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Nezhad NG, Jamaludin SZB, Rahman RNZRA, Yahaya NM, Oslan SN, Shariff FM, Isa NM, Leow TC. Functional expression, purification, biochemical and biophysical characterizations, and molecular dynamics simulation of a histidine acid phosphatase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:171. [PMID: 38630327 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A histidine acid phosphatase (HAP) (PhySc) with 99.50% protein sequence similarity with PHO5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was expressed functionally with the molecular mass of ∼110 kDa through co-expression along with the set of molecular chaperones dnaK, dnaJ, GroESL. The purified HAP illustrated the optimum activity of 28.75 ± 0.39 U/mg at pH 5.5 and 40 ˚C. The Km and Kcat values towards calcium phytate were 0.608 ± 0.09 mM and 650.89 ± 3.6 s- 1. The half-lives (T1/2) at 55 and 60 ˚C were 2.75 min and 55 s, respectively. The circular dichroism (CD) demonstrated that PhySc includes 30.5, 28.1, 21.3, and 20.1% of random coils, α-Helix, β-Turns, and β-Sheet, respectively. The Tm recorded by CD for PhySc was 56.5 ± 0.34˚C. The molecular docking illustrated that His59 and Asp322 act as catalytic residues in the PhySc. MD simulation showed that PhySc at 40 ˚C has higher structural stability over those of the temperatures 60 and 80 ˚C that support the thermodynamic in vitro investigations. Secondary structure content results obtained from MD simulation indicated that PhySc consists of 34.03, 33.09, 17.5, 12.31, and 3.05% of coil, helix, turn, sheet, and helix310, respectively, which is almost consistent with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ghahremani Nezhad
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zahra Binti Jamaludin
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normi Mohd Yahaya
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fairolniza Mohd Shariff
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurulfiza Mat Isa
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules (VacBio), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Wang Z, Zhu S, Li C, Lyu L, Yu J, Wang D, Xu Z, Ni J, Gao B, Lu J, Yao YF. Gene essentiality profiling reveals a novel determinant of stresses preventing protein aggregation in Salmonella. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1554-1571. [PMID: 35603550 PMCID: PMC9176671 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2081618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to various stresses during infection is important for Salmonella Typhimurium virulence, while the fitness determinants under infection-relevant stress conditions remain unknown. Here, we simulated conditions Salmonella encountered within the host or in the environment by 15 individual stresses as well as two model cell lines (epithelium and macrophage) to decipher the genes and pathways required for fitness. By high-resolution Tn-seq analysis, a total of 1242 genes were identified as essential for fitness under at least one stress condition. The comparative analysis of fitness determinants in 17 stress conditions indicated the essentiality of genes varied in different mimicking host niches. A total of 12 genes were identified as fitness determinants in all stress conditions, including recB, recC, and xseA (encode three exonuclease subunits necessary for DNA recombination repair) and a novel essential fitness gene yheM. YheM is a putative sulfurtransferase subunit that is responsible for tRNA modification, and our results showed that Salmonella lacking yheM accumulated more aggregates of endogenous protein than wild-type. Moreover, we established a scoring scheme for sRNA essentiality analysis and found STnc2080 of unknown function was essential for resistance to LL-37. In summary, we systematically dissected Salmonella gene essentiality profiling and demonstrated the general and specific adaptive requirements in infection-relevant niches. Our data not only provide valuable insights on how Salmonella responds to environmental stresses during infections but also highlight the potential clinical application of fitness determinants in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqiang Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Li
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lyu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchen Yu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Danni Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjing Ni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Beile Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Hasan A, Rizvi SF, Parveen S, Mir SS. Molecular chaperones in DNA repair mechanisms: Role in genomic instability and proteostasis in cancer. Life Sci 2022; 306:120852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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García-Descalzo L, García-López E, Cid C. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Psychrophilic vs. Mesophilic Bacterial Species Reveals Different Strategies to Achieve Temperature Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:841359. [PMID: 35591995 PMCID: PMC9111180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The old debate of nature (genes) vs. nurture (environmental variables) is once again topical concerning the effect of climate change on environmental microorganisms. Specifically, the Polar Regions are experiencing a drastic increase in temperature caused by the rise in greenhouse gas emissions. This study, in an attempt to mimic the molecular adaptation of polar microorganisms, combines proteomic approaches with a classical microbiological analysis in three bacterial species Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella frigidimarina, and Psychrobacter frigidicola. Both shewanellas are members of the same genus but they live in different environments. On the other hand, Shewanella frigidimarina and Psychrobacter frigidicola share the same natural environment but belong to a different genus. The comparison of the strategies employed by each bacterial species estimates the contribution of genome vs. environmental variables in the adaptation to temperature. The results show a greater versatility of acclimatization for the genus Shewanella with respect to Psychrobacter. Besides, S. frigidimarina was the best-adapted species to thermal variations in the temperature range 4–30°C and displayed several adaptation mechanisms common with the other two species. Regarding the molecular machinery used by these bacteria to face the consequences of temperature changes, chaperones have a pivoting role. They form complexes with other proteins in the response to the environment, establishing cooperation with transmembrane proteins, elongation factors, and proteins for protection against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Descalzo
- Centro de Astrobiología, Department of Planetology and Habitability, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva García-López
- Centro de Astrobiología, Department of Molecular Ecology, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Cid
- Centro de Astrobiología, Department of Molecular Ecology, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain
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Yesudhas AJR, Ganapathy Raman P, Thirumalai A, Saxena S, Subramanian R. Production of propionic acid through biotransformation of glucose and d-lactic acid by construction of synthetic acrylate pathway in metabolically engineered E. coli. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.2020760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shuchi Saxena
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
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Zhang D, Zhu Z, Li Y, Li X, Guan Z, Zheng J. Comparative Genomics of Exiguobacterium Reveals What Makes a Cosmopolitan Bacterium. mSystems 2021; 6:e0038321. [PMID: 34282940 PMCID: PMC8407118 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00383-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the strategies used by bacteria to adapt to specific environmental conditions are widely reported, fewer studies have addressed how microbes with a cosmopolitan distribution can survive in diverse ecosystems. Exiguobacterium is a versatile genus whose members are commonly found in various habitats. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the universality of Exiguobacterium, we collected 105 strains from diverse environments and performed large-scale metabolic and adaptive ability tests. We found that most Exiguobacterium members have the capacity to survive under wide ranges of temperature, salinity, and pH. According to phylogenetic and average nucleotide identity analyses, we identified 27 putative species and classified two genetic groups: groups I and II. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the Exiguobacterium members utilize a variety of complex polysaccharides and proteins to support survival in diverse environments and also employ a number of chaperonins and transporters for this purpose. We observed that the group I species can be found in more diverse terrestrial environments and have a larger genome size than the group II species. Our analyses revealed that the expansion of transporter families drove genomic expansion in group I strains, and we identified 25 transporter families, many of which are involved in the transport of important substrates and resistance to environmental stresses and are enriched in group I strains. This study provides important insights into both the overall general genetic basis for the cosmopolitan distribution of a bacterial genus and the evolutionary and adaptive strategies of Exiguobacterium. IMPORTANCE The wide distribution characteristics of Exiguobacterium make it a valuable model for studying the adaptive strategies of bacteria that can survive in multiple habitats. In this study, we reveal that members of the Exiguobacterium genus have a cosmopolitan distribution and share an extensive adaptability that enables them to survive in various environments. The capacities shared by Exiguobacterium members, such as their diverse means of polysaccharide utilization and environmental-stress resistance, provide an important basis for their cosmopolitan distribution. Furthermore, the selective expansion of transporter families has been a main driving force for genomic evolution in Exiguobacterium. Our findings improve our understanding of the adaptive and evolutionary mechanisms of cosmopolitan bacteria and the vital genomic traits that can facilitate niche adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaolu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xudong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Nordstedt NP, Jones ML. Genomic Analysis of Serratia plymuthica MBSA-MJ1: A Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria That Improves Water Stress Tolerance in Greenhouse Ornamentals. