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Shimizu I. Photoperiodism of Diapause Induction in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Zoolog Sci 2024; 41:141-158. [PMID: 38587909 DOI: 10.2108/zs230036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori exhibits a photoperiodic response (PR) for embryonic diapause induction. This article provides a comprehensive review of literature on the silkworm PR, starting from early works on population to recent studies uncovering the molecular mechanism. Makita Kogure (1933) conducted extensive research on the PR, presenting a pioneering paper on insect photoperiodism. In the 1970s and 80s, artificial diets were developed, and the influence of nutrition on PR was well documented. The photoperiodic photoreceptor has been investigated from organ to molecular level in the silkworm. Culture experiments demonstrated that the photoperiodic induction can be programmed in an isolated brain (Br)-subesophageal ganglion (SG) complex with corpora cardiaca (CC)-corpora allata (CA). The requirement of dietary vitamin A for PR suggests the involvement of opsin pigment in the photoperiodic reception, and a cDNA encoding an opsin (Boceropsin) was cloned from the brain. The effector system concerning the production and secretion of diapause hormone (DH) has also been extensively investigated in the silkworm. DH is produced in a pair of posterior cells of SG, transported to CC by nervi corporis cardiaci, and ultimately released into the hemolymph. Possible involvement of GABAergic and corazonin (Crz) signal pathways was suggested in the control of DH secretion. Knockout (KO) experiments of GABA transporter (GAT) and circadian clock genes demonstrated that GAT plays a crucial role in PR through circadian control. A model outlining the PR mechanism, from maternal photoperiodic light reception to DH secretion, has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Shimizu
- Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan,
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Melicher D, Torson AS, Yocum GD, Bosch J, Kemp WP, Bowsher JH, Rinehart JP. Metabolic and transcriptomic characterization of summer and winter dormancy in the solitary bee, Osmia lignaria. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 166:104074. [PMID: 38228213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The solitary bee Osmia lignaria is a native pollinator in North America with growing economic importance. The life cycle of O. lignaria provides a unique opportunity to compare the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying two ecologically contrasting dormancies within the same species. O. lignaria prepupae become dormant during the summer to avoid high temperatures. Shortly after adult eclosion, they enter a second dormancy and overwinter as diapausing adults. To compare these two dormancies, we measured metabolic rates and gene expression across development as bees initiate, maintain, and terminate both prepupal (summer) and adult (overwintering) dormancies. We observed a moderate temperature-independent decrease in gas exchange during both the prepupal dormancy after cocoon spinning (45 %) and during adult diapause after eclosion (60 %). We sequenced and assembled a high-quality reference genome from a single haploid male bee with a contiguous n50 of 5.5 Mbp to facilitate our transcriptomic analysis. The transcriptomes of dormant prepupae and diapausing adults clustered into distinct groups more closely associated with life stage than dormancy status. Membrane transport, membrane-bound cellular components, oxidoreductase activity, glutathione metabolism, and transcription factor activity increased during adult diapause, relative to prepupal dormancy. Further, the transcriptomes of adults in diapause clustered into two groups, supporting multiple phases of diapause during winter. Late adult diapause was associated with gene expression profiles supporting increased insulin/IGF, juvenile hormone, and ecdysone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacotah Melicher
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Alex S Torson
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
| | - George D Yocum
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Jordi Bosch
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - William P Kemp
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Julia H Bowsher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1340 Bolley Drive, 218 Stevens Hall, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Joseph P Rinehart
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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Chen YH, Jiang T, Yasen A, Fan BY, Zhu J, Wang MX, Qian P, Shen XJ. m 6A-dependent mevalonate kinase in juvenile hormone synthesis pathway regulates the diapause process of bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori). Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:5295-5306. [PMID: 37148414 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that epigenetic modification are involved the regulation of diapause in bivoltine silkworms (Bombyx mori), but it remains unclear how epigenetic modification in response to environmental signals precisely to regulate the diapause processing of bivoltine B. mori. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, the diapause terminated eggs of bivoltine B. mori, Qiufeng (QF) were divided into two groups: a QFHT group incubated at 25 °C with a natural day/night cycle to produce diapause eggs, and a QFLT group incubated at 16.5 °C in darkness to produce non-diapause eggs. On the 3rd day of the pupal stage, the total RNAs of the eggs were extracted and their N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) abundances were analyzed to explore the effects of m6A methylation on diapause in the silkworm. The results showed that 1984 m6A peaks are shared, 1563 in QFLT and 659 in QFHT. The m6A methylation level of the QFLT group was higher than that of the QFHT one in various signaling pathways. The m6A methylation rate of mevalonate kinase (MK) in the insect hormone synthesis pathway was significantly different between the two groups. The knockdown of MK by RNA interference in the pupae of QFLT resulted in females laying diapause eggs rather than non-diapause eggs after mating. CONCLUSIONS m6A methylation involves in the diapause regulation of bivoltine B. mori by changing the expression levels of MK. This result provides a clearer image of the environmental signals on the regulation of diapause in bivoltine silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ayinuer Yasen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing-Yan Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei-Xian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Jia Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China.
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Farris SM. Insect PRXamides: Evolutionary Divergence, Novelty, and Loss in a Conserved Neuropeptide System. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 36661324 PMCID: PMC9853942 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The PRXamide neuropeptides have been described in both protostome and deuterostome species, including all major groups of the Panarthropoda. Best studied are the insect PRXamides consisting of three genes: pk/pban, capa, and eth, each encoding multiple short peptides that are cleaved post-translationally. Comparisons of genome and transcriptome sequences reveal that while retaining its fundamental ancestral organization, the products of the pk/pban gene have undergone significant change in the insect Order Diptera. Basal dipteran pk/pban genes are much like those of other holometabolous insects, while more crown species have lost two peptide coding sequences including the otherwise ubiquitous pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). In the genomic model species Drosophila melanogaster, one of the remaining peptides (hugin) plays a potentially novel role in feeding and locomotor regulation tied to circadian rhythms. Comparison of peptide coding sequences of pk/pban across the Diptera pinpoints the acquisition or loss of the hugin and PBAN peptide sequences respectively, and provides clues to associated changes in life history, physiology, and/or behavior. Interestingly, the neural circuitry underlying pk/pban function is highly conserved across the insects regardless of the composition of the pk/pban gene. The rapid evolution and diversification of the Diptera provide many instances of adaptive novelties from genes to behavior that can be placed in the context of emerging selective pressures at key points in their phylogeny; further study of changing functional roles of pk/pban may then be facilitated by the high-resolution genetic tools available in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Cui WZ, Qiu JF, Dai TM, Chen Z, Li JL, Liu K, Wang YJ, Sima YH, Xu SQ. Circadian Clock Gene Period Contributes to Diapause via GABAeric-Diapause Hormone Pathway in Bombyx mori. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090842. [PMID: 34571719 PMCID: PMC8469157 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diapause is a developmental transition in insects based on seasonal adaptation to adversity; it is regulated by a circadian clock system and the endocrine system. However, the molecular node and its mechanism underlying the effects of these systems are still unclear. Here, a mutant of Bombyx mori with the circadian clock gene Period (Per) knocked out was constructed, which dramatically changed the classic diapause-destined pathway. Per-knockout silkworms powerfully attenuated, but could not completely block, the predetermined effects of temperature and photoperiod on diapause determination, and this effect depended on the diapause hormone (DH) pathway. The impaired transcription-translation feedback loop of the circadian clock system lacking the Per gene caused direct up-regulation of the expression of GRD, a receptor of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), by changing expression level of Cycle. The synthesis of GABA in the tissue complex of brain-suboesophageal ganglion then increased and restricted the decomposition, which continuously promoted the GABAergic signal to play a role, and finally inhibiting (delaying) the release of DH to the hemolymph, and reducing the diapause-inducing effect of DH. The results provided an example to explain the regulatory mechanism of the circadian clock on endocrine hormones in the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhao Cui
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (W.-Z.C.); (J.-F.Q.); (T.-M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.-L.L.); (K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian-Feng Qiu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (W.-Z.C.); (J.-F.Q.); (T.-M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.-L.L.); (K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tai-Ming Dai
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (W.-Z.C.); (J.-F.Q.); (T.-M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.-L.L.); (K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (W.-Z.C.); (J.-F.Q.); (T.-M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.-L.L.); (K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiang-Lan Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (W.-Z.C.); (J.-F.Q.); (T.-M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.-L.L.); (K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (W.-Z.C.); (J.-F.Q.); (T.-M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.-L.L.); (K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu-Jun Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China;
| | - Yang-Hu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (W.-Z.C.); (J.-F.Q.); (T.-M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.-L.L.); (K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (W.-Z.C.); (J.-F.Q.); (T.-M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.-L.L.); (K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-512-65880185
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Yokoyama T, Saito S, Shimoda M, Kobayashi M, Takasu Y, Sezutsu H, Kato Y, Tominaga M, Mizoguchi A, Shiomi K. Comparisons in temperature and photoperiodic-dependent diapause induction between domestic and wild mulberry silkworms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8052. [PMID: 33850226 PMCID: PMC8044193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bivoltine strain of the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori, has two generations per year. It shows a facultative diapause phenotype determined by environmental conditions, including photoperiod and temperature, and nutrient conditions during embryonic and larval development of the mother. However, it remains unclear how the environmental signals received during development are selectively utilized as cues to determine alternative diapause phenotypes. We performed a comparative analysis between the Kosetsu strain of B. mori and a Japanese population of the wild mulberry silkworm B. mandarina concerning the hierarchical molecular mechanisms in diapause induction. Our results showed that for the Kosetsu, temperature signals during the mother's embryonic development predominantly affected diapause determination through the thermosensitive transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and diapause hormone (DH) signaling pathways. However, embryonic diapause in B. mandarina was photoperiod-dependent, although the DH signaling pathway and thermal sensitivity of TRPA1 were conserved within both species. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that TRPA1-activated signals are strongly linked to the signaling pathway participating in diapause induction in Kosetsu to selectively utilize the temperature information as the cue because temperature-dependent induction was replaced by photoperiodic induction in the TRPA1 knockout mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yokoyama
- Department of United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Misato Shimoda
- Gunma Sericultural Technology Center, Maebashi, 371-0852, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yoko Takasu
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshiomi Kato
- International Christian University, Mitaka, 181-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, 470-0195, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Shiomi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan.
