1
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Ganguly BB, Ganguly S, Kadam NN. Spectrum of stable and unstable rearrangements in lymphocytic chromosomes investigated in Bhopal population 30 years post MIC disaster amid co-exposure to lifestyle, living, and occupational hazards. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:1997-2019. [PMID: 35922599 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immediate assessment of genetic damage in methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas-exposed population in small and heterogeneous samples using diversified study designs and solid-stained metaphases could not depict the actual genetic impact of MIC on accidentally exposed individuals. The outcome of the then large multi-center genetic screening program was not available to the public and scientific community. Also, the routine and regular epidemiological health survey does not capture the genetic and long-term effect of MIC. Therefore, genetic screening was carried out 30 years post disaster during 2015-2017 with a view to screen the present status of chromosomal consequences in lymphocytic cells. Participants were recruited from moderate (34) and severely (78) exposed and unexposed (35) cohorts with their informed consent. Analysis of ~100 mitotic cells and karyotyping of at least 10-15 and all abnormal metaphases detected structural and numerical alterations, including stable and replicable ones. Clonal abnormalities were detected with monosomal and complex karyotypes, trisomy 8, del5q/20q, loss of Y, etc. Among all, X-chromosome was frequently involved in numerical alterations. Structural aberrations appeared higher in the then exposed populations, though abnormalities cannot be linked directly to MIC exposure 30 years post disaster. Collectively, all rearrangements were markedly higher in the severely exposed population. Altogether, the detected abnormalities appeared random and indicated genomic instability, suggesting follow-up at shorter intervals for the individuals detected with clonal aberrations. G-banding has facilitated recognition of chromosomal involvement and their breakpoints and classification of structural rearrangements. The present data has been derived from the 30-year post-disaster genetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Bandana Ganguly
- MGM Center for Genetic Research & Diagnosis, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.
- MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Shouvik Ganguly
- MGM Center for Genetic Research & Diagnosis, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
- MGM Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Nitin N Kadam
- MGM Center for Genetic Research & Diagnosis, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
- MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
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2
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Murray JM. Dynamics of latent HIV under clonal expansion. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010165. [PMID: 34929000 PMCID: PMC8722732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV latent reservoir exhibits slow decay on antiretroviral therapy (ART), impacted by homeostatic proliferation and activation. How these processes contribute to the total dynamic while also producing the observed profile of sampled latent clone sizes is unclear. An agent-based model was developed that tracks individual latent clones, incorporating homeostatic proliferation of cells and activation of clones. The model was calibrated to produce observed latent reservoir dynamics as well as observed clonal size profiles. Simulations were compared to previously published latent HIV integration data from 5 adults and 3 children. The model simulations reproduced reservoir dynamics as well as generating residual plasma viremia levels (pVL) consistent with observations on ART. Over 382 Latin Hypercube Sample simulations, the median latent reservoir grew by only 0.3 log10 over the 10 years prior to ART initiation, after which time it decreased with a half-life of 15 years, despite number of clones decreasing at a faster rate. Activation produced a maximum size of genetically intact clones of around one million cells. The individual simulation that best reproduced the sampled clone profile, produced a reservoir that decayed with a 13.9 year half-life and where pVL, produced mainly from proliferation, decayed with a half-life of 10.8 years. These slow decay rates were achieved with mean cell life-spans of only 14.2 months, due to expansion of the reservoir through proliferation and activation. Although the reservoir decayed on ART, a number of clones increased in size more than 4,000-fold. While small sampled clones may have expanded through proliferation, the large sizes exclusively arose from activation. Simulations where homeostatic proliferation contributed more to pVL than activation, produced pVL that was less variable over time and exhibited fewer viral blips. While homeostatic proliferation adds to the latent reservoir, activation can both add and remove latent cells. Latent activation can produce large clones, where these may have been seeded much earlier than when first sampled. Elimination of the reservoir is complicated by expanding clones whose dynamic differ considerably to that of the entire reservoir. The HIV latent reservoir decreases slowly on antiretroviral therapy (ART). However there are cellular processes operating within this reservoir that can expand or contract subpopulations. This means that what is happening at the macro level may not be reflected at the micro level. To investigate this, we analysed published data on HIV latent clone sizes. By constructing an agent model incorporating the processes of cellular activation and proliferation, we were able to show that activation can expand clone sizes significantly even while on ART. Homeostatic proliferation also plays a role in maintaining the reservoir but these clones, though more frequent, are much smaller in size. Our calculations also show that activation and proliferation of the intact latent reservoir can lead to some of these cells becoming virally productive to a level consistent with observed residual viremia during ART. This analysis explains how normal cellular processes restructure the make-up of the latent reservoir and contribute to residual viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Murray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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3
