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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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2
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Doolittle RF. Bioinformatic Characterization of Genes and Proteins Involved in Blood Clotting in Lampreys. J Mol Evol 2015; 81:121-30. [PMID: 26437661 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-015-9701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lampreys and hagfish are the earliest diverging of extant vertebrates and are obvious targets for investigating the origins of complex biochemical systems found in mammals. Currently, the simplest approach for such inquiries is to search for the presence of relevant genes in whole genome sequence (WGS) assemblies. Unhappily, in the past a high-quality complete genome sequence has not been available for either lampreys or hagfish, precluding the possibility of proving gene absence. Recently, improved but still incomplete genome assemblies for two species of lamprey have been posted, and, taken together with an extensive collection of short sequences in the NCBI trace archive, they have made it possible to make reliable counts for specific gene families. Particularly, a multi-source tactic has been used to study the lamprey blood clotting system with regard to the presence and absence of genes known to occur in higher vertebrates. As was suggested in earlier studies, lampreys lack genes for coagulation factors VIII and IX, both of which are critical for the "intrinsic" clotting system and responsible for hemophilia in humans. On the other hand, they have three each of genes for factors VII and X, participants in the "extrinsic" clotting system. The strategy of using raw trace sequence "reads" together with partial WGS assemblies for lampreys can be used in studies on the early evolution of other biochemical systems in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell F Doolittle
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0314, USA.
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3
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Doolittle RF, McNamara K, Lin K. Correlating structure and function during the evolution of fibrinogen-related domains. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1808-23. [PMID: 23076991 PMCID: PMC3575912 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen-related domains (FReDs) are found in a variety of animal proteins with widely different functions, ranging from non-self recognition to clot formation. All appear to have a common surface where binding of one sort or other occurs. An examination of 19 completed animal genomes--including a sponge and sea anemone, six protostomes, and 11 deuterostomes--has allowed phylogenies to be constructed that show where various types of FReP (proteins containing FReDs) first made their appearance. Comparisons of sequences and structures also reveal particular features that correlate with function, including the influence of neighbor-domains. A particular set of insertions in the carboxyl-terminal subdomain was involved in the transition from structures known to bind sugars to those known to bind amino-terminal peptides. Perhaps not unexpectedly, FReDs with different functions have changed at different rates, with ficolins by far the fastest changing group. Significantly, the greatest amount of change in ficolin FReDs occurs in the third subdomain ("P domain"), the very opposite of the situation in most other vertebrate FReDs. The unbalanced style of change was also observed in FReDs from non-chordates, many of which have been implicated in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell F Doolittle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, USA.
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4
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Tang H, Fu Y, Zhan S, Luo Y. αEC, the C-Terminal Extension of Fibrinogen, Has Chaperone-like Activity. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3967-76. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900015n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-tumor Protein Therapeutics
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
| | - Yan Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-tumor Protein Therapeutics
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
| | - Shunli Zhan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-tumor Protein Therapeutics
| | - Yongzhang Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-tumor Protein Therapeutics
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
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5
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Kimura A, Ikeo K, Nonaka M. Evolutionary origin of the vertebrate blood complement and coagulation systems inferred from liver EST analysis of lamprey. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:77-87. [PMID: 18760304 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement and coagulation systems in mammalian blood are composed of multiple components with unique domain structures, and are believed to be established by exon-shufflings and following gene duplications. To elucidate their origin in vertebrates, liver EST and 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) analyses were performed in lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum. For the complement system, thefactor I cDNA was cloned for the first time outside of the jawed vertebrates. Evidence for the C3/C4/C5, fB/C2 and MASP-1/MASP-2/C1r/C1s gene duplications was not found, suggesting that these duplications occurred in the jawed vertebrate lineage. In contrast, the coagulation factors VII and X, prothrombin and protein C-like cDNAs were identified, indicating that duplications among them predated the cyclostome-jawed vertebrate divergence. The genes for terminal complement components, coagulation factors XI and XII, or prekallikrein were not found, suggesting that the complement and coagulation systems of an ancestral vertebrate were simpler compared to their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuko Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Bevan S, Vakharia V, Parker D. Changes in gene expression and integrin-mediated structural changes are associated with long-term plasticity of a spinal cord locomotor network. Neuroscience 2008; 152:160-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Doolittle RF, Jiang Y, Nand J. Genomic evidence for a simpler clotting scheme in jawless vertebrates. J Mol Evol 2008; 66:185-96. [PMID: 18283387 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-008-9074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian blood clotting involves numerous components, most of which are the result of gene duplications that occurred early in vertebrate evolution and after the divergence of protochordates. As such, the genomes of the jawless fish (hagfish and lamprey) offer the best possibility for finding systems that might have a reduced set of the many clotting factors observed in higher vertebrates. The most straightforward way of inventorying these factors may be through whole genome sequencing. In this regard, the NCBI Trace database ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/trace.cgi ) for the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) contains more than 18 million raw DNA sequences determined by whole-genome shotgun methodology. The data are estimated to be about sixfold redundant, indicating that coverage is sufficiently complete to permit judgments about the presence or absence of particular genes. A search for 20 proteins whose sequences were determined prior to the trace database study found all 20. A subsequent search for specified coagulation factors revealed a lamprey system with a smaller number of components than is found in other vertebrates in that factors V and VIII seem to be represented by a single gene, and factor IX, which is ordinarily a cofactor of factor VIII, is not present. Fortuitously, after the completion of the survey of the Trace database, a draft assembly based on the same database was posted. The draft assembly allowed many of the identified Trace fragments to be linked into longer sequences that fully support the conclusion that lampreys have a simpler clotting scheme compared with other vertebrates. The data are also consistent with the hypothesis that a whole-genome duplication or other large scale block duplication occurred after the divergence of jawless fish from other vertebrates and allowed the simultaneous appearance of a second set of two functionally paired proteins in the vertebrate clotting scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell F Doolittle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0314, USA.
