1
|
Collados Rodríguez M. The Fate of Speckled Protein 100 (Sp100) During Herpesviruses Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607526. [PMID: 33598438 PMCID: PMC7882683 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive expression of Speckled-100 (Sp100) is known to restrict the replication of many clinically important DNA viruses. This pre-existing (intrinsic) immune defense to virus infection can be further upregulated upon interferon (IFN) stimulation as a component of the innate immune response. In humans, Sp100 is encoded by a single gene locus, which can produce alternatively spliced isoforms. The widely studied Sp100A, Sp100B, Sp100C and Sp100HMG have functions associated with the transcriptional regulation of viral and cellular chromatin, either directly through their characteristic DNA-binding domains, or indirectly through post-translational modification (PTM) and associated protein interaction networks. Sp100 isoforms are resident component proteins of promyelocytic leukemia-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), dynamic nuclear sub-structures which regulate host immune defenses against many pathogens. In the case of human herpesviruses, multiple protein antagonists are expressed to relieve viral DNA genome transcriptional silencing imposed by PML-NB and Sp100-derived proteinaceous structures, thereby stimulating viral propagation, pathogenesis, and transmission to new hosts. This review details how different Sp100 isoforms are manipulated during herpesviruses HSV1, VZV, HCMV, EBV, and KSHV infection, identifying gaps in our current knowledge, and highlighting future areas of research.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Zheng X, Jiang P, Tang R, Gong Y, Dai Y, Wang L, Xu P, Sun W, Wang L, Han C, Jiang Y, Wei Y, Zhang K, Wu J, Shao Y, Gao Y, Yu J, Hu Z, Zang Z, Zhao Y, Wu X, Dai N, Liu L, Nie J, Jiang B, Lin M, Li L, Li Y, Chen S, Shu L, Qiu F, Wu Q, Zhang M, Chen R, Jawed R, Zhang Y, Shi X, Zhu Z, Pei H, Huang L, Zhao W, Tian Y, Zhu X, Qiu H, Gershwin ME, Chen W, Seldin MF, Liu X, Sun L, Ma X. Genome-wide Association Studies of Specific Antinuclear Autoantibody Subphenotypes in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Hepatology 2019; 70:294-307. [PMID: 30854688 PMCID: PMC6618054 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Anti-nuclear antibodies to speckled 100 kDa (sp100) and glycoprotein 210 (gp210) are specific serologic markers of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) of uncertain/controversial clinical or prognostic significance. To study the genetic determinants associated with sp100 and gp210 autoantibody subphenotypes, we performed a genome-wide association analysis of 930 PBC cases based on their autoantibody status, followed by a replication study in 1,252 PBC cases. We confirmed single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs492899 (P = 3.27 × 10-22 ; odds ratio [OR], 2.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.34-3.66) and rs1794280 (P = 5.78 × 10-28 ; OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 3.05-4.96) in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region associated with the sp100 autoantibody. However, no genetic variant was identified as being associated with the gp210 autoantibody. To further define specific classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles or amino acids associated with the sp100 autoantibody, we imputed 922 PBC cases (211 anti-sp100-positive versus 711 negative cases) using a Han Chinese MHC reference database. Conditional analysis identified that HLA-DRβ1-Asn77/Arg74, DRβ1-Ser37, and DPβ1-Lys65 were major determinants for sp100 production. For the classical HLA alleles, the strongest association was with DRB1*03:01 (P = 1.51 × 10-9 ; OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 2.06-4.29). Regression analysis with classical HLA alleles identified DRB1*03:01, DRB1*15:01, DRB1*01, and DPB1*03:01 alleles can explain most of the HLA association with sp100 autoantibody. Conclusion: This study indicated significant genetic predisposition to the sp100 autoantibody, but not the gp210 autoantibody, subphenotype in PBC patients. Additional studies will be necessary to determine if these findings have clinical significance to PBC pathogenesis and/or therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China & Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui ProvinceHefeiChina
| | - Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Ruqi Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyShanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Yuhua Gong
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Third People's Hospital of ZhenjiangZhenjiangJiangsuChina
| | - Yaping Dai
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Fifth People's Hospital of WuxiWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe 81st Hospital of PLANanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Chongxu Han
- Department of Laboratory MedicineSubei People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yuzhang Jiang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineHuai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityHuai'anJiangsuChina
| | - Yiran Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyShanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of RheumatologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Youlin Shao
- Department of HepatologyThe Third People's Hospital of ChangzhouChangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Department of Liver DiseasesShuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jianjiang Yu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineJiangyin People's Hospital, Southeast UniversityJiangyinJiangsuChina
