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Naert G, Ferré V, Keller E, Slender A, Gibbins D, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ, Maurice T. In vivo and ex vivo analyses of amyloid toxicity in the Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:174-190. [PMID: 29215943 PMCID: PMC5815426 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117743484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is increased in people with Down syndrome. The pathology appears much earlier than in the general population, suggesting a predisposition to develop Alzheimer's disease. Down syndrome results from trisomy of human chromosome 21, leading to overexpression of possible Alzheimer's disease candidate genes, such as amyloid precursor protein gene. To better understand how the Down syndrome context results in increased vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease, we analysed amyloid-β [25-35] peptide toxicity in the Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome, in which ~75% of protein coding genes are functionally trisomic but, importantly, not amyloid precursor protein. RESULTS Intracerebroventricular injection of oligomeric amyloid-β [25-35] peptide in three-month-old wildtype mice induced learning deficits, oxidative stress, synaptic marker alterations, activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, inhibition of protein kinase B (AKT), and apoptotic pathways as compared to scrambled peptide-treated wildtype mice. Scrambled peptide-treated Tc1 mice presented high levels of toxicity markers as compared to wildtype mice. Amyloid-β [25-35] peptide injection in Tc1 mice induced significant learning deficits and enhanced glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity in the cortex and expression of apoptotic markers in the hippocampus and cortex. Interestingly, several markers, including oxidative stress, synaptic markers, glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity in the hippocampus and AKT activity in the hippocampus and cortex, were unaffected by amyloid-β [25-35] peptide injection in Tc1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Tc1 mice present several toxicity markers similar to those observed in amyloid-β [25-35] peptide-treated wildtype mice, suggesting that developmental modifications in these mice modify their response to amyloid peptide. However, amyloid toxicity led to severe memory deficits in this Down syndrome mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Naert
- INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tangui Maurice
- INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
- Tangui Maurice, INSERM U1198, University of Montpellier, CC105, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34095, France.
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2
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Huang J, Mo J, Zhao G, Lin Q, Wei G, Deng W, Chen D, Yu B. Application of the amniotic fluid metabolome to the study of fetal malformations, using Down syndrome as a specific model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7405-7415. [PMID: 28944830 PMCID: PMC5865872 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although monitoring and diagnosis of fetal diseases in utero remains a challenge, metabolomics may provide an additional tool to study the etiology and pathophysiology of fetal diseases at a functional level. In order to explore specific markers of fetal disease, metabolites were analyzed in two separate sets of experiments using amniotic fluid from fetuses with Down syndrome (DS) as a model. Both sets included 10–15 pairs of controls and cases, and amniotic fluid samples were processed separately; metabolomic fingerprinting was then conducted using UPLC-MS. Significantly altered metabolites involved in respective metabolic pathways were compared in the two experimental sets. In addition, significantly altered metabolic pathways were further compared with the genomic characters of the DS fetuses. The data suggested that metabolic profiles varied across different experiments, however alterations in the 4 metabolic pathways of the porphyrin metabolism, bile acid metabolism, hormone metabolism and amino acid metabolism, were validated for the two experimental sets. Significant changes in metabolites of coproporphyrin III, glycocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, hydrocortisone, pregnenolone sulfate, L-histidine, L-arginine, L-glutamate and L-glutamine were further confirmed. Analysis of these metabolic alterations was linked to aberrant gene expression at chromosome 21 of the DS fetus. The decrease in coproporphyrin III in the DS fetus may portend abnormal erythropoiesis, and unbalanced glutamine-glutamate concentration was observed to be closely associated with abnormal brain development in the DS fetus. Therefore, alterations in amniotic fluid metabolites may provide important clues to understanding the etiology of fetal disease and help to develop diagnostic testing for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Mo
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Guili Zhao
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Qiyin Lin
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Guanhui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Weinan Deng
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Dunjin Chen
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Bolan Yu
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