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Vu D, Di Sanza C, Caille D, de Moerloose P, Scheib H, Meda P, Neerman-Arbez M. Quality control of fibrinogen secretion in the molecular pathogenesis of congenital afibrinogenemia. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:3271-80. [PMID: 16195396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare bleeding disorder characterized by the absence in circulation of fibrinogen, a hexamer composed of two sets of three polypeptides (Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma). Each polypeptide is encoded by a distinct gene, FGA, FGB and FGG, all three clustered in a region of 50 kb on 4q31. A subset of afibrinogenemia mutations has been shown to specifically impair fibrinogen secretion, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remained to be elucidated. Here, we show that truncation of the seven most C-terminal residues (R455-Q461) of the Bbeta chain specifically inhibits fibrinogen secretion. Expression of additional mutants and structural modelling suggests that neither the last six residues nor R455 is crucial per se for secretion, but prevent protein misfolding by protecting hydrophobic residues in the betaC core. Immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy studies indicate that secretion-impaired mutants are retained in a pre-Golgi compartment. In addition, expression of Bbeta, gamma and angiopoietin-2 chimeric molecules demonstrated that the betaC domain prevents the secretion of single chains and complexes, whereas the gammaC domain allows their secretion. Our data provide new insight into the mechanisms accounting for the quality control of fibrinogen secretion and confirm that mutant fibrinogen retention is one of the pathological mechanisms responsible for congenital afibrinogenemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Vu
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Mosesson MW, DiOrio JP, Hernandez I, Hainfeld JF, Wall JS, Grieninger G. The ultrastructure of fibrinogen-420 and the fibrin-420 clot. Biophys Chem 2005; 112:209-14. [PMID: 15572250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen-420 is a minor subclass of human fibrinogen that is so named because of its higher molecular weight compared to fibrinogen-340, the predominant form of circulating fibrinogen. Each of the two Aalpha chains of fibrinogen-340 is replaced in fibrinogen-420 by an Aalpha isoform termed alphaE. Such chains contain a globular C-terminal extension, alphaEC, that is homologous with the C-terminal regions of Bbeta and gamma chains in the fibrin D domain. The alphaEC domain lacks a functional fibrin polymerization pocket like those found in the D domain, but it does contain a binding site for beta2 integrins. Electron microscopy of fibrinogen-340 molecules showed the major core fibrinogen domains, D-E-D, plus globular portions of the C-terminal alphaC domains. Fibrinogen-420 molecules had two additional globular domains that were attributable to alphaEC. Turbidity measurements of thrombin-cleaved fibrinogen-420 revealed a reduced rate of fibrin polymerization and a lower maximum turbidity. Thromboelastographic measurements also showed a reduced rate of fibrin-420 polymerization (amplitude development) compared with fibrin-340. Nevertheless, the final amplitude (MA) and the calculated elastic modulus (G) for fibrin-420 were greater than those for fibrin-340. These results suggested a greater degree of fibrin-420 branching and thinner matrix fibers, and such structures were found in SEM images. In addition, fibrin-420 fibers were irregular and often showed nodular structures protruding from the fiber surface. These nodularities represented alphaEC domains, and possibly alphaC domains as well. TEM images of negatively shadowed fibrin-420 networks showed irregular fiber borders, but the fibers possessed the same 22.5-nm periodicity that characterizes all fibrin fibers. From this result, we conclude that fibrin-420 fiber assembly occurs through the same D-E interactions that drive the assembly of all fibrin fibrils, and therefore that the staggered overlapping molecular packing arrangement is the same in both types of fibrin. The alphaEC domains are arrayed on fiber surfaces, and in this location, they would very likely slow lateral fibril association, causing thinner, more branched fibers to form. However, their location on the fiber surface would facilitate cellular interactions through the integrin receptor binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Mosesson
- The Blood Research Institute of The Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, PO Box 2178, Milwaukee, WI 53201-2178, USA.
