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Spagnuolo C, Moccia S, Tedesco I, Crescente G, Volpe MG, Russo M, Russo GL. Phenolic Extract from Extra Virgin Olive Oil Induces Different Anti-Proliferative Pathways in Human Bladder Cancer Cell Lines. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010182. [PMID: 36615840 PMCID: PMC9823665 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular consumption of olive oil is associated with protection against chronic-degenerative diseases, such as cancer. Epidemiological evidence indicates an inverse association between olive oil intake and bladder cancer risk. Bladder cancer is among the most common forms of cancer; in particular, the transitional cell carcinoma histotype shows aggressive behavior. We investigated the anti-proliferative effects of a phenolic extract prepared from an extra virgin olive oil (EVOOE) on two human bladder cancer cell lines, namely RT112 and J82, representing the progression from low-grade to high-grade tumors, respectively. In RT112, the EVOOE reduced cell viability (IC50 = 240 μg/mL at 24 h), triggering a non-protective form of autophagy, evidenced by the autophagosome formation and the increase in LC-3 lipidation. In J82, EVOOE induced a strong decrease in cell viability after 24 h of treatment (IC50 = 65.8 μg/mL) through rapid and massive apoptosis, assessed by Annexin V positivity and caspase-3 and -9 activation. Moreover, in both bladder cancer cell lines, EVOOE reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species, but this antioxidant effect was not correlated with its anti-proliferative outcomes. Data obtained suggest that the mixture of phenolic compounds in extra virgin olive oil activates different anti-proliferative pathways.
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Distinct Uroplakin II Staining Pattern in Apocrine Breast Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:681-686. [PMID: 36227121 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Uroplakin II (UPII) has been shown as a highly specific marker of urothelial carcinoma; however, it can also stain subtypes of apocrine-differentiated breast carcinoma. Given that urothelium and breast epithelium share other common immunohistochemical markers, such as CK7 and GATA3, this can lead to a potential diagnostic pitfall. We stained a cohort of triple-negative breast cancer with UPII. Compared with the diffuse, cytoplasmic staining in urothelial carcinoma, UPII was positive in 38.9% of apocrine carcinoma (7/18) with a course, granular cytoplasmic staining pattern and negative in all nonapocrine triple-negative breast cancer cases. Furthermore, the same staining pattern was present in all apocrine metaplasia of the breast (4/4) and apocrine sweat glands in normal skin (6/6). This distinct subcellular localization of UPII staining in breast carcinoma can offer a potential solution to the above diagnostic pitfall.
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Cai J, Xie Z, Yan Y, Huang Z, Tang P, Cao X, Wang Z, Yang C, Tan M, Zhang F, Shen B. Establishment of an optimized orthotopic bladder cancer model in mice. BMC Urol 2022; 22:142. [PMID: 36057655 PMCID: PMC9441054 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies of the genitourinary system. Animal models offer an important tool to explore tumour initiation, progression, and therapeutic mechanisms. Our aim is to construct an optimized orthotopic BC model which is predictable, reproducible, and convenient. METHODS The optimized orthotopic BC model was constructed in male C57BL/6 mice utilizing microsyringes to inoculate them with a murine BC cell line (MB49). Anesthetised mice were inoculated with an MB49 cell suspension (10 µL) at approximately 5 × 106/mL. The whole process of modelling was observed and monitored every 3 days for 21 days utilizing HE staining and transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS). RESULTS In this study, the model showed excellent success rates for tumour formation (96.67%) and metastatic rate (89.66%). Compared to the control group (sham operation), mice in the modelling group had serous cachexia, visible haematuresis and weight loss (all P < 0.05). The lungs, liver, ureter and kidneys were found to have tumour metastasis. Moreover, the average survival time (19.73 ± 1.69 d) of modelling mice was significantly shorter than that of the control mice (P < 0.05), which remained alive. CONCLUSION Our study established a method using microsyringes to inject murine BC cells into the bladder wall, creating a stable transplantable BC model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Cai
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhiwen Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yilin Yan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhengnan Huang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Pengfei Tang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiangqian Cao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Chenkai Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Mingyue Tan
- Department of Urology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200021, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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4
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Animal Models in Bladder Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121762. [PMID: 34944577 PMCID: PMC8698361 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (urothelial cancer of the bladder) is the most common malignancy affecting the urinary system with an increasing incidence and mortality. Mouse models of bladder cancer should possess a high value of reproducibility, predictability, and translatability to allow mechanistic, chemo-preventive, and therapeutic studies that can be furthered into human clinical trials. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview and resources on the origin, molecular and pathological characteristics of commonly used animal models in bladder cancer. METHODS A PubMed and Web of Science search was performed for relevant articles published between 1980 and 2021 using words such as: "bladder" and/or "urothelial carcinoma" and animal models. Animal models of bladder cancer can be categorized as autochthonous (spontaneous) and non-autochthonous (transplantable). The first are either chemically induced models or genetically engineered models. The transplantable models can be further subclassified as syngeneic (murine bladder cancer cells implanted into immunocompetent or transgenic mice) and xenografts (human bladder cancer cells implanted into immune-deficient mice). These models can be further divided-based on the site of the tumor-as orthotopic (tumor growth occurs within the bladder) and heterotopic (tumor growth occurs outside of the bladder).
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5
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Liao Y, Chang HC, Liang FX, Chung PJ, Wei Y, Nguyen TP, Zhou G, Talebian S, Krey LC, Deng FM, Wong TW, Chicote JU, Grifo JA, Keefe DL, Shapiro E, Lepor H, Wu XR, DeSalle R, Garcia-España A, Kim SY, Sun TT. Uroplakins play conserved roles in egg fertilization and acquired additional urothelial functions during mammalian divergence. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3128-3143. [PMID: 30303751 PMCID: PMC6340209 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-08-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uroplakin (UP) tetraspanins and their associated proteins are major mammalian urothelial differentiation products that form unique two-dimensional crystals of 16-nm particles (“urothelial plaques”) covering the apical urothelial surface. Although uroplakins are highly expressed only in mammalian urothelium and are often referred to as being urothelium specific, they are also expressed in several mouse nonurothelial cell types in stomach, kidney, prostate, epididymis, testis/sperms, and ovary/oocytes. In oocytes, uroplakins colocalize with CD9 on cell-surface and multivesicular body-derived exosomes, and the cytoplasmic tail of UPIIIa undergoes a conserved fertilization-dependent, Fyn-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation that also occurs in Xenopus laevis eggs. Uroplakin knockout and antibody blocking reduce mouse eggs’ fertilization rate in in vitro fertilization assays, and UPII/IIIa double-knockout mice have a smaller litter size. Phylogenetic analyses showed that uroplakin sequences underwent significant mammal-specific changes. These results suggest that, by mediating signal transduction and modulating membrane stability that do not require two-dimensional-crystal formation, uroplakins can perform conserved and more ancestral fertilization functions in mouse and frog eggs. Uroplakins acquired the ability to form two-dimensional-crystalline plaques during mammalian divergence, enabling them to perform additional functions, including umbrella cell enlargement and the formation of permeability and mechanical barriers, to protect/modify the apical surface of the modern-day mammalian urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Hung-Chi Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tuan-Phi Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ge Zhou
- Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | - Sheeva Talebian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lewis C Krey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Javier U Chicote
- Unitat De Recerca, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - James A Grifo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David L Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ellen Shapiro
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Robert DeSalle
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010
| | - Antonio Garcia-España
- Unitat De Recerca, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
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6
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Yang W, Searl TJ, Yaggie R, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. A MAPP Network study: overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α in mouse urothelium mimics interstitial cystitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F36-F44. [PMID: 29465304 PMCID: PMC6087793 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00075.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome is a chronic bladder condition associated with pain and voiding dysfunction that is often regarded as a neurogenic cystitis. Patient symptoms are correlated with the presence of urothelial lesions. We previously characterized a murine neurogenic cystitis model that recapitulates mast cell accumulation and urothelial lesions, and these events were dependent on TNF. To further explore the role of TNF in bladder inflammation and function, we generated a transgenic mouse model with chronic TNF overexpression in urothelium under the control of the uroplakin II (UPII) promoter. Transgenic mouse lines were maintained by backcross onto wild-type C57BL/6J mice and evaluated for pelvic tactile allodynia as a measure of visceral pain, urinary function, and urothelial lesions. TNF mRNA and protein were expressed at greater levels in bladders of UPII-TNF mice than in those of wild-type mice. UPII-TNF mice showed significantly increased urinary frequency and decreased void volume. UPII-TNF mice had increased urothelial apoptosis and loss of urothelial integrity consistent with urothelial lesions. Overexpression of TNF was also associated with pelvic tactile allodynia. Consistent with these findings, UPII-TNF mice exhibited increased bladder afferent activity in response to stretch ex vivo. In summary, UPII-TNF mice display significant pelvic pain, voiding dysfunction, urothelial lesions, and sensory input. Thus UPII-TNF mice are a model for characterizing mechanisms of interstitial cystitis symptoms and evaluating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Yang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Timothy J Searl
- Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan Yaggie
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anthony J Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - David J Klumpp
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
- Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
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7
