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Hao T, Zhang C, Wang Z, Buck A, Vonderfecht SL, Ermel R, Kim Y, Chen W. An aging mouse model of human chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2021; 40:3152-3163. [PMID: 33824471 PMCID: PMC8087641 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is an age-dependent blood malignancy. Like many other age-dependent human diseases, laboratory animal research of CML uses young mice that do not factor in the influence of aging. To understand how aging may impact animal modeling of human age-dependent diseases, we established the first aging mouse model of human CML in BALB/c mice in the advanced age defined by 75% survival. This model was developed by noncytotoxic depletion of bone marrow lineage-positive cells followed by BCR-ABL retroviral transduction and transplantation. CML developed in aging mice shared many similarities to that in young mice, but had increased incidence of anemia that is often seen in human CML. Importantly, we showed that aging of both donor hematopoietic stem cells and recipient bone marrow niche impacted BCR-ABL mediated leukemogenesis and leukemia spectrum. Optimal CML induction relied on age-matching for donors and recipients, and cross-transplantation between young and old mice produced a mixture of different leukemia. Therefore, our model provides initial evidence of the feasibility and merit of CML modeling in aging mice and offers a new tool for future studies of CML stem cell drug resistance and therapeutic intervention in which aging would be taken into consideration as an influencing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisen Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Alison Buck
- Eugene and Ruth Roberts Summer Student Academy of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard Ermel
- Center for Comparative Medicine, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - WenYong Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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2
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Jiang Q, Isquith J, Ladel L, Mark A, Holm F, Mason C, He Y, Mondala P, Oliver I, Pham J, Ma W, Reynoso E, Ali S, Morris IJ, Diep R, Nasamran C, Xu G, Sasik R, Rosenthal SB, Birmingham A, Coso S, Pineda G, Crews L, Donohoe ME, Venter JC, Whisenant T, Mesa RA, Alexandrov LB, Fisch KM, Jamieson C. Inflammation-driven deaminase deregulation fuels human pre-leukemia stem cell evolution. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108670. [PMID: 33503434 PMCID: PMC8477897 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-dependent base deaminases promote therapeutic resistance in many malignancies. However, their roles in human pre-leukemia stem cell (pre-LSC) evolution to acute myeloid leukemia stem cells (LSCs) had not been elucidated. Comparative whole-genome and whole-transcriptome sequencing analyses of FACS-purified pre-LSCs from myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients reveal APOBEC3C upregulation, an increased C-to-T mutational burden, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation during progression, which can be recapitulated by lentiviral APOBEC3C overexpression. In pre-LSCs, inflammatory splice isoform overexpression coincides with APOBEC3C upregulation and ADAR1p150-induced A-to-I RNA hyper-editing. Pre-LSC evolution to LSCs is marked by STAT3 editing, STAT3β isoform switching, elevated phospho-STAT3, and increased ADAR1p150 expression, which can be prevented by JAK2/STAT3 inhibition with ruxolitinib or fedratinib or lentiviral ADAR1 shRNA knockdown. Conversely, lentiviral ADAR1p150 expression enhances pre-LSC replating and STAT3 splice isoform switching. Thus, pre-LSC evolution to LSCs is fueled by primate-specific APOBEC3C-induced pre-LSC proliferation and ADAR1-mediated splicing deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Jiang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Jane Isquith
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Luisa Ladel
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Adam Mark
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA
| | - Frida Holm
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cayla Mason
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Yudou He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phoebe Mondala
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Isabelle Oliver
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Jessica Pham
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Eduardo Reynoso
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Shawn Ali
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Isabella Jamieson Morris
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Raymond Diep
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Chanond Nasamran
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA
| | - Guorong Xu
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA
| | - Roman Sasik
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA
| | - Sara Brin Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA
| | - Amanda Birmingham
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA
| | - Sanja Coso
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Gabriel Pineda
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Leslie Crews
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Mary E Donohoe
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | | | - Thomas Whisenant
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA
| | - Ruben A Mesa
- Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA.
| | - Catriona Jamieson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA.
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Cao H, Li W, Zhou Y, Tan R, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guo Q, Zhao L. Oroxylin a Inhibits the Protection of Bone Marrow Microenvironment on CML Cells Through CXCL12/CXCR4/P-gp Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2019; 9:188. [PMID: 31024831 PMCID: PMC6463784 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Imatinib (IM) resistance could have significant impact on the survival time of the CML-patients treated with IM. Previous studies have shown that the protective effects of the bone marrow stroma cells (BMSCs) on CML cells are achieved by the secretion of CXCL12. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Oroxylin A could reverse the protective effect of BMSCs on CML cells and illuminate the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that CXCL12 could enhance the resistance potential of K562 and KU812 cells to IM by increasing the expression of CXCR4, thus promoting the translocation of β-catenin into nucleus and subsequently increasing the expression of P-gp in K562 and KU812 cells. What's more, IM resistance could also be partially reversed by CXCR4 siRNA transfection. Moreover, the reverse effect of IM resistance by Oroxylin A was demonstrated by the inhibition of β-catenin/P-gp pathway via the decrease of CXCR4 in vitro. The in vivo study also showed that Oroxylin A could decrease the expression of P-gp and β-catenin in mice bone marrow with low toxicity, which could be consistent with the mechanisms verified in vitro studies. In conclusion, all these results showed that Oroxylin A improved the sensitivity of K562 and KU812 cells to IM in BM microenvironment by decreasing the expression of CXCR4 and then inhibiting β-catenin/P-gp pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Xu Y, Ikeda S, Sumida K, Yamamoto R, Tanaka H, Minato N. Sipa1 deficiency unleashes a host-immune mechanism eradicating chronic myelogenous leukemia-initiating cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:914. [PMID: 29500416 PMCID: PMC5834470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) caused by hematopoietic stem cells expressing the Bcr-Abl fusion gene may be controlled by Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, CML-initiating cells are resistant to TKIs and may persist as minimal residual disease. We demonstrate that mice deficient in Sipa1, which encodes Rap1 GTPase-activating protein, rarely develop CML upon transfer of primary hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) expressing Bcr-Abl, which cause lethal CML disease in wild-type mice. Resistance requires both T cells and nonhematopoietic cells. Sipa1−/− mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs) show enhanced activation and directed migration to Bcr-Abl+ cells in tumor tissue and preferentially produce Cxcl9, which in turn recruits Sipa1−/− memory T cells that have markedly augmented chemotactic activity. Thus, Sipa1 deficiency uncovers a host immune mechanism potentially capable of eradicating Bcr-Abl+ HPCs via coordinated interplay between MSCs and immune T cells, which may provide a clue for radical control of human CML. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)-initiating cells are resistant to kinase inhibitors. Here the authors show that deficiency of the Rap1 GTPase-activating protein Sipa1 in the tumor microenvironment releases an immune response that eradicates CML-initiating cells via interplay between stromal and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sumida
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yamamoto
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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5