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Morice E, Andreae LC, Cooke SF, Vanes L, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ, Bliss TVP. Preservation of long-term memory and synaptic plasticity despite short-term impairments in the Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome. Learn Mem 2008; 15:492-500. [PMID: 18626093 DOI: 10.1101/lm.969608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder arising from the presence of a third copy of the human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Recently, O'Doherty and colleagues in an earlier study generated a new genetic mouse model of DS (Tc1) that carries an almost complete Hsa21. Since DS is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation, we have undertaken a detailed analysis of cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in Tc1 mice. Here we show that Tc1 mice have impaired spatial working memory (WM) but spared long-term spatial reference memory (RM) in the Morris watermaze. Similarly, Tc1 mice are selectively impaired in short-term memory (STM) but have intact long-term memory (LTM) in the novel object recognition task. The pattern of impaired STM and normal LTM is paralleled by a corresponding phenotype in long-term potentiation (LTP). Freely-moving Tc1 mice exhibit reduced LTP 1 h after induction but normal maintenance over days in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Biochemical analysis revealed a reduction in membrane surface expression of the AMPAR (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-propionic acid receptor) subunit GluR1 in the hippocampus of Tc1 mice, suggesting a potential mechanism for the impairment in early LTP. Our observations also provide further evidence that STM and LTM for hippocampus-dependent tasks are subserved by parallel processing streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Morice
- Division of Neurophysiology, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
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4
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Zherebtsova AL, Shadrina MI, Semenova EV, Levitsky GN, Alekhin AV, Slominsky PA, Skvortsova VI, Limborska SA. Analysis of the possible involvement of the glutamate transporter gene EAAT2 and the glutamate receptor genes GRIA1 and GRIA2 in the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease in the Russian population. RUSS J GENET+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795406010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Galdzicki Z, Siarey R, Pearce R, Stoll J, Rapoport SI. On the cause of mental retardation in Down syndrome: extrapolation from full and segmental trisomy 16 mouse models. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2001; 35:115-45. [PMID: 11336779 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21, Ts21) is the most common known cause of mental retardation. In vivo structural brain imaging in young DS adults, and post-mortem studies, indicate a normal brain size after correction for height, and the absence of neuropathology. Functional imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) shows normal brain glucose metabolism, but fewer significant correlations between metabolic rates in different brain regions than in controls, suggesting reduced functional connections between brain circuit elements. Cultured neurons from Ts21 fetuses and from fetuses of an animal model for DS, the trisomy 16 (Ts16) mouse, do not differ from controls with regard to passive electrical membrane properties, including resting potential and membrane resistance. On the other hand, the trisomic neurons demonstrate abnormal active electrical and biochemical properties (duration of action potential and its rates of depolarization and repolarization, altered kinetics of active Na(+), Ca(2+) and K(+) currents, altered membrane densities of Na(+) and Ca(2+) channels). Another animal model, the adult segmental trisomy 16 mouse (Ts65Dn), demonstrates reduced long-term potentiation and increased long-term depression (models for learning and memory related to synaptic plasticity) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Evidence suggests that the abnormalities in the trisomy mouse models are related to defective signal transduction pathways involving the phosphoinositide cycle, protein kinase A and protein kinase C. The phenotypes of DS and its mouse models do not involve abnormal gene products due to mutations or deletions, but result from altered expression of genes on human chromosome 21 or mouse chromosome 16, respectively. To the extent that the defects in signal transduction and in active electrical properties, including synaptic plasticity, that are found in the Ts16 and Ts65Dn mouse models, are found in the brain of DS subjects, we postulate that mental retardation in DS results from such abnormalities. Changes in timing and synaptic interaction between neurons during development can lead to less than optimal functioning of neural circuitry and signaling then and in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Galdzicki
- Section on Brain Physiology and Metabolism, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Hallam DM, Capps NL, Travelstead AL, Brewer GJ, Maroun LE. Evidence for an interferon-related inflammatory reaction in the trisomy 16 mouse brain leading to caspase-1-mediated neuronal apoptosis. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 110:66-75. [PMID: 11024535 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Down syndrome) is the leading genetic cause of learning difficulties in children, and predisposes this population to the early onset of the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease. Down syndrome is associated with increased interferon (IFN) sensitivity resulting in unexpectedly high levels of IFN inducible gene products including Fas, complement factor C3, and neuronal HLA I which could result in a damaging inflammatory reaction in the brain. Consistent with this possibility, we report here that the trisomy 16 mouse fetus has significantly increased whole brain IFN-gamma and Fas receptor immunoreactivity and that cultured whole brain trisomy 16 mouse neurons have increased basal levels of caspase 1 activity and altered homeostasis of intracellular calcium and pH. The trisomic neurons also showed a heightened sensitivity to the increase in both Fas receptor levels and caspase 1 activity we observed when IFN-gamma was added to the neuron culture media. Because of the autoregulatory nature of IFN activity, and the IFN inducing capability of caspase-1-activated cytokine activity, our data argue in favor of the possibility of an interferon-mediated, self-perpetuating, inflammatory response in the trisomy brain that could subserve the loss of neuron viability seen in this trisomy 16 mouse model for Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Hallam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19626, Springfield, IL 62794-9626, USA
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7
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Siarey RJ, Coan EJ, Rapoport SI, Galdzicki Z. Responses to NMDA in cultured hippocampal neurons from trisomy 16 embryonic mice. Neurosci Lett 1997; 232:131-4. [PMID: 9310297 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The trisomy 16 (Ts16) mouse is regarded as a model of human trisomy 21 (Ts21), or Down syndrome. The ionic current evoked by the glutamate receptor agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was investigated in cultured hippocampal neurons from embryonic Ts16 and control diploid mice. In both Ts16 and control neurons, NMDA- (6-150 microM) evoked a similar inward current. The reversal potential, the minimum current, the dose response plot of the conductance, the effect of Mg2+ on the current-voltage plot and the inhibition by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5; 50 microM) showed no significant difference between Ts16 and control neurons. These data suggest that, although voltage-dependent ion channels are reported to have altered active properties in Ts16 neurons, NMDA-evoked currents are not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Siarey
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Wei J, Hodes ME, Wang Y, Feng Y, Ghetti B, Dlouhy SR. Direct cDNA selection with DNA microdissected from mouse chromosome 16: isolation of novel clones and construction of a partial transcription map of the C3-C4 region. Genome Res 1996; 6:678-87. [PMID: 8858343 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6.8.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A group of cDNA segments was selected by direct hybridization of mouse cerebellar cDNAs against genomic DNA pools generated by microdissection of the mouse chromosome 16 (MMU16) C3-C4 region. After elimination of repetitive sequences and adjustment for redundancy among clones, 34 novel cDNA fragments were isolated. The MMU16 origin of clones was confirmed by genetic linkage mapping. Reverse transcription PCR indicated that approximately 68% of the cDNAs represent transcripts that are expressed in adult mouse cerebellum. Northern blotting showed that some of these are predominantly or solely expressed in brain. This work demonstrates that DNA microdissected from banded MMU16 can be used for direct cDNA selection, thus enabling construction of a new, region-specific partial transcription map. This selected cDNA library should be a useful reagent for further molecular neurobiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wei
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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9
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Detera-Wadleigh SD, Badner JA, Goldin LR, Berrettini WH, Sanders AR, Rollins DY, Turner G, Moses T, Haerian H, Muniec D, Nurnberger JI, Gershon ES. Affected-sib-pair analyses reveal support of prior evidence for a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder, on 21q. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 58:1279-85. [PMID: 8651306 PMCID: PMC1915054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 22 multiplex pedigrees screened for linkage to bipolar disorder, by use of 18 markers on chromosome 21q, single-locus affected-sib-pair (ASP) analysis detected a high proportion (57%-62%) of alleles shared identical by descent (IBD), with P values of .049-.0008 on nine marker loci. Multilocus ASP analyses revealed locus trios in the distal region between D21S270 and D21S171, with excess allele sharing (nominal P values <.01) under two affection-status models, ASM I (bipolars and schizoaffectives) and ASM II (ASM I plus recurrent unipolars). In addition, under ASM I, the proximal interval spanned by D21S1436 and D21S65 showed locus trios with excess allele sharing (nominal P values of .03-.0003). These findings support prior evidence that a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder is on 21q.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Detera-Wadleigh
- Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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10