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John BA, Said N. Insights from animal models of bladder cancer: recent advances, challenges, and opportunities. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57766-57781. [PMID: 28915710 PMCID: PMC5593682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (urothelial cancer of the bladder) is the most common malignancy affecting the urinary system with increasing incidence and mortality. Treatment of bladder cancer has not advanced in the past 30 years. Therefore, there is a crucial unmet need for novel therapies, especially for high grade/stage disease that can only be achieved by preclinical model systems that faithfully recapitulate the human disease. Animal models are essential elements in bladder cancer research to comprehensively study the multistep cascades of carcinogenesis, progression and metastasis. They allow for the investigation of premalignant phases of the disease that are not clinically encountered. They can be useful for identification of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for disease progression and for preclinical identification and validation of therapeutic targets/candidates, advancing translation of basic research to clinic. This review summarizes the latest advances in the currently available bladder cancer animal models, their translational potential, merits and demerits, and the prevalent tumor evaluation modalities. Thereby, findings from these model systems would provide valuable information that can help researchers and clinicians utilize the model that best answers their research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bincy Anu John
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neveen Said
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Xu S, Wang X, Wang Y, Lutgendorf S, Bradley C, Schrepf A, Kreder K, O'Donnell M, Luo Y. Transgenic Mice Expressing MCP-1 by the Urothelium Demonstrate Bladder Hypersensitivity, Pelvic Pain and Voiding Dysfunction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network Animal Model Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163829. [PMID: 27684718 PMCID: PMC5042429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is one of the key chemokines that play important roles in diverse inflammatory and chronic pain conditions. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic and debilitating inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder characterized by the hallmark symptoms of pelvic pain and voiding dysfunction. To facilitate IC/BPS research, we used transgenic technology to develop a novel urothelial MCP-1 secretion mouse model (URO-MCP-1). A transgene consisting of the uroplakin II gene promoter and the mouse MCP-1 coding sequence with a secretory element was constructed and microinjected. URO-MCP-1 mice were found to express MCP-1 mRNA in the bladder epithelium and MCP-1 protein in the urine, and developed bladder inflammation 24 hours after intravesical administration of a single sub-noxious dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The inflamed bladders of URO-MCP-1 mice exhibited elevated mRNAs for interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, substance P precursor, and nerve growth factor as well as increased macrophage infiltration. In parallel with these phenotypic changes, URO-MCP-1 mice manifested significant functional changes at days 1 and 3 after cystitis induction. These functional changes included pelvic pain as measured by von Frey filament stimulation and voiding dysfunction (increased urinary frequency, reduced average volume voided per micturition, and reduced maximum volume voided per micturition) as measured by micturition cages. Micturition changes remained evident at day 7 after cystitis induction, although these changes were not statistically significant. Control wild-type C57BL/6 mice manifested no clear changes in histological, biochemical and behavioral features after similar cystitis induction with LPS. Taken together, our results indicate that URO-MCP-1 mice are hypersensitive to bladder irritants such as LPS and develop pelvic pain and voiding dysfunction upon cystitis induction, providing a novel model for IC/BPS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suming Xu
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yaoqin Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Susan Lutgendorf
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Catherine Bradley
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrew Schrepf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Karl Kreder
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael O'Donnell
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Girard BM, Malley S, May V, Vizzard MA. Effects of CYP-Induced Cystitis on Growth Factors and Associated Receptor Expression in Micturition Pathways in Mice with Chronic Overexpression of NGF in Urothelium. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:531-43. [PMID: 27259880 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have determined if cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis produces additional changes in growth factor/receptors expression in the urinary bladder (urothelium, detrusor) and lumbosacral (L6-S1) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a transgenic mouse model with chronic urothelial overexpression of NGF (NGF-OE). Functionally, NGF-OE mice treated with CYP exhibit significant increases in voiding frequency above that observed in control NGF-OE mice (no CYP). Quantitative PCR was used to determine NGF, BDNF, VEGF, and receptors (TrkA, TrkB, p75(NTR)) transcripts expression in tissues from NGF-OE and wild-type (WT) mice with CYP-induced cystitis of varying duration (4 h, 48 h, 8 days). In urothelium of control NGF-OE mice, NGF mRNA was significantly (p ≤ 0.001) increased. Urothelial expression of NGF mRNA in NGF-OE mice treated with CYP (4 h, 48 h, 8 days) was not further increased but maintained with all durations of CYP treatment evaluated. In contrast, CYP-induced cystitis (4 h, 48 h, 8 days) in NGF-OE mice demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.05) regulation in BDNF, VEGF, TrkA, TrkB, and P75(NTR) mRNA in urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle. Similarly, CYP-induced cystitis (4 h, 48 h, 8 days) in NGF-OE mice resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.05), differential changes in transcript expression for NGF, BDNF, and receptors (TrkA, TrkB, p75(NTR)) in S1 DRG that was dependent on the duration-of CYP-induced cystitis. In general, NGF, BDNF, TrkA, and TrkB protein content in the urinary bladder increased in WT and NGF-OE mice with CYP-induced cystitis (4 h). Changes in NGF, TrkA and TrkB expression in the urinary bladder were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater in NGF-OE mice with CYP-induced cystitis (4 h) compared to WT mice with cystitis (4 h). However, the magnitude of change between WT and NGF-OE mice was only significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different for TrkB expression in urinary bladder of NGF-OE mice treated with CYP. These studies are consistent with target-derived NGF and other inflammatory mediators affecting neurochemical plasticity with potential contributions to reflex function of micturition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice M Girard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Susan Malley
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Margaret A Vizzard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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10
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Girard BM, Malley SE, Mathews MM, May V, Vizzard MA. Intravesical PAC1 Receptor Antagonist, PACAP(6-38), Reduces Urinary Bladder Frequency and Pelvic Sensitivity in NGF-OE Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:290-9. [PMID: 27146136 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic NGF overexpression (OE) in the urothelium, achieved through the use of a highly urothelium-specific uroplakin II promoter, stimulates neuronal sprouting in the urinary bladder, produces increased voiding frequency and non-voiding contractions, and referred somatic sensitivity. Additional NGF-mediated pleiotropic changes might contribute to increased voiding frequency and pelvic hypersensitivity in NGF-OE mice such as neuropeptide/receptor systems including PACAP(Adcyap1) and PAC1 receptor (Adcyap1r1). Given the presence of PAC1-immunoreactive fibers and the expression of PAC1 receptor expression in bladder tissues, and PACAP-facilitated detrusor contraction, whether PACAP/receptor signaling contributes to increased voiding frequency and somatic sensitivity was evaluated in NGF-OE mice. Intravesical administration of the PAC1 receptor antagonist, PACAP(6-38) (300 nM), significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased intercontraction interval (2.0-fold) and void volume (2.5-fold) in NGF-OE mice. Intravesical instillation of PACAP(6-38) also decreased baseline bladder pressure in NGF-OE mice. PACAP(6-38) had no effects on bladder function in WT mice. Intravesical administration of PACAP(6-38) (300 nM) significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced pelvic sensitivity in NGF-OE mice but was without effect in WT mice. PACAP/receptor signaling contributes to the increased voiding frequency and pelvic sensitivity observed in NGF-OE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice M Girard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Susan E Malley
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Morgan M Mathews
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Margaret A Vizzard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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11
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Kobayashi T, Owczarek TB, McKiernan JM, Abate-Shen C. Modelling bladder cancer in mice: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:42-54. [PMID: 25533675 PMCID: PMC4386904 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have improved little in the past 20 years. Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and is among the most costly cancers to treat. The generation of informative mouse models has the potential to improve our understanding of bladder cancer progression, as well as to affect its diagnosis and treatment. However, relatively few mouse models of bladder cancer have been described, and in particular, few that develop invasive cancer phenotypes. This Review focuses on opportunities for improving the landscape of mouse models of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Cory Abate-Shen
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [3] Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [4] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Ding J, Xu D, Pan C, Ye M, Kang J, Bai Q, Qi J. Current animal models of bladder cancer: Awareness of translatability (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:691-699. [PMID: 25120584 PMCID: PMC4113637 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental animal models are crucial in the study of biological behavior and pathological development of cancer, and evaluation of the efficacy of novel therapeutic or preventive agents. A variety of animal models that recapitulate human urothelial cell carcinoma have thus far been established and described, while models generated by novel techniques are emerging. At present a number of reviews on animal models of bladder cancer comprise the introduction of one type of method, as opposed to commenting on and comparing all classifications, with the merits of a certain method being explicit but the shortcomings not fully clarified. Thus the aim of the present study was to provide a summary of the currently available animal models of bladder cancer including transplantable (which could be divided into xenogeneic or syngeneic, heterotopic or orthotopic), carcinogen-induced and genetically engineered models in order to introduce their materials and methods and compare their merits as well as focus on the weaknesses, difficulties in operation, associated problems and translational potential of the respective models. Findings of these models would provide information for authors and clinicians to select an appropriate model or to judge relevant preclinical study findings. Pertinent detection methods are therefore briefly introduced and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Chunwu Pan
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Bai
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Specific activation of K-RasG12D allele in the bladder urothelium results in lung alveolar and vascular defects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95888. [PMID: 24760005 PMCID: PMC3997426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
K-ras is essential for embryogenesis and its mutations are involved in human developmental syndromes and cancer. To determine the consequences of K-ras activation in urothelium, we used uroplakin-II (UPK II) promoter driven Cre recombinase mice and generated mice with mutated KrasG12D allele in the urothelium (UPK II-Cre;LSL-K-rasG12D). The UPK II-Cre;LSL-K-rasG12D mice died neonatally due to lung morphogenesis defects consisting of simplification with enlargement of terminal air spaces and dysmorphic pulmonary vasculature. A significant alteration in epithelial and vascular basement membranes, together with fragmentation of laminin, points to extracellular matrix degradation as the causative mechanism of alveolar and vascular defects. Our data also suggest that altered protease activity in amniotic fluid might be associated with matrix defects in lung of UPK II-Cre;LSL-K-rasG12. These defects resemble those observed in early stage human neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), although the relevance of this new mouse model for BPD study needs further investigation.