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653556. [PMID: 34046022 PMCID: PMC8144289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Water stress decreases the health and quality of horticulture crops by inhibiting photosynthesis, transpiration, and nutrient uptake. Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can increase the growth, stress tolerance, and overall quality of field and greenhouse grown crops subjected to water stress. Here, we evaluated Serratia plymuthica MBSA-MJ1 for its ability to increase plant growth and quality of Petunia × hybrida (petunia), Impatiens walleriana (impatiens), and Viola × wittrockiana (pansy) plants recovering from severe water stress. Plants were treated weekly with inoculum of MBSA-MJ1, and plant growth and quality were evaluated 2 weeks after recovery from water stress. Application of S. plymuthica MBSA-MJ1 increased the visual quality and shoot biomass of petunia and impatiens and increased the flower number of petunia after recovery from water stress. In addition, in vitro characterizations showed that MBSA-MJ1 is a motile bacterium with moderate levels of antibiotic resistance that can withstand osmotic stress. Further, comprehensive genomic analyses identified genes putatively involved in bacterial osmotic and oxidative stress responses and the synthesis of osmoprotectants and vitamins that could potentially be involved in increasing plant water stress tolerance. This work provides a better understanding of potential mechanisms involved in beneficial plant-microbe interactions under abiotic stress using a novel S. plymuthica strain as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Nordstedt
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Michelle L Jones
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Yang Y, Yue Y, Song N, Li C, Yuan Z, Wang Y, Ma Y, Li H, Zhang F, Wang W, Jia H, Li P, Li X, Wang Q, Ding Z, Dong H, Gu L, Li B. The YdiU Domain Modulates Bacterial Stress Signaling through Mn 2+-Dependent UMPylation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108161. [PMID: 32966796 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing stressful conditions and adjusting the cellular metabolism to adapt to the environment are essential activities for bacteria to survive in variable situations. Here, we describe a stress-related protein, YdiU, and characterize YdiU as an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of uridine-5'-monophosphate to a protein tyrosine/histidine residue, an unusual modification defined as UMPylation. Mn2+ serves as an essential co-factor for YdiU-mediated UMPylation. UTP and Mn2+ binding converts YdiU to an aggregate-prone state facilitating the recruitment of chaperones. The UMPylation of chaperones prevents them from binding co-factors or clients, thereby impairing their function. Consistent with the recent finding that YdiU acts as an AMPylator, we further demonstrate that the self-AMPylation of YdiU padlocks its chaperone-UMPylation activity. A detailed mechanism is proposed based on the crystal structures of Apo-YdiU and YdiU-AMPNPP-Mn2+ and on molecular dynamics simulation models of YdiU-UTP-Mn2+ and YdiU-UTP-peptide. In vivo data demonstrate that YdiU effectively protects Salmonella from stress-induced ATP depletion through UMPylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Nannan Song
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Cuiling Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Zenglin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Haihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Translational Medicine Core Facility, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hongjie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Bingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China.
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Choudhury M, Dhara A, Kumar M. Trigger Factor in Association with the ClpP1P2 Heterocomplex of Leptospira Promotes Protease/Peptidase Activity. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1400-1409. [PMID: 33490799 PMCID: PMC7818586 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The genomic analysis of Leptospira reveals a trigger factor (TF) encoding gene (tig) to be colocalized along with the clpP1 and clpX. The TF is a crouching dragon-like protein known to be a ribosome-associated chaperone that is involved in cotranslational protein folding in bacteria in an ATP-independent mode. In Leptospira, tig is localized upstream of the clpP1 with a short (4 bp) overlap. In the present study, we document the distinctive role of Leptospira TF (LinTF) in the caseinolytic protease (ClpP) system. The recombinant LinTF (rLinTF) was found to improve the peptidase or protease activity of the ClpP1P2 heterocomplex and ClpXP1P2 complex, respectively, on model substrates. In addition, on supplementation of rLinTF to rClpP1P2 bound to its physiological ATPase chaperone ClpX or the antibiotic analogue acyldepsipeptide (ADEP), an augmentation in the activity of ClpP1P2 was observed. These studies underscore the novel role of LinTF in aiding the caseinolytic protease activity of Leptospira. Supplementation of rLinTF to a peptidase assay of rClpP1P2 conditionally in the presence of a salt (sodium citrate) with high Hofmeister strength led us to speculate that rLinTF may have a role in the assembly of multimeric proteins. The deletion of one of the arms (arm-2) of the LinTF structure from the carboxy terminal domain indicated a reduction in its capacity to stimulate rClpP1P2 activity. Thus, the C-terminal domain of LinTF may have a role in the assembly of multimeric ClpP protein, leading to enhancement of ClpP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manish Kumar
- . Phone: +91-361-258-2230. Fax: +91-361-258-2249
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Dawn A, Deep S. An improved strategy of TGFβ3 expression in Escherichia coli: Exploiting folding modulators for a switch from misfolded to folded form. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:787-795. [PMID: 33278443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) exhibits a complex native structure featuring the presence of multiple disulfide bonds forming the active dimer. Consequently, its heterologous expression in microbial system invariably leads to inclusion body (IB) formation. In this study, we observed an interesting phenomenon of switching a significant fraction of misfolded TGFβ3 to folded form by modulating the cellular protein folding machinery. We carried out co-expression experiments with chaperones and demonstrated the requirement of a coordinated action of DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE and GroESL, to achieve the native soluble conformation of TGFβ3, during over-expression in E. coli. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that orchestration of a group of chaperones to work in concert for efficient folding and assembly of TGFβ3-like cytokines has not been widely explored. Additionally, we have also demonstrated that presence of osmolytes (sorbitol or trehalose) in the growth media have an appreciable impact on the solubility of TGFβ3. We have further shown a synergism between the effects of molecular chaperone and osmolytes on the solubility of TGFβ3. We have confirmed the functionality of soluble TGFβ3 by performing binding interactions with its cognate receptor TβRII. Our study delineates the fact that an effective combination of chaperones or optimum concentration of compatible osmolyte, can efficiently abrogate competing aggregation pathways and help attain the native conformation of a cysteine rich cytokine in a facile manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Dawn
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Shashank Deep
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
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Yao D, Fan J, Han R, Xiao J, Li Q, Xu G, Dong J, Ni Y. Enhancing soluble expression of sucrose phosphorylase in Escherichia coli by molecular chaperones. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 169:105571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
This chronologue seeks to document the discovery and development of an understanding of oligomeric ring protein assemblies known as chaperonins that assist protein folding in the cell. It provides detail regarding genetic, physiologic, biochemical, and biophysical studies of these ATP-utilizing machines from both in vivo and in vitro observations. The chronologue is organized into various topics of physiology and mechanism, for each of which a chronologic order is generally followed. The text is liberally illustrated to provide firsthand inspection of the key pieces of experimental data that propelled this field. Because of the length and depth of this piece, the use of the outline as a guide for selected reading is encouraged, but it should also be of help in pursuing the text in direct order.