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Lajevardi A, Paluzzi JPV. Receptor Characterization and Functional Activity of Pyrokinins on the Hindgut in the Adult Mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Front Physiol 2020; 11:490. [PMID: 32528310 PMCID: PMC7255104 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrokinins are structurally related insect neuropeptides, characterized by their myotropic, pheromonotropic and melanotropic roles in some insects, but their function is unclear in blood-feeding arthropods. In the present study, we functionally characterized the pyrokinin-1 and pyrokinin-2 receptors (PK1-R and PK2-R, respectively), in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, using a heterologous cell system to characterize their selective and dose-responsive activation by members of two distinct pyrokinin subfamilies. We also assessed transcript-level expression of these receptors in adult organs and found the highest level of PK1-R transcript in the posterior hindgut (rectum) while PK2-R expression was enriched in the anterior hindgut (ileum) as well as in reproductive organs, suggesting these to be prominent target sites for their peptidergic ligands. In support of this, PRXa-like immunoreactivity (where X = V or L) was localized to innervation along the hindgut. Indeed, we identified a myoinhibitory role for a PK2 on the ileum where PK2-R transcript was enriched. However, although we found that PK1 did not influence myoactivity or Na+ transport in isolated recta, the PRXa-like immunolocalization terminating in close association to the rectal pads and the significant enrichment of PK1-R transcript in the rectum suggests this organ could be a target of PK1 signaling and may regulate the excretory system in this important disease vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryan Lajevardi
- Laboratory of Integrative Vector Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
- Laboratory of Integrative Vector Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Toprak U, Hegedus D, Doğan C, Güney G. A journey into the world of insect lipid metabolism. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21682. [PMID: 32335968 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is fundamental to life. In insects, it is critical, during reproduction, flight, starvation, and diapause. The coordination center for insect lipid metabolism is the fat body, which is analogous to the vertebrate adipose tissue and liver. Fat body contains various different cell types; however, adipocytes and oenocytes are the primary cells related to lipid metabolism. Lipid metabolism starts with the hydrolysis of dietary lipids, absorption of lipid monomers, followed by lipid transport from midgut to the fat body, lipogenesis or lipolysis in the fat body, and lipid transport from fat body to other sites demanding energy. Lipid metabolism is under the control of hormones, transcription factors, secondary messengers and posttranscriptional modifications. Primarily, lipogenesis is under the control of insulin-like peptides that activate lipogenic transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, whereas lipolysis is coordinated by the adipokinetic hormone that activates lipolytic transcription factors, such as forkhead box class O and cAMP-response element-binding protein. Calcium is the primary-secondary messenger affecting lipid metabolism and has different outcomes depending on the site of lipogenesis or lipolysis. Phosphorylation is central to lipid metabolism and multiple phosphorylases are involved in lipid accumulation or hydrolysis. Although most of the knowledge of insect lipid metabolism comes from the studies on the model Drosophila; other insects, in particular those with obligatory or facultative diapause, also have great potential to study lipid metabolism. The use of these models would significantly improve our knowledge of insect lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dwayne Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cansu Doğan
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Güney
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Toprak U. The Role of Peptide Hormones in Insect Lipid Metabolism. Front Physiol 2020; 11:434. [PMID: 32457651 PMCID: PMC7221030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are the primary storage molecules and an essential source of energy in insects during reproduction, prolonged periods of flight, starvation, and diapause. The coordination center for insect lipid metabolism is the fat body, which is analogous to the vertebrate adipose tissue and liver. The fat body is primarily composed of adipocytes, which accumulate triacylglycerols in intracellular lipid droplets. Genomics and proteomics, together with functional analyses, such as RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9-targeted genome editing, identified various genes involved in lipid metabolism and elucidated their functions. However, the endocrine control of insect lipid metabolism, in particular the roles of peptide hormones in lipogenesis and lipolysis are relatively less-known topics. In the current review, the neuropeptides that directly or indirectly affect insect lipid metabolism are introduced. The primary lipolytic and lipogenic peptide hormones are adipokinetic hormone and the brain insulin-like peptides (ILP2, ILP3, ILP5). Other neuropeptides, such as insulin-growth factor ILP6, neuropeptide F, allatostatin-A, corazonin, leucokinin, tachykinins and limostatin, might stimulate lipolysis, while diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, short neuropeptide F, CCHamide-2, and the cytokines Unpaired 1 and Unpaired 2 might induce lipogenesis. Most of these peptides interact with one another, but mostly with insulin signaling, and therefore affect lipid metabolism indirectly. Peptide hormones are also involved in lipid metabolism during reproduction, flight, diapause, starvation, infections and immunity; these are also highlighted. The review concludes with a discussion of the potential of lipid metabolism-related peptide hormones in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Molecular Entomology Lab., Department of Plant Protection Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hayakawa E, Watanabe H, Menschaert G, Holstein TW, Baggerman G, Schoofs L. A combined strategy of neuropeptide prediction and tandem mass spectrometry identifies evolutionarily conserved ancient neuropeptides in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215185. [PMID: 31545805 PMCID: PMC6756747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are a class of bioactive peptides shown to be involved in various physiological processes, including metabolism, development, and reproduction. Although neuropeptide candidates have been predicted from genomic and transcriptomic data, comprehensive characterization of neuropeptide repertoires remains a challenge owing to their small size and variable sequences. De novo prediction of neuropeptides from genome or transcriptome data is difficult and usually only efficient for those peptides that have identified orthologs in other animal species. Recent peptidomics technology has enabled systematic structural identification of neuropeptides by using the combination of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. However, reliable identification of naturally occurring peptides using a conventional tandem mass spectrometry approach, scanning spectra against a protein database, remains difficult because a large search space must be scanned due to the absence of a cleavage enzyme specification. We developed a pipeline consisting of in silico prediction of candidate neuropeptides followed by peptide-spectrum matching. This approach enables highly sensitive and reliable neuropeptide identification, as the search space for peptide-spectrum matching is highly reduced. Nematostella vectensis is a basal eumetazoan with one of the most ancient nervous systems. We scanned the Nematostella protein database for sequences displaying structural hallmarks typical of eumetazoan neuropeptide precursors, including amino- and carboxyterminal motifs and associated modifications. Peptide-spectrum matching was performed against a dataset of peptides that are cleaved in silico from these putative peptide precursors. The dozens of newly identified neuropeptides display structural similarities to bilaterian neuropeptides including tachykinin, myoinhibitory peptide, and neuromedin-U/pyrokinin, suggesting these neuropeptides occurred in the eumetazoan ancestor of all animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Hayakawa
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology, Okinawa, Japan
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerben Menschaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas W. Holstein
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Geert Baggerman
- CFP/Ceproma, University Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
- VITO, Applied Bio & molecular Systems (ABS), Mol, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Garczynski SF, Hendrickson CA, Harper A, Unruh TR, Dhingra A, Ahn SJ, Choi MY. Neuropeptides and peptide hormones identified in codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21587. [PMID: 31271487 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella, is a worldwide pest of pome fruits. Neuropeptides regulate most physiological functions in insects and represent new targets for the development of control agents. The only neuropeptides reported from the codling moth to date are the allatostatin A family peptides. To identify other neuropeptides and peptide hormones from codling moth, we analyzed head transcriptomes, identified 50 transcripts, and predicted 120 prepropeptides for the codling moth neuropeptides and peptide hormones. All transcripts were amplified, and these sequences were verified. One of the notable findings in this study is that diapause hormones (DHs) reported from Tortricid moths, including the codling moth, do not have the WFGPRL sequence in C-terminal ends in the pban genes. The C-terminal motif is critical to characterize insect DH peptides, and always conserved in pban/dh genes in Lepidoptera and many insect orders. Interestingly, the WFGPRL sequence was produced only from the capa gene in the codling moth. The allatostatin A-family encoding transcript predicted nine peptides, seven of which, as expected, are identical to those previously isolated from the moth. We also identified new codling moth orthologs of insect neuropeptides including CCHamides, allatostatin CC, RYamides, and natalisins. The information provided in this study will benefit future codling moth investigations using peptidoproteomics to determine peptide presence and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artemus Harper
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Thomas R Unruh
- Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Wapato, Washington
| | - Amit Dhingra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Horticultural Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Man-Yeon Choi
- Horticultural Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, Oregon
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12