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Perović-Ottstadt S, Adell T, Proksch P, Wiens M, Korzhev M, Gamulin V, Müller IM, Müller WEG. A (13)-beta-d-glucan recognition protein from the sponge Suberites domuncula. Mediated activation of fibrinogen-like protein and epidermal growth factor gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1924-37. [PMID: 15128302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) live in a symbiotic relationship with microorganisms, primarily bacteria. Until now, molecular proof for the capacity of sponges to recognize fungi in the surrounding aqueous milieu has not been available. Here we demonstrate, for the demosponge Suberites domuncula (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida), a cell surface receptor that recognizes (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans, e.g. curdlan or laminarin. This receptor, the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan-binding protein, was identified and its cDNA analysed. The gene coding for the 45 kDa protein was found to be upregulated in tissue after incubation with carbohydrate. Simultaneously with the increased expression of this gene, two further genes showed an elevated steady state level of expression; one codes for a fibrinogen-like protein and the other for the epidermal growth factor precursor. Expression of the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan-binding protein and the fibrinogen-like protein occurred in cells on the sponge surface, in the pinacoderm. By Western blotting, the product of the fibrinogen-like protein gene was identified, the recombinant protein isolated, and antibodies raised to this protein. Their application revealed that a 5 kDa factor is produced, which is apparently processed from the 77 kDa epidermal growth factor precursor. Finally, we provided evidence that a tyrosine kinase pathway is initiated in response to exposure to D-glucan; its phosphorylation activity could be blocked by aeroplysinin. In turn, the increased expression of the downstream genes was suppressed. We conclude that sponges possess a molecular mechanism for recognizing fungi via the d-glucan carbohydrates on their surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Perović-Ottstadt
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Jiang Y, Doolittle RF. The evolution of vertebrate blood coagulation as viewed from a comparison of puffer fish and sea squirt genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7527-32. [PMID: 12808152 PMCID: PMC164620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0932632100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood coagulation scheme for the puffer fish, Fugu rubripes, has been reconstructed on the basis of orthologs of genes for mammalian blood clotting factors being present in its genome. As expected, clotting follows the same fundamental pattern as has been observed in other vertebrates, even though genes for some clotting factors found in mammals are absent and some others are present in more than one gene copy. All told, 26 different proteins involved in clotting or fibrinolysis were searched against the puffer fish genome. Of these, orthologs were found for 21. Genes for the "contact system" factors (factor XI, factor XII, and prekallikrein) could not be identified. On the other hand, two genes were found for factor IX and four for factor VII. It was evident that not all four factor VII genes are functional, essential active-site residues having been replaced in two of them. A search of the genome of a urochordate, the sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis, did not turn up any genuine orthologs for these 26 factors, although paralogs and/or constituent domains were evident for virtually all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA
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Abstract
In addition to the conventional fibrinogen with its alpha, beta, and gamma subunit chains, there is a subclass of fibrinogen molecules, accounting for one percent of the total in human adults, in which both alpha chains have been replaced by extended alpha chains (alpha E) that sport a globular C-terminal domain (alpha EC) comparable to beta C and gamma C. Using nomenclature based on molecular weight, the subclass of alpha E-containing molecules has been named fibrinogen-420 to differentiate it from the better known fibrinogen, now referred to as fibrinogen-340. Review of the events leading to the discovery of fibrinogen-420 in the early 1990s and its subsequent characterization, culminating in the crystal structure of its unique alpha EC domains, highlights special aspects of its evolutionary history, outstanding features of its structure, and the perplexities of its biology. Various working hypotheses that have driven prior investigation are evaluated and practical insights are offered to spur further research into the role of fibrinogen-420.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grieninger
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Abstract
Human fibrinogen-420, (Eβγ)2, was isolated from plasma and evaluated for its ability to form clots and for its susceptibility to proteolysis. Clotting parameters, including cross-linking of subunit chains, of this subclass and of the more abundant fibrinogen-340 (βγ)2, were found to be similar, suggesting little impact of the unique EC domains of fibrinogen-420 on coagulation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of plasmic digestion patterns revealed production from fibrinogen-420 of the conventional fibrinogen degradation products, X, Y, D, and E, to be comparable to that from fibrinogen-340 in all respects except the presence of at least 2 additional cleavage products that were shown by Western blot analysis to contain the EC domain. One was a stable fragment (ECX) comigrating with a 34-kd yeast recombinant EC domain, and the other was an apparent precursor. Their release occurred early, before that of fragments D and E. Two bands of the same mobility and antibody reactivity were found in Western blots of plasma collected from patients with myocardial infarction shortly after the initiation of thrombolytic therapy.