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Analysis of EYA3 Phosphorylation by Src Kinase Identifies Residues Involved in Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246307. [PMID: 31847183 PMCID: PMC6940942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyes absent (EYA) are non-thiol-based protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that also have transcriptional co-activator functions. Their PTP activity is involved in various pathologies. Recently, we demonstrated that Src tyrosine kinase phosphorylates human EYA3 by controlling its subcellular localization. We also found EYA3′s ability to autodephosphorylate, while raising the question if the two opposing processes could be involved in maintaining a physiologically adequate level of phosphorylation. Using native and bottom-up mass spectrometry, we performed detailed mapping and characterization of human EYA3 Src-phosphorylation sites. Thirteen tyrosine residues with different phosphorylation and autodephosphorylation kinetics were detected. Among these, Y77, 96, 237, and 508 displayed an increased resistance to autodephosphorylation. Y77 and Y96 were found to have the highest impact on the overall EYA3 phosphorylation. Using cell cycle analysis, we showed that Y77, Y96, and Y237 are involved in HEK293T proliferation. Mutation of the three tyrosine residues abolished the pro-proliferative effect of EYA3 overexpression. We have also identified a Src-induced phosphorylation pattern of EYA3 in these cells. These findings suggest that EYA3′s tyrosine phosphorylation sites are non-equivalent with their phosphorylation levels being under the control of Src-kinase activity and of EYA3′s autodephosphorylation.
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Liu H, Ganta RR. Sequence Determinants Spanning -10 Motif and Spacer Region Implicated in Unique Ehrlichia chaffeensis Sigma 32-Dependent Promoter Activity of dnaK Gene. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1772. [PMID: 31428069 PMCID: PMC6687850 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular tick-borne bacterium that causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. Studying Ehrlichia gene regulation is challenge, as this and related rickettsiales lack natural plasmids and mutagenesis experiments are of a limited scope. E. chaffeensis contains only two sigma factors, σ32 and σ70. We previously developed Escherichia coli surrogate system to study transcriptional regulation from RNA polymerase (RNAP) containing Ehrlichia σ32 or σ70. We reported that RNAP binding motifs of E. chaffeensis genes recognized by σ32 or σ70 share extensive homology and that transcription may be initiated by either one of the sigma factors, although transcriptional efficiencies differ. In the current study, we investigated mapping the E. chaffeensis dnaK gene promoter using the pathogen σ32 expressed in E. coli lacking its native σ32. The E. coli surrogate system and our previously described in vitro transcription system aided in defining the unique −10 motif and spacer sequence of the dnaK promoter. We also mapped σ32 amino acids/domains engaged in its promoter regulation in E. chaffeensis. The data reported in this study demonstrate that the −10 and −35 motifs and spacer sequence located between the two motifs of dnaK promoter are critical for the RNAP function. Further, we mapped the importance of all six nucleotide positions of the −10 motif and identified critical determinants within it. In addition, we reported that the lack of C-rich sequence upstream to the −10 motif is unique in driving the pathogen-specific transcription by its σ32 from dnaK gene promoter. This is the first study in defining an E. chaffeensis σ32-dependent promoter and it offers insights about how this and other related rickettsial pathogens regulate stress response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Liu
- Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Roman R Ganta
- Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Restrepo-Pineda S, Bando-Campos CG, Valdez-Cruz NA, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Recombinant production of ESAT-6 antigen in thermoinducible Escherichia coli: the role of culture scale and temperature on metabolic response, expression of chaperones, and architecture of inclusion bodies. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:777-792. [PMID: 31165436 PMCID: PMC6629757 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat-inducible expression system has been widely used to produce recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. However, the rise in temperature affects cell growth, activates the bacterial Heat-Shock Response (HSR), and promotes the formation of insoluble protein aggregates known as inclusion bodies (IBs). In this work, we evaluate the effect of the culture scale (shake flasks and bioreactors) and induction temperature (39 and 42 °C) on the kinetic behavior of thermoinducible recombinant E. coli ATCC 53606 producing rESAT-6 (6-kDa early-secretory antigenic target from Mycobacterium tuberculosis), compared with cultures grown at 30 °C (without induction). Also, the expression of the major E. coli chaperones (DnaK and GroEL) was analyzed. We found that almost twice maximum biomass and rESAT-6 production were obtained in bioreactors (~ 3.29 g/L of biomass and ~ 0.27 g/L of rESAT-6) than in shake flasks (~ 1.41 g/L of biomass and ~ 0.14 g/L of rESAT-6) when induction was carried out at 42 °C, but similar amounts of rESAT-6 were obtained from cultures induced at 39 °C (~ 0.14 g/L). In all thermo-induced conditions, rESAT-6 was trapped in IBs. Furthermore, DnaK was preferably expressed in the soluble fraction, while GroEL was present in IBs. Importantly, IBs formed at 39 °C, in both shake flasks and bioreactors, were more susceptible to degradation by proteinase-K, indicating a lower amyloid content compared to IBs formed at 42 °C. Our work presents evidence that the culture scale and the induction temperature modify the E. coli metabolic response, expression of chaperones, and structure of the IBs during rESAT-6 protein production in a thermoinducible system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Restrepo-Pineda
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos G. Bando-Campos
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, 04510 Ciudad de México, CP Mexico
| | - Norma A. Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, 04510 Ciudad de México, CP Mexico
| | - Mauricio A. Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Fiocco D, Longo A, Arena MP, Russo P, Spano G, Capozzi V. How probiotics face food stress: They get by with a little help. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1552-1580. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1580673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fiocco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Longo
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mattia Pia Arena
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Russo
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spano
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Capozzi
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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18
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Zaikova E, Goerlitz DS, Tighe SW, Wagner NY, Bai Y, Hall BL, Bevilacqua JG, Weng MM, Samuels-Fair MD, Johnson SS. Antarctic Relic Microbial Mat Community Revealed by Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Xu T, Cao H, Zhu W, Wang M, Du Y, Yin Z, Chen M, Liu Y, Yang B, Liu B. RNA-seq-based monitoring of gene expression changes of viable but non-culturable state of Vibrio cholerae induced by cold seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 10:594-604. [PMID: 30058121 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments and causes the acute diarrheal disease cholera. Entry into a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state is a survival strategy by which V. cholerae withstands natural stresses and is important for the transition between the aquatic and host environments during the V. cholerae life cycle. In this study, the formation of VBNC V. cholerae induced by cold seawater exposure was investigated using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The analysis revealed that the expression of 1420 genes was changed on VBNC state formation. In the VBNC cells, genes related to biofilm formation, chitin utilization and stress responses were upregulated, whereas those related to cell division, morphology and ribosomal activity were mainly downregulated. The concurrent acquisition of a carbon source and the arrest of cell division in cells with low metabolic activity help bacteria increase their resistance to unfavourable environments. Moreover, two transcriptional regulators, SlmA and MetJ, were found to play roles in both VBNC formation and intestinal colonization, suggesting that some genes may function in both processes. This acquired knowledge will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance and may help control future cholera infections and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Du
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiu Yin
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Lab of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutao Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Khosrowabadi E, Takalloo Z, Sajedi RH, Khajeh K. Improving the soluble expression of aequorin in Escherichia coli using the chaperone-based approach by co-expression with artemin. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:483-489. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1466152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Khosrowabadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Takalloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza H. Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