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Effects of CYP-Induced Cystitis on PACAP/VIP and Receptor Expression in Micturition Pathways and Bladder Function in Mice with Overexpression of NGF in Urothelium. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:730-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Ahmad I, Sansom OJ, Leung HY. Exploring molecular genetics of bladder cancer: lessons learned from mouse models. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:323-32. [PMID: 22422829 PMCID: PMC3339826 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.008888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. It is unusual among the epithelial carcinomas because tumorigenesis can occur by two distinct pathways: low-grade, recurring papillary tumours usually contain oncogenic mutations in FGFR3 or HRAS, whereas high-grade, muscle-invasive tumours with metastatic potential generally have defects in the pathways controlled by the tumour suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma (RB). Over the past 20 years, a plethora of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of UCC have been developed, containing deletions or mutations of key tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes. In this review, we provide an up-to-date summary of these GEM models, analyse their flaws and weaknesses, discuss how they have advanced our understanding of UCC at the molecular level, and comment on their translational potential. We also highlight recent studies supporting a role for dysregulated Wnt signalling in UCC and the development of mouse models that recapitulate this dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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Shen TH, Gladoun N, Castillo-Martin M, Bonal D, Domingo-Domenech J, Charytonowicz D, Cordon-Cardo C. A BAC-based transgenic mouse specifically expresses an inducible Cre in the urothelium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35243. [PMID: 22496911 PMCID: PMC3322165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cre-loxp mediated conditional knockout strategy has played critical roles for revealing functions of many genes essential for development, as well as the causal relationships between gene mutations and diseases in the postnatal adult mice. One key factor of this strategy is the availability of mice with tissue- or cell type-specific Cre expression. However, the success of the traditional molecular cloning approach to generate mice with tissue specific Cre expression often depends on luck. Here we provide a better alternative by using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based recombineering to insert iCreERT2 cDNA at the ATG start of the Upk2 gene. The BAC-based transgenic mice express the inducible Cre specifically in the urothelium as demonstrated by mRNA expression and staining for LacZ expression after crossing with a Rosa26 reporter mouse. Taking into consideration the size of the gene of interest and neighboring genes included in a BAC, this method should be widely applicable for generation of mice with tissue specific gene expression or deletions in a more specific manner than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huai Shen
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nataliya Gladoun
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mireia Castillo-Martin
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dennis Bonal
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Josep Domingo-Domenech
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Charytonowicz
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Girard BM, Malley SE, Vizzard MA. Neurotrophin/receptor expression in urinary bladder of mice with overexpression of NGF in urothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F345-55. [PMID: 21048026 PMCID: PMC3043996 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00515.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelium-specific overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the urinary bladder of transgenic mice stimulates neuronal sprouting in the urinary bladder, produces increased voiding frequency, and results in increased referred somatic hypersensitivity. Additional NGF-mediated pleiotropic changes might contribute to the increased voiding frequency and pelvic hypersensitivity observed in these transgenic mice, such as modulation of other growth factor/receptor systems. Chronic overexpression of NGF in the urothelium was achieved through the use of a highly urothelium-specific uroplakin II promoter. In the present study, we examined NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and associated receptor [p75(NTR), tyrosine kinase (Trk)A, TrkB] transcript and protein expression in urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle of NGF-overexpressing (OE) and littermate wild-type mice, using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, ELISAs, and semiquantitation of immunohistochemistry. We focused on these growth factor/receptors given the established roles of NGF/TrkA, NGF/p75(NTR), and BDNF/TrkB systems in bladder function. Increased voiding frequency in NGF-OE mice was confirmed by examining urination patterns. BDNF, TrkA, and TrkB protein expression was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced and p75(NTR) protein expression was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased in urinary bladder of NGF-OE mice. The NGF-OE-induced changes in neurotrophic factor/receptor expression in urinary bladder may represent compensatory changes to reduce voiding frequency in the NGF-OE mouse.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Nerve Growth Factors/analysis
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/physiology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Receptor, trkA/physiology
- Receptor, trkB/metabolism
- Receptor, trkB/physiology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Urinary Bladder/chemistry
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/physiology
- Urination/physiology
- Urothelium/chemistry
- Urothelium/metabolism
- Urothelium/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice M Girard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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18
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The possibilities of practical application of transgenic mammalian species generated by somatic cell cloning in pharmacology, veterinary medicine and xenotransplantology. Pol J Vet Sci 2011; 14:329-40. [DOI: 10.2478/v10181-011-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mauney JR, Ramachandran A, Yu RN, Daley GQ, Adam RM, Estrada CR. All-trans retinoic acid directs urothelial specification of murine embryonic stem cells via GATA4/6 signaling mechanisms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11513. [PMID: 20644631 PMCID: PMC2903484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary bladder and associated tract are lined by the urothelium, a transitional epithelium that acts as a specialized permeability barrier that protects the underlying tissue from urine via expression of a highly specific group of proteins known as the uroplakins (UP). To date, our understanding of the developmental processes responsible for urothelial differentiation has been hampered due to the lack of suitable models. In this study, we describe a novel in vitro cell culture system for derivation of urothelial cells from murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) following cultivation on collagen matrices in the presence all trans retinoic acid (RA). Upon stimulation with micromolar concentrations of RA, ESCs significantly downregulated the pluripotency factor OCT-4 but markedly upregulated UP1A, UP1B, UP2, UP3A, and UP3B mRNA levels in comparison to naïve ESCs and spontaneously differentiating controls. Pan-UP protein expression was associated with both p63- and cytokeratin 20-positive cells in discrete aggregating populations of ESCs following 9 and 14 days of RA stimulation. Analysis of endodermal transcription factors such as GATA4 and GATA6 revealed significant upregulation and nuclear enrichment in RA-treated UP2-GFP+ populations. GATA4-/- and GATA6-/- transgenic ESC lines revealed substantial attenuation of RA-mediated UP expression in comparison to wild type controls. In addition, EMSA analysis revealed that RA treatment induced formation of transcriptional complexes containing GATA4/6 on both UP1B and UP2 promoter fragments containing putative GATA factor binding sites. Collectively, these data suggest that RA mediates ESC specification toward a urothelial lineage via GATA4/6-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Mauney
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aruna Ramachandran
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Yu
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George Q. Daley
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosalyn M. Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carlos R. Estrada
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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PACAP/VIP and receptor characterization in micturition pathways in mice with overexpression of NGF in urothelium. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:378-89. [PMID: 20449688 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Urothelium-specific overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the urinary bladder of transgenic mice stimulates neuronal sprouting or proliferation in the urinary bladder, produces urinary bladder hyperreflexia, and results in increased referred somatic hypersensitivity. Additional NGF-mediated changes might contribute to the urinary bladder hyperreflexia and pelvic hypersensitivity observed in these transgenic mice such as upregulation of neuropeptide/receptor systems. Chronic overexpression of NGF in the urothelium was achieved through the use of a highly urothelium-specific, uroplakin II promoter. In the present study, we examined pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and associated receptor (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) transcripts or protein expression in urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle and lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia in NGF-overexpressing and littermate wildtype mice using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical approaches. Results demonstrate upregulation of PAC1 receptor transcript and PAC1-immunoreactivity in urothelium of NGF-OE mice whereas PACAP transcript and PACAP-immunoreactivity were decreased in urothelium of NGF-OE mice. In contrast, VPAC1 receptor transcript was decreased in both urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle of NGF-OE mice. VIP transcript expression and immunostaining was not altered in urinary bladder of NGF-OE mice. Changes in PACAP, VIP, and associated receptor transcripts and protein expression in micturition pathways resemble some, but not all, changes observed after induction of urinary bladder inflammation known to involve NGF production.