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Hao K, Tu X, Ullah H, McNeill MR, Zhang Z. Novel Lom-dh Genes Play Potential Role in Promoting Egg Diapause of Locusta migratoria L. Front Physiol 2019; 10:767. [PMID: 31275172 PMCID: PMC6591537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diapause hormone (DH) neuropeptides in insects are produced by the genes belonging to pban/capa family. Previous studies show that DH contains a conserved sequence of WFGPRXa that plays vital role in diapause regulation of some Lepidopteran species. However, the function of DH in other species is still unknown. In order to expand our understanding of DH function in diapause induction, Lom-pban, Lom-capa, and five candidates DH precursor genes (Lom-dh1, Lom-dh2, Lom-dh3, Lom-dh4, Lom-dh5) of Locusta migratoria L. were subsequently cloned. We identified Lom-dh1 to Lom-dh5 as novel genes that encoded five types (type I–V) of 44 tandem repeats of DH-like neuropeptides, which might promote egg diapause of L. migratoria. To test this hypothesis, we identified four types of eight new neuropeptides encoded by Lom-dh using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry from the central neuron system of L. migratoria under both short (10:14 L:D) and long (16:8 L:D) photoperiods. Later on, we synthesized four type I DH-like neuropeptides, LDH1, SDH1, LDH2, and SDH2, encoded by Lom-dh2/Lom-dh3 and injected them into fifth instar female locusts. Egg diapause incidences were observed after female oviposition. The four DH-like neuropeptides significantly increased the incidence of egg diapause under the short photoperiod, but the response was absent under the long photoperiod. Injection of dsLom-dh into female adults of L. migratoria under the short photoperiod could inhibit egg diapause, with no response under the long photoperiod. This study identified a new member of pban/capa family being the second example beside Bombyx mori, where the DH showed significant role on maternal induction of diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Nässel DR, Zandawala M. Recent advances in neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila, from genes to physiology and behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 179:101607. [PMID: 30905728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on neuropeptides and peptide hormones, the largest and most diverse class of neuroactive substances, known in Drosophila and other animals to play roles in almost all aspects of daily life, as w;1;ell as in developmental processes. We provide an update on novel neuropeptides and receptors identified in the last decade, and highlight progress in analysis of neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila. Especially exciting is the huge amount of work published on novel functions of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in Drosophila, largely due to the rapid developments of powerful genetic methods, imaging techniques and innovative assays. We critically discuss the roles of peptides in olfaction, taste, foraging, feeding, clock function/sleep, aggression, mating/reproduction, learning and other behaviors, as well as in regulation of development, growth, metabolic and water homeostasis, stress responses, fecundity, and lifespan. We furthermore provide novel information on neuropeptide distribution and organization of peptidergic systems, as well as the phylogenetic relations between Drosophila neuropeptides and those of other phyla, including mammals. As will be shown, neuropeptide signaling is phylogenetically ancient, and not only are the structures of the peptides, precursors and receptors conserved over evolution, but also many functions of neuropeptide signaling in physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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14
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Choi MY, Vander Meer RK. Phenotypic Effects of PBAN RNAi Using Oral Delivery of dsRNA to Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tobacco Budworm Larvae. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:434-439. [PMID: 30508147 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Insect neuropeptides represent more than 90% of all insect hormones. The pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN)/pyrokinin family is a major group of insect neuropeptides. These neuropeptides regulate a variety of biological functions from embryo to adult in moths including, sex pheromone biosynthesis and diapause. Other functions are yet to be determined. The identification of suitable target genes is most important for the successful application of RNA interference (RNAi) for pest insect control. Insect neuropeptide genes including PBAN are known to have multiple functions and could be a good target for RNAi suppression. In this study, we selected the PBAN gene and its neuropeptide products as an RNAi target for two economically important moth species, the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius). We investigated RNAi effects on immature moths that had ingested the specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) starting at the first instar larva through pupation. We report that RNAi treatments resulted in delay of larval growth, interference of pupal development, and mortality in the two pest moths. In addition, we selected small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to determine if they have negative phenotypic effects similar to their full-length RNAi parents. This is one of the few examples of negative RNAi effects on lepidopteran pests via feeding and suggests possible RNAi-based control of pest moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yeon Choi
- Horticultural Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR
| | - Robert K Vander Meer
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL
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15
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Ojima N, Hara Y, Ito H, Yamamoto D. Genetic dissection of stress-induced reproductive arrest in Drosophila melanogaster females. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007434. [PMID: 29889831 PMCID: PMC5995346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
By genetic manipulations, we study the roles played by insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in the brain and their target, the corpora allata (CA), for reproductive dormancy in female Drosophila melanogaster, which is induced by exposing them to a combination of low temperature (11°C), short-day photoperiod (10L:14D) and starvation (water only) for 7 days immediately after eclosion (dormancy-inducing conditions). Artificial inactivation of IPCs promotes, whereas artificial activation impedes, the induction of reproductive dormancy. A transcriptional reporter assay reveals that the IPC activity is reduced when the female flies are exposed to dormancy-inducing conditions. The photoperiod sensitivity of reproductive dormancy is lost in pigment-dispersing factor (pdf), but not cry, mutants, suggesting that light input to IPCs is mediated by pdf-expressing neurons. Genetic manipulations to upregulate and downregulate insulin signaling in the CA, a pair of endocrine organs that synthesize the juvenile hormone (JH), decrease and increase the incidence of reproductive dormancy, respectively. These results demonstrate that the IPC-CA axis constitutes a key regulatory pathway for reproductive dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Ojima
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- Neuro-Network Evolution Project, Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- Neuro-Network Evolution Project, Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Fodor J, Hull JJ, Köblös G, Jacquin-Joly E, Szlanka T, Fónagy A. Identification and functional characterization of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide receptor isoforms from Mamestra brassicae. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 258:60-69. [PMID: 28579335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In most moth species, including Mamestra brassicae, pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) regulates pheromone production. Generally, PBAN acts directly on the pheromone gland (PG) cells via its specific G protein-coupled receptor (i.e. PBANR) with Ca2+ as a second messenger. In this study, we identified cDNAs encoding three variants (A, B and C) of the M. brassicae PBANR (Mambr-PBANR). The full-length coding sequences were transiently expressed in cultured Trichoplusia ni cells and Sf9 cells for functional characterization. All three isoforms dose-dependently mobilized extracellular Ca2+ in response to PBAN analogs with Mambr-PBANR-C exhibiting the greatest sensitivity. Fluorescent confocal microscopy imaging studies demonstrated binding of a rhodamine red-labeled ligand (RR10CPBAN) to all three Mambr-PBANR isoforms. RR10CPBAN binding did not trigger ligand-induced internalization in cells expressing PBANR-A, but did in cells expressing the PBANR-B and -C isoforms. Furthermore, activation of the PBANR-B and -C isoforms with the 18 amino acid Mambr-pheromonotropin resulted in co-localization with a Drosophila melanogaster arrestin homolog (Kurtz), whereas stimulation with an unrelated peptide had no effect. PCR-based profiling of the three transcripts revealed a basal level of expression throughout development with a dramatic increase in PG transcripts from the day of adult emergence with PBANR-C being the most abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Fodor
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Joe Hull
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Gabriella Köblös
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRA iEES-Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Route de Saint-Cyr, Cedex 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Tamás Szlanka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adrien Fónagy
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Shen Z, Jiang X, Yan L, Chen Y, Wang W, Shi Y, Shi L, Liu D, Zhou N. Structural basis for the interaction of diapause hormone with its receptor in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. FASEB J 2018; 32:1338-1353. [PMID: 29101222 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700931r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diapause hormone (DH) is a 24-aa amidated neuropeptide that elicits the embryonic diapause of the silkworm, Bombyx mori ( Bommo), via sensitive and selective interaction with its receptor, Bommo DH receptor ( Bommo-DHR). Previous studies of the structure-activity relationship of Bommo-DH were all based on an in vivo diapause-induction bioassay, which has provided little information on the structure of Bommo-DHR or its iteration with DH. Here, to unveil the interaction of Bommo-DH with its receptor, N-terminally truncated analogs and alanine-scanning mutants of Bommo-DH were chemically synthesized and functionally evaluated by using a Cy5.5-labeled Bommo-DH competitive binding assay and Bommo-DHR-based functional assays, including cAMP assay and Ca2+ mobilization assay. Our study demonstrates that the C-terminal residues of Arg23 and Leu24 of Bommo-DH are essential for the binding and activation of Bommo-DHR, and that Trp19 and Phe20 also contribute to the functional activity of Bommo-DH. In contrast, when Gly21 or Pro22 were replaced with alanine, both mutants exhibited binding and signaling activities that were indistinguishable from the wild-type peptide. Furthermore, our homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, together with experimental validations, have identified the residues of Glu89, Phe172, Phe194, and Tyr299 in Bommo-DHR that are critically involved in the interaction with Bommo-DH. These results may deepen our understanding of the interactions of class-A GPCRs with their peptidic ligands, particularly those between pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide/DH family neuropeptides and their cognate receptors.-Shen, Z., Jiang, X., Yan, L., Chen, Y., Wang, W., Shi, Y., Shi, L., Liu, D., Zhou, N. Structural basis for the interaction of diapause hormone with its receptor in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangfei Shen
- Department of Economic Zoology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Economic Zoology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Yan
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangen Shi