The heat shock response is crucial for organisms against heat-damaged proteins and maintaining homeostasis at a high temperature. Heterologous expression of eukaryotic molecular chaperones protects Escherichia coli from heat stress. Here we report that expression of the plant E3 ligase BnTR1 significantly increases the thermotolerance of E. coli. Different from eukaryotic chaperones, BnTR1 expression induces the accumulation of heat shock factor σ32 and heat shock proteins. The active site of BnTR1 in E. coli is the zinc fingers of the RING domain, which interacts with DnaK resulting in stabilizing σ32. Our findings indicate the expression of BnTR1 confers thermoprotective effects on E. coli cells, and it may provide useful clues to engineer thermophilic bacterial strains.
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22
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Sun H, Jiang M, Fu X, Cai Q, Zhang J, Yin Y, Guo J, Yu L, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Feng L, Nie Z, Fang J, Jin L. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor reduces cell apoptosis via upregulating HSP70 in SHSY-5Y cells. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:12. [PMID: 28536652 PMCID: PMC5439129 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a new candidate growth factor for dopaminergic neurons against endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). HSP70 family, a chaperon like heat shock protein family, was proved to be involved in the MANF induced survival pathway in 6-OHDA treated SHSY-5Y cells. However, the ER stress relative transcriptome, in MANF signaling cascades is still investigated. The involvement of HSP70, a 70kd member of HSP70 family, need further to be verified. Methods The cell apoptosis was assayed by MTT, TUNEL staining and western blot of cleaved Caspase-3. The differentially expressed genes in SHSY-5Y cells under different conditions (control, 6-OHDA, 6-OHDA + MANF) were investigated by RNA-seq. Expression of HSP70 was further confirmed by real-time PCR. RNAi knockdown for HSP70 was performed to investigate the role of HSP70 in the MANF signaling pathway. Results MANF inhibits 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in SHSY-5Y cells. Six ER stress relative genes (HSP70, GRP78, xbp-1, ATF-4, ATF-6, MAPK) were found enriched in 6-OHDA + MANF treatment group. HSP70 was the most significantly up-regulated gene under 6-OHDA + MANF treatment in SHSY-5Y cells. RNAi knockdown for HSP70 inhibits the protective effects of MANF against 6-OHDA toxicity in SHSY-5Y cells. Conclusion MANF exerts a protective role against 6-OHDA induced apoptosis in SHSY-5Y cells via up-regulating some ER stress genes, including HSP70 family members. The HSP70 expression level plays a key role in MANF-mediated survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092 People's Republic of China.,Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Building 2, 198 Jinfeng Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101 China
| | - Xing Fu
- Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Building 2, 198 Jinfeng Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101 China
| | - Qiong Cai
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Yin
- Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Building 2, 198 Jinfeng Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101 China
| | - Jia Guo
- Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Building 2, 198 Jinfeng Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101 China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Building 2, 198 Jinfeng Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101 China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Building 2, 198 Jinfeng Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101 China
| | - Yigang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Nie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China
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23
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Dávila Costa JS, Silva RA, Leichert L, Alvarez HM. Proteome analysis reveals differential expression of proteins involved in triacylglycerol accumulation by Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 after addition of methyl viologen. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:343-354. [PMID: 28073401 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 is able to degrade toxic compounds and accumulate high amounts of triacylglycerols (TAG) upon nitrogen starvation. These NADPH-dependent processes are essential for the adaptation of rhodococci to fluctuating environmental conditions. In this study, we used an MS-based, label-free and quantitative proteomic approach to better understand the integral response of R. jostii RHA1 to the presence of methyl viologen (MV) in relation to the synthesis and accumulation of TAG. The addition of MV promoted a decrease of TAG accumulation in comparison to cells cultivated under nitrogen-limiting conditions in the absence of this pro-oxidant. Proteomic analyses revealed that the abundance of key proteins of fatty acid biosynthesis, the Kennedy pathway, glyceroneogenesis and methylmalonyl-CoA pathway, among others, decreased in the presence of MV. In contrast, some proteins involved in lipolysis and β-oxidation of fatty acids were upregulated. Some metabolic pathways linked to the synthesis of NADPH remained activated during oxidative stress as well as under nitrogen starvation conditions. Additionally, exposure to MV resulted in the activation of complete antioxidant machinery comprising superoxide dismutases, catalases, mycothiol biosynthesis, mycothione reductase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductases, among others. Our study suggests that oxidative stress response affects TAG accumulation under nitrogen-limiting conditions through programmed molecular mechanisms when both stresses occur simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Sebastián Dávila Costa
- Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco y CONICET, Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia (Chubut), Argentina.,Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Roxana A Silva
- Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco y CONICET, Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia (Chubut), Argentina
| | - Lars Leichert
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Redox Proteomics Group, Bochum, Germany
| | - Héctor M Alvarez
- Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco y CONICET, Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia (Chubut), Argentina
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Lin S, Liang R, Zhang T, Yuan Y, Shen S, Ye H. Microarray analysis of the transcriptome of theEscherichia coli(E. coli) regulated by cinnamaldehyde (CMA). FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1300875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Songyi Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suxia Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiqing Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Ciryam P, Kundra R, Morimoto RI, Dobson CM, Vendruscolo M. Supersaturation is a major driving force for protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:72-7. [PMID: 25636813 PMCID: PMC4643722 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of proteins is an essential requirement for their function. Nevertheless, these ubiquitous molecules can undergo aberrant aggregation when the protein homeostasis system becomes impaired. Here we ask: what are the driving forces for protein aggregation in the cellular environment? Emerging evidence suggests that this phenomenon arises at least in part because the native states of many proteins are inherently metastable when their cellular concentrations exceed their critical values. Such 'supersaturated' proteins, which form a 'metastable subproteome', are strongly driven towards aggregation, and are over-represented in specific biochemical pathways associated with neurodegenerative conditions. These observations suggest that effective therapeutic approaches designed to combat neurodegenerative diseases could be aimed at enhancing the ability of the cell to maintain the homeostasis of the metastable subproteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Ciryam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Rishika Kundra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Dufour V, Stahl M, Baysse C. The antibacterial properties of isothiocyanates. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:229-243. [PMID: 25378563 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.082362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are natural plant products generated by the enzymic hydrolysis of glucosinolates found in Brassicaceae vegetables. These natural sulfur compounds and their dithiocarbamate conjugates have been previously evaluated for their anti-cancerous properties. Their antimicrobial properties have been previously studied as well, mainly for food preservation and plant pathogen control. Recently, several revelations concerning the mode of action of ITCs in prokaryotes have emerged. This review addresses these new studies and proposes a model to summarize the current knowledge and hypotheses for the antibacterial effect of ITCs and whether they may provide the basis for the design of novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Dufour
- Equipe EA1254, Microbiologie Risques Infectieux, University of Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Martin Stahl
- Division of Gastroenterology, BC's Children's Hospital, Child and Family Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Baysse
- Equipe EA1254, Microbiologie Risques Infectieux, University of Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes cedex, France