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Eki T, Abe M, Furuya K, Ahmad I, Fujishima N, Kishida H, Shiratori A, Onozaki T, Yokoyama K, Le Paslier D, Cohen D, Hanaoka F, Murakami Y. A long-range physical map of human chromosome 21q22.1 band from the YAC continuum. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:303-11. [PMID: 8661703 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The human Chromosome (Chr) 21q22.1 region contains several genes for cytokines and neurotransmitters and the gene for superoxide dismutase (mutant forms of which can cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). A region of approximately 5.8 Mb encompassing D21S82 and the glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GART) loci was covered by overlapping YAC clones, which were contiguously ordered by clone walking with sequence-tagged site (STSs). A total of 76 markers, including 29 YAC end-specific STSs, were unambiguously ordered in this 5.8-Mb region, and the average interval between markers was 76 kb. Restriction maps of the YAC clones with rare-cutting enzymes were simultaneously prepared, and the restriction sites were aligned to obtain a consensus restriction map of the proximal region of the 21q22.1 band. The restriction map made from 44 overlapping YACs contains 54 physically assigned STSs. By integrating the consensus map of the adjacent 1.8-Mb region, we obtained a fine physical map spanning 6.5 Mb of human Chr 21q22.1. This map contains 24 precisely positioned end-specific STSs and 12 NotI-linking markers. More than 39 potential CpG islands were identified in this region and were found to be unevenly distributed. This physical map and the YACs should be useful as a reference map and as a resource for further structural analysis of the Giemsa-negative band (R-band) of Chr 21q22.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eki
- Division of Human Genome Research, Tsukuba Life Science Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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11
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Glutamate-Promoted Survival in Hippocampal Neurons: A Defect in Mouse Trisomy 16. NEURODEGENER DIS 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0209-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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12
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Bambrick LL, Yarowsky PJ, Krueger BK. Glutamate as a hippocampal neuron survival factor: an inherited defect in the trisomy 16 mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:9692-6. [PMID: 7568199 PMCID: PMC40868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.21.9692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons was found to be greatly enhanced by micromolar concentrations of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Blockade of kainate/AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) glutamate receptors increased the rate of neuron death, suggesting that endogenous glutamate in the cultures promotes survival. Addition of glutamate (0.5-1 microM) further increased neuron survival, whereas glutamate in excess of 20 microM resulted in increased death. Thus, the survival vs. glutamate dose-response relation is bell-shaped with an optimal glutamate concentration near 1 microM. We found that hippocampal neurons from mice with the genetic defect trisomy 16 (Ts16) died 2-3 times faster than normal (euploid) neurons. Moreover, glutamate, at all concentrations tested, failed to increase survival of Ts16 neurons. In contrast, the neurotrophic polypeptide basic fibroblast growth factor did increase the survival of Ts16 and euploid neurons. Ts16 is a naturally occurring mouse genetic abnormality, the human analog of which (Down syndrome) leads to altered brain development and Alzheimer disease. These results demonstrate that the Ts16 genotype confers a defect in the glutamate-mediated survival response of hippocampal neurons and that this defect can contribute to their accelerated death.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Bambrick
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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13
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Reeves RH, Irving NG, Moran TH, Wohn A, Kitt C, Sisodia SS, Schmidt C, Bronson RT, Davisson MT. A mouse model for Down syndrome exhibits learning and behaviour deficits. Nat Genet 1995; 11:177-84. [PMID: 7550346 DOI: 10.1038/ng1095-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 684] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of mental retardation, affecting one in 800 live born human beings. Mice with segmental trisomy 16 (Ts65Dn mice) are at dosage imbalance for genes corresponding to those on human chromosome 21q21-22.3--which includes the so-called DS 'critical region'. They do not show early-onset of Alzheimer disease pathology; however, Ts65Dn mice do demonstrate impaired performance in a complex learning task requiring the integration of visual and spatial information. The reproducibility of this phenotype among Ts65Dn mice indicates that dosage imbalance for a gene or genes in this region contributes to this impairment. The corresponding dosage imbalance for the human homologues of these genes may contribute to cognitive deficits in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Reeves
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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14
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is probably biphasic. An initial trigger(s) is followed by a terminal cascade coinciding with the onset of neurological deficits. The terminal cascade involves interactive multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms. Aging must play a crucial role leading to multiple defective or degraded gene products accumulating with progressing years. This in turn leads to failure of receptor integrity and resulting excitotoxicity, free radical accumulation, failure of neurotrophism, and possibly immunological disturbances. These events are predated by months or years by a trigger which is also likely to be multifactorial and cumulative. Evidence suggests that environmental factors may be important triggers. Failure of specific glutamate transporters and calcium binding proteins may account for selective vulnerability of the corticomotoneuronal system. It is postulated that in ALS the primary target cell is the corticomotoneuron or the local circuit interneurons which modulate its activity. Glia cells may play an important role in the demise of the corticomotoneuronal cell. The disordered corticomotoneuron induces excessive excitatory transmitter (glutamate?) release at the corticomotoneuronal-spinal-motoneuronal synapse resulting in the subsequent demise of this neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eisen