- Department of Economic Zoology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology III, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Naiming Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Gong C, Zeng W, Zhang T, Liu R, Ou Y, Ai J, Xiang Z, Xu H. Effects of transgenic overexpression of diapause hormone and diapause hormone receptor genes on non-diapause silkworm. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:807-815. [PMID: 28952064 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diapause is a state of developmental arrest that is most often observed in arthropods, especially insects. The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, is a typical insect that enters diapause at an early embryonic stage. Previous studies have revealed that the diapause hormone (DH) signaling molecules, especially the core members DH and DH receptor 1 (DHR1), are crucial for the determination of embryonic diapause in diapause silkworm strains. However, whether they function in non-diapause silkworm strains remains largely unknown. Here, we generated two transgenic lines overexpressing DH or DHR1 genes in a non-diapause silkworm strain, Nistari. Our results showed that developmental expression patterns of DH and DHR1 are quite similar in transgenic silkworms: both genes are highly expressed in the mid to late stages of pupae and are most highly expressed in day-6 pupae but are expressed at very low levels in other developmental stages. Moreover, the overexpression of DH or DHR1 can affect the expression of diapause-related genes but is not sufficient to induce embryonic diapause in their offspring. This study provides new insights into the function of DH and DHR1 in a non-diapause silkworm strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenhui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tianyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rongpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yao Ou
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Junwen Ai
- The Sericultural Research Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410127, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hanfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China. .,College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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19
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Choi MY, Ahn SJ, Kim AY, Koh Y. Identification and characterization of pyrokinin and CAPA peptides, and corresponding GPCRs from spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:354-362. [PMID: 28069423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The family of FXPRLamide peptides serves as a major insect hormone. It is characterized by a core active amino acid sequence conserved at the C-terminal ends, and provides various physiological roles across the Insecta. In this study we identified and characterized pyrokinin (PK) and CAPA cDNAs encoding two FXPRLamide peptides, pyrokinin and CAPA-DH (diapause hormone), and two corresponding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii. Expressions of PK and CAPA mRNAs were differentially observed during all life stages except the embryo, and the detection of CAPA transcription was relatively strong compared with the PK gene in SWD. Both D. suzukii pyrokinin receptor (DrosuPKr) and CAPA-DH receptor (DrosuCAPA-DHr) were functionally expressed and confirmed through binding to PK and DH peptides. Differential expression of two GPCRs occurred during all life stages; a strong transcription of DrosuPKr was observed in the 3rd instar. DrosuCAPA-DHr was clearly expressed from the embryo to the larva, but not detected in the adult. Gene regulation during the life stages was not synchronized between ligand and receptor. For example, SWD CAPA mRNA has been up-regulated in the adult while CAPA-DHr was down-regulated. The difference could be from the CAPA mRNA translating multiple peptides including CAPA-DH and two CAPA-PVK (periviscerokinin) peptides to act on different receptors. Comparing the genes of SWD PK, CAPA, PKr and CAPA-DHr to four corresponding genes of D. melanogaster, SWD CAPA and the receptor are more similar to D. melanogaster than PK and the receptor. These data suggest that the CAPA gene could be evolutionally more conserved to have a common biological role in insects. In addition, the effect of Kozak sequences was investigated by the expression of the GPCRs with or without Kozak sequences in Sf9 insect cells. The Kozak sequenced PK receptor was significantly less active than the original (= no Kozak sequenced) receptor. Our results provide a knowledge for potential biological function(s) of PK and CAPA-DH peptides in SWD, and possibly offer a novel control method for this pest insect in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yeon Choi
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA; Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - A Young Kim
- Department of Bio-medical Gerontology, Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Koh
- Department of Bio-medical Gerontology, Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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20
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Ye HL, Li DR, Yang JS, Chen DF, De Vos S, Vuylsteke M, Sorgeloos P, Van Stappen G, Bossier P, Nagasawa H, Yang WJ. Molecular characterization and functional analyses of a diapause hormone receptor-like gene in parthenogenetic Artemia. Peptides 2017; 90:100-110. [PMID: 28174072 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In arthropods, mature females under certain conditions produce and release encysted gastrula embryos that enter diapause, a state of obligate dormancy. The process is presumably regulated by diapause hormone (DH) and diapause hormone receptor (DHR) that were identified in the silkworm, Bombyx mori and other insects. However, the molecular structure and function of DHR in crustaceans remains unknown. Here, a DHR-like gene from parthenogenetic Artemia (Ar-DHR) was isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequence consists of 1410bp with a 1260-bp open reading frame encoding a protein consisting of 420 amino acid residues. The results of real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis showed that the mRNA and protein of Ar-DHR were mainly expressed at the diapause stage. Furthermore, we found that Ar-DHR was located on the cell membrane of the pre-diapause cyst but in the cytoplasm of the diapause cyst by analysis of immunofluorescence. In vivo knockdown of Ar-DHR by RNA interference (RNAi) and antiserum neutralization consistently inhibited diapause cysts formation. The results indicated that Ar-DHR plays an important role in the induction and maintenance of embryonic diapause in Artemia. Thus, our findings provide an insight into the regulation of diapause formation in Artemia and the function of Ar-DHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Dong-Rui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Dian-Fu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Stephanie De Vos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Marnik Vuylsteke
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Van Stappen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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21
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Li Y, Wang X, Chen Q, Hou Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. Metabolomics Analysis of the Larval Head of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091460. [PMID: 27657048 PMCID: PMC5037739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The head, which performs many biological functions, is the most complicated structure of an insect. Development, locomotor behavior, food intake, environmental sensing, and signal transduction are all controlled by the insect’s head. As a well-studied insect in Lepidoptera, the silkworm head has an additional function of spinning silk fibers. To understand which molecules are involved in these physiological activities, we performed a metabolomics analysis of silkworm heads. By integrating GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, 90 metabolites were identified in the larval heads of silkworms. These were classified into 13 categories, including amino acids, sugars, organic acids, nucleotides, alcohols, and fatty acids. Informatics analysis revealed that these metabolites are involved in cellular processes, environmental information processing, genetic information processing, human diseases, metabolism, organismal systems, and other pathways. The identified metabolites and pathways are involved in biological processes such as signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, endocrine activities, and sensory activities; reflecting the functions of various organs in silkworm heads. Thus, our findings provide references which elucidate the potential functions of the silkworm head and will be of great value for the metabolomics research of silkworms and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Quanmei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Jiang X, Yang J, Shen Z, Chen Y, Shi L, Zhou N. Agonist-mediated activation of Bombyx mori diapause hormone receptor signals to extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 through Gq-PLC-PKC-dependent cascade. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 75:78-88. [PMID: 27318251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diapause is a developmental strategy adopted by insects to survive in challenging environments such as the low temperatures of a winter. This unique process is regulated by diapause hormone (DH), which is a neuropeptide hormone that induces egg diapause in Bombyx mori and is involved in terminating pupal diapause in heliothis moths. An G protein-coupled receptor from the silkworm, B. mori, has been identified as a specific cell surface receptor for DH. However, the detailed information on the DH-DHR system and its mechanism(s) involved in the induction of embryonic diapause remains unknown. Here, we combined functional assays with various specific inhibitors to elucidate the DHR-mediated signaling pathways. Upon activation by DH, B. mori DHR is coupled to the Gq protein, leading to a significant increase of intracellular Ca(2+) and cAMP response element-driven luciferase activity in an UBO-QIC, a specific Gq inhibitor, sensitive manner. B. mori DHR elicited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose- and time-dependent manner in response to DH. This effect was almost completely inhibited by co-incubation with UBO-QIC and was also significantly suppressed by PLC inhibitor U73122, PKC inhibitors Gö6983 and the Ca(2+) chelator EGTA. Moreover, DHR-induced activation of ERK1/2 was significantly attenuated by treatment with the Gβγ specific inhibitors gallein and M119K and the PI3K specific inhibitor Wortmannin, but not by the Src specific inhibitor PP2. Our data also demonstrates that the EGFR-transactivation pathway is not involved in the DHR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Future efforts are needed to clarify the role of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in the DH-mediated induction of B. mori embryonic diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Department of Economic Zoology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Zhangfei Shen
- Department of Economic Zoology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Department of Economic Zoology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Liangen Shi
- Department of Economic Zoology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Naiming Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Shiomi K, Takasu Y, Kunii M, Tsuchiya R, Mukaida M, Kobayashi M, Sezutsu H, Ichida Takahama M, Mizoguchi A. Disruption of diapause induction by TALEN-based gene mutagenesis in relation to a unique neuropeptide signaling pathway in Bombyx. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15566. [PMID: 26497859 PMCID: PMC4620438 DOI: 10.1038/srep15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect neuropeptide family FXPRLa, which carries the Phe-Xaa-Pro-Arg-Leu-NH2 sequence at the C-terminus, is involved in many physiological processes. Although ligand-receptor interactions in FXPRLa signaling have been examined using in vitro assays, the correlation between these interactions and in vivo physiological function is unclear. Diapause in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, is thought to be elicited by diapause hormone (DH, an FXPRLa) signaling, which consists of interactions between DH and DH receptor (DHR). Here, we performed transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)-based mutagenesis of the Bombyx DH-PBAN and DHR genes and isolated the null mutants of these genes in a bivoltine strain. All mutant silkworms were fully viable and showed no abnormalities in the developmental timing of ecdysis or metamorphosis. However, female adults oviposited non-diapause eggs despite diapause-inducing temperature and photoperiod conditions. Therefore, we conclude that DH signaling is essential for diapause induction and consists of highly sensitive and specific interactions between DH and DHR selected during ligand-receptor coevolution in Bombyx mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Shiomi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yoko Takasu