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Ito F, Tamiya T, Ohtsu I, Fujimura M, Fukumori F. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of the heat shock response in Pseudomonas putida. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:922-36. [PMID: 25303383 PMCID: PMC4263515 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones function in various important physiological processes. Null mutants of genes for the molecular chaperone ClpB (Hsp104), and those that encode J-domain proteins (DnaJ, CbpA, and DjlA), which may act as Hsp40 co-chaperones of DnaK (Hsp70), were constructed from Pseudomonas putida KT2442 (KT) to elucidate their roles. The KTΔclpB mutant showed the same heat shock response (HSR) as the wild-type, both in terms of heat-shock protein (Hsp) synthesis (other than ClpB) and in hsp gene expression; however, the mutant was quite sensitive to high temperatures and was unable to disaggregate into thermo-mediated protein aggregates, indicating that ClpB is important for cell survival after heat stress and essential for solubilization of protein aggregates. On the other hand, the KTΔdnaJ mutant was temperature-sensitive, and formed more protein aggregates (especially of high molecular weight) upon heat stress than did KT. P. putida CbpA, a probable Hsp, partially substituted the functions of DnaJ in cell growth and solubilization of thermo-mediated protein aggregates, and might be involved in the HSR which was regulated by a fine-tuning system(s) that could sense subtle changes in the ambient temperature and control the levels of σ32 activity and quantity, as well as the mRNA levels of hsp genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Ito
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma
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Rodrigo WW, Dassanayake RS, Karunanayake EH, Gunawardene YINS, Weerasena OVJ. Heterologous expression, chaperone mediated solubilization and purification of parasitic nematode-specific growth factor-like protein of Setaria digitata. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:85-92. [PMID: 24461519 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clone, express and purify a putative parasitic nematode specific protein of Setaria digitata (S. digitata), filarial nematode that infects livestock and cause significant economic losses in Far East and Asia to be used for structural and functional analyses. METHODS To characterize uncharacterized gene of S. digitata (SDUG), the herterologous expression of SDUG was carried out in the pET [cloned into pET45b(+)] expression system initially and co-expression of SDUG using chaperone plasmids pG-KJE8, pGro 7, pKJE7, pG-Tf2 and pTf16 containing chaperone proteins of dnaK-dnaJ-grpE-groES-gro-E, groES-groEL, dnaK-dnaJ-grpE, groES-groEL-tig, and tig respectively, was carried out subsequently. RESULTS Expression of SDUG was seen when Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) is used, while concentrating protein largely into the insoluble fraction. The co-expression of SDUG using chaperone plasmid mediated system indicated a significant increase of the protein in the soluble fraction. Of the chaperon plasmid sets, the highest amount of recombinant SDUP in the soluble fraction was seen when pGro7 was used in the presence of 2 mg/mL L-arabinose and 0.6M IPTG concentration in the culture medium and for 3 h of incubation at the temperature of 28 °C. Recombinant SDUG was purified both from soluble and insoluble fractions using Ni affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses of these proteins revealed a single band having expected size of ∼24 kDa. CONCLUSIONS SDUG seems to be more aggregate-prone and hydrophobic in nature and such protein can make soluble by correct selecting the inducer concentrations and induction temperature and its duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wp Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka; Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - R S Dassanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - E H Karunanayake
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | | | - O Vds J Weerasena
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
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Hsu SY, Lin YS, Li SJ, Lee WC. Co-expression of a heat shock transcription factor to improve conformational quality of recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:242-8. [PMID: 24656305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A co-expression system was established in Escherichia coli for enhancing the cellular expression of heat shock transcription factor, sigma 32 (σ(32)). A Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the rpoH gene of E. coli, which encodes σ(32), were cloned into a bacterial plasmid containing a gene fusion encoding a doubly tagged N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid aldolase (GST-Neu5Ac aldolase-5R). After the IPTG induction, a substantially higher level of sigma 32 was observed up to 3 h in the co-expression cells, but an enhancement in the solubility of target protein was manifest only in the first hour. Nevertheless, the co-expression of sigma 32 led to higher level of Neu5Ac aldolase enzymatic activity in both the soluble and insoluble (inclusion body) fractions. The Neu5Ac aldolase activity of the supernatant from the lysate of cells co-expressing GST-Neu5Ac aldolase-5R and recombinant σ(32) was 3.4-fold higher at 3 h postinduction than that in cells overexpressing GST-Neu5Ac aldolase-5R in the absence of recombinantly expressed σ(32). The results of acrylamide quenching indicated that the conformational quality of the fusion protein was improved by the co-expression of recombinant σ(32). Thus, the increased level of intracellular σ(32) might have created favorable conditions for the proper folding of recombinant proteins through the cooperative effects of chaperones/heat shock proteins expressed by the E. coli host, which resulted in smaller inclusion bodies, improved conformational quality and a higher specific activity of the overexpressed GST-Neu5Ac aldolase-5R protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yen Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Systems Biology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Systems Biology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jyuan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Systems Biology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Systems Biology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
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Finka A, Goloubinoff P. Proteomic data from human cell cultures refine mechanisms of chaperone-mediated protein homeostasis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:591-605. [PMID: 23430704 PMCID: PMC3745260 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the crowded environment of human cells, folding of nascent polypeptides and refolding of stress-unfolded proteins is error prone. Accumulation of cytotoxic misfolded and aggregated species may cause cell death, tissue loss, degenerative conformational diseases, and aging. Nevertheless, young cells effectively express a network of molecular chaperones and folding enzymes, termed here "the chaperome," which can prevent formation of potentially harmful misfolded protein conformers and use the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to rehabilitate already formed toxic aggregates into native functional proteins. In an attempt to extend knowledge of chaperome mechanisms in cellular proteostasis, we performed a meta-analysis of human chaperome using high-throughput proteomic data from 11 immortalized human cell lines. Chaperome polypeptides were about 10% of total protein mass of human cells, half of which were Hsp90s and Hsp70s. Knowledge of cellular concentrations and ratios among chaperome polypeptides provided a novel basis to understand mechanisms by which the Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, and small heat shock proteins (HSPs), in collaboration with cochaperones and folding enzymes, assist de novo protein folding, import polypeptides into organelles, unfold stress-destabilized toxic conformers, and control the conformal activity of native proteins in the crowded environment of the cell. Proteomic data also provided means to distinguish between stable components of chaperone core machineries and dynamic regulatory cochaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrija Finka
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Goloubinoff
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Global analysis of chaperone effects using a reconstituted cell-free translation system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8937-42. [PMID: 22615364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201380109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein folding is often hampered by protein aggregation, which can be prevented by a variety of chaperones in the cell. A dataset that evaluates which chaperones are effective for aggregation-prone proteins would provide an invaluable resource not only for understanding the roles of chaperones, but also for broader applications in protein science and engineering. Therefore, we comprehensively evaluated the effects of the major Escherichia coli chaperones, trigger factor, DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE, and GroEL/GroES, on ∼800 aggregation-prone cytosolic E. coli proteins, using a reconstituted chaperone-free translation system. Statistical analyses revealed the robustness and the intriguing properties of chaperones. The DnaK and GroEL systems drastically increased the solubilities of hundreds of proteins with weak biases, whereas trigger factor had only a marginal effect on solubility. The combined addition of the chaperones was effective for a subset of proteins that were not rescued by any single chaperone system, supporting the synergistic effect of these chaperones. The resource, which is accessible via a public database, can be used to investigate the properties of proteins of interest in terms of their solubilities and chaperone effects.