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Abstract
AbstractHuman fibrinogen-420, (Eβγ)2, was isolated from plasma and evaluated for its ability to form clots and for its susceptibility to proteolysis. Clotting parameters, including cross-linking of subunit chains, of this subclass and of the more abundant fibrinogen-340 (βγ)2, were found to be similar, suggesting little impact of the unique EC domains of fibrinogen-420 on coagulation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of plasmic digestion patterns revealed production from fibrinogen-420 of the conventional fibrinogen degradation products, X, Y, D, and E, to be comparable to that from fibrinogen-340 in all respects except the presence of at least 2 additional cleavage products that were shown by Western blot analysis to contain the EC domain. One was a stable fragment (ECX) comigrating with a 34-kd yeast recombinant EC domain, and the other was an apparent precursor. Their release occurred early, before that of fragments D and E. Two bands of the same mobility and antibody reactivity were found in Western blots of plasma collected from patients with myocardial infarction shortly after the initiation of thrombolytic therapy.
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The EC Domains of Human Fibrinogen420Contain Calcium Binding Sites But Lack Polymerization Pockets. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.10.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe extended (E) isoform unique to Fibrinogen420 (Fib420) is distinguished from the conventional chain of Fibrinogen340 by the presence of an additional 236-residue carboxyl terminus globular domain (EC). A recombinant form of EC (rEC), having a predicted mass of 27,653 Daltons, was expressed in yeast (Pichia pastoris) and purified by anion exchange column chromatography. Purified rEC appears to be predominantly intact, as judged by N-terminal sequence analysis, mass spectral analysis of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide (CNBr) fragment, and comparison of recognition by epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies. Carbohydrate determination, coupled with analysis of CNBr digestion fragments, confirms N-linked glycosylation at Asn667, the site at which sugar is attached in E. Analysis of CNBr digestion fragments confirms that two disulfide bridges exist at cysteine pairs E613/644 and E780/793. In the presence of 5 mmol/L EDTA, rEC is highly susceptible to plasmic degradation, but Ca2+ (5 mmol/L) renders rEC resistant. No protective effect from plasmic degradation was conferred to rEC by the peptides GPRPamide or GHRP, nor did rEC bind to a GPR peptide column. These results suggest that the EC domain contains a calcium-binding site, but lacks a polymerization pocket. By analogy with the site elucidated in the γC domain, we predict that the EC calcium binding site involves residues E772-778: DADQWEE.
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Abstract
The extended (E) isoform unique to Fibrinogen420 (Fib420) is distinguished from the conventional chain of Fibrinogen340 by the presence of an additional 236-residue carboxyl terminus globular domain (EC). A recombinant form of EC (rEC), having a predicted mass of 27,653 Daltons, was expressed in yeast (Pichia pastoris) and purified by anion exchange column chromatography. Purified rEC appears to be predominantly intact, as judged by N-terminal sequence analysis, mass spectral analysis of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide (CNBr) fragment, and comparison of recognition by epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies. Carbohydrate determination, coupled with analysis of CNBr digestion fragments, confirms N-linked glycosylation at Asn667, the site at which sugar is attached in E. Analysis of CNBr digestion fragments confirms that two disulfide bridges exist at cysteine pairs E613/644 and E780/793. In the presence of 5 mmol/L EDTA, rEC is highly susceptible to plasmic degradation, but Ca2+ (5 mmol/L) renders rEC resistant. No protective effect from plasmic degradation was conferred to rEC by the peptides GPRPamide or GHRP, nor did rEC bind to a GPR peptide column. These results suggest that the EC domain contains a calcium-binding site, but lacks a polymerization pocket. By analogy with the site elucidated in the γC domain, we predict that the EC calcium binding site involves residues E772-778: DADQWEE.