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineAffiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Zhidong Zang
- Department of HepatologyThe Second Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal EndoscopyEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Xudong Wu
- Department of GastroenterologyYancheng First People's HospitalYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Na Dai
- Department of GastroenterologyJiangsu University Affiliated Kunshan HospitalKunshanJiangsuChina
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of GastroenterologyYixing People's HospitalYixinJiangsuChina
| | - Jinshan Nie
- Department of GastroenterologyTaicang First People's Hospital, Soochow UniversityTaicangJiangsuChina
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of HepatologyJingjiang Second People's HospitalJingjiangJiangsuChina
| | - Maosong Lin
- Department of GastroenterologyTaizhou People's HospitalTaizhouJiangsuChina
| | - Li Li
- Department of Laboratory MedicineZhongda Hospital, Southeast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - You Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyShanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Sufang Chen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Lixin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Fang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Qiuyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Ru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Rohil Jawed
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xingjuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of HepatologyThe Third People's Hospital of ChangzhouChangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Hao Pei
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Fifth People's Hospital of WuxiWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Lihua Huang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Fifth People's Hospital of WuxiWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- Department of GastroenterologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe 81st Hospital of PLANanjingJiangsuChina
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California at Davis School of MedicineDavisCA
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of GastroenterologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Michael F. Seldin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California at Davis School of MedicineDavisCA
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life SciencesSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China & Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui ProvinceHefeiChina
| | - Xiong Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyShanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji HospitalShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raybaud H, Olivieri C, Lupi-Pegurier L, Pagnotta S, Marsault R, Cardot-Leccia N, Doglio A. Epstein-Barr Virus–Infected Plasma Cells Infiltrate Erosive Oral Lichen Planus. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1494-1500. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034518788282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in addition to its transforming properties, contributes to the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated its involvement in oral lichen planus (OLP), a common autoimmune-like disease of unknown etiopathogenesis that can display a malignant potential. EBV-infected cells (EBV+ cells) were sought in a large series of clinically representative OLPs ( n = 99) through in situ hybridization to detect small noncoding EBV-encoded RNAs. Overall, our results demonstrated that EBV was commonly found in OLP (74%), with significantly higher frequency (83%) in the erosive form than in the reticular/keratinized type mild form (58%). Strikingly, many erosive OLPs were massively infiltrated by large numbers of EBV+ cells, which could represent a large part of the inflammatory infiltrate. Moreover, the number of EBV+ cells in each OLP section significantly correlated with local inflammatory parameters (OLP activity, infiltrate depth, infiltrate density), suggesting a direct relationship between EBV infection and inflammatory status. Finally, we characterized the nature of the infiltrated EBV+ cells by performing detailed immunohistochemistry profiles ( n = 21). Surprisingly, nearly all EBV+ cells detected in OLP lesions were CD138+ plasma cells (PCs) and more rarely CD20+ B cells. The presence of EBV+ PCs in erosive OLP was associated with profound changes in cytokine expression profile; notably, the expression of key inflammatory factors, such as IL1-β and IL8, were specifically increased in OLP heavily infiltrated with EBV+ PCs. Moreover, electron microscopy–based experiments showed that EBV+ PCs actively produced EBV viral particles, suggesting possible amplification of EBV infection within the lesion. Our study thus brings conclusive evidence showing that OLP is commonly infiltrated with EBV+ PCs, adding a further puzzling element to OLP pathogenesis, given that PCs are now considered to be major regulatory immune cells involved in several autoimmune diseases (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02276573).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Raybaud
- Université Côte d’Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Odontologie, Nice, France
| | - C.V. Olivieri
- Université Côte d’Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France
| | - L. Lupi-Pegurier
- Université Côte d’Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Odontologie, Nice, France
| | - S. Pagnotta
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, Nice, France
| | - R. Marsault
- Université Côte d’Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France
| | - N. Cardot-Leccia