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Rausch JW, Le Grice SFJ. Characterizing the Latent HIV-1 Reservoir in Patients with Viremia Suppressed on cART: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:99-113. [PMID: 31889490 PMCID: PMC7475929 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666191231105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can bring HIV-1 in blood plasma to level undetectable by standard tests, prevent the onset of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and allow a near-normal life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals. Unfortunately, cART is not curative, as within a few weeks of treatment cessation, HIV viremia in most patients rebounds to pre-cART levels. The primary source of this rebound, and the principal barrier to a cure, is the highly stable reservoir of latent yet replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses integrated into the genomic DNA of resting memory CD4+ T cells. In this review, prevailing models for how the latent reservoir is established and maintained, residual viremia and viremic rebound upon withdrawal of cART, and the types and characteristics of cells harboring latent HIV-1 will be discussed. Selected technologies currently being used to advance our understanding of HIV latency will also be presented, as will a perspective on which areas of advancement are most essential for producing the next generation of HIV-1 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Rausch
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
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4
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Yoder KE, Rabe AJ, Fishel R, Larue RC. Strategies for Targeting Retroviral Integration for Safer Gene Therapy: Advances and Challenges. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:662331. [PMID: 34055882 PMCID: PMC8149907 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.662331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are obligate intracellular parasites that must integrate a copy of the viral genome into the host DNA. The integration reaction is performed by the viral enzyme integrase in complex with the two ends of the viral cDNA genome and yields an integrated provirus. Retroviral vector particles are attractive gene therapy delivery tools due to their stable integration. However, some retroviral integration events may dysregulate host oncogenes leading to cancer in gene therapy patients. Multiple strategies to target retroviral integration, particularly to genetic safe harbors, have been tested with limited success. Attempts to target integration may be limited by the multimerization of integrase or the presence of host co-factors for integration. Several retroviral integration complexes have evolved a mechanism of tethering to chromatin via a host protein. Integration host co-factors bind chromatin, anchoring the complex and allowing integration. The tethering factor allows for both close proximity to the target DNA and specificity of targeting. Each retrovirus appears to have distinct preferences for DNA sequence and chromatin features at the integration site. Tethering factors determine the preference for chromatin features, but do not affect the subtle sequence preference at the integration site. The sequence preference is likely intrinsic to the integrase protein. New developments may uncouple the requirement for a tethering factor and increase the ability to redirect retroviral integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine E Yoder
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anthony J Rabe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Richard Fishel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ross C Larue
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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5
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Feiveson A, George K, Shavers M, Moreno-Villanueva M, Zhang Y, Babiak-Vazquez A, Crucian B, Semones E, Wu H. Predicting chromosome damage in astronauts participating in international space station missions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5293. [PMID: 33674665 PMCID: PMC7935859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Space radiation consists of energetic protons and other heavier ions. During the International Space Station program, chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of astronauts have been analyzed to estimate received biological doses of space radiation. More specifically, pre-flight blood samples were exposed ex vivo to varying doses of gamma rays, while post-flight blood samples were collected shortly and several months after landing. Here, in a study of 43 crew-missions, we investigated whether individual radiosensitivity, as determined by the ex vivo dose-response of the pre-flight chromosome aberration rate (CAR), contributes to the prediction of the post-flight CAR incurred from the radiation exposure during missions. Random-effects Poisson regression was used to estimate subject-specific radiosensitivities from the preflight dose-response data, which were in turn used to predict post-flight CAR and subject-specific relative biological effectiveness (RBEs) between space radiation and gamma radiation. Covariates age, gender were also considered. Results indicate that there is predictive value in background CAR as well as radiosensitivity determined preflight for explaining individual differences in post-flight CAR over and above that which could be explained by BFO dose alone. The in vivo RBE for space radiation was estimated to be approximately 3 relative to the ex vivo dose response to gamma irradiation. In addition, pre-flight radiosensitivity tended to be higher for individuals having a higher background CAR, suggesting that individuals with greater radiosensitivity can be more sensitive to other environmental stressors encountered in daily life. We also noted that both background CAR and radiosensitivity tend to increase with age, although both are highly variable. Finally, we observed no significant difference between the observed CAR shortly after mission and at > 6 months post-mission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Moreno-Villanueva
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA.,Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Box 30, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ye Zhang
- Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | - Honglu Wu
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA.