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Zhou H, Liu Y, He F, Mo L, Sun TT, Wu XR. Temporally and spatially controllable gene expression and knockout in mouse urothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F387-95. [PMID: 20427471 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00185.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelium that lines almost the entire urinary tract performs important functions and is prone to assaults by urinary microbials, metabolites, and carcinogens. To improve our understanding of urothelial physiology and disease pathogenesis, we sought to develop two novel transgenic systems, one that would allow inducible and urothelium-specific gene expression, and another that would allow inducible and urothelium-specific knockout. Toward this end, we combined the ability of the mouse uroplakin II promoter (mUPII) to drive urothelium-specific gene expression with a versatile tetracycline-mediated inducible system. We found that, when constructed under the control of mUPII, only a modified, reverse tetracycline trans-activator (rtTA-M2), but not its original version (rtTA), could efficiently trans-activate reporter gene expression in mouse urothelium on doxycycline (Dox) induction. The mUPII/rtTA-M2-inducible system retained its strict urothelial specificity, had no background activity in the absence of Dox, and responded rapidly to Dox administration. Using a reporter gene whose expression was secondarily controlled by histone remodeling, we were able to identify, colocalize with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation, and semiquantify newly divided urothelial cells. Finally, we established that, when combined with a Cre recombinase under the control of the tetracycline operon, the mUPII-driven rtTA-M2 could inducibly inactivate any gene of interest in mouse urothelium. The establishment of these two new transgenic mouse systems enables the manipulation of gene expression and/or inactivation in adult mouse urothelium at any given time, thus minimizing potential compensatory effects due to gene overexpression or loss and allowing more accurate modeling of urothelial diseases than previously reported constitutive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhou
- Departments of Urology, New York Univ. School of Medicine, New York, 10010, USA
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Schnegelsberg B, Sun TT, Cain G, Bhattacharya A, Nunn PA, Ford APDW, Vizzard MA, Cockayne DA. Overexpression of NGF in mouse urothelium leads to neuronal hyperinnervation, pelvic sensitivity, and changes in urinary bladder function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R534-47. [PMID: 20032263 PMCID: PMC2838659 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00367.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NGF has been suggested to play a role in urinary bladder dysfunction by mediating inflammation, as well as morphological and functional changes, in sensory and sympathetic neurons innervating the urinary bladder. To further explore the role of NGF in bladder sensory function, we generated a transgenic mouse model of chronic NGF overexpression in the bladder using the urothelium-specific uroplakin II (UPII) promoter. NGF mRNA and protein were expressed at higher levels in the bladders of NGF-overexpressing (NGF-OE) transgenic mice compared with wild-type littermate controls from postnatal day 7 through 12-16 wk of age. Overexpression of NGF led to urinary bladder enlargement characterized by marked nerve fiber hyperplasia in the submucosa and detrusor smooth muscle and elevated numbers of tissue mast cells. There was a marked increase in the density of CGRP- and substance P-positive C-fiber sensory afferents, neurofilament 200-positive myelinated sensory afferents, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive sympathetic nerve fibers in the suburothelial nerve plexus. CGRP-positive ganglia were also present in the urinary bladders of transgenic mice. Transgenic mice had reduced urinary bladder capacity and an increase in the number and amplitude of nonvoiding bladder contractions under baseline conditions in conscious open-voiding cystometry. These changes in urinary bladder function were further associated with an increased referred somatic pelvic hypersensitivity. Thus, chronic urothelial NGF overexpression in transgenic mice leads to neuronal proliferation, focal increases in urinary bladder mast cells, increased urinary bladder reflex activity, and pelvic hypersensitivity. NGF-overexpressing mice may, therefore, provide a useful transgenic model for exploring the role of NGF in urinary bladder dysfunction.
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23
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Zheng L, Tong Q, Chen F, Zeng F, Wang L, Dong J. Selection of optimal antisense accessible sites of uroplakin II mRNA for bladder urothelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:344-9. [PMID: 19513619 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-009-0316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The optimal antisense accessible sites (AAS) of uroplakin II (UP II) mRNA, a specific gene expressed in bladder urothelium, were selected in order to provide a novel method for targeted therapy of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of bladder. The 20 mer random oligonucleotide library was synthesized, hybridized with in vitro transcripted total UP II cRNA, then digested by RNase H. After primer extension and autoradiography, the AAS of UP II were selected. The RNADraw software was used to analyze and choose the AAS with obvious stem-loop structures, according to which the complementary antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODN) were synthesized. With the AS-ODN(0) designed only by RNADraw as a control, the AS-ODNs were transferred into UP II highly-expressing cell line RT(4). The cellular expression of UP II mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Twelve AAS of UP II mRNA were selected in vitro. Four AAS with stem-loop structures were chosen, locating at 558-577, 552-571, 217-236 and 97-116 bp of UP II mRNA respectively. After transfection with the corresponding AS-ODN (AS-ODN(1), AS-ODN(2), AS-ODN(3) and AS-ODN(4)) for 18 h, the UP II mRNA levels in RT(4) cells were reduced by 29.3%, 82.7%, 71.3% and 70.9%, while UP II protein levels were decreased by 20.2%, 78.5%, 65.2% and 64.4% respectively, which were significantly higher than those of AS-ODN(0) (14.3%, 12.1% respectively) (P<0.01). The AAS of UP II mRNA was effectively selected in vitro by random oligonucletide library/RNase H cleavage method in combination with computer software analysis, which had important reference values for further studying biological functions of UP II gene and targeted therapeutic strategy for TCC of bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liduan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Abstract
Urothelium covers the inner surfaces of the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and prostatic urethra. Although morphologically similar, the urothelia in these anatomic locations differ in their embryonic origin and lineages of cellular differentiation, as reflected in their different uroplakin content, expandability during micturition, and susceptibility to chemical carcinogens. Previously thought to be an inert tissue forming a passive barrier between the urine and blood, urothelia have recently been shown to have a secretory activity that actively modifies urine composition. Urothelial cells express a number of ion channels, receptors, and ligands, enabling them to receive and send signals and communicate with adjoining cells and their broader environment. The urothelial surface bears specific receptors that not only allow uropathogenic E. coli to attach to and invade the bladder mucosa, but also provide a route by which the bacteria ascend through the ureters to the kidney to cause pyelonephritis. Genetic ablation of one or more uroplakin genes in mice causes severe retrograde vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, and renal failure, conditions that mirror certain human congenital diseases. Clearly, abnormalities of the lower urinary tract can impact the upper tract, and vice versa, through the urothelial connection. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of urothelial biology by focusing on the uroplakins, a group of urothelium-specific and differentiation-dependent integral membrane proteins. We discuss these proteins' biochemistry, structure, assembly, intracellular trafficking, and their emerging roles in urothelial biology, function, and pathological processes. We also call attention to important areas where greater investigative efforts are warranted.