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Bermúdez-Crespo J, Balboa S, Alonso J, Romalde J. Two-dimensional proteome reference map of Vibrio tapetis, the aetiological agent of brown ring disease in clams. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:853-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Escherichia coli is widely used as an expression system for production of recombinant proteins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin. A large body of knowledge has accumulated throughout the last few decades regarding expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli. However, despite this progress, protein production, primarily of eukaryotic origin, still remains a challenge. The biggest obstacle lies in obtaining large amounts of a given protein in a correctly folded form. Several strategies are being used to increase both yield and solubility. These include expression as fusion proteins, co-expression with molecular chaperones, or with a protein partner(s), and the use of multiple constructs for each protein. In this chapter, we focus on strategies for creating expression vectors, as well as on guidelines for improving recombinant protein solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Peleg
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Meyer Building, Rehovot, Israel.
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Platas G, Rodríguez-Carmona E, García-Fruitós E, Cano-Garrido O, Villaverde A. Co-production of GroELS discriminates between intrinsic and thermally-induced recombinant protein aggregation during substrate quality control. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:79. [PMID: 21992454 PMCID: PMC3207889 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects and effectiveness of the chaperone pair GroELS on the yield and quality of recombinant polypeptides produced in Escherichia coli are matter of controversy, as the reported activities of this complex are not always consistent and eventually indicate undesired side effects. The divergence in the reported data could be due, at least partially, to different experimental conditions in independent research approaches. Results We have then selected two structurally different model proteins (namely GFP and E. coli β-galactosidase) and two derived aggregation-prone fusions to explore, in a systematic way, the eventual effects of GroELS co-production on yield, solubility and conformational quality. Host cells were cultured at two alternative temperatures below the threshold at which thermal stress is expected to be triggered, to minimize the involvement of independent stress factors. Conclusions From the analysis of protein yield, solubility and biological activity of the four model proteins produced alone or along the chaperones, we conclude that GroELS impacts on yield and quality of aggregation-prone proteins with intrinsic determinants but not on thermally induced protein aggregation. No effective modifications of protein solubility have been observed, but significant stabilization of small (encapsulable) substrates and moderate chaperone-induced degradation of larger (excluded) polypeptides. These findings indicate that the activities of this chaperone pair in the context of actively producing recombinant bacteria discriminate between intrinsic and thermally-induced protein aggregation, and that the side effects of GroELS overproduction might be determined by substrate size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Platas
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Ye H, Liu Z, Guo A, Liang J, Guo N, Zeng F, Liu L, Li L, Jin J, Wu X, Li Y, Liu M, Jin Q, Yu L. Global transcriptional profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis treated with plumbagin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A Chlamydia-specific C-terminal region of the stress response regulator HrcA modulates its repressor activity. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:6733-41. [PMID: 21965565 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05792-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydial heat shock proteins have important roles in Chlamydia infection and immunopathogenesis. Transcription of chlamydial heat shock genes is controlled by the stress response regulator HrcA, which binds to its cognate operator CIRCE, causing repression by steric hindrance of RNA polymerase. All Chlamydia spp. encode an HrcA protein that is larger than other bacterial orthologs because of an additional, well-conserved C-terminal region. We found that this unique C-terminal tail decreased HrcA binding to CIRCE in vitro as well as HrcA-mediated transcriptional repression in vitro and in vivo. When we isolated HrcA from chlamydiae, we only detected the full-length protein, but we found that endogenous HrcA had a higher binding affinity for CIRCE than recombinant HrcA. To examine this difference further, we tested the effect of the heat shock protein GroEL on the function of HrcA since endogenous chlamydial HrcA has been previously shown to associate with GroEL as a complex. GroEL enhanced the ability of HrcA to bind CIRCE and to repress transcription in vitro, but this stimulatory effect was greater on full-length HrcA than HrcA lacking the C-terminal tail. These findings demonstrate that the novel C-terminal tail of chlamydial HrcA is an inhibitory region and provide evidence that its negative effect on repressor function can be counteracted by GroEL. These results support a model in which GroEL functions as a corepressor that interacts with HrcA to regulate chlamydial heat shock genes.