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Masayo Kunii
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Ryoma Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Moeka Mukaida
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | | | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Zhang Q, Nachman RJ, Denlinger DL. Diapause hormone in the Helicoverpa/Heliothis complex: A review of gene expression, peptide structure and activity, analog and antagonist development, and the receptor. Peptides 2015; 72:196-201. [PMID: 26032331 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent studies focusing on diapause hormone (DH) in the Helicoverpa/Heliothis complex of agricultural pests. Moths in this complex overwinter in pupal diapause, a form of developmental arrest used to circumvent unfavorable seasons. DH was originally reported in the silkmoth Bombyx mori, a species that relies on DH to induce an embryonic diapause. But, in the case of Helicoverpa/Heliothis, levels of dh transcripts and DH peptides are more abundant in nondiapausing pupae than in diapausing individuals, and DH effectively terminates diapause within a specific temperature range. A structure activity relationship study indicated that the active core of DH is the C-terminal hepta-peptide, LWFGPRLa. We designed and synthesized a first generation of DH agonists and identified two agonists (PK-2Abf and PK-Etz) that were nearly 50- and 13-fold more potent than the native hormone. These studies revealed two structural characteristics of DH and its agonists that are essential for interaction with the receptor: a trans-Pro configuration to form a type I β-turn and a hydrophobic moiety involved in ligand binding. Modification of DH at the active core yielded a potent DH antagonist (DH-Jo, acetyl-GLWA[Jo]RLa) as well as an agonist (DH-2Abf-K). Three compounds (Decyl-1963, Dodecyl-1967, Heptyl-1965) were identified as agents capable of penetrating the cuticle of young pupae and thereby preventing the entry into diapause. DH receptor cDNA was cloned and an effective in vitro high throughput screen system was established for future use. This work sets the stage for further development of DH analogs and antagonists that have the potential to disrupt insect diapause as a tool for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ronald J Nachman
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - David L Denlinger
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Köblös G, Dankó T, Sipos K, Geiger Á, Szlanka T, Fodor J, Fónagy A. The regulation of Δ11-desaturase gene expression in the pheromone gland of Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) during pheromonogenesis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 221:217-27. [PMID: 25796477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) females produce sex pheromones to attract conspecific males. In our M. brassicae colony, the pheromone blend is composed of Z11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16Ac) and hexadecyl acetate (16Ac) in a 93:7 ratio. A fatty acyl Δ11-desaturase is involved in the production of the main pheromone component. The release of Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide (PBAN) regulates the pheromone production in the pheromone gland (PG). We cloned a cDNA encoding the MambrΔ11-desaturase and analyzed its expression profile over time in M. brassicae tissues. Transcript levels of the Δ11-desaturase in larvae, pupal PGs, fat body, brain and muscle tissues were <0.1% of that in female PGs, whereas expression in male genitalia was 2%. In the PGs of virgin females the expression level increased continuously from eclosion to the end of the 1st day when it reached a plateau without further significant fluctuation up to the 8th day. In contrast, we recorded a characteristic daily rhythmicity in pheromone production with a maximum around 200 ng Z11-16Ac/PG. In some experiments, females were decapitated to prevent PBAN release and thereby inhibit pheromone production, which remarkably increased after treatment with Mambr-Pheromonotropin. Further experiments revealed that mating resulted in a significant suppression of pheromone production. However, expression of the Δ11-desaturase was not affected by any of these interventions, suggesting that it's not regulated by PBAN. Fluorescent microscopy was used to study the potential role of lipid droplets during pheromone production, however, no lipid droplets were identified indicating that pheromonogenesis is regulated via de novo fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Köblös
- Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dankó
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Analysis Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kitti Sipos
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Analysis Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Geiger
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Corvinus University of Budapest, H-1118 Ménesi út, 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Szlanka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Fodor
- Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrien Fónagy
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Analysis Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary.
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Lu Q, Huang LY, Chen P, Yu JF, Xu J, Deng JY, Ye H. Identification and RNA Interference of the Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide (PBAN) in the Common Cutworm Moth Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:1344-1353. [PMID: 26470263 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura F. is one of the most destructive insect pests of many agricultural crops and notorious for developing insecticide resistance. Developing environmental friendly control methods such as novel pheromone and RNAi-related control strategies is imperative to control this pest. In the present study, the full-length cDNA encoding the diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN) was identified and characterized in S. litura. This 809-bp transcript contains a 573-nucleotide ORF encoding a 191-amino acid protein, from which five putative neuropeptides, including PBAN, DH, and α-, β-, and γ-subesophageal ganglion neuropeptides, were derived. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both the whole protein and each of the five neuropeptides have high similarities to those of DH-PBANs from other insect orders particularly Lepidoptera. Females treated with TKYFSPRLamide (the active core fragment of PBAN) produced significantly more four types of pheromone compounds (A; B; C; D) than controls. RNA interference by injection of PBAN dsRNA significantly reduced the relative expression levels of this gene in adult females (approximately reduced by 60%). As a consequence, females treated with PBAN dsRNA produced significantly less four types of pheromone compounds (A; B; C; D) than controls. These results suggest that PBAN function in activating sex pheromone biosynthesis and the RNAi of DH-PBAN gene can be induced by the injection of dsRNA into the body cavity in S. litura. This study suggests the possibility of novel pheromone-related pest control strategies based on RNAi techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China. Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ling-Yan Huang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peng Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Jian-Yu Deng
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ye
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China
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Kitta R, Okawa SI, Saito M, Mase K, Sawada H. HCl Treatment for Preventing Diapause Causes Ca2+ Efflux in Bombyx mori Eggs. Zoolog Sci 2015; 32:124-8. [PMID: 25826059 DOI: 10.2108/zs140168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism for preventing entry into embryonic diapause or breakdown of diapause in Bombyx mori by HCl and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment or a combination of cold and HCl treatment, we performed quantitative analysis of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the chorion and egg content using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). When diapause eggs that had been incubated at 25°C for 2 days from oviposition and at 4°C for an additional six days were treated with HCl solution, the amount of Ca2+ in the chorion and egg content after HCl treatment was reduced to one-seventh, as compared with the amount before treatment. In contrast, there was no change in the amount of Mg2+ with HCl treatment. The amount of Ca2+ in the HCl solution after the diapause eggs were treated increased 7.5-fold, as compared with that of eggs treated with water. Even when 17-day-old diapausing eggs were treated with HCl, which did not break diapause, the amount of Ca2+ in the chorion and egg content was reduced to one-fifth, as compared with the control. Meanwhile, changes in Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents were not observed in 12-hr-old diapause-destined eggs before or after treatment with DMSO, which effectively prevents diapause. These data may suggest that Ca2+ efflux from diapause eggs by HCl is not directly associated with preventing entry into diapause or breaking of diapause. In addition, we discovered that the amount of Ca2+ in diapause-destined eggs was more than 2.4-fold larger than in non-diapause-destined eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kitta
- 1 Depertment of Correlative Study of Physics and Chemistry, Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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Functional phylogenetics reveals contributions of pleiotropic peptide action to ligand-receptor coevolution. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6800. [PMID: 25348027 PMCID: PMC4210869 DOI: 10.1038/srep06800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of peptidergic signaling has been accompanied by a significant degree of ligand-receptor coevolution. Closely related clusters of peptide signaling molecules are observed to activate related groups of receptors, implying that genes encoding these ligands may orchestrate an array of functions, a phenomenon known as pleiotropy. Here we examine whether pleiotropic actions of peptide genes might influence ligand-receptor coevolution. Four test groups of neuropeptides characterized by conserved C-terminal amino acid sequence motifs and their cognate receptors were examined in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum): 1) cardioacceleratory peptide 2b (CAPA); CAPAr, 2) pyrokinin/diapause hormone (PK1/DH); PKr-A, -B, 3) pyrokinin/pheromone biosynthesis activating hormone (PK2/PBAN); PKr-C, and 4) ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH); ETHr-b. Ligand-receptor specificities were established through heterologous expression of receptors in cell-based assays for 9 endogenous ligands. Based on ligand-receptor specificity analysis, we found positive pleiotropism exhibited by ETH on ETHR-b and CAPAr, whereas PK1/DH and CAPA are more highly selective for their respective authentic receptors than would be predicted by phylogenetic analysis. Disparities between evolutionary trees deduced from receptor sequences vs. functional ligand-receptor specificities lead to the conclusion that pleiotropy exhibited by peptide genes influences ligand-receptor coevolution.
