Sadeghnezhad E, Li T, Xiao X, Wang M, Pervaiz T, Dong T, Fang J. DNA and Histone Methylation Regulates Different Types of Fruit Ripening by Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3541-3556. [PMID: 35266388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methylation affects different aspects of genetic material stability, gene expression regulation, and histone modification. The previous reports depicted that DNA and histone methylation regulates plant growth and development. In this study, we evaluated the effects of DNA and histone methylation on 'Hongjia' strawberry and 'Lichun' tomato. We investigated the transient transformation system for arginine methyltransferase (FvPRMT1.5) overexpression and interference and assessed the phenotypic appearance and mRNA and protein expression levels. Results depicted that changes in methylation levels caused inhibition of carotenoids and anthocyanins. Furthermore, the profiling of aroma components was altered in response to 5-azacytidine. DNA hypomethylation induced the expression levels of genes involved in photosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and hormone signal transduction pathways, while the expression levels of related proteins showed a downward trend. Overall, we proposed a model that reveals the possible regulatory effects of DNA and histone methylation during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jia
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Suwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwen Su
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ehsan Sadeghnezhad
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tariq Pervaiz
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
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Wang L, Leister D, Kleine T. Chloroplast development and genomes uncoupled signaling are independent of the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15412. [PMID: 32963291 PMCID: PMC7508864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis genome is methylated in CG and non-CG (CHG, and CHH in which H stands for A, T, or C) sequence contexts. DNA methylation has been suggested to be critical for seed development, and CHH methylation patterns change during stratification and germination. In plants, CHH methylation occurs mainly through the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. To test for an involvement of the RdDM pathway in chloroplast development, we analyzed seedling greening and the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings perturbed in components of that pathway. Neither seedling greening nor Fv/Fm in seedlings and adult plants were affected in this comprehensive set of mutants, indicating that alterations in the RdDM pathway do not affect chloroplast development. Application of inhibitors like lincomycin or norflurazon inhibits greening of seedlings and represses the expression of photosynthesis-related genes including LIGHT HARVESTING CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING PROTEIN1.2 (LHCB1.2) in the nucleus. Our results indicate that the LHCB1.2 promoter is poorly methylated under both control conditions and after inhibitor treatment. Therefore no correlation between LHCB1.2 mRNA transcription and methylation changes of the LHCB1.2 promoter could be established. Moreover, we conclude that perturbations in the RdDM pathway do not interfere with gun signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Wang
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Dugé de Bernonville T, Maury S, Delaunay A, Daviaud C, Chaparro C, Tost J, O’Connor SE, Courdavault V. Developmental Methylome of the Medicinal Plant Catharanthus roseus Unravels the Tissue-Specific Control of the Monoterpene Indole Alkaloid Pathway by DNA Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6028. [PMID: 32825765 PMCID: PMC7503379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus produces a wide spectrum of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs). MIA biosynthesis requires a tightly coordinated pathway involving more than 30 enzymatic steps that are spatio-temporally and environmentally regulated so that some MIAs specifically accumulate in restricted plant parts. The first regulatory layer involves a complex network of transcription factors from the basic Helix Loop Helix (bHLH) or AP2 families. In the present manuscript, we investigated whether an additional epigenetic layer could control the organ-, developmental- and environmental-specificity of MIA accumulation. We used Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS) together with RNA-seq to identify differentially methylated and expressed genes among nine samples reflecting different plant organs and experimental conditions. Tissue specific gene expression was associated with specific methylation signatures depending on cytosine contexts and gene parts. Some genes encoding key enzymatic steps from the MIA pathway were found to be simultaneously differentially expressed and methylated in agreement with the corresponding MIA accumulation. In addition, we found that transcription factors were strikingly concerned by DNA methylation variations. Altogether, our integrative analysis supports an epigenetic regulation of specialized metabolisms in plants and more likely targeting transcription factors which in turn may control the expression of enzyme-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France;
| | - Stéphane Maury
- INRA, EA1207 USC1328 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Alain Delaunay
- INRA, EA1207 USC1328 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Christian Daviaud