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6
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Venanzi Rullo E, Pinzone MR, Cannon L, Weissman S, Ceccarelli M, Zurakowski R, Nunnari G, O'Doherty U. Persistence of an intact HIV reservoir in phenotypically naive T cells. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133157. [PMID: 33055422 PMCID: PMC7605525 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in a latent form and remains a hurdle to eradication. CD4+ T lymphocytes harbor the majority of the HIV reservoir, but the role of individual subsets remains unclear. CD4+ T cells were sorted into central, transitional, effector memory, and naive T cells. We measured HIV DNA and performed proviral sequencing of more than 1900 proviruses in 2 subjects at 2 and 9 years after ART initiation to estimate the contribution of each subset to the reservoir. Although our study was limited to 2 subjects, we obtained comparable findings with publicly available sequences. While the HIV integration levels were lower in naive compared with memory T cells, naive cells were a major contributor to the intact proviral reservoir. Notably, proviral sequences isolated from naive cells appeared to be unique, while those retrieved from effector memory cells were mainly clonal. The number of clones increased as cells differentiated from a naive to an effector memory phenotype, suggesting naive cells repopulate the effector memory reservoir as previously shown for central memory cells. Naive T cells contribute substantially to the intact HIV reservoir and represent a significant hurdle for HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marilia Rita Pinzone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - LaMont Cannon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, USA
| | - Sam Weissman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Una O'Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Sullivan NT, Allen AG, Atkins AJ, Chung CH, Dampier W, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Designing Safer CRISPR/Cas9 Therapeutics for HIV: Defining Factors That Regulate and Technologies Used to Detect Off-Target Editing. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1872. [PMID: 32903440 PMCID: PMC7434968 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection has resulted in the death of upward of 39 million people since being discovered in the early 1980s. A cure strategy for HIV-1 has eluded scientists, but gene editing technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) offer a new approach to developing a cure for HIV infection. While the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used successfully in a number of different types of studies, there remains a concern for off-target effects. This review details the different aspects of the Cas9 system and how they play a role in off-target events. In addition, this review describes the current technologies available for detecting off-target cleavage events and their advantages and disadvantages. While some studies have utilized whole genome sequencing (WGS), this method sacrifices depth of coverage for interrogating the whole genome. A number of different approaches have now been developed to take advantage of next generation sequencing (NGS) without sacrificing depth of coverage. This review highlights four widely used methods for detecting off-target events: (1) genome-wide unbiased identification of double-stranded break events enabled by sequencing (GUIDE-Seq), (2) discovery of in situ Cas off-targets and verification by sequencing (DISCOVER-Seq), (3) circularization for in vitro reporting of cleavage effects by sequencing (CIRCLE-Seq), and (4) breaks labeling in situ and sequencing (BLISS). Each of these technologies has advantages and disadvantages, but all center around capturing double-stranded break (DSB) events catalyzed by the Cas9 endonuclease. Being able to define off-target events is crucial for a gene therapy cure strategy for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexander G Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J Atkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cheng-Han Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Costa Del Amo P, Debebe B, Razavi-Mohseni M, Nakaoka S, Worth A, Wallace D, Beverley P, Macallan D, Asquith B. The Rules of Human T Cell Fate in vivo. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573. [PMID: 32322253 PMCID: PMC7156550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes governing lymphocyte fate (division, differentiation, and death), are typically assumed to be independent of cell age. This assumption has been challenged by a series of elegant studies which clearly show that, for murine cells in vitro, lymphocyte fate is age-dependent and that younger cells (i.e., cells which have recently divided) are less likely to divide or die. Here we investigate whether the same rules determine human T cell fate in vivo. We combined data from in vivo stable isotope labeling in healthy humans with stochastic, agent-based mathematical modeling. We show firstly that the choice of model paradigm has a large impact on parameter estimates obtained using stable isotope labeling i.e., different models fitted to the same data can yield very different estimates of T cell lifespan. Secondly, we found no evidence in humans in vivo to support the model in which younger T cells are less likely to divide or die. This age-dependent model never provided the best description of isotope labeling; this was true for naïve and memory, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, this age-dependent model also failed to predict an independent data set in which the link between division and death was explored using Annexin V and deuterated glucose. In contrast, the age-independent model provided the best description of both naïve and memory T cell dynamics and was also able to predict the independent dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Costa Del Amo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bisrat Debebe