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Embryonic thermosensitive TRPA1 determines transgenerational diapause phenotype of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1249-55. [PMID: 24639527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322134111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the bivoltine strain of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, embryonic diapause is induced transgenerationally as a maternal effect. Progeny diapause is determined by the environmental temperature during embryonic development of the mother; however, its molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that the Bombyx TRPA1 ortholog (BmTrpA1) acts as a thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel that is activated at temperatures above ∼ 21 °C and affects the induction of diapause in progeny. In addition, we show that embryonic RNAi of BmTrpA1 affects diapause hormone release during pupal-adult development. This study identifying a thermosensitive TRP channel that acts as a molecular switch for a relatively long-term predictive adaptive response by inducing an alternative phenotype to seasonal polyphenism is unique.
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Identification and expression analysis of diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN) in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84916. [PMID: 24409312 PMCID: PMC3883689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides play essential roles in a variety of physiological responses that contribute to the development and reproduction of insects. Both the diapause hormone (DH) and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) belong to the PBAN/pyrokinin neuropeptide family, which has a conserved pentapeptide motif FXPRL at the C-terminus. We identified the full-length cDNA encoding DH-PBAN in Maruca vitrata, a major lepidopteran pest of leguminous crops. The open reading frame of Marvi-DH-PBAN is 591 bp in length, encoding 197 amino acids, from which five putative neuropeptides [DH, PBAN, α-subesophageal ganglion neuropeptide (SGNP), β-SGNP and γ-SGNP] are derived. Marvi-DH-PBAN was highly similar (83%) to DH-PBAN of Omphisa fuscidentalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), but possesses a unique C-terminal FNPRL motif, where asparagine has replaced a serine residue present in other lepidopteran PBAN peptides. The genomic DNA sequence of Marvi-DH-PBAN is 6,231 bp in size and is composed of six exons. Phylogenetic analysis has revealed that the Marvi-DH-PBAN protein sequence is closest to its homolog in Crambidae, but distant from Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera DH-PBAN, which agrees with the current taxonomy. DH-PBAN transcripts were present in the head and thoracic complex, but absent in the abdomen of M. vitrata. Real-time quantitative PCR assays have demonstrated a relatively higher expression of Marvi-DH-PBAN mRNA in the latter half of the pupal stages and in adults. These findings represent a significant step forward in our understanding of the DH-PBAN gene architecture and phylogeny, and raise the possibility of using Marvi-DH-PBAN to manage M. vitrata populations through molecular techniques.
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Li J, Zhou J, Sun R, Zhang H, Zong S, Luo Y, Sheng X, Weng Q. cDNA cloning and sequence determination of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide from the seabuckthorn carpenterworm, Holcocerus hippophaecolus (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 82:183-195. [PMID: 23361644 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The PBAN (pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide)/pyrokinin peptides comprise a major neuropeptide family characterized by a common FXPRL amide at the C-terminus. These peptides are actively involved in many essential endocrine functions. For the first time, we reported the cDNA cloning and sequence determination of the PBAN from the seabuckthorn carpenterworm, Holcocerus hippophaecolus, by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full-length cDNA of Hh-DH-PBAN contained five peptides: diapause hormone (DH) homolog, α-neuropeptide (NP), β-NP, PBAN, and γ-NP. All of the peptides were amidated at their C-terminus and shared a conserved motif, FXPR (or K) L. Moreover, Hh-DH-PBAN had high homology to the other members of the PBAN peptide family: 56% with Manduca sexta, 66% with Bombyx mori, 77% with Helicoverpa zea, and 47% with Plutella xylostella. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Hh-DH-PBAN was closely related to PBANs from Noctuidae, demonstrated by the relatively higher similarity compared with H. zea. In addition, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that Hh-DH-PBAN mRNA expression peaked in the brain-subesophageal ganglion (Br-SOG) complex, and was also detected at high levels during larval and adult stages. The expression decreased significantly after pupation. These results provided information concerning molecular structure characteristics of Hh-DH-PBAN, whose expression profile suggested that the Hh-DH-PBAN gene might be correlated with larval development and sex pheromone biosynthesis in females of the H. hippophaecolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Schiesari L, O'Connor MB. Diapause: delaying the developmental clock in response to a changing environment. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 105:213-46. [PMID: 23962844 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396968-2.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes can induce organisms to modify their developmental growth. Many holometabolous insects, especially Lepidoptera, trigger diapause, an "actively induced" dormancy, for overwintering. Diapause is an alternative developmental pathway that reversibly blocks developmental growth during specific transitions and enhances the hibernating potential of the organism. Changes in environmental cues, such as light and temperature, trigger modifications in the levels, or in the timing, of developmental hormones. These in turn switch the developmental trajectory (diapause or direct development), strongly altering larval/pupal growth and inducing the appearance of diapause-bound seasonal morphs (polyphenism). We also discuss an example of vertebrate diapause using the killifish embryo as an example where diapause is an environmentally determined developmental switch analogous to that observed in lepidopteran dormancy. Based on the examples discussed here, we propose that the complex physiological responses leading to diapause might evolve quickly by relatively limited genetic changes in the regulation of hormonal signals that program normal developmental transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schiesari
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Peptidomic Analysis of the Brain and Corpora Cardiaca-Corpora Allata Complex in the Bombyx mori. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2012; 2012:640359. [PMID: 23316247 PMCID: PMC3534322 DOI: 10.1155/2012/640359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an important economic insect for silk production. However, many of the mature peptides relevant to its various life stages remain unknown. Using RP-HPLC, MALDI-TOF MS, and previously identified peptides from B. mori and other insects in the transcriptome database, we created peptide profiles showing a total of 6 ion masses that could be assigned to peptides in eggs, including one previously unidentified peptide. A further 49 peptides were assigned to larval brains. 17 new mature peptides were identified in isolated masses. 39 peptides were found in pupal brains with 8 unidentified peptides. 48 were found in adult brains with 12 unidentified peptides. These new unidentified peptides showed highly significant matches in all MS analysis. These matches were then searched against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database to provide new annotations for these mature peptides. In total, 59 mature peptides in 19 categories were found in the brains of silkworms at the larval, pupal, and adult stages. These results demonstrate that peptidomic variation across different developmental stages can be dramatic. Moreover, the corpora cardiaca-corpora allata (CC-CA) complex was examined during the fifth larval instar. A total of 41 ion masses were assigned to peptides.