- Laboratoire Epigénétique et Environnement, LEE, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, F-92265 Evry, France; (C.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- CNRS, IFREMER, UMR5244 Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnments, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France;
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratoire Epigénétique et Environnement, LEE, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, F-92265 Evry, France; (C.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Sarah Ellen O’Connor
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France;
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Ahlert D, Stegemann S, Kahlau S, Ruf S, Bock R. Insensitivity of chloroplast gene expression to DNA methylation. Mol Genet Genomics 2009; 282:17-24. [PMID: 19290543 PMCID: PMC2695549 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-009-0440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Presence and possible functions of DNA methylation in plastid genomes of higher plants have been highly controversial. While a number of studies presented evidence for the occurrence of both cytosine and adenine methylation in plastid genomes and proposed a role of cytosine methylation in the transcriptional regulation of plastid genes, several recent studies suggested that at least cytosine methylation may be absent from higher plant plastid genomes. To test if either adenine or cytosine methylation can play a regulatory role in plastid gene expression, we have introduced cyanobacterial genes for adenine and cytosine DNA methyltransferases (methylases) into the tobacco plastid genome by chloroplast transformation. Using DNA cleavage with methylation-sensitive and methylation-dependent restriction endonucleases, we show that the plastid genomes in the transplastomic plants are efficiently methylated. All transplastomic lines are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type plants and, moreover, show no alterations in plastid gene expression. Our data indicate that the expression of plastid genes is not sensitive to DNA methylation and, hence, suggest that DNA methylation is unlikely to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of plastid gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ahlert
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra Stegemann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sabine Kahlau
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Tanaka H, Masuta C, Uehara K, Kataoka J, Koiwai A, Noma M. Morphological changes and hypomethylation of DNA in transgenic tobacco expressing antisense RNA of the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase gene. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 35:981-6. [PMID: 9426618 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005896711321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) is a key enzyme in the regulation of intracellular methylation reactions. To investigate the role of SAHH in methylation reactions and morphogenesis in planta, we have made transgenic plants expressing antisense RNA of tobacco SAHH. The transgenic plants displayed distinct morphological changes including a floral homeotic change. We hypothesized that the changes were caused by increased levels of cytokinin. In those transgenic plants, we observed that a repetitive DNA sequence appeared less methylated than controls. We speculated that altered gene expressions by the hypomethylation of DNA might be involved in the changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tanaka
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Japan Tobacco Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
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Tanaka H, Masuta C, Uehara K, Kataoka J, Koiwai A, Noma M. Morphological changes and hypomethylation of DNA in transgenic tobacco expressing antisense RNA of the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase gene. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 35:981-986. [PMID: 9426618 DOI: 10.1023/a:100589671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) is a key enzyme in the regulation of intracellular methylation reactions. To investigate the role of SAHH in methylation reactions and morphogenesis in planta, we have made transgenic plants expressing antisense RNA of tobacco SAHH. The transgenic plants displayed distinct morphological changes including a floral homeotic change. We hypothesized that the changes were caused by increased levels of cytokinin. In those transgenic plants, we observed that a repetitive DNA sequence appeared less methylated than controls. We speculated that altered gene expressions by the hypomethylation of DNA might be involved in the changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tanaka
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Japan Tobacco Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
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Cluster PD, O'Dell M, Metzlaff M, Flavell RB. Details of T-DNA structural organization from a transgenic Petunia population exhibiting co-suppression. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 32:1197-1203. [PMID: 9002621 DOI: 10.1007/bf00041406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of Agrobacterium-transferred DNA (T-DNA) revealed strong correlations between transgene structures and floral pigmentation patterns from chalcone synthase (chs) co-suppression among 47 Petunia transformants. Presented here are the full details of T-DNA structural organization in that population. Sixteen transformants (34%) carried one T-DNA copy while 31 (66%) carried 106 complete and partial T-DNA elements in 54 linkage groups. Thirty linkage groups contained multiple T-DNA copies; 15 of these contained only contiguously repeated copies, 8 contained only dispersed copies and 7 contained both. Right-border inverted repeats were three times more frequent than left-border inverted or direct repeats. Large fragments of binary-vector sequences were linked to the T-DNA in seven plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cluster