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Mogk A, Huber D, Bukau B. Integrating protein homeostasis strategies in prokaryotes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a004366. [PMID: 21441580 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cells are frequently exposed to dramatic fluctuations in their environment, which cause perturbation in protein homeostasis and lead to protein misfolding. Bacteria have therefore evolved powerful quality control networks consisting of chaperones and proteases that cooperate to monitor the folding states of proteins and to remove misfolded conformers through either refolding or degradation. The levels of the quality control components are adjusted to the folding state of the cellular proteome through the induction of compartment specific stress responses. In addition, the activities of several quality control components are directly controlled by these stresses, allowing for fast activation. Severe stress can, however, overcome the protective function of the proteostasis network leading to the formation of protein aggregates, which are sequestered at the cell poles. Protein aggregates are either solubilized by AAA+ chaperones or eliminated through cell division, allowing for the generation of damage-free daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mogk
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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LuxS coexpression enhances yields of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli in part through posttranscriptional control of GroEL. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2141-52. [PMID: 21278275 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02347-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication, or quorum sensing (QS), enables cell density-dependent regulation of bacterial gene expression which can be exploited for the autonomous-signal-guided expression of recombinant proteins (C. Y. Tsao, S. Hooshangi, H. C. Wu, J. J. Valdes, and W. E. Bentley, Metab. Eng. 12:291-297, 2010). Earlier observations that the metabolic potential of Escherichia coli is conveyed via the QS signaling molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2) suggested that the capacity for protein synthesis could also be affected by AI-2 signaling (M. P. DeLisa, J. J. Valdes, and W. E. Bentley, J. Bacteriol. 183:2918-2928, 2001). In this work, we found that simply adding conditioned medium containing high levels of AI-2 at the same time as inducing the synthesis of recombinant proteins doubled the yield of active product. We have hypothesized that AI-2 signaling "conditions" cells as a natural consequence of cell-to-cell communication and that this could tweak the signal transduction cascade to alter the protein synthesis landscape. We inserted luxS (AI-2 synthase) into vectors which cosynthesized proteins of interest (organophosphorus hydrolase [OPH], chloramphenicol acetyltransferase [CAT], or UV-variant green fluorescent protein [GFPuv]) and evaluated the protein expression in luxS-deficient hosts. In this way, we altered the level of luxS in the cells in order to "tune" the synthesis of AI-2. We found conditions in which the protein yield was dramatically increased. Further studies demonstrated coincident upregulation of the chaperone GroEL, which may have facilitated higher yields and is shown for the first time to be positively regulated at the posttranscriptional level by AI-2. This report is the first to demonstrate that the protein synthesis capacity of E. coli can be altered by rewiring quorum sensing circuitry.
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Abstract
It is now well understood that, although proteins fold spontaneously (in a thermodynamic sense), many nevertheless require the assistance of helpers called molecular chaperones to reach their correct and active folded state in living cells. This is because the pathways of protein folding are full of traps for the unwary: the forces that drive proteins into their folded states can also drive them into insoluble aggregates, and, particularly when cells are stressed, this can lead, without prevention or correction, to cell death. The chaperonins are a family of molecular chaperones, practically ubiquitous in all living organisms, which possess a remarkable structure and mechanism of action. They act as nanoboxes in which proteins can fold, isolated from their environment and from other partners with which they might, with potentially deleterious consequences, interact. The opening and closing of these boxes is timed by the binding and hydrolysis of ATP. The chaperonins which are found in bacteria are extremely well characterized, and, although those found in archaea (also known as thermosomes) and eukaryotes have received less attention, our understanding of these proteins is constantly improving. This short review will summarize what we know about chaperonin function in the cell from studies on the archaeal chaperonins, and show how recent work is improving our understanding of this essential class of molecular chaperones.
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Labriola CA, Giraldo AMV, Parodi AJ, Caramelo JJ. Functional cooperation between BiP and calreticulin in the folding maturation of a glycoprotein in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 175:112-7. [PMID: 20934456 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins may adopt diverse conformations during their folding in vivo, ranging from extended chains when they emerge from the ribosome to compact intermediates near the end of the folding process. Accordingly, a variety of chaperones and folding assisting enzymes have evolved to deal with this diversity. Chaperone selection by a particular substrate depends on the structural features of its folding intermediates. In addition, this process may be modulated by competitive effects between chaperones. Here we address this issue by using TcrCATL as model substrate. TcrCATL is an abundant Trypanosoma cruzi lysosomal protease and it was the first identified endogenous UDP-Glc:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT) substrate. We found that TcrCATL associated sequentially with BiP and calreticulin (CRT) during its folding process. Early, extended conformations were bound to BiP, while more advanced and compact folding intermediates associated to CRT. The interaction between TcrCATL and CRT was impeded by deletion of the UGGT-encoding gene but, similarly to what was observed in wild type cells, in mutant cells TcrCATL associated to BiP only when displaying extended conformations. The absence of TcrCATL-CRT interactions in UGGT null cells resulted in a drastic reduction of TcrCATL folding efficiency and triggered the aggregation of TcrCATL through intermolecular disulfide bonds. These observations show that BiP and CRT activities complement each other to supervise a complete and efficient TcrCATL folding process. The present report provides further evidence on the early evolutionary acquisition of the basic tenets of the N-glycan dependent quality control mechanism of glycoprotein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Labriola
- Laboratories of Glycobiology, Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Side effects of chaperone gene co-expression in recombinant protein production. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:64. [PMID: 20813055 PMCID: PMC2944165 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient availability of molecular chaperones is observed as a major bottleneck for proper protein folding in recombinant protein production. Therefore, co-production of selected sets of cell chaperones along with foreign polypeptides is a common approach to increase the yield of properly folded, recombinant proteins in bacterial cell factories. However, unbalanced amounts of folding modulators handling folding-reluctant protein species might instead trigger undesired proteolytic activities, detrimental regarding recombinant protein stability, quality and yield. This minireview summarizes the most recent observations of chaperone-linked negative side effects, mostly focusing on DnaK and GroEL sets, when using these proteins as folding assistant agents. These events are discussed in the context of the complexity of the cell quality network and the consequent intricacy of the physiological responses triggered by protein misfolding.