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Chettouh Z, Croquette MF, Delobel B, Gilgenkrants S, Leonard C, Maunoury C, Prieur M, Rethoré MO, Sinet PM, Chery M. Molecular mapping of 21 features associated with partial monosomy 21: involvement of the APP-SOD1 region. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 57:62-71. [PMID: 7611297 PMCID: PMC1801243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the phenotypes, karyotypes, and molecular data for six cases of partial monosomy 21. Regions of chromosome 21, the deletion of which corresponds to particular features of monosomy 21, were thereby defined. Five such regions were identified for 21 features. Ten of the features could be assigned to the region flanked by genes APP and SOD1: six facial features, transverse palmar crease, arthrogryposis-like symptoms, hypertonia, and contribution to mental retardation. This region, covering the interface of bands 21q21-21q22.1, is 4.7-6.4 Mb long and contains the gene encoding the glutamate receptor subunit GluR5 (GRIK1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chettouh
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 1335, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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16
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Gallo V, Pende M, Scherer S, Molné M, Wright P. Expression and regulation of kainate and AMPA receptors in uncommitted and committed neural progenitors. Neurochem Res 1995; 20:549-60. [PMID: 7643960 DOI: 10.1007/bf01694536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Here we review experimental evidence of non-NMDA glutamate receptor expression in the embryonic central nervous system. AMPA- and kainate-preferring glutamate receptor subunit mRNA transcripts are detected in embryonic neurons, glia and neural progenitors. Functional assays demonstrate that in some cell subpopulations ionotropic glutamate receptors are expressed by progenitors before synapse formation and terminal differentiation, and may be present before lineage determination is specified. The activation of these receptors triggers induction of immediate early gene transcription in progenitor cells. The cloning and transcriptional analysis of upstream regulatory regions of glutamate receptor genes governing their temporal and tissue-specific expression are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gallo
- Unit on Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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17
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Kingsmore SF, Watson ML, Seldin MF. Genetic mapping of the T lymphocyte-specific transcription factor 7 gene on mouse chromosome 11. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:378. [PMID: 7626895 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S F Kingsmore
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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18
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al-Chalabi A, Powell JF, Leigh PN. Neurofilaments, free radicals, excitotoxins, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18:540-5. [PMID: 7739643 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880180511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence implicating abnormalities of neurofilament function in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The observation that the P2 blood protein phenotype is overrepresented in patients with ALS is potentially important, but needs confirmation. It should be shown that this segregation is selective for ALS. If it is, the implications outlined in Meyer's hypothesis will need to be explored, bearing in mind that much of the evidence implicating excitotoxins, free radicals, and neurofilaments in familial and sporadic ALS is still circumstantial. Thus the identification of candidate genes, the pursuit of large segregation studies, and identification of specific point mutations, remain key goals in ALS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A al-Chalabi
- University Department of Neurology, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Foldes RL, Fantaske RP, Korczak B, Hoo KH, Nutt SL, Kamboj RK. Expression and characerization of human kainate receptor subunits inEscherichia coli and mammalian cells. Drug Dev Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430340303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Oster-Granite ML, Lacey-Casem ML. Neurotransmitter alterations in the trisomy 16 mouse: A genetic model system for studies of down syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mrdd.1410010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Szpirer C, Molné M, Antonacci R, Jenkins NA, Finelli P, Szpirer J, Riviere M, Rocchi M, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG. The genes encoding the glutamate receptor subunits KA1 and KA2 (GRIK4 and GRIK5) are located on separate chromosomes in human, mouse, and rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:11849-53. [PMID: 7527545 PMCID: PMC45333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.25.11849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal localization of the human and rat genes encoding the kainate-preferring glutamate receptor subunits KA1 and KA2 (GRIK4 and GRIK5, respectively) was determined by Southern analysis of rat x mouse and human x mouse somatic cell hybrid panels and by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The