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Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Patra BC, Bhattacharya M, Sharma G, Lee SS. MicroRNAs mediated regulation of MAPK signaling pathways in chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42683-42697. [PMID: 26967056 PMCID: PMC5173166 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a severe problem throughout the world and requires identification of novel targets for its treatment. This multifactorial disease accounts for about 15% of the all diagnosed leukemia cases. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is crucial for the cell survival and its dysregulation is being implicated in various types of cancers. In here, we have discussed the potential role of various miRNAs that are found involved in regulating the proteins cascades of MAPK signaling pathway associated with CML. An emphasis has been paid to summarize the influence of various miRNAs in elevating or suppressing the expression level of significant proteins such as miR-203, miR-196a, miR-196b, miR-30a, miR-29b, miR-138 in BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase; miR-126, miR-221, miR-128, miR-15a, miR-188-5p, miR-17 in CRK family proteins; miR-155, miR-181a with SOS proteins; miR-155, miR-19a, with KRAS proteins; miR-19a with RAF1 protein; and miR-17, miR-19a, miR-17-92 cluster with MAPK/ERK proteins. In light of ever-increasing importance and ever-widening regulatory roles of miRNAs in cells, we have reviewed the recent progress in the field of miRNAs and have tried to suggest them as controlling targets for various protein cascades of MAPK signaling pathway. An understanding of the supervisory mechanism of MAPK by miRNAs might provide novel targets for treating CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 200704, Korea.,Department of Bio-informatics, School of Computer and Information Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 203201, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 200704, Korea
| | - Bidhan Chandra Patra
- Aquaculture Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 200704, Korea.,Aquaculture Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Garima Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 200704, Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 200704, Korea
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Palanivelu S, Dhanasekeran S, Khan HBH, Panchanadham ST. Ameliorating effect of Kalpaamruthaa on altered energy metabolism in BCR-ABL + cell line induced leukemic mouse model. Chin J Integr Med 2016:10.1007/s11655-015-2283-2. [PMID: 27338823 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the protective effect of Kalpaamruthaa (KA), a modified Siddha preparation, in BCR-ABL+ leukemic mouse model. METHODS BCR-ABL leukemia was induced in 6-10-week-old female BALB/c mice by a single tail vein injection of the 12B1 cell line. Leukemia-induced animals were treated with KA at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 0.5 mL of olive oil for 14 days by gastrogavage. Imatinib mesylate was used as the control drug. Glycolytic, gluconeogenic, mitochondrial, tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain enzymes in the spleen and liver of mouse were compared between the control and experiment groups by biochemical assays. RESULTS Leukemia-bearing mice showed a significant increase in glycolytic enzymes and a signififi cant decrease in gluconeogenic enzymes, tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain enzymes as compared with control animals. Treatment with KA signififi cantly reversed the changes seen in the levels of the glycolytic enzymes, gluconeogenic enzymes and mitochondrial enzymes. CONCLUSION The presence of various flfl avonoids and polyphenols in the drug KA might have resulted in the amelioration of altered glucose metabolism resulting in the regression of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Palanivelu
- Department of Pathology, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600113, India
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Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder derived from a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), harboring Philadelphia chromosome (Ph chromosome). Formation of the Ph chromosome is caused by a reciprocal translocation between the chromosomes 9 and 22 t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in a fusion protein known as BCR-ABL which has constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and promotes the proliferation of leukemia cells via multiple mechanisms. Studies on CML have led to the identification of the first cancer-associated chromosomal abnormality and the subsequent development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that inhibit BCR-ABL kinase activity in CML. It has become clear that leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in CML are insensitive to inhibition by TKIs, and eradication of LSCs appears to be difficult. Therefore, some of the major issues in current CML therapy are to understand the biology of LSCs and to investigate why LSCs are insensitive to TKIs for developing curative therapeutic strategies. In this regard, application of mouse models recapitulating human CML disease will be critical. In this chapter, we describe methods for induction of CML in mice with BCR-ABL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Zhang
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, No.185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan city, Hubei, 430071, China.
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Burchert A. Maintaining low BCR-ABL signaling output to restrict CML progression and enable persistence. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2014; 9:9-16. [PMID: 24500518 PMCID: PMC3930845 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-013-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated BCR-ABL oncogenic activity leads to transformation, oncogene addiction and drives disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Inhibition of BCR-ABL using Abl-specific kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as imatinib induces remarkable clinical responses. However, approximately only less than 15 % of all chronic-phase CML patients will remain relapse-free after discontinuation of imatinib in deep molecular remission. It is not well understood why persisting CML cells survive under TKI therapy without developing clonal evolution and frank TKI resistance. BCR-ABL expression level may be critically involved. Whereas higher BCR-ABL expression has been described as a pre-requisite for malignant CML stem cell transformation and CML progression to blast crisis, recent evidence suggests that during persistence TKI select for CML precursors with low BCR-ABL expression. Genetic, translational and clinical evidence is discussed to suggest that TKI-induced maintenance of low BCR-ABL signaling output may be potently tumor suppressive, because it abrogates oncogenic addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Burchert
- Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg (UKGM), Campus Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany,
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Jacoby E, Chien CD, Fry TJ. Murine models of acute leukemia: important tools in current pediatric leukemia research. Front Oncol 2014; 4:95. [PMID: 24847444 PMCID: PMC4019869 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia remains the most common diagnosis in pediatric oncology and, despite dramatic progress in upfront therapy, is also the most common cause of cancer-related death in children. Much of the initial improvement in outcomes for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was due to identification of cytotoxic agents that are active against leukemia followed by the recognition that combination of these cytotoxic agents and prolonged therapy are essential for cure. Recent data demonstrating lack of progress in patients for whom standard chemotherapy fails suggests that the ability to improve outcome for these children will not be dramatically impacted through more intensive or newer cytotoxic agents. Thus, much of the recent research focus has been in the area of improving our understanding of the genetics and the biology of leukemia. Although in vitro studies remain critical, given the complexity of a living system and the increasing recognition of the contribution of leukemia extrinsic factors such as the bone marrow microenvironment, in vivo models have provided important insights. The murine systems that are used can be broadly categorized into syngeneic models in which a murine leukemia can be studied in immunologically intact hosts and xenograft models where human leukemias are studied in highly immunocompromised murine hosts. Both of these systems have limitations such that neither can be used exclusively to study all aspects of leukemia biology and therapeutics for humans. This review will describe the various ALL model systems that have been developed as well as discuss the advantages and disadvantages inherent to these systems that make each particularly suitable for specific types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Jacoby
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Christopher D Chien
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Terry J Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Abstract
The challenges associated with demonstrating a durable response using molecular-targeted therapies in cancer has sparked a renewed interest in viewing cancer from an evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary processes have three common traits: heterogeneity, dynamics, and a selective fitness landscape. Mutagens randomly alter the genome of host cells creating a population of cells that contain different somatic mutations. This genomic rearrangement perturbs cellular homeostasis through changing how cells interact with their tissue microenvironment. To counterbalance the ability of mutated cells to outcompete for limited resources, control structures are encoded within the cell and within the organ system, such as innate and adaptive immunity, to restore cellular homeostasis. These control structures shape the selective fitness landscape and determine whether a cell that harbors particular somatic mutations is retained or eliminated from a cell population. While next-generation sequencing has revealed the complexity and heterogeneity of oncogenic transformation, understanding the dynamics of oncogenesis and how cancer cells alter the selective fitness landscape remain unclear. In this technology review, we will summarize how recent advances in technology have impacted our understanding of these three attributes of cancer as an evolutionary process. In particular, we will focus on how advances in genome sequencing have enabled quantifying cellular heterogeneity, advances in computational power have enabled explicit testing of postulated intra- and intercellular control structures against the available data using simulation, and advances in proteomics have enabled identifying novel mechanisms of cellular cross-talk that cancer cells use to alter the fitness landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Klinke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia