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25
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Reis LO, Pereira TC, Favaro WJ, Cagnon VHA, Lopes-Cendes I, Ferreira U. Experimental animal model and RNA interference: a promising association for bladder cancer research. World J Urol 2009; 27:353-61. [PMID: 19214530 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Liu W, Evanoff DP, Chen X, Luo Y. Urinary bladder epithelium antigen induces CD8+ T cell tolerance, activation, and autoimmune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:539-46. [PMID: 17182594 PMCID: PMC4596412 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effort to explore the specific autoimmune mechanisms of urinary bladder has long been hindered due to a lack of proper animal models. To better elucidate this issue, we developed a novel line of transgenic (Tg) mice, designated as URO-OVA mice, that express the model Ag OVA as a "self"-Ag on the bladder epithelium. URO-OVA mice are naturally tolerant to OVA and show no response to OVA stimulation. Adoptive transfer of naive OVA-specific T cells showed cell proliferation, activation, and infiltration but no bladder histopathology. In contrast, adoptive transfer of activated OVA-specific T cells induced OVA-mediated histological bladder inflammation. Increased mast cells and up-regulated mRNA expressions of TNF-alpha, nerve growth factor, and substance P precursor were also observed in the inflamed bladder. To further facilitate bladder autoimmunity study, we crossbred URO-OVA mice with OVA-specific CD8(+) TCR Tg mice (OT-I mice) to generate a dual Tg line URO-OVA/OT-I mice. The latter mice naturally acquire clonal deletion for autoreactive OT-I CD8(+) T cells (partial deletion in the thymus and severe deletion in the periphery). Despite this clonal deletion, URO-OVA/OT-I mice spontaneously develop autoimmune cystitis at 10 wk of age. Further studies demonstrated that the inflamed bladder contained infiltrating OT-I CD8(+) T cells that had escaped clonal deletion and gained effector functions before developing histological bladder inflammation. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that the bladder epithelium actively presents self-Ag to the immune system and induces CD8(+) T cell tolerance, activation, and autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yi Luo
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Yi Luo, Department of Urology, University of Iowa, 3202 Medical Education and Research Facility, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1087.
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Jenkins D, Woolf AS. Uroplakins: new molecular players in the biology of urinary tract malformations. Kidney Int 2006; 71:195-200. [PMID: 17183244 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The uroplakins (UPs) are a family of proteins which associate with each other and form plaques on the apical surface of the urothelium. These plaques contribute to a permeability barrier, preventing the influx of urine from the urinary tract lumen. Urinary tract malformations associated with human and mouse UP mutations, the human fetal expression patterns of UPs and experiments in Xenopus oocytes are collectively revealing new functions for the UPs, forcing us to view these proteins in a new light. Rather than simply being products of the urothelial differentiation program, they may be a group of proteins central to the process of urinary tract differentiation itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jenkins
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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Kwon DN, Choi YJ, Park JY, Cho SK, Kim MO, Lee HT, Kim JH. Cloning and molecular dissection of the 8.8 kb pig uroplakin II promoter using transgenic mice and RT4 cells. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:462-77. [PMID: 16619260 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Uroplakin II (UPII) gene expression is highly tissue and cell specific, with mRNA present in the suprabasal cell layers of the bladder and urethra. Previous reports described the mouse UPII (mUPII) promoter as primarily urothelium selective. However, ectopic expression of a transgene under the 3.6 kb mUPII promoter was also detected in brain, kidney, and testis in some transgenic mouse lines. Here, we have cloned an 8.8 kb pig UPII (pUPII) promoter region and investigated which cells within the bladder and urethra express a transgene consisting of the pUPII promoter fused to human erythropoietin (hEPO) or a luciferase gene. pUPII-luciferase expression vectors with various deletions of the promoter region were introduced into mouse fibroblast (NIH3T3), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and human bladder transitional carcinoma (RT4). A 2.1 kb pUPII promoter fragment displayed high levels of luciferase activity in transiently transfected RT4 cells, whereas the 8.8 kb pUPII promoter region displayed only low levels of activity. The pUPII-hEPO expression vector was injected into the pronucleus of zygotes to make transgenic mice. To elucidate the in vivo molecular mechanisms controlling the tissue- and cell-specific expression of the pUPII promoter gene, transgenic mice containing 2.1 and 8.8 kb pUPII promoter fragments linked to the genomic hEPO gene were generated. An erythropoietin (EPO) assay showed that all nine transgenic lines carrying the 8.8 kb construct expressed recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) only in their urethra and bladder, whereas two transgenic lines carrying the 2.1 kb pUPII promoter displayed hEPO expression in several organs including bladder, kidney, spleen, heart, and brain. These studies demonstrate that the 2.1 kb promoter contains the DNA elements necessary for high levels of expression, but lacks critical sequences necessary for tissue-specific expression. We compared binding sites in the 2.1 and 8.8 kb promoter sequences and found five peroxisome proliferator responsive elements (PPREs) in the 8.8 kb promoter. Our data demonstrated that proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma activator treatment in RT4 cells induced the elevated expression of hEPO mRNA under the control of the 8.8 kb pUPII promoter, but not the 2.1 kb promoter. Collectively, our data suggested that all the major trans-regulatory elements required for bladder- and urethra-specific transcription are located in the 8.8 kb upstream region and that it may enhance tissue-specific protein production and be of interest to clinicians who are searching for therapeutic modalities with high efficacy and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deug-Nam Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, GyeongNam 660-701, South Korea
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Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is unique among epithelial carcinomas in its divergent pathways of tumorigenesis. Low-grade papillary tumours rarely become muscle-invasive and they frequently harbour gene mutations that constitutively activate the receptor tyrosine kinase-Ras pathway. By contrast, most high-grade invasive tumours progress to life-threatening metastases and have defects in the p53 and the retinoblastoma protein pathways. Correcting pathway-specific defects represents an attractive strategy for the molecular therapy of urothelial carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Salz W, Eisenberg D, Plescia J, Garlick DS, Weiss RM, Wu XR, Sun TT, Altieri DC. A survivin gene signature predicts aggressive tumor behavior. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3531-4. [PMID: 15867343 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gene signatures that predict aggressive tumor behavior at the earliest stages of disease, ideally before overt tissue abnormalities, are urgently needed. To search for such genes, we generated a transgenic model of survivin, an essential regulator of cell division and apoptosis overexpressed in cancer. Transgenic expression of survivin in the urinary bladder did not cause histologic abnormalities of the urothelium. However, microarray analysis revealed that survivin-expressing bladders exhibited profound changes in gene expression profile affecting extracellular matrix and inflammatory genes. Following exposure to a bladder carcinogen, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (OH-BBN), survivin transgenic animals exhibited accelerated tumor progression, preferential incidence of tumors as compared with premalignant lesions, and dramatically abbreviated survival. Conversely, transgenic expression of a survivin Thr34-->Ala dominant-negative mutant did not cause changes in gene expression or accelerated tumor progression after OH-BBN treatment. Therefore, survivin expression induces global transcriptional changes in the tissue microenvironment that may promote tumorigenesis. Detection of survivin or its associated gene signature may provide an early biomarker of aggressive tumor behavior before the appearance of tissue abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Salz
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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31
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Mo L, Cheng J, Lee EYHP, Sun TT, Wu XR. Gene deletion in urothelium by specific expression of Cre recombinase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:F562-8. [PMID: 15840768 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00368.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelium that lines almost the entire urinary tract acts as a permeability barrier and is involved in the pathogenesis of major urinary diseases, including urothelial carcinoma, urinary tract infection, and interstitial cystitis. However, investigation of urothelial biology and diseases has been hampered by the lack of tissue-specific approaches. To address this deficiency, we sought to develop a urothelium-specific knockout system using the Cre/loxP strategy. Transgenic mouse lines were generated in which a 3.6-kb mouse uroplakin II (UPII) promoter was used to drive the expression of Cre recombinase (Cre). Among the multiple tissues analyzed, Cre was found to be expressed exclusively in the urothelia of the transgenic mice. Crossing a UPII-Cre transgenic line with a ROSA26-LacZ reporter line, in which LacZ expression depends on Cre-mediated deletion of a floxed "stop" sequence, led to LacZ expression only in the urothelium. Gene recombination was also observed when the UPII-Cre line was crossed to an independent line in which a part of the p53 gene was flanked by the loxP sequences (floxed p53). Truncation of the p53 gene and mRNA was observed exclusively in the urothelia of double transgenic mice harboring both the UPII-Cre transgene and the floxed p53 allele. These results demonstrate for the first time the feasibility and potentially wide applicability of the UPII-Cre transgenic mice to inactivate any genes of interest in the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Mo
- Dept. of Urology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York Univ. School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Garcia-España A, Salazar E, Sun TT, Wu XR, Pellicer A. Differential Expression of Cell Cycle Regulators in Phenotypic Variants of Transgenically Induced Bladder Tumors: Implications for Tumor Behavior. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1150-7. [PMID: 15734997 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins controlling cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenic stress are often deregulated in tumor cells. However, whether such deregulations affect tumor behavior remains poorly understood in many tumor types. We recently showed that the urothelium-specific expression of activated H-ras and SV40 T antigen in transgenic mice produced two distinctive types of tumors strongly resembling the human superficial papillary tumors and carcinoma in situ of the bladder, respectively. Here we assessed the expression of a key set of cell cycle regulators in these mouse tumors and in a new transgenic line expressing a cyclin D1 oncogene in the urothelium. We found that urothelia of the wild-type and cyclin D1 transgenic mice exhibited a profile of cell cycle regulators found in quiescent (G(0)) cells, indicating that urothelium overexpressing the cyclin D1 (an 8-fold increase) is reminiscent of normal urothelium and remains slow-cycling. Low-grade superficial papillary tumors induced by activated H-ras had no detectable Rb family proteins (Rb, p107, and p130) and late cell cycle cyclins and kinases (cyclin A, E, and CDK1), but had increased level of p16, p53, and MDM2. These data suggest that the inactivation of the Rb pathway plays an important role in H-ras-induced superficial papillary tumors and that oncogenic H-ras can induce a compensatory activation of alternative tumor suppressor pathways. In contrast, carcinoma in situ of the bladder induced by SV40 T antigen had increased expression of cell cycle regulators mainly active in post-G(1) phases. The fact that phenotypically different bladder tumors exhibit different patterns of cell cycle regulators may explain why these tumors have different propensity to progress to invasive tumors. Our results indicate that the transgenic mouse models can be used not only for studying tumorigenesis but also for evaluating therapeutic strategies that target specific cell cycle regulators.