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Formation of the Human Fibrinogen Subclass Fib420: Disulfide Bonds and Glycosylation in Its Unique (EChain) Domains. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.9.3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCOS cell transfection has been used to monitor the assembly and secretion of fibrinogen molecules, both those of the subclass containing the novel E chain and those of the more abundant subclass whose chains lack E’s globular C-terminus. That region, referred to as the EC domain, is closely related to the ends of β and γ chains of fibrinogen (βC and γC). Transfection of COS cells with E, β, and γ cDNAs alone results in secretion of the symmetrical molecule (Eβγ)2, also known as Fib420. Cotransfection with cDNA for the shorter chain yielded secretion of both (βγ)2 and (Eβγ)2 but no mixed molecules of the structure E(βγ)2. Exploiting the COS cells’ fidelity with regard to Fib420 production, identification was made of the highly conserved Asn667 as the sole site of N-linked glycosylation in the E chain. No evidence from Cys → Ser replacements was found for interchain disulfide bridges involving the four cysteines of the EC domain. However, for fibrinogen secretion, the E, β, and γ subunits do exhibit different requirements for integrity of the two intradomain disulfide bridges located at homologous positions in their respective C-termini, indicating dissimilar structural roles in the process of fibrinogen assembly.© 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
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Formation of the Human Fibrinogen Subclass Fib420: Disulfide Bonds and Glycosylation in Its Unique (EChain) Domains. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.9.3302.421k48_3302_3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
COS cell transfection has been used to monitor the assembly and secretion of fibrinogen molecules, both those of the subclass containing the novel E chain and those of the more abundant subclass whose chains lack E’s globular C-terminus. That region, referred to as the EC domain, is closely related to the ends of β and γ chains of fibrinogen (βC and γC). Transfection of COS cells with E, β, and γ cDNAs alone results in secretion of the symmetrical molecule (Eβγ)2, also known as Fib420. Cotransfection with cDNA for the shorter chain yielded secretion of both (βγ)2 and (Eβγ)2 but no mixed molecules of the structure E(βγ)2. Exploiting the COS cells’ fidelity with regard to Fib420 production, identification was made of the highly conserved Asn667 as the sole site of N-linked glycosylation in the E chain. No evidence from Cys → Ser replacements was found for interchain disulfide bridges involving the four cysteines of the EC domain. However, for fibrinogen secretion, the E, β, and γ subunits do exhibit different requirements for integrity of the two intradomain disulfide bridges located at homologous positions in their respective C-termini, indicating dissimilar structural roles in the process of fibrinogen assembly.© 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
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Lee EC, Yu SY, Hu X, Mlodzik M, Baker NE. Functional analysis of the fibrinogen-related scabrous gene from Drosophila melanogaster identifies potential effector and stimulatory protein domains. Genetics 1998; 150:663-73. [PMID: 9755198 PMCID: PMC1460338 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/150.2.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The scabrous (sca) gene encodes a secreted dimeric glycoprotein with putative coiled-coil domains N-terminally and a C-terminal region related to the blood clot protein fibrinogen. Homozygous sca mutants have extra bristle organs and rough eyes. We describe a GAL4-based expression system for testing rescue of the sca mutant phenotype by altered SCA proteins and for misexpression. We find that deletion of the fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) greatly decreases SCA function, confirming the importance of this conserved region. SCA function could not be restored by FReDs from human fibrinogen chain genes. However, proteins lacking any FReD still showed some function in both rescue and misexpression experiments, suggesting that putative effector-binding regions lie outside this domain. Consistent with this, proteins expressing only the FReD had no rescuing activity but were recessive negative; i.e., they enhanced the phenotype of sca mutations but had no phenotype in the presence of a wild-type sca allele. This suggests that the FReD contributes to SCA function by binding to other components of the bristle determination pathway, increasing the activity of the linked N-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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20
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Spraggon G, Applegate D, Everse SJ, Zhang JZ, Veerapandian L, Redman C, Doolittle RF, Grieninger G. Crystal structure of a recombinant alphaEC domain from human fibrinogen-420. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:9099-104. [PMID: 9689040 PMCID: PMC21298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.16.9099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of a recombinant alphaEC domain from human fibrinogen-420 has been determined at a resolution of 2.1 A. The protein, which corresponds to the carboxyl domain of the alphaE chain, was expressed in and purified from Pichia pastoris cells. Felicitously, during crystallization an amino-terminal segment was removed, apparently by a contaminating protease, allowing the 201-residue remaining parent body to crystallize. An x-ray structure was determined by molecular replacement. The electron density was clearly defined, partly as a result of averaging made possible by there being eight molecules in the asymmetric unit related by noncrystallographic symmetry (P1 space group). Virtually all of an asparagine-linked sugar cluster is present. Comparison with structures of the beta- and gamma-chain carboxyl domains of human fibrinogen revealed that the binding cleft is essentially neutral and should not bind Gly-Pro-Arg or Gly-His-Arg peptides of the sort bound by those other domains. Nonetheless, the cleft is clearly evident, and the possibility of binding a carbohydrate ligand like sialic acid has been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spraggon
- Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA
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21
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Doolittle RF, Spraggon G, Everse SJ. Evolution of vertebrate fibrin formation and the process of its dissolution. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 1998; 212:4-17; discussion 17-23. [PMID: 9524761 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515457.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The thrombin-catalysed conversion of fibrinogen into a fibrin gel is common to all extant vertebrates. Because fibrin formation is both temporary and risky, an effective scheme for fibrinolysis evolved concomitantly. In this regard, the fibrinogen molecule is well adapted both for network polymerization and for subsequent dismantling. The question is, has it always been so? It has long been known that the three non-identical chains that compose vertebrate fibrinogen are descended from a common ancestor, and the original molecule must have been either a homotrimer or a dimer thereof. Three-dimensional studies on core fragments of fibrinogen are revealing new insights about both fibrin formation and its destruction. These studies are also showing exactly what structural changes have accompanied changes in function for the various domains. Chief among these is the reversal of direction for the alpha chain after replacement of its C-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Doolittle
- Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0634, USA
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22
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Spraggon G, Everse SJ, Doolittle RF. Crystal structures of fragment D from human fibrinogen and its crosslinked counterpart from fibrin. Nature 1997; 389:455-62. [PMID: 9333233 DOI: 10.1038/38947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In blood coagulation, units of the protein fibrinogen pack together to form a fibrin clot, but a crystal structure for fibrinogen is needed to understand how this is achieved. The structure of a core fragment (fragment D) from human fibrinogen has now been determined to 2.9 A resolution. The 86K three-chained structure consists of a coiled-coil region and two homologous globular entitles oriented at approximately 130 degrees to each other. Additionally, the covalently bound dimer of fragment D, known as 'double-D', was isolated from human fibrin, crystallized in the presence of a Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-amide peptide ligand, which simulates the donor polymerization site, and its structure solved by molecular replacement with the model of fragment D.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spraggon
- Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0634, USA
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23
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Abstract
Fib420 is a recently identified subclass of normal human fibrinogen in which two extended α chain isoforms (αE ) replace the common α chains, yielding a molecule (ca. 420 kD) which is larger than the more abundant 340-kD form. Evidence for preservation of this subclass throughout vertebrate evolution suggests it performs some as yet unidentified vital function. A survey was undertaken to establish the range of plasma Fib420 levels in normal, healthy adults and in placental cord (fetal) blood. For measuring Fib420 , a quantitative Western blot assay was developed using monoclonal antibody against the exon-VI encoded C-terminus of the molecule's unique αE chain. This αE chain signal was normalized to that of the β chain, common to both fibrinogen forms. Analysis of plasma samples from the adult and newborn cohorts (n = 25 each; total fibrinogen ca. 2.6 mg/mL in both) revealed a statistically significant difference, with a mean level of 100 ± 28 μg/mL in the neonate compared to 34 ± 7 μg/mL in the adult. On average, 1 out of every 100 fibrinogen molecules in adult plasma belongs to the Fib420 subclass. Unlike in the newborn, adult Fib420 levels remained the same over a wide range of total plasma fibrinogen. The striking difference observed between these two cohorts suggests a changing developmental expression of the Fib420 subclass and a homeostatic control operating in later stages of life.
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24
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Abstract
Abstract
Fib420 is a recently identified subclass of normal human fibrinogen in which two extended α chain isoforms (αE ) replace the common α chains, yielding a molecule (ca. 420 kD) which is larger than the more abundant 340-kD form. Evidence for preservation of this subclass throughout vertebrate evolution suggests it performs some as yet unidentified vital function. A survey was undertaken to establish the range of plasma Fib420 levels in normal, healthy adults and in placental cord (fetal) blood. For measuring Fib420 , a quantitative Western blot assay was developed using monoclonal antibody against the exon-VI encoded C-terminus of the molecule's unique αE chain. This αE chain signal was normalized to that of the β chain, common to both fibrinogen forms. Analysis of plasma samples from the adult and newborn cohorts (n = 25 each; total fibrinogen ca. 2.6 mg/mL in both) revealed a statistically significant difference, with a mean level of 100 ± 28 μg/mL in the neonate compared to 34 ± 7 μg/mL in the adult. On average, 1 out of every 100 fibrinogen molecules in adult plasma belongs to the Fib420 subclass. Unlike in the newborn, adult Fib420 levels remained the same over a wide range of total plasma fibrinogen. The striking difference observed between these two cohorts suggests a changing developmental expression of the Fib420 subclass and a homeostatic control operating in later stages of life.