UniversityMorgantown, WV, USA
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia
UniversityMorgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia
UniversityMorgantown, WV, USA
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Abstract
The clinical outcome for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has changed dramatically in the past 15 years. This has been due to the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), compounds that inhibit the activity of the oncogenic BCR-ABL1 protein. Imatinib was the first TKI developed for CML, and it led to high rates of complete cytogenetic responses and improved survival for patients with this disease. However, approximately 35% of patients in chronic phase treated with imatinib will develop resistance or intolerance to this drug. The recognition of the problem of imatinib failure led to the design of second-generation TKI (dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib). These drugs are highly active in the scenario of imatinib resistance or intolerance. More recently, both nilotinib and dasatinib were approved for frontline use in patients with chronic phase CML. Ponatinib represents the last generation of TKI, and this drug has been developed with the aim of targeting a specific BCR-ABL1 mutation (T315I), which arises in the setting of prolonged TKI therapy and leads to resistance to all commercially available TKI. Parallel to the development of specific drugs for treating CML, major advances were made in the field of disease monitoring and standardization of response criteria. In this review, we summarize how therapy with TKI for CML has evolved during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio P S Santos
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Department, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alfonso Quintás-Cardama
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Naka K, Hoshii T, Tadokoro Y, Hirao A. Molecular pathology of tumor-initiating cells: Lessons from Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Pathol Int 2011; 61:501-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Van Etten RA, Koschmieder S, Delhommeau F, Perrotti D, Holyoake T, Pardanani A, Mesa R, Green T, Ibrahim AR, Mughal T, Gale RP, Goldman J. The Ph-positive and Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms: some topical pre-clinical and clinical issues. Haematologica 2011; 96:590-601. [PMID: 21242185 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.035675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on topical issues in the biology and treatment of the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Studies in transgenic mice suggest that BCR-ABL1 reduces the fraction of self-renewing 'leukemic' stem cells in the bone marrow but that some of these cells survive treatment with imatinib. This also seems to operate in humans. Data from models also strongly support the notion that JAK2(V617F) can initiate and sustain MPNs in mice; relevance to disease in humans is less clear. These data also support the hypothesis that level of JAK2(V617F) expression influences the MPN phenotype: higher levels favor erythrocytosis whereas lower levels favor thrombocytosis. Although TET2-mutations were thought to precede JAK2(V617F) in some persons with MPNs, it now appears that TET2 mutations may occur after JAK2(V617F). Further understanding of signal-transduction pathways activated in chronic myeloid leukemia suggests various possible targets for new therapies including the WNT/beta catenin, notch and hedgehog pathways. Finally, the clinical role of the new JAK2- and BCR-ABL1-inhibitors is considered. Much further progress is likely in several of these areas soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Van Etten
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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14
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Naka K, Hoshii T, Hirao A. Novel therapeutic approach to eradicate tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistant chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1577-81. [PMID: 20491777 PMCID: PMC11159883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although discovery of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib mesylate has significantly improved the prognosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, a rare population of CML stem cells is known to be resistant to TKI therapy, causing recurrence of CML. However, recent progress in CML stem cell biology may present a novel therapeutic avenue for CML patients. In this review, we focus on mechanisms used by CML stem cells to maintain TKI-resistance. Comprehensive approaches including mouse genetics, prospective identification of CML stem cells, and syngenic transplantation techniques have identified several key molecules or signaling pathways, including hedgehog (Hh)/Smo, promyelocytic leukemia (PML), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and forkhead box class O (FOXO), that function in CML stem cell maintenance. Inhibiting some of these factors in combination with TKI administration successfully antagonized resistance of CML stem cells to TKI therapy, resulting in efficient eradication of leukemia cells in vivo. Thus, development of methods that sensitize CML stem cells to TKI therapy may lead to novel therapies to treat CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Naka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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15
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Immature B-cell progenitors survive oncogenic stress and efficiently initiate Ph+ B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2010; 116:2522-30. [PMID: 20562326 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-264093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph(+)) B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) can initiate in committed B-cell progenitors. However, the stages of B-cell differentiation in which disease can initiate and the efficiency with which this occurs are unclear. We now demonstrate that B-cell progenitors, up to and including the pro-B cell, efficiently initiate Ph(+) B-ALL. However, cells at the pre-B-cell stage of development did not initiate disease. We show that this difference in leukemia initiating potential is due to the level at which the Arf tumor suppressor gene is induced in specific stages of B lymphopoiesis. Whereas immature B-cell progenitors survive the relatively low levels of Arf that are induced after oncogene expression, pre-B cells express the tumor suppressor gene at high levels and undergo massive apoptosis. These data demonstrate that the molecular events that control Ph(+) B-ALL initiation and tumor suppression in the B-cell lineage are developmentally regulated.
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16
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Abstract
In a previously developed inducible transgenic mouse model of chronic myeloid leukemia, we now demonstrate that the disease is transplantable using BCR-ABL(+) Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-kit(+) (LSK) cells. Interestingly, the phenotype is more severe when unfractionated bone marrow cells are transplanted, yet neither progenitor cells (Lin(-)Sca-1(-)c-kit(+)), nor mature granulocytes (CD11b(+)Gr-1(+)), nor potential stem cell niche cells (CD45(-)Ter119(-)) are able to transmit the disease or alter the phenotype. The phenotype is largely independent of BCR-ABL priming before transplantation. However, prolonged BCR-ABL expression abrogates the potential of LSK cells to induce full-blown disease in secondary recipients and increases the fraction of multipotent progenitor cells at the expense of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) in the bone marrow. BCR-ABL alters the expression of genes involved in proliferation, survival, and hematopoietic development, probably contributing to the reduced LT-HSC frequency within BCR-ABL(+) LSK cells. Reversion of BCR-ABL, or treatment with imatinib, eradicates mature cells, whereas leukemic stem cells persist, giving rise to relapsed chronic myeloid leukemia on reinduction of BCR-ABL, or imatinib withdrawal. Our results suggest that BCR-ABL induces differentiation of LT-HSCs and decreases their self-renewal capacity.
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17
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Johnson KJ, Griswold IJ, O'Hare T, Corbin AS, Loriaux M, Deininger MW, Druker BJ. A BCR-ABL mutant lacking direct binding sites for the GRB2, CBL and CRKL adapter proteins fails to induce leukemia in mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7439. [PMID: 19823681 PMCID: PMC2757918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase is the defining feature of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and its kinase activity is required for induction of this disease. Current thinking holds that BCR-ABL forms a multi-protein complex that incorporates several substrates and adaptor proteins and is stabilized by multiple direct and indirect interactions. Signaling output from this highly redundant network leads to cellular transformation. Proteins known to be associated with BCR-ABL in this complex include: GRB2, c-CBL, p62(DOK), and CRKL. These proteins in turn, link BCR-ABL to various signaling pathways indicated in cellular transformation. In this study we show that a triple mutant of BCR-ABL with mutations of the direct binding sites for GRB2, CBL, p62(DOK) and CRKL, is defective for transformation of primary hematopoietic cells in vitro and in a murine CML model, while it retains the capacity to induce IL-3 independence in 32D cells. Compared to BCR-ABL, the triple mutant's ability to activate the MAP kinase and PI3-kinase pathways is severely compromised, while STAT5 phosphorylation is maintained, suggesting that the former are crucial for the transformation of primary cells, but dispensable for transformation of factor dependent cell lines. Our data suggest that inhibition of BCR-ABL-induced leukemia by disrupting protein interactions could be possible, but would require blocking of multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Johnson
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America.