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Chang L, Thompson AD, Ung P, Carlson HA, Gestwicki JE. Mutagenesis reveals the complex relationships between ATPase rate and the chaperone activities of Escherichia coli heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70/DnaK). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21282-91. [PMID: 20439464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.124149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli 70-kDa heat shock protein, DnaK, is a molecular chaperone that engages in a variety of cellular activities, including the folding of proteins. During this process, DnaK binds its substrates in coordination with a catalytic ATPase cycle. Both the ATPase and protein folding activities of DnaK are stimulated by its co-chaperones, DnaJ and GrpE. However, it is not yet clear how changes in the stimulated ATPase rate of DnaK impact the folding process. In this study, we performed mutagenesis throughout the nucleotide-binding domain of DnaK to generate a collection of mutants in which the stimulated ATPase rates varied from 0.7 to 13.6 pmol/microg/min(-1). We found that this range was largely established by differences in the ability of the mutants to be stimulated by one or both of the co-chaperones. Next, we explored how changes in ATPase rate might impact refolding of denatured luciferase in vitro and found that the two activities were poorly correlated. Unexpectedly, we found several mutants that refold luciferase normally in the absence of significant ATP turnover, presumably by increasing the flexibility of DnaK. Finally, we tested whether DnaK mutants could complement growth of DeltadnaK E. coli cells under heat shock and found that the ability to refold luciferase was more predictive of in vivo activity than ATPase rate. This study provides insights into how flexibility and co-chaperone interactions affect DnaK-mediated ATP turnover and protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra Chang
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Benítez JJ, Keller AM, Chen P. Nanovesicle trapping for studying weak protein interactions by single-molecule FRET. Methods Enzymol 2010; 472:41-60. [PMID: 20580959 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)72016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are fundamental biological processes. While strong protein interactions are amenable to many characterization techniques including crystallography, weak protein interactions are challenging to study because of their dynamic nature. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) can monitor dynamic protein interactions in real time, but are generally limited to strong interacting pairs because of the low concentrations needed for single-molecule detection. Here, we describe a nanovesicle trapping approach to enable smFRET study of weak protein interactions at high effective concentrations. We describe the experimental procedures, summarize the application in studying the weak interactions between intracellular copper transporters, and detail the single-molecule kinetic analysis of bimolecular interactions involving three states. Both the experimental approach and the theoretical analysis are generally applicable to studying many other biological processes at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime J Benítez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Martínez-Alonso M, Gómez-Sebastián S, Escribano JM, Saiz JC, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A. DnaK/DnaJ-assisted recombinant protein production in Trichoplusia ni larvae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:633-9. [PMID: 19876625 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The DnaK/DnaJ Escherichia coli chaperone pair, co-produced along with recombinant proteins, has been widely used to assist protein folding in bacterial cells, although with poor consensus about the ultimate effect on protein quality and its general applicability. Here, we have evaluated for the first time these bacterial proteins as folding modulators in a highly promising recombinant protein platform based on insect larvae. Intriguingly, the bacterial chaperones enhanced the solubility of a reporter, misfolding-prone GFP, doubling the yield of recombinant protein that can be recovered from the larvae extracts in a production process. This occurs without negative effects on the yield of total protein (extractable plus insoluble), indicative of a proteolytic stability of the chaperone substrate. It is in contrast with what has been observed in bacteria for the same reporter protein, which is dramatically degraded in a DnaK-dependent manner. The reported data are discussed in the context of the biotechnological potential and applicability of prokaryotic chaperones in complex, eukaryotic factories for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Alonso
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Roodveldt C, Bertoncini CW, Andersson A, van der Goot AT, Hsu ST, Fernández-Montesinos R, de Jong J, van Ham TJ, Nollen EA, Pozo D, Christodoulou J, Dobson CM. Chaperone proteostasis in Parkinson's disease: stabilization of the Hsp70/alpha-synuclein complex by Hip. EMBO J 2009; 28:3758-70. [PMID: 19875982 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-dependent protein chaperone heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) displays broad anti-aggregation functions and has a critical function in preventing protein misfolding pathologies. According to in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD), loss of Hsp70 activity is associated with neurodegeneration and the formation of amyloid deposits of alpha-synuclein (alphaSyn), which constitute the intraneuronal inclusions in PD patients known as Lewy bodies. Here, we show that Hsp70 depletion can be a direct result of the presence of aggregation-prone polypeptides. We show a nucleotide-dependent interaction between Hsp70 and alphaSyn, which leads to the aggregation of Hsp70, in the presence of ADP along with alphaSyn. Such a co-aggregation phenomenon can be prevented in vitro by the co-chaperone Hip (ST13), and the hypothesis that it might do so also in vivo is supported by studies of a Caenorhabditis elegans model of alphaSyn aggregation. Our findings indicate that a decreased expression of Hip could facilitate depletion of Hsp70 by amyloidogenic polypeptides, impairing chaperone proteostasis and stimulating neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Roodveldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Singh J, Whitwill S, Lacroix G, Douglas J, Dubuc E, Allard G, Keller W, Schernthaner JP. The use of Group 3 LEA proteins as fusion partners in facilitating recombinant expression of recalcitrant proteins in E. coli. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 67:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gupta P, Ghosalkar A, Mishra S, Chaudhuri TK. Enhancement of over expression and chaperone assisted yield of folded recombinant aconitase in Escherichia coli in bioreactor cultures. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:102-7. [PMID: 19217544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A major portion of the over expressed yeast mitochondrial aconitase, a large 82 kDa monomeric TCA cycle enzyme, in Escherichia coli led to the formation of inclusion bodies. Bacterial chaperonin GroEL mediated the correct folding of aconitase with the assistance of its co-chaperonin GroES in an ATP dependent manner. Till date the chaperonin assisted folding of aconitase was limited to the shake flask studies with relatively low yields of folded aconitase. No attempt had yet been made to enhance the yield of chaperone mediated folding of aconitase using a bioreactor. The current report deals with the effect of co-expression of GroEL/GroES in the production of soluble, biologically active recombinant aconitase in E. coli by cultivation in a bioreactor at different temperatures under optimized conditions. It revealed that the yield of functional aconitase was enhanced, either in presence of co-expressed GroEL/ES or at low temperature cultivation. However, the outcome from the chaperone assisted folding of aconitase was more pronounced at lower temperature. A 3-fold enhancement in the yield of functional aconitase from the bioreactor based chaperone assisted folding was obtained as compared to the shake flask study. Hence, the present study provides optimized conditions for increasing the yield of functional aconitase by batch cultivation in a bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
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48
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Gao N, Ma BG, Zhang YS, Song Q, Chen LL, Zhang HY. Gene Expression Analysis of Four Radiation-resistant Bacteria. GENOMICS INSIGHTS 2009; 2:11-22. [PMID: 26244019 PMCID: PMC4510606 DOI: 10.4137/gei.s2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the general radiation-resistant mechanisms of bacteria, bioinformatic method was employed to predict highly expressed genes for four radiation-resistant bacteria, i.e. Deinococcus geothermalis (D. geo), Deinococcus radiodurans (D. rad), Kineococcus radiotolerans (K. rad) and Rubrobacter xylanophilus (R. xyl). It is revealed that most of the three reference gene sets, i.e. ribosomal proteins, transcription factors and major chaperones, are generally highly expressed in the four bacteria. Recombinase A (recA), a key enzyme in recombinational repair, is predicted to be highly or marginally highly expressed in the four bacteria. However, most proteins associated with other repair systems show low expression levels. Some genes participating in ‘information storage and processing,’ ‘cellular processes and signaling’ and ‘metabolism’ are among the top twenty predicted highly expressed (PHX) genes in the four genomes. Many antioxidant enzymes and proteases are commonly highly expressed in the four bacteria, indicating that these enzymes play important roles in resisting irradiation. Finally, a number of ‘hypothetical genes’ are among the top twenty PHX genes in each genome, some of them might contribute vitally to resist irradiation. Some of the prediction results are supported by experimental evidence. All the above information not only helps to understand the radiation-resistant mechanisms but also provides clues for identifying new radiation-resistant genes from these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Guang Ma
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China. ; Computational Biology Unit, Bergen Center for Computational Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5008, Norway
| | - Yu-Sheng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China
| | - Qin Song
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China
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Al Refaii A, Alix JH. Ribosome biogenesis is temperature-dependent and delayed inEscherichia colilacking the chaperones DnaK or DnaJ. Mol Microbiol 2009; 71:748-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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50
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Gonzalez-Montalban N, Natalello A, García-Fruitós E, Villaverde A, Doglia SM. In situ protein folding and activation in bacterial inclusion bodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:797-802. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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