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Paluzzi JP, O'Donnell MJ. Identification, spatial expression analysis and functional characterization of a pyrokinin-1 receptor in the Chagas' disease vector, Rhodnius prolixus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 363:36-45. [PMID: 22820129 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The capability or capa gene, encodes a pyrokinin-related peptide (known as pyrokinin-1, PK1) that contains the consensus carboxy-terminal sequence of WFGPRL-NH(2). Although the CAPA precursor polypeptide in Rhodnius prolixus yields the anti-diuretic hormone, RhoprCAPA-α2, no function has yet been elucidated for the pyrokinin-1 peptide, RhoprCAPA-αPK1. In order to elucidate the possible physiological roles of the PK1-related peptides in R. prolixus, we have isolated and functionally characterized the PK1 receptor, RhoprPK1-R. Additionally, we have determined a set of three optimal reference genes to utilize for normalization of data obtained when carrying out spatial expression analyses via quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) in various tissues of fifth instar R. prolixus. The RhoprPK1-R expression profile differs strikingly from the receptor for the anti-diuretic hormone RhoprCAPA-α2, which is localized mainly to gut epithelial tissues. Instead, RhoprPK1-R expression in fifth instar stage insects was identified in tissues that are not involved in osmotic and ionic balance, including the prothoracic glands, male reproductive tissues and a pooled sample composed of fat body, dorsal vessel, abdominal nerves and female reproductive tissues. Thus, this research establishes novel possibilities for the physiological roles of the pyrokinin-related peptides in this medically relevant disease vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Paluzzi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Sasibhushan S, Ponnuvel KM, Vijayaprakash NB. Diapause specific gene expression in the eggs of multivoltine silkworm Bombyx mori, identified by suppressive subtractive hybridization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:371-9. [PMID: 22248932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanism controlling egg diapause remains obscure in silkworm, Bombyx mori. An attempt is made to decipher various molecular events occurring during embryonic diapause in multivoltine silkworm, B. mori. Using suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH), 186 cDNA clones isolated from both diapause and nondiapause eggs were sequenced. Of the sequenced clones, 29 matched with silkbase entries and these identified putative genes were classified into six functional groups such as regulatory, food utilization, stress response, metabolic, ribosomal and transposable elements. Among these genes, twelve belonged to regulatory group while, one taste receptor type 2 member 117 gene was related to food utilization. One heat shock cognate 70 kDa protein and 3 of the ubiquitin family were identified under stress response category. Similarly, four genes were identified as metabolic genes, 3 belonging to chitin family and one propanediol utilization protein. Of the seven genes identified in ribosomal groups, most of them were 60s ribosomal protein subunits. However, one negative regulation of transcription gene identified was a transposable element. The qPCR analysis confirmed the expression of 21 of the above genes, wherein, 6 were upregulated during diapause, 12 during non-diapause, while, 3 remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirigineedi Sasibhushan
- Genomics Laboratory, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelaram Post, Kodathi, Bangalore 560 035, India
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Bao B, Hong B, Feng QL, Xu WH. Transcription factor fork head regulates the promoter of diapause hormone gene in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, and the modification of SUMOylation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:670-679. [PMID: 21575721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor fork head (FoxA) plays important roles in development and metabolism. Here, we cloned a fork head gene in Helicoverpa armigera, and found that the fork head protein is mainly located in the nucleus. This fork head gene belongs to the FoxA subfamily of the Fox transcription factors. The diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN), which are two well-documented insect neuropeptides that regulate insect development and pheromone biosynthesis, are encoded by a single mRNA. In the present study, fork head was shown to bind strongly to the promoter of H. armigera DH-PBAN gene, and regulate its promoter activity. Furthermore, the effect of SUMOylation of the FH protein on the regulation of Har-DH-PBAN gene was investigated, and we show that the SUMO can modify Har-FH protein and cause down-regulation of DH-PBAN gene expression. These results suggest that SUMOylated FH plays a key role in insect diapause in H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Uehara H, Senoh Y, Yoneda K, Kato Y, Shiomi K. An FXPRLamide neuropeptide induces seasonal reproductive polyphenism underlying a life-history tradeoff in the tussock moth. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24213. [PMID: 21887383 PMCID: PMC3162613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The white spotted tussock moth, Orgyia thyellina, is a typical insect that exhibits seasonal polyphenisms in morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits, including a life-history tradeoff known as oogenesis-flight syndrome. However, the developmental processes and molecular mechanisms that mediate developmental plasticity, including life-history tradeoff, remain largely unknown. To analyze the molecular mechanisms involved in reproductive polyphenism, including the diapause induction, we first cloned and characterized the diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN) cDNA encoding the five Phe-X-Pro-Arg-Leu-NH(2) (FXPRLa) neuropeptides: DH, PBAN, and α-, β-, and γ-SGNPs (subesophageal ganglion neuropeptides). This gene is expressed in neurosecretory cells within the subesophageal ganglion whose axonal projections reach the neurohemal organ, the corpus cardiacum, suggesting that the DH neuroendocrine system is conserved in Lepidoptera. By injection of chemically synthetic DH and anti-FXPRLa antibody into female pupae, we revealed that not only does the Orgyia DH induce embryonic diapause, but also that this neuropeptide induces seasonal polyphenism, participating in the hypertrophy of follicles and ovaries. In addition, the other four FXPRLa also induced embryonic diapause in O. thyellina, but not in Bombyx mori. This is the first study showing that a neuropeptide has a pleiotropic effect in seasonal reproductive polyphenism to accomplish seasonal adaptation. We also show that a novel factor (i.e., the DH neuropeptide) acts as an important inducer of seasonal polyphenism underlying a life-history tradeoff. Furthermore, we speculate that there must be evolutionary conservation and diversification in the neuroendocrine systems of two lepidopteran genera, Orgyia and Bombyx, in order to facilitate the evolution of coregulated life-history traits and tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Uehara
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yukiko Senoh
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yoneda
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoshiomi Kato
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Shiomi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
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Coast GM, Schooley DA. Toward a consensus nomenclature for insect neuropeptides and peptide hormones. Peptides 2011; 32:620-31. [PMID: 21093513 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nomenclature currently in use for insect neuropeptide and peptide hormone families is reviewed and suggestions are made as to how it can be rationalized. Based upon this review, a number of conventions are advanced as a guide to a more rationale nomenclature. The scheme that is put forward builds upon the binomial nomenclature scheme proposed by Raina and Gäde in 1988, when just over 20 insect neuropeptides had been identified. Known neuropeptides and peptide hormones are assigned to 32 structurally distinct families, frequently with overlapping functions. The names given to these families are those that are currently in use, and describe a biological function, homology to known invertebrate/vertebrate peptides, or a conserved structural motif. Interspecific isoforms are identified using a five-letter code to indicate genus and species names, and intraspecific isoforms are identified by Roman or Arabic numerals, with the latter used to signify the order in which sequences are encoded on a prepropeptide. The proposed scheme is sufficiently flexible to allow the incorporation of novel peptides, and could be extended to other arthropods and non-arthropod invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Coast
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck (University of London), Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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Schiesari L, Kyriacou CP, Costa R. The hormonal and circadian basis for insect photoperiodic timing. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1450-60. [PMID: 21354417 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Daylength perception in temperate zones is a critical feature of insect life histories, and leads to developmental changes for resisting unfavourable seasons. The role of the neuroendocrine axis in the photoperiodic response of insects is discussed in relation to the key organs and molecules that are involved. We also discuss the controversial issue of the possible involvement of the circadian clock in photoperiodicity. Drosophila melanogaster has a shallow photoperiodic response that leads to reproductive arrest in adults, yet the unrivalled molecular genetic toolkit available for this model insect should allow the systematic molecular and neurobiological dissection of this complex phenotype.
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Gan L, Liu X, Xiang Z, He N. Microarray-based gene expression profiles of silkworm brains. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:8. [PMID: 21247463 PMCID: PMC3032748 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular genetic studies of Bombyx mori have led to profound advances in our understanding of the regulation of development. Bombyx mori brain, as a main endocrine organ, plays important regulatory roles in various biological processes. Microarray technology will allow the genome-wide analysis of gene expression patterns in silkworm brains. Results We reported microarray-based gene expression profiles in silkworm brains at four stages including V7, P1, P3 and P5. A total of 4,550 genes were transcribed in at least one selected stage. Of these, clustering algorithms separated the expressed genes into stably expressed genes and variably expressed genes. The results of the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis of stably expressed genes showed that the ribosomal and oxidative phosphorylation pathways were principal pathways. Secondly, four clusters of genes with significantly different expression patterns were observed in the 1,175 variably expressed genes. Thirdly, thirty-two neuropeptide genes, six neuropeptide-like precursor genes, and 117 cuticular protein genes were expressed in selected developmental stages. Conclusion Major characteristics of the transcriptional profiles in the brains of Bombyx mori at specific development stages were present in this study. Our data provided useful information for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gan
- The Key Sericultural Laboratory of Agricultural Ministry, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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41
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Immunoreactive intensity of FXPRL amide neuropeptides in response to environmental conditions in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:459-69. [PMID: 21103995 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the silkworm Bombyx mori, the diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide gene, DH-PBAN, is a neuropeptide gene that encodes a polypeptide precursor consisting in five Phe-X-Pro-Arg-Leu-NH(2) (FXPRL) amide (FXPRLa) neuropeptides; DH (diapause hormone), PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide) and α-, β- and γ-SGNPs (subesophageal ganglion neuropeptides). These neuropeptides are synthesized in DH-PBAN-producing neurosecretory cells contained within three neuromeres, four mandibular cells, six maxillary cells, two labial cells (SLb) and four lateral cells of the subesophageal ganglion. DH is solely responsible, among the FXPRLa peptide family, for embryonic diapause. Functional differentiation has been previously suggested to occur at each neuromere, with the SLb cells releasing DH through brain innervation in order to induce embryonic diapause. We have investigated the immunoreactive intensity of DH in the SLb when thermal (25°C or 15°C) and light (continuous illumination or darkness) conditions are altered and following brain surgery that induces diapause or non-diapause eggs in the progeny. We have also examined the immunoreactivity of the other FXPRLa peptides by using anti-β-SGNP and anti-PBAN antibodies. Pupal SLb somata immunoreactivities seem to be affected by both thermal and light conditions during embryogenesis. Thus, we have been able to identify a close correlation between the immunoreactive intensity of neuropeptides and environmental conditions relating to the determination of embryonic diapause in B. mori.