localization of the mouse genes (Grik4 and Grik5) was established by interspecific backcross mapping. GRIK4 and GRIK5 are located on separate chromosomes (Chrs) in all species. GRIK4 mapped to human Chr 11q22.3, mouse Chr 9, and rat Chr 8. GRIK5 mapped to human Chr 19q13.2, mouse Chr 7, and rat Chr 1. The genes encoding the (R,S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-preferring subunit GluR4, or GluRD (GRIA4), the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2), and the Thy-1 cell surface antigen (THY1) have all been previously mapped to the human Chr 11q22 region. The mapping of the human GRIK4 and GRIK5 genes confirms and extends the relationship between human Chr 11 and mouse Chr 9 and also human Chr 19 and mouse Chr 7. GRIK4 is the fifth gene shared by human Chr 11 and rat Chr 8, whereas GRIK5 is 1 out of the 12 genes that are located on both human Chr 19 and rat Chr 1. Our data extend the conserved synteny established between certain human, mouse, and rat Chrs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Female
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Macromolecular Substances
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muridae
- Rats
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Thy-1 Antigens/genetics
- alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C Szpirer
- Departement de Biologie Moleculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rhode-St.-Genese, Belgium
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Gregor P, Gaston SM, Yang X, O'Regan JP, Rosen DR, Tanzi RE, Patterson D, Haines JL, Horvitz HR, Uhl GR. Genetic and physical mapping of the GLUR5 glutamate receptor gene on human chromosome 21. Hum Genet 1994; 94:565-70. [PMID: 7959697 DOI: 10.1007/bf00211029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptors (GluRs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission and may have important roles in central nervous system disorders. To characterize the human GLUR5 gene, which is located on human chromosome 21q22.1, we isolated cDNAs, genomic phage lambda clones, and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and developed sequence tagged sites (STSs) and simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) for GLUR5. Genetic mapping with a tetranucleotide AGAT repeat named GLUR5/AGAT (six alleles observed, 70% heterozygosity) placed GLUR5 5 cM telomeric to APP (D21S210) and 3 cM centromeric to SOD1 (D21S223). The human GLUR5 gene is located near the familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) locus; linkage analysis of GLUR5 SSLPs in FALS pedigrees yielded negative lod scores, consistent with the recent association of the FALS locus with the SOD1 gene. Physical mapping of GLUR5 using a YAC contig suggested that the GLUR5 gene spans approximately 400-500kb, and is within 280kb of D21S213. The large size of the GLUR5 gene raises questions regarding its functional significance. Our GLUR5 YAC contig includes clones found in the Genethon chromosome 21 YAC contig, and reference to the larger contig indicates the orientation centromere--D21S213-GLUR5 5' end-GLUR5/AGAT--GLUR5 3' end--SOD1. The development of GLUR5/AGAT should permit rapid determination of the status of the GLUR5 gene in individuals with partial trisomy or monosomy of chromosome 21. Such studies may provide insights concerning the possible role of GLUR5 in Down syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Cloning, Molecular
- Humans
- Lod Score
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, Glutamate/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Tagged Sites
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gregor
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
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23
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Kingsmore SF, Giros B, Suh D, Bieniarz M, Caron MG, Seldin MF. Glycine receptor beta-subunit gene mutation in spastic mouse associated with LINE-1 element insertion. Nat Genet 1994; 7:136-41. [PMID: 7920630 DOI: 10.1038/ng0694-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Congenital myoclonus is a widespread neurologic disorder characterized by hyperexcitability, muscular spasticity and myoclonus associated with marked reduction in neural glycine binding sites. The recessive mouse mutation spastic (spa) is a prototype of inherited myoclonus. Here we show that defects in the gene encoding the beta-subunit of the glycine receptor (Glrb) underlie spa: Glrb maps to the same region of mouse chromosome 3 as spa, and Glrb mRNA is markedly reduced throughout brains of spa mice, most likely as a result of an insertional mutation of a 7.1 kilobase LINE-1 element within intron 6 of Glrb. These results provide evidence that Glrb is necessary for postsynaptic expression of glycine receptor complexes, and suggest Glrb as a candidate gene for inherited myoclonus in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Kingsmore
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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24