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18
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Abstract
Session 1 of the 2007 Workshop of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology focused on chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1+ (CML). CML is a myeloproliferative neoplasm arising at the level of a pluripotent stem cell and consistently associated with the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. CML most commonly manifests in a chronic phase of the disease with neutrophilic leukocytosis, and the demonstration of the Philadelphia chromosome is the ultimate confirmation of the diagnosis. However, in select cases, the initial diagnosis remains challenging, and a number of issues pertaining to the manifestations and disease evolution remain unresolved. These issues have been illustrated by the cases submitted to our workshop and include unusual manifestations of CML, including manifestation in the accelerated and/or blast phase, and patterns of disease progression and therapy resistance in the era of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
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19
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Nagamachi A, Yamasaki N, Miyazaki K, Oda H, Miyazaki M, Honda ZI, Kominami R, Inaba T, Honda H. Haploinsufficiency and acquired loss of Bcl11b and H2AX induces blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a transgenic mouse model. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1219-26. [PMID: 19432895 PMCID: PMC11158846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy that begins as indolent chronic phase (CP) but inevitably progresses to fatal blast crisis (BC). p210BCR/ABL, a chimeric protein with enhanced kinase activity, initiates CML CP, and additional genetic alterations account for progression to BC, but the precise mechanisms underlying disease evolution are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the possible contribution of dysfunction of Bcl11b, a zinc-finger protein required for thymocyte differentiation, and of H2AX, a histone protein involved in DNA repair, to the transition from CML CP to BC. For this purpose, we crossed CML CP-exhibiting p210BCR/ABL transgenic (BA(tg/-)) mice with Bcl11b heterozygous (Bcl11b(+/-)) mice and H2AX heterozygous (H2AX(+/-)) mice. Interestingly, p210BCR/ABL transgenic, Bcl11b heterozygous (BA(tg/-)Bcl11b(+/-)) mice and p210BCR/ABL transgenic, H2AX heterozygous (BA(tg/-)H2AX(+/-)) mice frequently developed CML BC with T-cell phenotype and died in a short period. In addition, whereas p210BCR/ABL was expressed in all of the leukemic tissues, the expression of Bcl11b and H2AX was undetectable in several tumors, which was attributed to the loss of the residual normal allele or the lack of mRNA expression. These results indicate that Bcl11b and H2AX function as tumor suppressor and that haploinsufficiency and acquired loss of these gene products cooperate with p210BCR/ABL to develop CML BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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20
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Genetic variants in the candidate genes of the apoptosis pathway and susceptibility to chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2009; 113:2517-25. [PMID: 19141860 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-169110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder, characterized by the presence of BCR/ABL fusion gene. It is unclear which cellular events drive BCR/ABL gene translocation or initiate leukemogenesis in CML. Bcl-2 promotes survival of hematopoietic stem cells. Accordingly, apoptosis-related pathway may involve in the leukemogenesis of CML. In the current study, we evaluated 80 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers involved in the pathways of apoptosis (n = 30), angiogenesis (n = 7), myeloid cell growth (n = 14), xenobiotic metabolism (n = 13), WT1 signaling (n = 7), interferon signaling (n = 4), and others (n = 5) in 170 CML patients and 182 healthy controls. In a single-marker analysis, the following SNPs were identified including VEGFA, BCL2, CASP7, JAK3, CSF3, and HOCT1. In the multivariate logistic model with these SNPs and covariates, only BCL2 (rs1801018) was significantly associated with the susceptibility to CML (P = .05; odds ratio [OR] 2.16 [1.00-4.68]). In haplotype analyses, haplotype block of BCL2 consistently showed significant association with the susceptibility to CML. Risk allele analysis showed that a greater number of risk alleles from BCL2 SNP correlated to increasing risk of CML (overall P = .1, OR 1.84 [1.06-3.22] for 3-4 risk alleles vs 0-1 risk alleles). The current study indicated that BCL2 SNP seemed to be associated with increasing susceptibility to CML.
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21
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Rodrigues MS, Reddy MM, Sattler M. Cell cycle regulation by oncogenic tyrosine kinases in myeloid neoplasias: from molecular redox mechanisms to health implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1813-48. [PMID: 18593226 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic expansion of myeloid cells is associated with specific genetic changes that lead to chronic activation of signaling pathways, as well as altered metabolism. It has become increasingly evident that transformation relies on the interdependency of both events. Among the various genetic changes, the oncogenic BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been a focus of extensive research. Transformation by this oncogene is associated with elevated levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS have been implicated in processes that promote viability, cell growth, and regulation of other biological functions such as migration of cells or gene expression. Currently, the BCR-ABL inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is being used as a first-line therapy for the treatment of CML. However, BCR-ABL transformation is associated with genomic instability, and disease progression or resistance to imatinib can occur. Imatinib resistance is not known to cause or significantly alter signaling requirements in transformed cells. Elevated ROS are crucial for transformation, making them an ideal additional target for therapeutic intervention. The underlying mechanisms leading to elevated oxidative stress are reviewed, and signaling mechanisms that may serve as novel targeted approaches to overcome ROS-dependent cell growth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret S Rodrigues
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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22
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Tefferi A. Mutant molecules of interest in myeloproliferative neoplasms: introduction. Acta Haematol 2008; 119:192-3. [PMID: 18566535 DOI: 10.1159/000140629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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New mutations of MPL in primitive myelofibrosis: only the MPL W515 mutations promote a G1/S-phase transition. Leukemia 2008; 22:1557-66. [PMID: 18528423 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MPL (or thrombopoietin receptor, TPO-R) 515 mutations have recently been described in 5-10% of primitive myelofibrosis (PMF) cases as decisive oncogenic events capable of triggering the disease. Here we report additional mutations located in exon 10 of MPL in PMF patients. We investigated whether these new mutations also lead to cell transformation. MPL exon 10 was systematically sequenced in 100 PMF patients. Seven different mutations were found in eight patients. We introduced each MPL mutant in Ba/F3 cells to determine whether they correspond to gain-of-function mutations. Only MPL W515 mutations induced (1) Ba/F3 proliferation independently of growth factors, (2) tumorigenesis in nude mice, (3) spontaneous activation of JAK/STAT, RAS/MAPK and PI3K transduction pathways and (4) increased S phase of cell cycle. Similar to all other myeloproliferative disorder oncogenic events identified to date, these results demonstrate that only the detected MPL W515 mutations trigger spontaneous MPL activation leading to a G(1)/S transition activation. The other mutations are devoid of significant transforming activity but may synergize with JAK2 V617F or other not yet characterized molecular events.