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Milad Razavi-Mohseni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrew Worth
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Wallace
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Beverley
- TB Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Macallan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Stadtmauer EA, Fraietta JA, Davis MM, Cohen AD, Weber KL, Lancaster E, Mangan PA, Kulikovskaya I, Gupta M, Chen F, Tian L, Gonzalez VE, Xu J, Jung IY, Melenhorst JJ, Plesa G, Shea J, Matlawski T, Cervini A, Gaymon AL, Desjardins S, Lamontagne A, Salas-Mckee J, Fesnak A, Siegel DL, Levine BL, Jadlowsky JK, Young RM, Chew A, Hwang WT, Hexner EO, Carreno BM, Nobles CL, Bushman FD, Parker KR, Qi Y, Satpathy AT, Chang HY, Zhao Y, Lacey SF, June CH. CRISPR-engineered T cells in patients with refractory cancer. Science 2020; 367:eaba7365. [PMID: 32029687 PMCID: PMC11249135 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba7365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing provides a powerful tool to enhance the natural ability of human T cells to fight cancer. We report a first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial to test the safety and feasibility of multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 editing to engineer T cells in three patients with refractory cancer. Two genes encoding the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) chains, TCRα (TRAC) and TCRβ (TRBC), were deleted in T cells to reduce TCR mispairing and to enhance the expression of a synthetic, cancer-specific TCR transgene (NY-ESO-1). Removal of a third gene encoding programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; PDCD1), was performed to improve antitumor immunity. Adoptive transfer of engineered T cells into patients resulted in durable engraftment with edits at all three genomic loci. Although chromosomal translocations were detected, the frequency decreased over time. Modified T cells persisted for up to 9 months, suggesting that immunogenicity is minimal under these conditions and demonstrating the feasibility of CRISPR gene editing for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Stadtmauer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan M Davis
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam D Cohen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristy L Weber
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patricia A Mangan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irina Kulikovskaya
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Minnal Gupta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lifeng Tian
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa E Gonzalez
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - In-Young Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Joseph Melenhorst
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabriela Plesa
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joanne Shea
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tina Matlawski
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Cervini
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avery L Gaymon
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Desjardins
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anne Lamontagne
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - January Salas-Mckee
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Fesnak
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donald L Siegel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie K Jadlowsky
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anne Chew
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth O Hexner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beatriz M Carreno
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher L Nobles
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin R Parker
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yangbing Zhao
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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11
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Abstract
Stable isotope labeling is a generally applicable method of quantifying cell dynamics. Its advent has opened up the way for the quantitative study of T cells in humans. However, the literature is confusing as estimates vary by orders of magnitude between studies. In this short review we aim to explain the reasons for the discrepancies in estimates, clarify which estimates have been superseded and why and highlight the current best estimates. We focus on stable isotope labeling of T cell subsets in healthy humans. Current best estimates of the proliferation and production of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Explanation of why estimates vary between studies and which estimates have been superseded. Discussion of the implications of model choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Macallan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert Busch