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Zhu HJ, Zhang ZQ, Zeng XF, Wei SS, Zhang ZW, Guo YL. Cloning and analysis of human UroplakinII promoter and its application for gene therapy in bladder cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:263-72. [PMID: 14963492 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The differential expression of the desired gene product in the target tissue is central for gene therapy. One approach is to use a tissue-specific promoter to drive therapeutic gene expression. UroplakinII (UPII) is a urothelium-specific membrane protein. To investigate the feasibility of targeting gene therapy for bladder cancer, a DNA fragment of 2542-bp upstream of the UPII gene was amplified by PCR and linked to a promoterless firefly luciferase reporter gene. The transient transfection showed that the DNA fragment resulted in preferential expression in bladder carcinoma cells, with negligible expression in nonurothelium cells. Furthermore, the DNA segment located between -2545 and -1608 decided the tissue-specificity of the UPII promoter, the segment located between -328 and -4 being the core promoter of UPII. We generated two recombinant adenoviruses under the control of the UPII promoter: Ad-hUPII-GFP, carrying green fluorescence protein (GFP), and Ad-hUPII-TNF, carrying the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). ELISA revealed that the secretion of TNFalpha by Ad-hUPII-TNF-infected bladder cancer cells was significantly higher than Ad-hUPII-TNF-infected nonurothelium cells. The conditioned medium from Ad-hUPII-TNF-infected bladder cancer cells apparently inhibited the proliferation of L929 cells, a TNFalpha-sensitive cell line, comparing to Ad-hUPII-TNF-infected nonurothelium cells. Intravesical inoculation with Ad-hUPII-TNF inhibited tumor growth in the orthotopic human bladder cancer model. The sustained high level of TNFalpha in urine was identified with ELISA. Taken together, these data suggest that most of the cis elements that confer the bladder-specificity and differentiation-dependent expression of the human UPII gene reside in the 2542-bp sequence, and TNFalpha driven by the human UPII (hUPII) promoter is effective in the specific inhibition of bladder cancer growth both in vivo and in vitro. These results may yield a new therapeutic approach for bladder cancer and provide information on the molecular regulation of urothelial growth, differentiation, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jïan Zhu
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, 8 Xi Shi Ku Da Jie, Xi Cheng Qu, China
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Gao J, Huang HY, Pak J, Cheng J, Zhang ZT, Shapiro E, Pellicer A, Sun TT, Wu XR. p53 deficiency provokes urothelial proliferation and synergizes with activated Ha-ras in promoting urothelial tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2004; 23:687-96. [PMID: 14737103 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutation and deletion of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are arguably the most prevalent among the multiple genetic alterations found in human bladder cancer, but these p53 defects are primarily associated with the advanced diseases, and their roles in bladder tumor initiation and in synergizing with oncogenes in tumor progression have yet to be defined. Using the mouse uroplakin II gene promoter, we have targeted into urothelium of transgenic mice a dominant-negative mutant of p53 that lacks the DNA-binding domain but retains the tetramerization domain. Urothelium-expressed p53 mutant binds to and stabilizes the endogenous wild-type p53, induces nuclear abnormality, hyperplasia and occasionally dysplasia, without eliciting frank carcinomas. Concurrent expression of the p53 mutant with an activated Ha-ras, the latter of which alone induces urothelial hyperplasia, fails to accelerate tumor formation. In contrast, the expression of the activated Ha-ras in the absence of p53, as accomplished by crossing the activated Ha-ras transgenic mice with the p53 knockout mice, results in early-onset bladder tumors that are either low-grade superficial papillary or high grade in nature. These results provide the first in vivo experimental evidence that p53 deficiency predisposes the urothelium to hyperproliferation, but is insufficient for bladder tumorigenesis; that the mere reduction of p53 dosage, as produced in transgenic mice expressing the dominant-negative p53 or in heterozygous p53 knockouts, is incapable of synergizing with Ha-ras to induce bladder tumors; and that the complete loss of p53 is a prerequisite for collaborating with activated Ha-ras to promote bladder tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center in New York, NY 10010, USA
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE The prognosis of patients with bladder cancer is strongly dependent on whether the lesion is superficial or invasive at initial presentation. In addition, a significant fraction of patients presenting with superficial disease have invasive tumor during followup. Understanding how superficial bladder cancer progresses to invasive forms of the disease is of paramount importance for early diagnosis and successful treatment. Molecular mechanisms underlying bladder cancer progression are being elucidated. We reviewed the roles that members of the Ras superfamily of monomeric G proteins, an important class of cellular regulator, have in bladder cancer and its progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed MEDLINE searches focusing on members of the Ras superfamily of monomeric G proteins and their involvement in transitional cell carcinoma, which is the most common form of bladder cancer. General involvement in cancer of key superfamily members, focusing on mechanisms and downstream pathways, was also reviewed through MEDLINE and manual bibliographic searches. RESULTS With more than 100 members in humans the Ras superfamily is a diverse group of monomeric G proteins. These proteins regulate many cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, actin cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane traffic. Members of the Ras and Rho family are also known to be involved in human cancer through mutation, over expression and dysregulation. In this review we focus on bladder cancer. In particular we focus on how H-Ras, RalA/B and RhoGDI2, a regulator of Rho family members, participate in bladder cancer progression and how their participation may be related to other molecules associated with bladder cancer progression, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, p53 and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10). CONCLUSIONS The findings discussed offer the hopeful possibility that signaling pathways mediated by Ras superfamily members may offer new opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Oxford
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Zhu H, Zhang ZA, Xu C, Huang G, Zeng X, Wei S, Zhang Z, Guo Y. Targeting gene expression of the mouse uroplakin II promoter to human bladder cells. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 31:17-21. [PMID: 12624658 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-002-0294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2002] [Accepted: 11/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Differential expression of the desired gene product in the target tissue is central to the concept of gene therapy. One approach is to use a tissue-specific promoter to drive therapeutic genes. To investigate the feasibility of tissue-specific gene therapy for bladder cancer using the mouse uroplakin II (UPII) promoter and its transcriptional control, the efficacy of this promoter as well as fragments in regulating gene expression were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in bladder and non-bladder tissue cell lines using DNA transfection. Our results demonstrate that the mouse UPII promoter actively drives gene expression in BIU-87, a bladder cancer cell line. Little promoter activity was detected in the non-bladder tissue cell lines. Furthermore, deleting the 5' end 1.5 kb of the UPII promoter by PCR, the activity was significantly decreased but was bladder-specific. However, deleting the 3' end 143-bp of the UPII promoter, the activity was hardly detected in any tissue cell lines. The activity of the 3' end 143-bp of the UPII promoter was detected in both bladder cancer and stomach cancer cell lines. These data demonstrate that the mouse UPII promoter has a high activity in human bladder cells and a low basal activity in human non-bladder cells. This suggests that targeting the gene expression of the mouse UPII promoter could be used to treat human bladder cancer. The enhancer was contained in the region of the 1.5 kb of the 5' end of the mouse UPII promoter. The core promoter was located in the region of the 143 bp of the 3' end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Zhu
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, 100034 Beijing, China
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Olsburgh J, Harnden P, Weeks R, Smith B, Joyce A, Hall G, Poulsom R, Selby P, Southgate J. Uroplakin gene expression in normal human tissues and locally advanced bladder cancer. J Pathol 2003; 199:41-9. [PMID: 12474225 DOI: 10.1002/path.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The uroplakins are widely regarded as urothelium-specific markers of terminal urothelial cytodifferentiation. This study investigated the expression of the four uroplakin genes, UPIa, UPIb, UPII and UPIII, in a wide range of normal human tissues to determine tissue specificity and in advanced transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) to examine gene expression in primary and metastatic disease. In the urinary tract, all four uroplakins were expressed by urothelium and UPIII was also expressed by prostatic glandular epithelium. UPIa and UPII appeared to be urothelium-specific, but UPIb was detected in several non-urothelial tissues, including the respiratory tract, where it was associated with squamous metaplasia of tracheal and bronchial epithelia. The ten cases of primary TCC and corresponding lymph node metastases demonstrated that each uroplakin gene could be expressed at the mRNA level. No single uroplakin gene was expressed in all primary tumours or metastases, but 80% of the primary tumours and 70% of the lymph node metastases expressed at least one uroplakin gene. UPIII mRNA was often expressed in the absence of UPIII protein. These results confirm that in human tissues the expression of UPIa and UPII genes is highly specific to urothelium and suggest that the tight differentiation-restricted expression of uroplakin genes in normal urothelium is lost following malignant transformation.