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pathology, Pasteur Hospital, Nice, France
| | - A. Doglio
- Université Côte d’Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Génique, Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The coexistence of Sjögren's syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 48:301-15. [PMID: 25682089 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases share numerous features and often coexist in the same patient. Autoimmune cholangitis/primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren syndrome represent paradigmatic examples of the common grounds of different autoimmunity phenotypes based on similarities in clinical manifestations and immunopathogenesis. In fact, primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren's syndrome have both been coined as an autoimmune epithelitis in which apoptosis may be in both cases the key element to explain the organ-specific immune-mediated injury against the biliary and exocrine gland epithelia, respectively. Further, growing evidence supports in both diseases the view that B cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T helper cells are involved in chronic inflammation, likely via the altered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The presence of estrogen receptors on the biliary and exocrine gland epithelia has been advocated as a key to the female predominance encountered in primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren's syndrome. Sadly, despite available data, therapeutic approaches remain largely unsatisfactory and recent studies with mechanistic approaches (as in the case of B cell depletion with rituximab) have been of partial benefit only. Future studies should focus on new molecular tools (single-cell transcriptomics, microRNA, epigenetics) to provide unique insights into common mechanisms.
Collapse
|
5
|
Smyk DS, Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP. Potential Roles for Infectious Agents in the Pathophysiology of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: What's New? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013. [PMID: 23188623 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-012-0304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a progressive cholestatic liver disease serologically characterized by the presence of high-titer antimitochondrial antibodies and, histologically by chronic nonsuppurative cholangitis and granulomata. The aetiology of the disease remains elusive, although genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and infectious factors have been considered important for the induction of the disease in genetically prone individuals. The disease shows a striking female predominance and becomes clinically overt at the fourth to sixth decade. These characteristics have prompted investigators to consider infections that predominate in women at these ages as the likely candidates for triggering the disease. Recurrent urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli were the first infections to be considered pathogenetically relevant. Over the years, several other microorganisms have been linked to the pathogenesis of PBC owing to epidemiological, immunological, microbiological, or experimental findings in animal models. Recent studies have provided data supporting the pathogenic role of Novosphingobium aromaticivorans and betaretroviruses. Several reports have linked other organisms to the induction of the disease and/or the maintenance of the auto-aggressive responses that are perpetuated over the course of the disease. This review highlights the findings of the most recent studies investigating the link between infections and PBC. We also discuss the close interplay of the infectious agents with other environmental and genetic factors, which may explain the multifaceted nature of this puzzling disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Smyk
- Institute of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Epstein-barr virus as a trigger of autoimmune liver diseases. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:987471. [PMID: 22693505 PMCID: PMC3368154 DOI: 10.1155/2012/987471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases includes a combination of genetic factors and environmental exposures including infectious agents. Infectious triggers are commonly indicated as being involved in the induction of autoimmune disease, with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) being implicated in several autoimmune disorders. EBV is appealing in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, due to its high prevalence worldwide, its persistency throughout life in the host's B lymphocytes, and its ability to alter the host's immune response and to inhibit apoptosis. However, the evidence in support of EBV in the pathogenesis varies among diseases. Autoimmune liver diseases (AiLDs), including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), have a potential causative link with EBV. The data surrounding EBV and AiLD are scarce. The lack of evidence surrounding EBV in AiLD may also be reflective of the rarity of these conditions. EBV infection has also been linked to other autoimmune conditions, which are often found to be concomitant with AiLD. This paper will critically examine the literature surrounding the link between EBV infection and AiLD development. The current evidence is far from being conclusive of the theory of a link between EBV and AiLD.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kanduc D. Epitopic peptides with low similarity to the host proteome: towards biological therapies without side effects. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 9:45-53. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590802614041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