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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Ganguly BB. Exposure index of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas disaster and a comprehensive spectrum of cytogenetic analysis after 30 years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:18208-18229. [PMID: 31041706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Severity of clinical expression and high mortality could not facilitate establishing exposure index/association following MIC disaster in Bhopal. Mortality-based exposure stratification was critiqued by the International Medical Commission on Bhopal (IMCB). IMCB stratified exposure considering distance as surrogate at 2 km intervals after 10 years. The first follow-up cytogenetic screening of the pre-screened survivors after 30 years has demonstrated chromosome abnormalities (CA). Exposure stratification was attempted considering cytogenetic screening conducted during 1986-1988. Elevation of CA appeared proportional to exposure status and authenticated the initial mortality-based stratification. The one-on-one comparison of the previous and present cytogenetics has described the individual response to MIC exposure over 30 years. Chi-square test has been carried out for checking the cytogenetic changes at the individual level statistically, which revealed that differences of chromosomal aberrations collected immediately post-disaster and 30 years later are nonsignificant. The prominence of interindividual variation was noticed in general. The impact of overall exposure was higher in males. Constitutional abnormalities in 8.5% of the study population, including translocation, inversion, deletion, fragile sites, etc., necessitate screening of blood-linked members. The incidence of acrocentric association was prominent in the study population. Normal karyotype in children born to severely exposed parents with congenital anomalies indicates necessity of molecular karyotyping and/or screening of mutations. The study highlights follow-up of the health of the index cases at shorter (3-6 months) intervals. This comprehensive spectrum of cytogenetic report highlights immediate post-disaster chromosomal aberrations, the changes that occurred over 30 years in conjunction with other environmental factors at the individual level, constitutive genomic aberrations, polymorphic variations, and chromosomal patterns in congenitally malformed children of the survivors, which collectively indicate the possibility of acquisition/persistence of stable aberrations in MIC-exposed lymphocytes through interaction with environmental/biological confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Bandana Ganguly
- MGM Center for Genetic Research & Diagnosis, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Vashi Sector 3, Navi Mumbai, 400703, India.
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13
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Song H, Ou W, Feng Y, Zhang J, Li F, Hu J, Peng H, Xing H, Ma L, Tan Q, Li D, Wang L, Wu B, Shao Y. Disparate impact on CD4 T cell count by two distinct HIV-1 phylogenetic clusters from the same clade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:239-244. [PMID: 30559208 PMCID: PMC6320496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814714116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 evolved into various genetic subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) in the global epidemic. The same subtype or CRF is usually considered to have similar phenotype. Being one of the world's major CRFs, CRF01_AE infection was reported to associate with higher prevalence of CXCR4 (X4) viruses and faster CD4 decline. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We identified eight phylogenetic clusters of CRF01_AE in China and hypothesized that they may have different phenotypes. In the National HIV Molecular Epidemiology Survey, we discovered that people infected by CRF01_AE cluster 4 had significantly lower CD4 counts (391 vs. 470, P < 0.0001) and higher prevalence of X4-using viruses (17.1% vs. 4.4%, P < 0.0001) compared with those infected by cluster 5. In an MSM cohort, X4-using viruses were only isolated from seroconvertors in cluster 4, which was associated with low a CD4 count within the first year of infection (141 vs. 440, P = 0.003). Using a coreceptor binding model, we identified unique V3 signatures in cluster 4 that favor CXCR4 use. We demonstrate that the HIV-1 phenotype and pathogenicity can be determined at the phylogenetic cluster level in the same subtype. Since its initial spread to humans from chimpanzees, estimated to be the first half of the 20th century, HIV-1 continues to undergo rapid evolution in larger and more diverse populations. The divergent phenotype evolution of two major CRF01_AE clusters highlights the importance of monitoring the genetic evolution and phenotypic shift of HIV-1 to provide early warning of the appearance of more pathogenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuo Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Ou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Hong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxiang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 102206 Beijing, China;
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
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14