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24
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Fry DW. Protein tyrosine kinases as therapeutic targets in cancer chemotherapy and recent advances in the development of new inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.3.6.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Snead JL, O'Hare T, Eide CA, Deininger MW. New Strategies for the First-Line Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Can Resistance Be Avoided? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 8 Suppl 3:S107-17. [DOI: 10.3816/clm.2008.s.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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26
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Tefferi A, Kantarjian H. Long-term experience with imatinib therapy in chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia--remarkable activity with room for improvement. Am J Hematol 2008; 83:175-7. [PMID: 18181199 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Schiffer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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28
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Kometani K, Aoki M, Kawamata S, Shinozuka Y, Era T, Taniwaki M, Hattori M, Minato N. Role of SPA-1 in Phenotypes of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Induced by BCR-ABL–Expressing Hematopoietic Progenitors in a Mouse Model. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9967-76. [PMID: 17047059 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SPA-1 is a negative regulator of Rap1 signal in hematopoietic cells, and SPA-1-deficient mice develop myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) of long latency. In the present study, we showed that the MPDs in SPA-1(-/-) mice were associated with the increased hematopoietic stem cells expressing LFA-1 in bone marrow and their premature mobilization to spleen with extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis, resembling human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We further showed that human BCR-ABL oncogene caused a partial down-regulation of endogenous SPA-1 gene expression in mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) and immature hematopoietic cell lines. Although both BCR-ABL-transduced wild-type (wt) and SPA-1(-/-) HPC rapidly developed CML-like MPD when transferred to severe combined immunodeficient mice, the latter recipients showed significantly increased proportions of BCR-ABL(+) Lin(-) c-Kit(+) cells compared with the former ones. Serial transfer experiments revealed that spleen cells of secondary recipients of BCR-ABL(+) wt HPC failed to transfer MPD to tertiary recipients due to a progressive reduction of BCR-ABL(+) Lin(-) c-Kit(+) cells. In contrast, SPA-1(-/-) BCR-ABL(+) Lin(-) c-Kit(+) cells were sustained at high level in secondary recipients, and their spleen cells could transfer MPD to tertiary recipients, a part of which rapidly developed blast crisis. Present results suggest that endogenous SPA-1 plays a significant role in regulating expansion and/or survival of BCR-ABL(+) leukemic progenitors albeit partial repression by BCR-ABL and that Rap1 signal may represent a new molecular target for controlling leukemic progenitors in CML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/metabolism
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/biosynthesis
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/biosynthesis
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kometani
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
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29
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Chen J, Yu WM, Daino H, Broxmeyer HE, Druker BJ, Qu CK. SHP-2 phosphatase is required for hematopoietic cell transformation by Bcr-Abl. Blood 2006; 109:778-85. [PMID: 17003374 PMCID: PMC1785089 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-019141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SHP-2 phosphatase forms a stable protein complex with and is heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated by the oncogenic tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl. However, the role of SHP-2 in Bcr-Abl-mediated leukemogenesis is unclear. In the present report, we provide evidence that SHP-2 is required for hematopoietic cell transformation by Bcr-Abl. In vitro biological effects of Bcr-Abl transduction were diminished in SHP-2Delta/Delta hematopoietic cells, and the leukemic potential of Bcr-Abl-transduced SHP-2Delta/Delta cells in recipient animals was compromised. Further analyses showed that Bcr-Abl protein (p210) was degraded, and its oncogenic signaling was greatly decreased in SHP-2Delta/Delta cells. Treatment with proteasome inhibitors or reintroduction of SHP-2 restored p210 level in Bcr-Abl-transduced SHP-2Delta/Delta cells. Subsequent investigation revealed that SHP-2 interacted with heat shock protein 90, an important chaperone protein protecting p210 from proteasome-mediated degradation. The role of SHP-2 in the stability of p210 is independent of its catalytic activity. Blockade of SHP-2 expression in p210-expressing cells by antisense or small-interfering RNA approaches decreased p210 level, causing cell death. Inhibition of SHP-2 enzymatic activity by overexpression of catalytically inactive SHP-2 mutant did not destabilize p210 but enhanced serum starvation-induced apoptosis, suggesting that SHP-2 also plays an important role in downstream signaling of p210 kinase. These studies identified a novel function of SHP-2 and suggest that SHP-2 might be a useful target for controlling Bcr-Abl-positive leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Wen-Mei Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hanako Daino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hal E. Broxmeyer
- Walther Oncology Center and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Brian J. Druker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Correspondence: Cheng-Kui Qu,
Department of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106; e-mail:
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30
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31
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Hughes T, Branford S. Molecular monitoring of BCR-ABL as a guide to clinical management in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Blood Rev 2005; 20:29-41. [PMID: 16426942 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular monitoring of BCR-ABL transcript levels by real-time quantitative PCR is increasingly used to assess treatment response in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). This has become particularly relevant in the era of imatinib therapy when residual levels of leukaemia usually fall below the level of detection by bone marrow cytogenetic analysis. Studies of imatinib-treated patients have determined that BCR-ABL levels measured early in therapy can predict subsequent response and the probability of acquired resistance. The defining of a molecular level of response that indicates a high probability of progression-free survival highlights the relevance of molecular analysis for clinical management. Small increases in the BCR-ABL level can identify patients with kinase domain mutations that lead to imatinib resistance. Therefore, these assays can be used as a screening strategy for mutation analysis. As second generation kinase inhibitors commence clinical trials, the molecular response will be a primary end-point that determines efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Biomarkers/blood
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/blood
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hughes
- Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000 SA, Australia.
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32
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Abstract
Of the current mouse chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) models,the murine bone marrow (BM) transduction and transplantation model most efficiently mimics many of the central features of human CML. In this model, lethally irradiated mice are reconstituted with primary murine BM cells transduced with a P210BCR/ABL retrovirus. All recipient mice develop a fatal peripheral blood and BM granulocytosis and splenomegaly, a disease termed the murine CML-like myeloproliferative disorder. This model has been used to establish the causative role of Bcr/Abl in CML, identify those signaling pathways and regions of Bcr/Abl critical for leukemogenesis, and explore the limitations of targeted CML therapy. Future refinements in this CML mouse model will make it a more effective tool for studying imatinib-resistant CML, reproducing chronic- and blastic-phase human CML, and performing CML progenitor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Ilaria
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC8593, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.