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Mourelatos Z, Hirano A, Rosenquist AC, Gonatas NK. Fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Clinical studies in ALS of Guam and experimental studies in deafferented neurons and in beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile axonopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1994; 144:1288-300. [PMID: 8203467 PMCID: PMC1887469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous morphological immunoenzymatic studies with organelle-specific antibodies have disclosed an apparent fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus in large numbers of motor neurons in 12 cases of sporadic, non-Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in three cases of other types of motor neuron disease and in one case of a mitochondrial myopathy with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Motor neurons with fragmented Golgi apparatus were moderately atrophic; in these cells, discrete immunostained elements of the organelle were twice as many as in normal neurons, and the size of each Golgi element and the percentage of the cytoplasmic area occupied by the Golgi apparatus were reduced (Am J Pathol 1992, 140: 731-737). In this report we have confirmed the fragmentation of the organelle of motor neurons in the spinal cord in six sporadic cases of Guamanian ALS. In four of the six cases the clinical course was 1 to 2 years. The percentages of motor neurons with fragmented Golgi apparatus varied from 38 to 92. Motor neurons from three additional cases of Guamanian ALS of clinical duration from 5 to 7 years did not show fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. In two cases of Guamanian ALS and in one non-Guamanian ALS, all neurons with ubiquitin-positive skein-like or granular inclusions believed to be pathognomonic for ALS had fragmented Golgi apparatus. To examine whether the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus results from reactions to either neuronal deafferentation or to lesions of proximal axons, we conducted two experimental studies. In the first study, we examined in cats the Golgi apparatus of deafferented neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. In the second study, we examined the Golgi apparatus of motor neurons in the spinal cord of rats with proximal axonopathy induced by beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile. In these two experiments, the neuronal Golgi apparatus studied by immunoenzymatic techniques and morphometry, was not fragmented. Taken together, the results of these studies strongly suggest that the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus of motor neurons in ALS represents an important and perhaps early change of the organelle that may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALS. The fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus of motor neurons is a fairly specific and easily recognizable marker of ALS and may be used together with other criteria for comparisons between the human disease and proposed animal models of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mourelatos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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Patterson D, Warner HR, Fox LM, Rahmani Z. Superoxide dismutase, oxygen radical metabolism, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. MOLECULAR GENETIC MEDICINE 1994; 4:79-118. [PMID: 7981631 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-462004-9.50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Patterson
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, Denver, Colorado 80206
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Puranam RS, Eubanks JH, Heinemann SF, McNamara JO. Chromosomal localization of gene for human glutamate receptor subunit-7. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1993; 19:581-8. [PMID: 8128318 DOI: 10.1007/bf01233385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a human glutamate receptor subunit 7 (GluR-7) cosmid after high stringency screening of a human genomic placental library using a rat GluR-7 cDNA as a probe. A 614-bp fragment of the GluR-7 cosmid was sequenced, and an exon that encodes 53 amino acids was found between two introns. The exon exhibited 89% and 96% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, with the corresponding region of rat GluR-7. The human GluR-7 was classified as a kainate subtype glutamate receptor based on its homology to rat GluR-7. Using somatic cell hybrid analysis, human GluR-7 was localized to chromosome 1. Fine mapping analysis using FISH localized the gene to 1p33-34. Since glutamate receptors of the kainate subtype have been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, establishing the precise map position of human GluR-7 subunit is an important step towards evaluating this locus as a candidate for mutations in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Puranam
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Irving NG, Citron MP, Reeves RH. The positions of 12 simple sequence repeat markers relative to reference loci on mouse chromosome 16. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:364-7. [PMID: 8358171 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The genetic map positions of 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers spanning mouse Chromosome (Chr) 16 were determined relative to reference markers on that chromosome. Interval mapping data were obtained with a panel of DNAs from two intersubspecific backcrosses. All but one of the markers were typed by us of nonradioactive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products analyzed on agarose gels. The marker order was determined to be Prm-1, D16Mit9, Igl-1, D16Mit29, D16Mit1/D16Mit2, Smst, D16Mit4, D16Mit11, Gap43, D16Mit14, D16Mit30, D16Mit5, Pit-1, D16Mit27, D16H21S16 (formerly D21S16h), D16Mit19, App, D16Mit7, Sod-1. Two of these markers mapped to the known human Chr 21 (HSA21)/Chr 16 conserved linkage group. Nine additional SSR markers could not be typed because they were not polymorphic (four markers), did not amplify MOLD/Rk DNA (three markers), or failed to give PCR products under a range of conditions (two markers). A subset of the most robust SSRs provide a useful marker set for the analysis of previously unmapped crosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Irving
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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