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Controlling Gene Expression In The Urothelium Using Transgenic Mice With Inducible Bladder Specific Cre-lox Recombination. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200212000-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bex A, Vooijs M, Horenblas S, Berns A. Controlling gene expression in the urothelium using transgenic mice with inducible bladder specific Cre-lox recombination. J Urol 2002; 168:2641-4. [PMID: 12442001 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical advances in bladder cancer would require the development of novel animal model systems closely mimicking human disease. We describe a system of conditional gene targeting using the Cre/loxP system that permits temporally controlled mutation of tumor suppressor genes in bladder urothelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice expressing Cre-ERT, a fusion between Cre-recombinase and a mutated hormone binding domain of the human estrogen receptor ERT, permit temporally and spatially controlled Cre mediated recombination in vivo by the topical application of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen. Mice expressing Cre-ERT under transcriptional control of the ubiquitously expressed ROSA26 locus R26cre-ERT were crossbred with R26R mice that express the lacZ reporter gene after Cre mediated excision of a neo cassette in all cells of the adult mice. At 7 and 90 days after intravesical application of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg. 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen the bladder was processed for X-Gal (Life Technologies, Rockville, Maryland) staining. RESULTS At doses of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg. 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen Cre mediated recombination was readily detected in the bladder urothelium in dose dependent fashion. Within the urothelium basal, suprabasal and superficial cells stained. Applying the 10 mg. dose resulted in widespread multifocal staining of the urothelium without recombination in the bladder wall or distant organs. CONCLUSIONS The R26cre-ERT mouse can be used to induce multifocal somatic mutagenesis in the bladder urothelium in a promoter independent and time controlled manner. This model would enable us to study temporally controlled mutations of bladder cancer related tumor suppressor genes by crossbreeding with mice carrying floxed alleles for Rb, p53 and p16INK4a alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Bex
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Deng FM, Liang FX, Tu L, Resing KA, Hu P, Supino M, Hu CCA, Zhou G, Ding M, Kreibich G, Sun TT. Uroplakin IIIb, a urothelial differentiation marker, dimerizes with uroplakin Ib as an early step of urothelial plaque assembly. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:685-94. [PMID: 12446744 PMCID: PMC2173100 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200204102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial plaques consist of four major uroplakins (Ia, Ib, II, and III) that form two-dimensional crystals covering the apical surface of urothelium, and provide unique opportunities for studying membrane protein assembly. Here, we describe a novel 35-kD urothelial plaque-associated glycoprotein that is closely related to uroplakin III: they have a similar overall type 1 transmembrane topology; their amino acid sequences are 34% identical; they share an extracellular juxtamembrane stretch of 19 amino acids; their exit from the ER requires their forming a heterodimer with uroplakin Ib, but not with any other uroplakins; and UPIII-knockout leads to p35 up-regulation, possibly as a compensatory mechanism. Interestingly, p35 contains a stretch of 80 amino acid residues homologous to a hypothetical human DNA mismatch repair enzyme-related protein. Human p35 gene is mapped to chromosome 7q11.23 near the telomeric duplicated region of Williams-Beuren syndrome, a developmental disorder affecting multiple organs including the urinary tract. These results indicate that p35 (uroplakin IIIb) is a urothelial differentiation product structurally and functionally related to uroplakin III, and that p35-UPIb interaction in the ER is an important early step in urothelial plaque assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ming Deng
- Epithelial Biology Unit, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Smith FJD, Porter RM, Corden LD, Lunny DP, Lane EB, McLean WHI. Cloning of human, murine, and marsupial keratin 7 and a survey of K7 expression in the mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:818-27. [PMID: 12359226 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins expressed by epithelial cells. Keratin 7 (K7) is expressed in a wide range of epithelial structures in humans. We have cloned and fully sequenced the human and mouse K7 genes and mRNAs, and the K7 mRNA from the marsupial Potorous tridactylis, from which the widely used simple epithelial cell lines PtK1 and PtK2 are derived. Percentage identity plots comparing the mouse and human genomic sequences revealed a number of conserved CpG islands associated with the K7 gene. There was considerable conservation of introns between the two species, which may indicate the presence of intronic regulatory elements. Only the most proximal 500bp of the promoter was conserved, although an additional conserved sequence island was found 2-3kb upstream. Protein sequence comparisons between the three species allowed identification of conserved regions of the keratin variable domains that may be candidates for protein-protein interactions and/or regulatory modification. From the mouse sequence, we generated a polyclonal rabbit antibody specific for murine K7. This antibody was used to perform a survey of K7 expression in the mouse. The expression pattern was similar to the reported human distribution, with substantial expression observed in lung, bladder, mesothelium, hair follicle, and ductal structures. We also noted previously unreported expression of K7 in the gastrointestinal tract and filiform papillae of the tongue and specific K7 expression in a range of "hard" epithelial tissues. The distribution of K7 in mouse and availability of genomic sequence from the 129/Sv mouse strain will allow the generation and analysis of transgenic mice expressing mutant forms of K7 and to predict the phenotype of human genetic disorders caused by mutations in this keratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J D Smith
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Ninewells Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
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Olsburgh J, Weeks R, Selby P, Southgate J. Human uroplakin lb gene structure and promoter analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1576:163-70. [PMID: 12031497 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The uroplakin Ib (UPIb) gene is predominantly expressed in urothelium and is overexpressed in 50% of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Molecular cloning of the genomic 5' region and comparison to a chromosome 3q genomic contig determined that the gene spans 31 kb and has eight exons including a noncoding exon 1. Multiple transcription start sites were identified in exon 1 by 5'RACE and ribonuclease protection assay (RPA). In vitro reporter gene analysis was performed with 2.3 kb of genomic DNA sequence flanking the 5' end of UPIb. A 235-bp 5' fragment that included UPIb exon 1 generated strong transcriptional activity in normal and malignant human urothelial cell lines. Established malignant cell lines had greater transcriptional activity from the UPIb promoter than normal human cells. The identification of a functional human UPIb gene promoter may find application in targeting gene therapy strategies for bladder cancer.