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33
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Koschmieder S, Göttgens B, Zhang P, Iwasaki-Arai J, Akashi K, Kutok JL, Dayaram T, Geary K, Green AR, Tenen DG, Huettner CS. Inducible chronic phase of myeloid leukemia with expansion of hematopoietic stem cells in a transgenic model of BCR-ABL leukemogenesis. Blood 2004; 105:324-34. [PMID: 15331442 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop murine models of leukemogenesis, a series of transgenic mice expressing BCR-ABL in different hematopoietic cell subsets was generated. Here we describe targeted expression of P210 BCR-ABL in stem and progenitor cells of murine bone marrow using the tet-off system. The transactivator protein tTA was placed under the control of the murine stem cell leukemia (SCL) gene 3' enhancer. Induction of BCR-ABL resulted in neutrophilia and leukocytosis, and the mice became moribund within 29 to 122 days. Autopsy of sick mice demonstrated splenomegaly, myeloid bone marrow hyperplasia, and extramedullary myeloid cell infiltration of multiple organs. BCR-ABL mRNA and protein were detectable in the affected organs. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis demonstrated a significant increase in mature and immature myeloid cells in bone marrow and spleen, together with increased bilineal B220+/Mac-1+ cells in the bone marrow. tTA mRNA was expressed in FACS-sorted hematopoietic stem cells expanded 26-fold after BCR-ABL induction. Thirty-one percent of the animals demonstrated a biphasic phenotype, consisting of neutrophilia and subsequent B-cell lymphoblastic disease, reminiscent of blast crisis. In summary, this mouse model recapitulates many characteristics of human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and may help elucidate basic leukemogenic mechanisms in CML stem cells during disease initiation and progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukocytosis/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Phenotype
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Survival Rate
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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34
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Jamieson CHM, Ailles LE, Dylla SJ, Muijtjens M, Jones C, Zehnder JL, Gotlib J, Li K, Manz MG, Keating A, Sawyers CL, Weissman IL. Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors as candidate leukemic stem cells in blast-crisis CML. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:657-67. [PMID: 15306667 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1054] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) to blast crisis is supported by self-renewing leukemic stem cells. In normal mouse hematopoietic stem cells, the process of self-renewal involves the beta-catenin-signaling pathway. We investigated whether leukemic stem cells in CML also use the beta-catenin pathway for self-renewal. METHODS We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate hematopoietic stem cells, common myeloid progenitors, granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, and megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors from marrow during several phases of CML and from normal marrow. BCR-ABL, beta-catenin, and LEF-1 transcripts were compared by means of a quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay in normal and CML hematopoietic stem cells and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and a lymphoid enhancer factor/T-cell factor reporter assay were used to detect nuclear beta-catenin in these cells. In vitro replating assays were used to identify self-renewing cells as candidate leukemic stem cells, and the dependence of self-renewal on beta-catenin activation was tested by lentiviral transduction of hematopoietic progenitors with axin, an inhibitor of the beta-catenin pathway. RESULTS The granulocyte-macrophage progenitor pool from patients with CML in blast crisis and imatinib-resistant CML was expanded, expressed BCR-ABL, and had elevated levels of nuclear beta-catenin as compared with the levels in progenitors from normal marrow. Unlike normal granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, CML granulocyte-macrophage progenitors formed self-renewing, replatable myeloid colonies, and in vitro self-renewal capacity was reduced by enforced expression of axin. CONCLUSIONS Activation of beta-catenin in CML granulocyte-macrophage progenitors appears to enhance the self-renewal activity and leukemic potential of these cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Blast Crisis/physiopathology
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Granulocytes/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1
- Macrophages/cytology
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Middle Aged
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RNA, Neoplasm
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- beta Catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona H M Jamieson
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif 94305-5323, USA
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35
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Abstract
The twenty-first century is beginning with a sharp turn in the field of cancer therapy. Molecular targeted therapies against specific oncogenic events are now possible. The BCR-ABL story represents a notable example of how research from the fields of cytogenetics, retroviral oncology, protein phosphorylation, and small molecule chemical inhibitors can lead to the development of a successful molecular targeted therapy. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571, or CP57148B) is a direct inhibitor of ABL (ABL1), ARG (ABL2), KIT, and PDGFR tyrosine kinases. This drug has had a major impact on the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as well as other blood neoplasias and solid tumors with etiologies based on activation of these tyrosine kinases. Analysis of CML patients resistant to BCR-ABL suppression by Imatinib mesylate coupled with the crystallographic structure of ABL complexed to this inhibitor have shown how structural mutations in ABL can circumvent an otherwise potent anticancer drug. The successes and limitations of Imatinib mesylate hold general lessons for the development of alternative molecular targeted therapies in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Wong
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program/UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA.
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36
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Salesse S, Dylla SJ, Verfaillie CM. p210BCR/ABL-induced alteration of pre-mRNA splicing in primary human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Leukemia 2004; 18:727-33. [PMID: 14961028 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignancy of the human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) caused by the p210BCR/ABL oncoprotein. Although alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is a critical determinant of a cell's protein repertoire, it has not been associated with CML pathogenesis. We identified a BCR/ABL-dependent increase in expression of multiple genes involved in pre-mRNA splicing (eg SRPK1, RNA Helicase II/Gu, and hnRNPA2/B1) by subtractive hybridization of cDNA from p210BCR/ABL-eGFP vs eGFP-transduced umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells. beta1-integrin signaling is important to HSC maintenance and proliferation/differentiation, and is abnormal in CML. As an example of how changes in pre-mRNA processing might contribute to CML pathogenesis, we observed alternative splicing of a gene for a beta1-integrin-responsive nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (PYK2), resulting in increased expression of full-length Pyk2 in BCR/ABL-containing cells. Treatment of p210BCR/ABL-positive cells with the Abl-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 reverted PYK2 splicing to a configuration more consistent with normal cells, and correlated with decreased expression of BCR/ABL-induced proteins involved in pre-mRNA processing. Whether altered PYK2 splicing contributes to CML pathogenesis remains undetermined; however, we propose that generic changes in pre-mRNA splicing as a result of p210BCR/ABL kinase activity may contribute to CML pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 2
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- RNA Precursors/genetics
- RNA Splicing
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salesse
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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37
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Abstract
Though a topic of medical interest for centuries, our understanding of vertebrate hematopoietic or "blood-forming" tissue development has improved greatly only in recent years and given a series of scientific and technical milestones. Key among these observations was the description of procedures that allowed the transplantation of blood-forming activity. Beyond this, other advances include the creation of a variety of knock-out animals (mice and more recently zebrafish), microdissection of embryonic and fetal blood-forming tissues, hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor cell (HPC) colony-forming assays, the discovery of cytokines with defined hematopoietic activities, gene transfer technologies, and the description of lineage-specific surface antigens for the identification and purification of pluripotent and differentiated blood cells. The availability of both murine and human embryonic stem cells (ESC) and the delineation of in vitro systems to direct their differentiation have now been added to this analytical arsenal. Such tools have allowed researchers to interrogate the complex developmental processes behind both primitive (yolk sac or extraembryonic) and definitive (intraembryonic) hematopoietic tissue formation. Using ES cells, we hope to not only gain additional basic insights into hematopoietic development but also to develop platforms for therapeutic use in patients suffering from hematological disease. In this review, we will focus on points of convergence and divergence between murine and human hematopoiesis in vivo and in vitro, and use these observations to evaluate the literature regarding attempts to create hematopoietic tissue from embryonic stem cells, the pitfalls encountered therein, and what challenges remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M William Lensch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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38