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Cheng Y, Luo L, Jiang X, Zhang L, Niu C. Expression of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide and its receptor (PBANR) mRNA in adult female Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 75:13-27. [PMID: 20665850 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The full-length cDNA of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide receptor (PBANR) was cloned from the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); it included an open reading frame of 1,053 bp encoding 350 amino acids. The PBANR of S. exigua (SePBANR) was structurally characteristic of G protein-coupled receptor and its amino acid sequence shared 98% identity with the PBANR of Spodoptera littoralis. Both pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and PBANR mRNA abundance were measured in the brain-subesophageal ganglion complex, pheromone gland, ventral nerve cord, and ovary of S. exigua female moths by real-time RT-PCR. The abundance of PBAN mRNA in brain-subesophageal ganglion complex and PBANR mRNA in pheromone gland was significantly greater compared to other tissues, suggesting that the ligand-receptor relationship of PBAN and PBANR exists quantitatively in S. exigua. Both PBAN and PBANR expression displayed a remarkable diurnal rhythm, for they were low and stable during the photophase (07:00-21:00) and increased markedly during the scotophase (with a maximum abundance at 23:30) in 3-day-old female moths. The abundance of PBAN and PBANR increased steadily from the 1st day to the 5th day of the adult female life. The pattern of both diurnal and daily expression of PBAN and PBANR mRNA were coincident with enhanced capacity of sex pheromone release and mating of S. exigua moths during the same period. We infer from these results that pheromone biosynthesis and release in S. exigua is regulated by PBAN via up-regulating synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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43
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Choi MY, Vander Meer RK, Valles SM. Molecular diversity of PBAN family peptides from fire ants. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 74:67-80. [PMID: 20513055 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The PBAN/Pyrokinin peptide family is a major neuropeptide family characterized with a common FXPRLamide in the C-termini. These peptides are ubiquitously distributed in the Insecta and are involved in many essential endocrinal functions, e.g., pheromone production. Previous work demonstrated the localization of PBAN in the fire ant central nervous system, and identified a new family of PBAN from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. In this study, we identified five more PBAN/Pyrokinin genes from S. geminata, S. richteri, S. pergandii, S. carolinensis, and a hybrid of S. invicta and S. richteri. The gene sequences were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships of these species and hybrid, which compared well to the morphologically defined fire ant subgroup complexes. The putative PBAN and other peptides were determined from the amino acid sequences of the PBAN/pyrokinin genes. We summarized all known insect PBAN family neuropeptides, and for the first time constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the full amino acid sequences translated from representative PBAN cDNAs. The PBAN/pyrokinin gene is well conserved in Insecta and probably extends into the Arthropod phylum; however, translated pre-propeptides may vary and functional diversity may be retained, lost, or modified during the evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yeon Choi
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center of Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA.
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44
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Hu CH, Hong B, Xu WH. Identification of an E-box DNA binding protein, activated protein 4, and its function in regulating the expression of the gene encoding diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19:243-252. [PMID: 20088871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Activated protein 4 (AP-4), an E-box DNA-binding protein, was cloned from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Har). The expression of Har-AP-4 mRNA and the protein that it encodes are significantly higher in nondiapause pupae than in diapause pupae. In vitro-translated Har-AP-4 can bind specifically to the E-box motif on the promoter of the diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN). Har-AP-4, fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP), is localized to the nucleus, and overexpression of Har-AP-4 can significantly activate the promoter of the DH-PBAN gene that is involved in nondiapause pupal development in H. armigera. These results suggest that Har-AP-4, which binds to the promoter of DH-PBAN, may play a role in regulating pupal development in H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
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45
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Marchal E, Vandersmissen HP, Badisco L, Van de Velde S, Verlinden H, Iga M, Van Wielendaele P, Huybrechts R, Simonet G, Smagghe G, Vanden Broeck J. Control of ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of insects: a review. Peptides 2010; 31:506-19. [PMID: 19723550 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The very first step in the study of the endocrine control of insect molting was taken in 1922. Stefan Kopec characterized a factor in the brain of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar which appeared to be essential for metamorphosis. This factor was later identified as the neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), the first discovery of a series of factors involved in the regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis in insects. It is now accepted that PTTH is the most important regulator of prothoracic gland (PG) ecdysteroidogenesis. The periodic increases in ecdysteroid titer necessary for insect development can basically be explained by the episodic activation of the PGs by PTTH. However, since the characterization of the prothoracicostatic hormone (PTSH), it has become clear that in addition to 'tropic factors', also 'static factors', which are responsible for the 'fine-tuning' of the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer, are at play. Many of these regulatory factors are peptides originating from the brain, but also other, extracerebral factors both of peptidic and non-peptidic nature are able to affect PG ecdysteroidogenesis, such as the 'classic' insect hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and the molting hormone (20E) itself. The complex secretory pattern of ecdysteroids as observed in vivo is the result of the delicate balance and interplay between these ecdysiotropic and ecdysiostatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Li JY, Chen X, Fan W, Moghaddam SHH, Chen M, Zhou ZH, Yang HJ, Chen JE, Zhong BX. Proteomic and bioinformatic analysis on endocrine organs of domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori L. for a comprehensive understanding of their roles and relations. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2620-32. [PMID: 19382758 DOI: 10.1021/pr8006123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three organs of silkworm larva endocrine system, including brain (Br), subesophageal ganglion (SG) and prothoracic glands (PG), were studied employing shotgun LC-MS/MS combined with bioinformatic analysis to comprehensively understand their roles and relations. Totally, 3430, 2683, and 3395 proteins were identified including 1885 common and 652, 253, and 790 organ-specific ones in Br, SG, and PG, respectively. Identified common-expressed proteins indicated the existence of intrinsic complex interactions among these parts of endocrine system. Most of the reputed organs-specific proteins were identified by this approach. KEGG pathway analysis showed 162 same pathways among the 169, 164, and 171 relating Br, SG, and PG. This analysis revealed functional similarities with exceptional resemblance in their metabolism and signaling pathways of the three organs. On the other hand, 70, 57, and 114 organ-specific enzymes related pathways were detected for Br, SG, and PG confirming their functional differences. These results reveal a cooperative mechanism among the three endocrine organs in regulating various physiological and developmental events, and also suggest that the organ-specific proteins might be the fundamental factors responsible for the functional differentiation of these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, P. R. China
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47
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Xu J, Su JY, Shen JL, Xu WH. Cloning and expression of the gene encoding the diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide of the beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 18:145-51. [PMID: 17364826 DOI: 10.1080/10425170601060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diapause hormone (DH) and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN), two important insect neuropeptides, regulate insect development and sex pheromone biosynthesis, respectively. DH-like immunoreactivity has been detected in the suboesophageal ganglion (SG) of pharate adult of Spodoptera exigua (Spe) by using an antiserum against Helicoverpa armigera DH. A full-length of Spe-DH-PBAN cDNA was obtained based on reverse transcription-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends strategies. The open reading frame of this cDNA encodes a 197-amino acid precursor protein that contains DH, PBAN, and three other SG neuropeptides, all of which share a conservative C-terminal pentapeptide motif FXPR/KL (X = G, T or S). Northern blot analysis demonstrates the presence of an 800 bp transcript in the SG. The Spe-DH-PBAN mRNA is detectable at high levels at larval and adult stages, suggesting that Spe-DH-PBAN gene might be correlated with larval development and sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
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48
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Mitsumasu K, Tanaka Y, Niimi T, Yamashita O, Yaginuma T. Novel gene encoding precursor protein consisting of possible several neuropeptides expressed in brain and frontal ganglion of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Peptides 2009; 30:1233-40. [PMID: 19540422 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel gene (BmK5) expressed in the central nervous system of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was isolated using a cDNA subtraction method. BmK5 was first cloned as a candidate regulator of diapause hormone release from subesophageal ganglion via corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum into the hemolymph; however, subsequent analyses revealed that the gene expression patterns in brain-subesophageal ganglion complexes did not differ between diapause and nondiapause egg producers. The deduced amino acid sequence showed the characteristics of secretory protein precursor or nuclear localization protein. Immunohistochemical experiments with an anti-BmK5 antibody revealed that BmK5 precursor protein exists in the cytoplasm of specific cells of brain and frontal ganglion, but not in the nuclei. In addition, a peptide (GSGTKVGGAGAATKVVTKSGS-NH(2)) possibly processed from the BmK5 precursor protein was immunohistochemically detected in the axons connecting the anti-BmK5 antibody-positive cells to the neurohemal organ, corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum. These results suggest that BmK5 encodes a precursor of the novel neurosecretory protein and that several mature peptides are released into the hemolymph via the corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum, although the functions of these peptides are yet unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Mitsumasu
- Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Fónagy A. Insect timing (rhythms) from the point of view of neuroendocrine effector mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/aphyt.44.2009.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rafaeli A. Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN): regulatory role and mode of action. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 162:69-78. [PMID: 18495120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the endocrine regulation of reproductive behavior in moth species with particular emphasis on Helicoverpa spp. Reproductive behavior in most adult moths is dependent on the release of a unique blend of sex pheromones by the females to attract conspecific males. Mating, on the other hand, results in a loss of sexual receptivity due to the transfer of secretions from the male accessory glands, which renders females unattractive to ensuing mates. Synchronization of sexual behavior is attained by the timely release of Pheromone-Biosynthesis-Activating Neuropeptide (PBAN), a member of the PBAN/Pyrokinin neuropeptide family, characterized by a common amino acid sequence FXPRLamide motif in the C-terminus. PBAN is released into the hemolymph of females during the scotophase and is drastically reduced after mating, contributing to the loss in female receptivity. Pheromone production is age-dependent and Juvenile Hormone is involved in its regulation. PBAN activates pheromone production through its binding to a PBAN-Receptor (PBAN-R) and subsequent up-regulation of key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. The PBAN-R gene was identified as a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family (GPCRs), classified with the vertebrate subfamily of neuromedin U receptors. Using both biochemical and in silico mutagenesis studies, putative binding sites are predicted. Differential expression studies reveal its localization in pheromone glands, neural tissues and the male aedeagus. In the latter tissue, no activity and/or receptor-binding can be detected in response to PBAN. These results raise many questions concerning the evolutionary role of the PBAN/Pyrokinin receptors belonging to the GPCR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Rafaeli
- Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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