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25
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Abstract
A new multidimensional scoring approach for identifying and distinguishing trimeric and dimeric coiled coils is implemented in the MultiCoil program. The program extends the two-stranded coiled-coil prediction program PairCoil to the identification of three-stranded coiled coils. The computations are based upon data gathered from a three-stranded coiled-coil database comprising 6,319 amino acid residues, as well as from the previously constructed two-stranded coiled-coil database. In addition to identifying coiled coils not predicted by the two-stranded database programs, MultiCoil accurately classifies the oligomerization states of known dimeric and trimeric coiled coils. Analysis of the MultiCoil scores provides insight into structural features of coiled coils, and yields estimates that 0.9% of all protein residues form three-stranded coiled coils and that 1.5% form two-stranded coiled coils. The MultiCoil program is available at http:/(/)theory.lcs.mit.edu/multicoil.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wolf
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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26
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Abstract
Human fibrinogen is a homodimer composed of three different (Aalpha, Bbeta, gamma) polypeptide chains. The chains are linked by 29 inter- and intrachain disulfide bonds. Each half-molecule has 6 intrachain disulfide bonds, which form loops in the carboxyl-terminal region of each of the chains. Aalpha chain has one disufide loop (Cys442-Cys472), Bbeta has three (Cys201-Cys286, Cys211-Cys240, and Cys394-Cys407), and gamma has two loops (Cys153-Cys182 and Cys326-Cys339). The intrachain loops are conserved in fibrinogens of different species. We changed, by site-directed mutagenesis, the cysteines, which form the intrachain loops, to serine or alanine. Fibrinogen chain assembly and secretion was determined in transiently transfected COS cells expressing two normal and a mutant fibrinogen chain. In the Bbeta and gamma chains, disruption of the disulfide loops closest to the "coiled-coil" region (CysBbeta211-Cys240, CysBbeta201-Cys286, and Cysgamma153-Cys182) abolished chain assembly and secretion, indicating that the disulfide loops closest to the coiled-coil region are essential for chain assembly. By contrast, preventing formation of the disulfide loops, which are toward the carboxyl termini of each of the chains, had different effects. Disruption of the single Aalpha disulfide loop had no effect, as did disruption of BbetaCys394-Cys407. However, disruption of Cysgamma326-Cys339, which is similar in size and location to CysBbeta394-Cys407, allowed chain assembly to occur, but the assembled chains were not secreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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27
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blombäck
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Shipwash E, Pan Y, Doolittle RF. The minor form alpha' chain from lamprey fibrinogen is rapidly crosslinked during clotting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:968-72. [PMID: 7862675 PMCID: PMC42618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.4.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lampreys have two genes for the alpha chains of fibrinogen, the second of which encodes a minor form with a carboxyl-terminal domain homologous to the carboxyl-terminal domains of beta and gamma chains. Initially, we referred to the alternative chain as alpha-II; we now use the designation alpha' in order to facilitate reference to crosslinked dimers. Antisera raised to synthetic peptides based on the cDNA sequence confirmed that the alpha' chain was present in fibrinogen prepared directly from plasma. The same antibodies were used to determine the size and properties of the carboxyl-terminal domain after its release by mild tryptic digestion, a fragment of apparent molecular weight 35,000-40,000 being produced. Unlike fragment D generated in the same digestions, the alpha' fragment did not bind to Gly-Pro-Arg or Gly-Val-Arg peptide affinity columns. During clotting under conditions where factor XIII is active, the alpha' chains became crosslinked very much more rapidly than ordinary alpha chains, the principal product being an apparent dimer, but smaller amounts of higher multimers being detectable. The crosslinking was inhibited by various amines, as well as by peptides that prevent polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shipwash
- Center for Molecular Genetics M-034, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0634
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30
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Fu Y, Grieninger G. Fib420: a normal human variant of fibrinogen with two extended alpha chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:2625-8. [PMID: 8146165 PMCID: PMC43422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.7.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In fibrinogen, alpha E chains form a subpopulation of alpha subunits that are distinguished by a carboxyl extension homologous to the C termini of the other two constituent chains: beta and gamma. The molecular mass of alpha E is > 50% greater than that of the common alpha subunit, due in part to an extra 236 amino acids. These residues are encoded by exon VI, a recently discovered extension of the fibrinogen alpha gene. Additional mass is contributed by posttranslational processing, including N-glycosylation, which, based on experiments with the inhibitor tunicamycin, was found to account in large measure for alpha E migration on SDS/PAGE at approximately 110 kDa rather than at its calculated mass of 92,843 Da. An antibody specific for the exon VI-encoded domain of alpha E (anti-VI) and capable of recognizing alpha E-containing fibrinogen in both native and denatured form was generated using a recombinant protein as immunogen. Its use in Western blot analysis of fractions of normal human blood (plasma and preparations of fibrinogen) revealed a single, sharp, alpha E-containing band migrating behind the position of the broad, predominant fibrinogen band, (alpha beta gamma)2. Designation of the upper band as Fib420, an approximately 420-kDa homodimer of the formula (alpha E beta gamma)2, is based on the overwhelming proportion of alpha E subunits (> 80% of the total alpha chains) found in anti-VI-immunoprecipitable material from hepatoma cell medium. Several lines of evidence suggest that the alpha E subunit, alone or incorporated into fibrinogen, is more stable than the common alpha chain, a feature of potential clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fu
- L.F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, NY 10021
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31