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Jiang X, Stuible M, Chalandon Y, Li A, Chan WY, Eisterer W, Krystal G, Eaves A, Eaves C. Evidence for a positive role of SHIP in the BCR-ABL-mediated transformation of primitive murine hematopoietic cells and in human chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2003; 102:2976-84. [PMID: 12829595 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that the SH2-containing inositol-5-phosphatase (SHIP) may play a tumor suppressor-like function in BCR-ABL-mediated leukemogenesis. To investigate this possibility, we first developed a new assay for quantitating transplantable multilineage leukemia-initiating cells (L-ICs) in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-enriched mouse bone marrow (BM) cells transduced with a BCR-ABL-GFP (green fluorescent protein) retrovirus. The frequency of L-ICs (1 of 430 Sca-1+lin- cells) was 7-fold lower than the frequency of HSCs in the Sca-1+lin- subset transduced with a control virus (1 of 65 cells). Forced BCRABL expression was also accompanied by a loss of regular HSC activity consistent with the acquisition of an increased probability of differentiation. Interestingly, the frequency and in vivo behavior of wild-type (+/+) and SHIP-/- L-ICs were indistinguishable, and in vitro, Sca-1+lin- BCR-ABL-transduced SHIP-/- cells showed a modestly reduced factor independence. Comparison of different populations of cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase and normal human BM showed that the reduced expression of full-length SHIP proteins seen in the more mature (CD34-lin+) leukemic cells is not mirrored in the more primitive (CD34+lin-) leukemic cells. Thus, SHIP expression appears to be differently altered in the early and late stages of differentiation of BCR-ABL-transformed cells, underscoring the importance of the cellular context in which its mechanistic effects are analyzed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Crosses, Genetic
- Flow Cytometry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Genes, Dominant
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate 5-Phosphatases
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 601 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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39
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Jaiswal S, Traver D, Miyamoto T, Akashi K, Lagasse E, Weissman IL. Expression of BCR/ABL and BCL-2 in myeloid progenitors leads to myeloid leukemias. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:10002-7. [PMID: 12890867 PMCID: PMC187741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1633833100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) that, over time, progresses to acute leukemia. Both processes are closely associated with the t(9;22) chromosomal translocation that creates the BCR/ABL fusion gene in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny. Chronic myelogenous leukemia is therefore classified as an HSC disorder in which a clone of multipotent HSCs is likely to be malignantly transformed, although direct evidence for malignant t(9;22)+ HSCs is lacking. To test whether HSC malignancy is required, we generated hMRP8p210BCR/ABL transgenic mice in which expression of BCR/ABL is absent in HSCs and targeted exclusively to myeloid progenitors and their myelomonocytic progeny. Four of 13 BCR/ABL transgenic founders developed a chronic MPD, but only one progressed to blast crisis. To address whether additional oncogenic events are required for progression to acute disease, we crossed hMRP8p210BCR/ABL mice to apoptosis-resistant hMRP8BCL-2 mice. Of 18 double-transgenic animals, 9 developed acute myeloid leukemias that were transplantable to wild-type recipients. Taken together, these data indicate that a MPD can arise in mice without expression of BCR/ABL in HSCs and that additional mutations inhibiting programmed cell death may be critical in the transition of this disease to blast-crisis leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, abl
- Genes, bcl-2
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Jaiswal
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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40
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Wolff NC, Richardson JA, Egorin M, Ilaria RL. The CNS is a sanctuary for leukemic cells in mice receiving imatinib mesylate for Bcr/Abl-induced leukemia. Blood 2003; 101:5010-3. [PMID: 12595307 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)-like myeloproliferative disorder observed in the BCR/ABL murine bone marrow transduction and transplantation model shares several features with the human disease, including a high response rate to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI571). To study the impact of chronic imatinib mesylate treatment on the CML-like illness, mice were maintained on therapeutic doses of this drug and serially monitored. Unexpectedly, despite excellent systemic control of the CML-like illness, many of the mice developed progressive neurologic deficits after 2 to 4 months of imatinib mesylate therapy because of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia. Analysis of imatinib mesylate cerebral spinal fluid concentrations revealed levels 155- fold lower than in plasma. Thus, in the mouse, the limited ability of imatinib mesylate to cross the blood-brain barrier allowed the CNS to become a sanctuary for Bcr/Abl-induced leukemia. This model will be a useful tool for the future study of novel anti-CML drugs and in better defining the mechanisms for limited imatinib mesylate penetration into the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Blood-Brain Barrier
- Bone Marrow
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Central Nervous System Diseases
- Genes, abl/genetics
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Piperazines/cerebrospinal fluid
- Piperazines/pharmacokinetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/cerebrospinal fluid
- Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Spinal Cord Neoplasms/pathology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wolff
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
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41
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Azam M, Latek RR, Daley GQ. Mechanisms of autoinhibition and STI-571/imatinib resistance revealed by mutagenesis of BCR-ABL. Cell 2003; 112:831-43. [PMID: 12654249 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Bcr-Abl fusion protein kinase causes chronic myeloid leukemia and is targeted by the signal transduction inhibitor STI-571/Gleevec/imatinib (STI-571). Sequencing of the BCR-ABL gene in patients who have relapsed after STI-571 chemotherapy has revealed a limited set of kinase domain mutations that mediate drug resistance. To obtain a more comprehensive survey of the amino acid substitutions that confer STI-571 resistance, we performed an in vitro screen of randomly mutagenized BCR-ABL and recovered all of the major mutations previously identified in patients and numerous others that illuminate novel mechanisms of acquired drug resistance. Structural modeling implies that a novel class of variants acts allosterically to destabilize the autoinhibited conformation of the ABL kinase to which STI-571 preferentially binds. This screening strategy is a paradigm applicable to a growing list of target-directed anti-cancer agents and provides a means of anticipating the drug-resistant amino acid substitutions that are likely to be clinically problematic.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Point Mutation
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azam
- Whitehead Institute, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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42
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Salesse S, Verfaillie CM. BCR/ABL: from molecular mechanisms of leukemia induction to treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Oncogene 2002; 21:8547-59. [PMID: 12476301 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Salesse
- Stem Cell Institute, Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
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43
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Ren R. The molecular mechanism of chronic myelogenous leukemia and its therapeutic implications: studies in a murine model. Oncogene 2002; 21:8629-42. [PMID: 12476309 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant disease resulting from the neoplastic transformation of a hematopoietic stem cell. Generation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene plays an essential role in causing the vast majority of CML. Clinical and laboratory studies have indicated that development of CML involves both the effects of BCR-ABL within its correct target cells and interactions of BCR-ABL target cells with the rest of the in vivo environment, and that the progression of the disease to blast crisis involves multiple genetic alterations. An efficient mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation model for CML has recently been developed. This review summarizes the analysis of the roles of functional domains and downstream signaling pathways of BCR-ABL, of altered cytokine production, of interferon signaling pathways and of oncogene cooperation in the pathogenesis of CML using this murine model. The in vivo studies of leukemogenesis will help to advance mechanism-based therapies for CML, as well as to understand fundamental rules of leukemogenesis and hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibao Ren
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
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44
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Wertheim JA, Miller JP, Xu L, He Y, Pear WS. The biology of chronic myelogenous leukemia:mouse models and cell adhesion. Oncogene 2002; 21:8612-28. [PMID: 12476308 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a biphasic neoplasm of the bone marrow that is precipitated by the Philadelphia chromosome, a t(9;22) balanced translocation that encodes a constitutively activated nonreceptor tyrosine kinase termed P210(BCR-ABL). This oncoprotein has several intracellular functions; however, the most important effect of P210(BCR-ABL) leading to cell transformation is phosphorylation of signaling molecules through a constitutively active tyrosine kinase domain. Despite extensive knowledge of the structure and functional domains of BCR-ABL, its precise function in transformation is not known. Progress has been hampered, in part, by the lack of relevant CML models, as cell culture and in vitro assays do not mimic the pathogenesis of CML. Recently, there has been significant progress toward improving murine models that closely resemble human CML. This has allowed researchers to evaluate critical functions of BCR-ABL and has provided a model to test the efficacy of therapeutic medications that block these pathways. Our laboratory has developed two intersecting research programs to better understand the functioning of P210(BCR-ABL) in leukemogenesis. In one approach, we have developed a murine CML model by transferring HSCs that express BCR-ABL from a retroviral vector. All recipients develop a rapidly fatal MPD that shares several important features with CML. This model has been extremely useful for studying the function of BCR-ABL in the pathogenesis of CML. A second approach utilizes a quantitative cell detachment apparatus capable of measuring small changes in cell adhesion to investigate the mechanism by which P210(BCR-ABL) causes abnormal cell binding. Altered cell adhesion may contribute to the imbalance between proliferation and self-renewal in the hematopoietic progenitor compartment. To better understand the role abnormal adhesion may play in the development of leukemia, we have attempted to correlate the effects of functional P210(BCR-ABL) mutants in regulating adhesion and oncogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Wertheim