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, UK
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Fajkus J, Vyskot B, Bezdĕk M. Changes in chromatin structure due to hypomethylation induced with 5-azacytidine or DL-ethionine. FEBS Lett 1992; 314:13-6. [PMID: 1280601 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81449-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in chromatin structure of the HRS60 family of repetitive sequences in tobacco DNA were studied after hypomethylation induced with 5-azacytidine or DL-ethionine. The TaqI site in the HRS60 units lies in nucleosomal core regions and its cleavage is enhanced in the hypomethylated chromatin. In contrast, the cleavage of the Sau3AI site located in linker DNA does not depend on the level of methylation of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fajkus
- Institute of Biophysics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Brno
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Hart CM, Fischer B, Neuhaus JM, Meins F. Regulated inactivation of homologous gene expression in transgenic Nicotiana sylvestris plants containing a defense-related tobacco chitinase gene. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1992; 235:179-88. [PMID: 1281514 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The class I chitinases are vacuolar proteins implicated in the defense of plants against pathogens. Leaves of transgenic Nicotiana sylvestris plants homozygous for a chimeric tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) chitinase gene with Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S RNA expression signals usually accumulate high levels of chitinase relative to comparable leaves of non-transformed plants. Unexpectedly, some transgenic plants accumulated lower levels of chitinase than nontransformed plants. We call this phenomenon silencing. The incidence of silencing depends on the early rearing conditions of the plants. When grown to maturity in a greenhouse, approximately 25% of plants raised as seedlings in closed culture vessels were of the silent type; none of the plants raised from seed in a greenhouse showed this phenotype. Silencing is also developmentally regulated. Plants showed three patterns of chitinase expression: uniformly high levels of expression in different leaves, uniformly low levels of expression in different leaves, and position-dependent silencing in which expression was uniform within individual leaves but varied in different leaves on the same plant. Heritability of the silent phenotype was examined in plants homozygous for the transgene. Some direct descendants exhibited a high-silent-high sequence of activity phenotypes in successive sexual generations, which cannot be explained by simple Mendelian inheritance. Taken together, the results indicate that silencing results from stable but potentially reversible states of gene expression that are not meiotically transmitted. Gene-specific measurements of chitinase and chitinase mRNA showed that silencing results from co-suppression, i.e. the inactivation of both host and transgene expression in trans. The silent state was not correlated with cytosine methylation of the transgene at the five restriction sites investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hart
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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Sørensen MB. Methylation of B-hordein genes in barley endosperm is inversely correlated with gene activity and affected by the regulatory gene Lys3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:4119-23. [PMID: 1570338 PMCID: PMC525644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.9.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation status of B-hordein genes in the developing barley endosperm was analyzed by digestion with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes. Southern blotting revealed specific demethylation of Hpa II sites in DNA from wild-type endosperm, whereas leaf DNA and lys3a mutant endosperm DNA were highly methylated at these sites. Similar methylation patterns were observed at an Ava I site situated at position -260 in the B-hordein promoter. This differential methylation was confirmed by genomic sequencing with ligation-mediated PCR. The analyzed sequence covers most of the B-hordein promoter and includes 10 CpGs from the promoter and 4 CpGs from the adjacent coding region. These sites were all hypomethylated in wild-type endosperm, whereas--except for three partially methylated sites--full methylation was seen in leaf DNA. The four sites in the coding region were partially methylated in lys3a endosperm DNA, but the promoter sites remained highly methylated. The possible role of methylation in the regulatory function of the Lys3 gene product is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Sørensen
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Valby, Denmark
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13