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Banfield DK, Irwin DM, Walz DA, MacGillivray RT. Evolution of prothrombin: isolation and characterization of the cDNAs encoding chicken and hagfish prothrombin. J Mol Evol 1994; 38:177-87. [PMID: 7513365 DOI: 10.1007/bf00166164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The cDNA sequences of chicken and hagfish prothrombin have been determined. The sequences predict that prothrombin from both species is synthesized as a prepro-protein consisting of a putative Gla domain, two kringle domains, and a two-chain protease domain. Chicken and hagfish prothrombin share 51.6% amino acid sequence identity (313/627 residues). Both chicken and hagfish prothrombin are structurally very similar to human, bovine, rat, and mouse prothrombin and all six species share 41% amino acid sequence identity. Amino acid sequence alignments of human, bovine, rat, mouse, chicken, and hagfish prothrombin suggest that the thrombin B-chain and the propeptide-Gla domain are the regions most constrained for the common function(s) of vertebrate prothrombins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Banfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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32
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Bristow J, Tee MK, Gitelman SE, Mellon SH, Miller WL. Tenascin-X: a novel extracellular matrix protein encoded by the human XB gene overlapping P450c21B. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1993; 122:265-78. [PMID: 7686164 PMCID: PMC2119596 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.122.1.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A human gene termed XB overlaps the P450c21B gene encoding steroid 21-hydroxylase and encodes a protein that closely resembles extracellular matrix proteins. Sequencing of phage and cosmid clones and of cDNA fragments shows that the XB gene spans 65 kb of DNA, consisting of 39 exons that encode a 12-kb mRNA. The predicted protein of over 400 kD consists of five distinct domains: a signal peptide, a hydrophobic domain containing three heptad repeats, a series of 18.5 EGF-like repeats, 29 fibronectin type III repeats, and a carboxy-terminal fibrinogen-like domain. Because the structure of the protein encoded by the XB gene closely resembles tenascin, we term this protein tenascin-X (TN-X), and propose a simplified nomenclature system for the family of tenascins. RNase protection experiments show that the TN-X transcript is expressed ubiquitously in human fetal tissues, with the greatest expression in the fetal testis and in fetal skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Two adrenal-specific transcripts, P450c21B (steroid 21-hydroxylase) and Y (an untranslated transcript) overlap the XB gene on the complementary strand of DNA, yielding a unique array of overlapping transcripts: a "polygene." In situ hybridization histochemistry experiments show that the TN-X transcript and the P450c21 and Y transcripts encoded on the complementary DNA strand are all expressed in the same cells of the human adrenal cortex. Genetic data suggest that TN-X may be essential for life.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Glands/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cosmids
- DNA
- Exons
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Fetus
- Gene Expression
- Genomic Library
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Introns
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Steroid 21-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Tenascin
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bristow
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
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33
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Fu Y, Weissbach L, Plant PW, Oddoux C, Cao Y, Liang TJ, Roy SN, Redman CM, Grieninger G. Carboxy-terminal-extended variant of the human fibrinogen alpha subunit: a novel exon conferring marked homology to beta and gamma subunits. Biochemistry 1992; 31:11968-72. [PMID: 1457396 DOI: 10.1021/bi00163a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Similarities between the N-terminal regions of the three subunits of the clotting protein fibrinogen--(alpha beta gamma)2--suggest that they evolved from a common progenitor. However, to date no human alpha chain has been found with the strong C-terminal homology shared by the beta and gamma chains. Here we examine the natural product of a novel fibrinogen alpha chain transcript bearing a separate open reading frame that supplies the missing C-terminal homology to the other chains. Additional splicing leads to the use of this extra sequence as a sixth exon elongating the alpha chain by 35%. Since the extended alpha chain (alpha E) is assembled into fibrinogen molecules and its synthesis is enhanced by interleukin-6, it suggests participation in both the acute phase response and normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fu
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York 10021
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34
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Doolittle RF. A detailed consideration of a principal domain of vertebrate fibrinogen and its relatives. Protein Sci 1992; 1:1563-77. [PMID: 1304888 PMCID: PMC2142140 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560011204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate fibrinogen is a complex multidomained protein, the structure of which has been inferred mainly from electron microscopy and amino acid sequence studies. Among its most prominent features are two terminal globules, moieties that are mostly composed of the carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of the beta and gamma chains. Sequences homologous to the latter segments are found in several other animal proteins, always as the carboxyl-terminal contributions. An alignment of 15 amino acid sequences from various fibrinogens and related proteins has been used to make judgments about secondary structure. The nature of amino acids at each position in the alignment was used to distinguish alpha helices and beta structure on the one hand from loops and turns on the other, and the resulting assignments compared with predictions of secondary structure by other methods. Additionally, constraints imposed by the locations of cystines, carbohydrate attachment residues, and proteinase-sensitive points provided further insights into the general organization of the postulated secondary structures. Other ancillary data, including the effects of bound calcium and the locations of labeled or variant residues, were also considered. An intriguing similarity to a portion of the recently reported structure of a calcium-dependent lectin is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Doolittle
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0634
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35
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New nucleotide sequence data on the EMBL File Server. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:3257-75. [PMID: 1620629 PMCID: PMC312473 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.12.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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