8
|
Manuel Lucena J, Montes Cano M, Luis Caro J, Respaldiza N, Alvarez A, Sánchez-Román J, Núñez-Roldán A, Wichmann I. Comparison of two ELISA assays for anti-Sp100 determination. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1109:203-11. [PMID: 17785307 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1398.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to Sp100 have been described not only in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), but also in other diseases. Two assays for detection of Sp100 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been compared in a cohort of patients from our area: (a) Sp100 kit produced by IMTEC, Immunodiagnostica GmbH, and (b) Quanta Lite Sp100 kit produced by INOVA Diagnostics. We analyze here the correlation between the two assays and compare their efficiency in diagnosing PBC. We also comment on the exceptions derived from reactivity with other diseases. We studied 78 sera by IIF with the typical multiple nuclear dots (MND) pattern from patients who suffered from PBC, hepatopathies different from PBC, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), other connective tissue diseases (CTD), skeletal diseases, lung diseases, hematological disorders, a miscellaneous group, and a healthy IIF negative control group. The tests work equally well despite their different quantification system: (a) it is based on a standard curve; and (b) it is based on a single-point antigen-specific calibration. Some discrepancies could be explained by differences in the immunodominant epitope used in the ELISA. The main finding of this study is that the presence of MND/Sp100-positive antibodies were detected not only in hepatic diseases, mainly PBC, but also in other clinical conditions, confirmed by both tests. Diagnosis of PBC must be established in the right clinical context, because other diseases recognizing the same epitope, mainly SLE, may also show high Sp100 levels. Sera from PBC patients with antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) showed higher anti-Sp100 than the AMA-negative group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Lucena
- Department of Immunology, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Nuclear dots (NDs), alternatively designated nuclear bodies (NBs), PML oncogenic domains (PODs), nuclear domain 10 (ND10) or Kr-bodies, became a major topic for researchers in many fields only recently. Originally described as an autoantigenic target in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, they are now also known to play a role in development of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and possibly other forms of neoplasia. Size, number and composition of NDs are regulated throughout the cell cycle. Infection with herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr-virus, influenza virus and human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV I) strongly modifies ND structure through viral regulatory proteins. Due to this finding and because at least three of the cellular ND proteins are highly interferon-inducible, a function of NDs in early viral infection or in antiviral response has been postulated. Functional data are currently available only for two of the ND-associated proteins. The Sp100 protein seems to have transcriptional transactivating property, whereas the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) was reported to suppress growth and transformation. Here, we give a brief overview of the data currently available on NDs. Thus, we hope to link seemingly unrelated findings in the literature on oncology, virology, cell biology and immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sternsdorf
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grötzinger T, Jensen K, Will H. The interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene Sp100 promoter contains an IFN-gamma activation site and an imperfect IFN-stimulated response element which mediate type I IFN inducibility. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:25253-60. [PMID: 8810287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.41.25253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the nuclear domain-associated proteins Sp100, PML, and NDP52, is enhanced by interferons (IFNs) on the mRNA and protein level. Increase both of Sp100 and PML mRNA is due to enhanced transcription of the corresponding genes which occurs independently of cellular protein synthesis immediately upon IFN-beta addition. Here, we describe the molecular cloning and functional analysis of the Sp100 promoter. DNA sequence analysis revealed potential binding sites for several constitutive and IFN-inducible transcription factors. Consistent with the absence of a TATA box and an initiator element, several transcription initiation sites were found. Transient expression studies identified an imperfect IFN-stimulated response element within the first 100 nucleotides upstream of the major transcription start site. This element rendered a heterologous promoter IFN-beta-inducible and bound IFN-stimulated gene factor 2 strongly but IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 only weakly. An IFN-gamma activation site approximately 500 base pairs upstream of the IFN-stimulated response element was found to bind three IFN-alpha/beta activation factors upon IFN-beta induction and conferred both type I and type II IFN inducibility upon a heterologous promoter. These data demonstrate a novel arrangement of a nonoverlapping IFN-gamma activation site and an IFN-stimulated response element mediating type I IFN inducibility, previously not reported for other IFN-stimulable promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Grötzinger
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|