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Kwon DNM, Seo HG, Kim JH. Cloning, sequencing, and expression analysis of the porcine uroplakin II gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:862-9. [PMID: 12054551 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the cloning of porcine UPII genomic DNA, which contains a putative full-length open reading frame encoding the UPII protein. A comparison of the porcine UPII gene coding sequence with the previously published mouse UPII sequence demonstrates that the exon sequences are only partially conserved. Northern and immunohistochemical analyses show that the porcine UPII gene is expressed only in the urothelium and that the protein specifically localizes to urothelial superficial cells. Among urothelial superficial cells, 8.5-9.8% of umbrella cells expresses the UPII gene. A 2-kb region of the porcine UPII promoter contains multiple transcription factor binding sites, including GC-boxes, SP1, AP2, and GATA-box sites, but no TATA or CAAT-box sequences. A sequence comparison of the porcine and murine UPII promoter genes by the MEME system allowed two conserved motifs to be identified, suggesting that these sequences have cis-acting regulatory roles. Sequence homologies between the motifs A and B of the two species are 79% and 80%, respectively, although their relative locations are different. Our results show that the porcine UPII gene is expressed highly and specifically in the bladder urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deug-Na m Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science, College of Agriculture, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, GyeongNam 660-701, Republic of Korea [corrected]
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Abstract
This article summarizes recent genetic research that promises to advance understanding of the functioning of the urinary bladder and further our knowledge about interstitial cystitis. Results reported at the Tenth International Research Symposium on Interstitial Cystitis and Bladder Research and in the current literature are presented. Three specific areas of genetic research are summarized: gene expression via DNA arrays, development of new animal models through transgenic or gene knockout approaches, and gene therapy. Advances in genetic research (specifically in gene therapy; development of new, genetically engineered mouse models; and study of gene expression using DNA array assays) will contribute to further understanding the functioning of the urinary bladder in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liebert
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Ryoo ZY, Kim MO, Kim KE, Bahk YY, Lee JW, Park SH, Kim JH, Byun SJ, Hwang HY, Youn J, Kim TY. Expression of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) in mouse urine. Transgenic Res 2001; 10:193-200. [PMID: 11437276 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016657501149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have generated transgenic mice expressing human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) in urine. In particular, the expression plasmid DNA containing mouse uroplakin II promoter was used to direct uroepithelium-specific transcription of transgene. In this study, hGM-CSF transcript was detected only in bladder uroepithelium as determined by northern blot analysis. Furthermore, hGM-CSF protein was detected in the suprabasal layer of the uroepithelium and ureter by immunohistochemistry. The hGM-CSF was secreted into urine at high level (up to 180 ng/ml), and enhanced proliferation of hGM-CSF-dependent human acute monocyte leukemic cells, suggesting that transgenic urine-derived hGM-CSF was bioactive. This is the first case of demonstrating biological activity of a cytokine produced in the urine of a transgenic animal. Our results demonstrate that bladder can be used as a bioreactor to produce biologically important substances. In addition, it suggests a potential application of bladder expression system to livestock for high-yield production of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Ryoo
- Department of Immunobiology and Dermatology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
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Zhang ZT, Pak J, Huang HY, Shapiro E, Sun TT, Pellicer A, Wu XR. Role of Ha-ras activation in superficial papillary pathway of urothelial tumor formation. Oncogene 2001; 20:1973-80. [PMID: 11360181 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2000] [Revised: 01/25/2001] [Accepted: 01/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial tumors develop along two distinctive phenotypic pathways (superficial papillary non-invasive tumors versus flat carcinoma in situ lesions), with markedly different biological behavior and prognosis. Although multiple genetic alterations have been identified in human bladder cancer, their cause-effect relationship with the two pathways has not been firmly established. Using a urothelium-specific promoter of the uroplakin II gene, we showed earlier in transgenic mice that the urothelial expression of SV40T antigen, which inactivates p53 and pRb, induced carcinoma in situ and invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. In striking contrast, we demonstrate here that the urothelial expression of an activated Ha-ras in transgenic mice caused urothelial hyperplasia and superficial papillary non-invasive bladder tumors. These results provide strong, direct experimental evidence that the two phenotypical pathways of bladder tumorigenesis are caused by distinctive genetic defects. Our results indicate that Ha-ras activation can induce urothelial proliferation in vivo; and that urothelial hyperplasia is a precursor of low-grade, superficial papillary bladder tumors. Our transgenic models provide unique opportunities to study the detailed molecular events underlying different types of bladder neoplasms, and can serve as useful preclinical models for evaluating the in vivo efficacy of preventive and therapeutic agents that act on various signaling pathways in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z T Zhang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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47
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Abstract
Envoplakin, a member of the plakin family of proteins, is a component of desmosomes and the epidermal cornified envelope. To understand how envoplakin expression is regulated, we have analyzed the structure of the mouse envoplakin gene and characterized the promoters of both the human and mouse genes. The mouse gene consists of 22 exons and maps to chromosome 11E1, syntenic to the location of the human gene on 17q25. The exon-intron structure of the mouse envoplakin gene is common to all members of the plakin family: the N-terminal protein domain is encoded by 21 small exons, and the central rod domain and the C-terminal globular domain are coded by a single large exon. The C terminus shows the highest sequence conservation between mouse and human envoplakins and between envoplakin and the other family members. The N terminus is also conserved, with sequence homology extending to Drosophila Kakapo. A region between nucleotides -101 and 288 was necessary for promoter activity in transiently transfected primary keratinocytes. This region is highly conserved between the human and mouse genes and contains at least two different positively acting elements identified by site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Mutation of a GC box binding Sp1 and Sp3 proteins or a combined E box and Krüppel-like element interacting with unidentified nuclear proteins virtually abolished promoter activity. 600 base pairs of the mouse upstream sequence was sufficient to drive expression of a beta-galactosidase reporter gene in the suprabasal layers of epidermis, esophagus, and forestomach of transgenic mice. Thus, we have identified a regulatory region in the envoplakin gene that can account for the expression pattern of the endogenous protein in stratified squamous epithelia.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns
- Keratinocytes
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Precursors/biosynthesis
- Protein Precursors/chemistry
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
- beta-Galactosidase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A Määttä
- Keratinocyte Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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Abstract
We have developed two systems for performing Cre-mediated recombination of target genes in the rapidly self-renewing mouse small intestinal and colonic epithelium. When expression of Cre recombinase is placed directly under the control of transcriptional regulatory elements from a fatty acid-binding protein gene (Fabp), deletion of loxP flanked (floxed) DNA sequences is initiated as early as embryonic day 13.5, well before completion of intestinal morphogenesis. By embryonic day 16.5, Fabp-Cre also directs recombination in all cell layers of the transitional epithelium that lines the renal calyces and pelvis, ureters, and bladder. Fabp-Cre expression and recombination are maintained in both epithelia throughout adulthood. The second system allows recombination to be induced only in the gut and at any period during adulthood. This system uses Fabp regulatory elements to direct expression of a reverse tetracycline-regulated transactivator (rtTA). Another transgene encodes Cre under the control of tet operator sequences and a minimal promoter from human cytomegalovirus (tetO-P(hCMV)-Cre). In the absence of a doxycycline inducer, no basal recombination is detectable in the gut of adult tri-transgenic mice containing Fabp-rtTA, tetO-P(hCMV)-Cre, plus a floxed reporter gene. After 4 days of oral administration of doxycycline, recombination of the reporter is apparent in the small intestinal, cecal, and colonic epithelium. After doxycycline is withdrawn, the recombined locus persists for at least 60 days, indicating that recombination has occurred in epithelial cell progenitors that have long residency times in the proliferative units of the intestine (crypts of Lieberkühn). This inducible system should have a number of applications for examining gene function at selected times in postnatal life, under selected physiologic or pathophysiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Saam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Sun TT, Liang FX, Wu XR. Uroplakins as markers of urothelial differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 462:7-18; discussion 103-14. [PMID: 10599409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4737-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T T Sun
- Ronald Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Medical School, New York 10016, USA
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50
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Ogawa K, St John M, Luiza de Oliveira M, Arnold L, Shirai T, Sun TT, Cohen SM. Comparison of uroplakin expression during urothelial carcinogenesis induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in rats and mice. Toxicol Pathol 1999; 27:645-51. [PMID: 10588545 DOI: 10.1177/019262339902700606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expression of uroplakins, the tissue-specific and differentiation-dependent membrane proteins of the urothelium, was analyzed immunohistochemically in N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)-treated rats and mice during bladder carcinogenesis. Male Fischer 344 rats were treated with 0.05% BBN in the drinking water for 10 wk and were euthanatized at week 20 of the experiment. BBN was administered to male B6D2F, mice; it was either provided at a rate of 0.05% in the drinking water (for 26 wk) or 5 mg BBN was administered by intragastric gavage twice weekly for 10 wk, followed by 20 wk without treatment. In rats, BBN-induced, noninvasive, low-grade, papillary, transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) showed decreased uroplakin-staining of cells lining the lumen but showed increased expression in some nonluminal cells. In mice, nonpapillary, high-grade dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma were induced. There was a marked decrease in the number of uroplakin-positive cells lining the lumen and in nonluminal cells. This occurred in normal-appearing urothelium in BBN-treated mice and in dysplasic urothelium, in carcinoma in situ, and in invasive TCC. The percentage of uroplakin-positive nonluminal cells was higher in control mice than in rats, but it was lower in the mouse than in the rat after BBN treatment. Uroplakin expression was disorderly and focal in BBN-treated urothelium in both species. These results indicate that BBN treatment changed the expression of uroplakins during bladder carcinogenesis, with differences in rats and mice being related to degree of tumor differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-3135, USA
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