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Properties and Uses of Photoautotrophic Plant Cell Cultures. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Mittelsten Scheid O, Paszkowski J, Potrykus I. Reversible inactivation of a transgene in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 228:104-12. [PMID: 1886604 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fifty percent of Arabidopsis thaliana plants transgenic for a hygromycin resistance gene failed to transmit the resistance phenotype to the progeny. The complete transgene was, however, inherited in all cases according to Mendelian laws as observed by Southern analysis. This discrepancy between genotype and phenotype was the result of a reduced level of transcript in the sensitive transformants. The gene inactivation occurred in plants with multicopy integration of the foreign DNA. No definite correlation was found between gene inactivity and methylation of cytidine residues in the transgene sequence. Explants from several sensitive transformed plants regained a low level of hygromycin resistance on callus induction medium. Subsequent generations obtained by self-pollination were sensitive. In contrast, spontaneous restoration of hygromycin tolerance was observed in seedlings originating from out-crosses with wild-type plants or a different sensitive transformant. A reduction of the copy number was not a prerequisite for spontaneous reactivation. The resistance was often lost again in the next generation. Inactivation and reactivation of the transgene are therefore reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mittelsten Scheid
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ngernprasirtsiri J, Akazawa T. Modulation of DNA methylation and gene expression in cultured sycamore cells treated by hypomethylating base analog. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 194:513-20. [PMID: 1702711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The selective suppression of photosynthetic genes in both the nuclear and plastid genomes of the nonphotosynthetic white wild-type cell line of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) has been found to be inversely related to the presence of a variety of methylated bases, especially 5-methylcytosine (5-MeCyt) and N6-methyladenine (N6-MeAde), localized in regions of the plastid genome containing silent genes. We used hypomethylating base analogs to manipulate the level of cytosine and adenine methylation in the white cells of sycamore, and examined the effects of changes in methylation on gene expression. Treatment with 5-azacytidine (5-AzaCyd) and N6-benzyladenine (N6-BzlAde) decreased cytosine and adenine methylation. This was accompanied by restoration of transcriptional activity in photosynthetic genes which are usually suppressed. Both 5-MeCyt and N6-MeAde suppressed nuclear gene expression, but only 5-MeCyt suppressed plastid gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ngernprasirtsiri
- Research Institute for Biochemical Regulation, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan
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Weber H, Ziechmann C, Graessmann A. In vitro DNA methylation inhibits gene expression in transgenic tobacco. EMBO J 1990; 9:4409-15. [PMID: 1702383 PMCID: PMC552233 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A hemimethylated chimeric gene, containing the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, the beta-glucuronidase coding region and the polyadenylation signal of nopaline synthase, was introduced into tobacco protoplasts by polyethylene glycol mediated transfection. Hemimethylation led to complete inhibition of transient gene expression. In regenerated transgenic plants the integrated gene was constitutively hypermethylated at the sequences CpG and CpNpG and this was correlated with an inactivation of beta-glucuronidase in 12 out of 18 analyzed plant lines whereas two showed slight and four strong activity. From 10 control lines transformed with nonmethylated DNA, only two were inactive; three showed slight and five strong activity. 5-aza-cytidine treatment of plant tissue from 'hypermethylated' lines led to induction of beta-glucuronidase in most cases. Shoots regenerated from azaC treated calli revealed stable enzyme restoration and demethylation of the integrated transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biochemie, FRG
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Linn F, Heidmann I, Saedler H, Meyer P. Epigenetic changes in the expression of the maize A1 gene in Petunia hybrida: role of numbers of integrated gene copies and state of methylation. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1990; 222:329-36. [PMID: 1703268 DOI: 10.1007/bf00633837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Petunia hybrida mutant RL01 is white flowering due to a genetic block in the anthocyanin pathway. The introduction of the maize A1 cDNA under the control of the CaMV 35S RNA promoter leads to the production of pelargonidin derivatives, resulting in a brick red flower phenotype. Among the transgenic petunia plants the pigmentation of the petals exhibited different expression patterns which could be categorized into the 'red', the 'variegated', and the 'white' phenotype. This system proved to be especially suitable for the investigation of gene expression by simply looking at the pigmentation pattern of the petals. The uniformity of floral pelargonidin pigmentation is inversely correlated with the number of integrated A1 copies. Furthermore, a correlation was found between the methylation status of the 35S RNA promoter and the instability of the floral pelargonidin coloration. The status of promoter methylation controlling the expression of the A1 gene seems to be influenced by the copy number and the chromosomal position of the transferred gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Linn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Federal Republic of Germany
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