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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45
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Shet AS, Jahagirdar BN, Verfaillie CM. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: mechanisms underlying disease progression. Leukemia 2002; 16:1402-11. [PMID: 12145676 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2001] [Accepted: 08/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), characterized by the BCR-ABL gene rearrangement, has been extensively studied. Significant progress has been made in the area of BCR-ABL-mediated intracellular signaling, which has led to a better understanding of BCR-ABL-mediated clinical features in chronic phase CML. Disease progression and blast crisis CML is associated with characteristic non-random cytogenetic and molecular events. These can be viewed as increased oncogenic activity or loss of tumor suppressor activity. However, what causes transformation and disease progression to blast crisis is only poorly understood. This is in part due to the lack of a good in vivo model of chronic phase CML even though animal models developed over the last few years have started to provide insights into blast crisis development. Thus, additional in vitro and in vivo studies will be needed to provide a complete understanding of the contribution of BCR-ABL and other genes to disease progression and to improve therapeutic approaches for blast crisis CML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Chromosome Aberrations
- DNA Repair
- Disease Progression
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Models, Biological
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oncogenes
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Shet
- Stem Cell Institute and Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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46
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Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a complex disease that impinges on stem cell biology, the regulation of blood lineage determination and/or selection, as well as the overall regulation of hematopoietic cell proliferation, survival, adhesion and migration. Establishment of murine models for CML in recent years has enabled experimental analyses of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CML at the organismal level. This review summarizes the approaches used to develop murine models for CML and the analyses of the roles of functional domains and downstream signaling pathways of BCR-ABL (an oncoprotein generated by the t(9;22)(q34;ql1) translocation found in CML patients) and the roles of related tyrosine kinase oncoproteins, altered cytokine production and oncogene cooperation in the pathogenesis of CML-like disease using murine models. These in vivo studies of leukemogenesis will help to advance therapies for CML, as well as to understand fundamental rules of leukemogenesis and hematopoiesis, which should contribute in turn to the development of therapies for other related diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- src Homology Domains
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47
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Era T. Bcr-Abl is a "molecular switch" for the decision for growth and differentiation in hematopoietic stem cells. Int J Hematol 2002; 76:35-43. [PMID: 12138893 DOI: 10.1007/bf02982716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal disorder originating in the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), the hallmark of which is the constitutively activated p210-type of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase protein. Studies in recent years have helped us to understand the molecular processes involved in the initiation and progression of CML. Although a great amount of knowledge has been accumulated, the effect of Bcr-Abl on the HSC is still unclear. We have developed an in vitro system that mirrors the chronic phase of CML with a combination of in vitro embryonic stem cell differentiation and tetracycline-inducible Bcr-Abl expression. Enforced Bcr-Abl expression was sufficient to increase the number of both multilineage progenitors and myeloid progenitors. The current system is powerful for analyzing the genetic changes in hematopoietic development. This review focuses on how Bcr-Abl affects HSCs and how Bcr-Abl expression alters the properties of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Era
- Stem Cell Biology Group, RIKEN Center for Development Biology, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan.
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48
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Wolff NC, Ilaria RL. Establishment of a murine model for therapy-treated chronic myelogenous leukemia using the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571. Blood 2001; 98:2808-16. [PMID: 11675355 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.9.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The murine bone marrow retroviral transduction and transplantation model of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) imperfectly mimics human CML because the murine CML-like disease causes death of all animals from an overwhelming granulocytosis within 3 to 4 weeks. In this report, mice reconstituted with P210(BCR/ABL)-transduced bone marrow cells received posttransplantation therapy with either the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 or placebo. Compared with the rapidly fatal leukemia of placebo-treated animals, 80% of the STI571-treated mice were alive on day 74, with marked improvement in peripheral white blood counts and splenomegaly. There was decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5, Shc, and Crk-L in leukemic cells from STI571-treated animals, consistent with STI571-mediated inhibition of the Bcr/Abl tyrosine kinase in vivo. In some STI571-treated animals Bcr/Abl messenger RNA and protein expression were markedly increased. In contrast to the polyclonal leukemia of placebo-treated mice, STI571-treated murine CML was generally oligoclonal, suggesting that STI571 eliminated or severely suppressed certain leukemic clones. None of the STI571-treated mice were cured of the CML-like myeloproliferative disorder, however, and STI571-treated murine CML was transplanted to secondary recipients with high efficiency. These results demonstrate the utility of this murine model of CML in the evaluation of novel therapeutic agents against Bcr/Abl-induced leukemias. This improved murine chronic-phase CML model may be a useful tool for the study of STI571 resistance, CML progression, and the anti-CML immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Milk Proteins
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins
- Survival Rate
- Trans-Activators/drug effects
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Wolff
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
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49
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Abstract
p210bcr/abl is detected in almost all chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients and a significant number of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases. It is generated by a reciprocal chromosomal translocation, t(9;22) (q34;q11), and the enhanced kinase activity of the protein is believed to be implicated in the pathogenesis of the diseases. To examine its oncogenicity in vivo and to create an animal model for BCR/ABL-positive leukemias, we generated transgenic mice expressing p210bcr/abl driven by the promoter of the mouse tec gene, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase preferentially expressed in early hematopoietic progenitors. While the founder mice showed excessive proliferation of lymphoblasts shortly after birth and were diagnosed as ALL, the transgenic progeny reproducibly exhibited marked granulocyte hyperplasia with thrombocytosis after a long latent period, which closely resembles the clinical course of human CML. In addition, to investigate whether loss of p53 would play a role in the transition from chronic phase to blast crisis of CML, we crossmated p210bcr/abl transgenic (BCR/ABLtg/-) mice with p53 heterozygous (p53+/-) mice and generated p210bcr/abl transgenic, p53 heterozygous (BCR/ABLtg/- p53+/-) mice, in which a somatic alteration in the residual p53 allele directly abrogates p53 function. The BCR/ABLtg/- p53+/- mice exhibited rapid proliferation of blast cells and died in a short period compared with their wild-type (BCR/ABL-/- p53+/+), p53 heterozygous (BCR/ABL-/- p53+/-), and p210bcr/abl transgenic (BCR/ABLtg/- p53+/+) littermates. Interestingly, the normal p53 allele was frequently and preferentially lost in the tumor tissues, providing in vivo evidence that acquired loss of p53 contributes to the blastic transformation of p210bcr/abl-expressing hematopoietic cells. Our transgenic mice will be a useful model for investigating oncogenic properties of p210bcr/abl in vivo and will provide insights into the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the progression from chronic phase to blast crisis of CML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Genotype
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/etiology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- H Honda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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50
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Abstract
The Ph chromosome has been genetically linked to CML and ALL. Its chimeric fusion gene product, BCR-ABL, can generate leukemia in mice. This review will discuss selected model systems developed to study BCR-ABL induced leukemia and focuses on what we have learned about the human disease from these models. Five main experimental approaches will be discussed including: (i) Reconstitution of mice with bone marrow cells retrovirally transduced with BCR-ABL; (ii) Transgenic mice expressing BCR-ABL; (iii) Knock-in mice with BCR-ABL expression driven from the endogenous bcr locus; (iv) Development of CML-like disease in mice with loss of function mutations in heterologous genes; and (v) ES in vitro hematopoietic differentiation coupled with regulated BCR-ABL expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Genetic Linkage
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wong
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, CA 90095-1662, USA
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