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Kato TA. Human Lymphocyte Metaphase Chromosome Preparation for Radiation-Induced Chromosome Aberration Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1984:1-6. [PMID: 31267414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9432-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced chromosomal aberration analysis for metaphase chromosomes is well established and the golden standard for human biodosimetry. This method can estimate doses of human radiation exposure after nuclear accident and unwanted radiation exposure from their lymphocytes. The natural background frequency of dicentric chromosome for human lymphocytes is less than 1% and any increase in dicentric and centric ring chromosomes may be highly associated with radiation exposure. With the appropriate number of metaphase cells, one can detect the exposure of more than 0.1 Gy by observing dicentric and centric ring chromosomes. Dicentric chromosome analysis is relying on morphological changes and may be difficult for researchers without appropriate training. This method is time consuming and labor intensive, but still currently the most reliable technique and analysis needs only light microscopes with high magnification objectives and trained personnel. Recent research enables us to visualize dicentric chromosomes clearly with fluorescent markers for easy detection of dicentric and centric ring chromosomes. This chapter will introduce classical dicentric analysis of human lymphocyte cells with Giemsa staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu A Kato
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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15
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Moquet J, Higueras M, Donovan E, Boyle S, Barnard S, Bricknell C, Sun M, Gothard L, O’Brien G, Cruz-Garcia L, Badie C, Ainsbury E, Somaiah N. Dicentric Dose Estimates for Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy in the RTGene Study to Assess Blood Dosimetric Models and the New Bayesian Method for Gradient Exposure. Radiat Res 2018; 190:596-604. [PMID: 30234457 PMCID: PMC6426678 DOI: 10.1667/rr15116.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The RTGene study was focused on the development and validation of new transcriptional biomarkers for prediction of individual radiotherapy patient responses to ionizing radiation. In parallel, for validation purposes, this study incorporated conventional biomarkers of radiation exposure, including the dicentric assay. Peripheral blood samples were taken with ethical approval and informed consent from a total of 20 patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy for breast, lung, gastrointestinal or genitourinary tumors. For the dicentric assay, two samples were taken from each patient: prior to radiotherapy and before the final fraction. Blood samples were set up using standard methods for the dicentric assay. All the baseline samples had dicentric frequencies consistent with the expected background for the normal population. For blood taken before the final fraction, all the samples displayed distributions of aberrations, which are indicative of partial-body exposures. Whole-body and partial-body cytogenetic doses were calculated with reference to a 250-kVp X-ray calibration curve and then compared to the dose to blood derived using two newly developed blood dosimetric models. Initial comparisons indicated that the relationship between these measures of dose appear very promising, with a correlation of 0.88 (P = 0.001). A new Bayesian zero-inflated Poisson finite mixture method was applied to the dicentric data, and partial-body dose estimates showed no significant difference (P > 0.999) from those calculated by the contaminated Poisson technique. The next step will be further development and validation in a larger patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ellen Donovan
- Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Boyle
- Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), Sutton, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Bricknell
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mingzhu Sun
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lone Gothard
- Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), Sutton, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Grainne O’Brien
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lourdes Cruz-Garcia
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Badie
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Navita Somaiah
- Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), Sutton, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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16
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Ganguly BB, Mandal S, Banerjee N, Kadam NN, Abbi R. Effect of age at exposure on chromosome abnormalities in MIC-exposed Bhopal population detected 30 years post-disaster. Mutat Res 2018; 809:32-50. [PMID: 29684722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Follow-up cytogenetic study was carried out on 145 individuals from areas stratified by Indian Council of Medical Research, for evaluation of the effect of age-at-exposure and its interaction with exposure status on chromosomal aberrations (CA) in blood-lymphocytes. CA was presented as abnormal cell (Abc), aberrations (Abn) and number of aberration/abnormal cell (Abn/Abc), and correlated with age-at-exposure (childhood: <1-10 years; young: 11-26 years; adult: >27 years). Age related increase in abnormalities (Abc, Abn, Abn/Abc) was observed in all exposure strata, except moderately exposed adult-group, which has exhibited lower Abn/Abc than similarly exposed childhood and young age-groups. Elevation of CA was also related to exposure status. Abn/Abc frequency was significantly higher in the severely exposed young and adult groups compared to the controls of the same age. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant abnormalities between the exposed groups; however, interaction of age and exposure was not statistically significant. Significant difference in group-means of Abc and Abn was also observed between adult and childhood in Tukey HSD test. Altogether, a significant interaction of age and MIC-exposure on CA could not be established due to inter-individual variation and lack of baseline information on CA. Significantly higher Abn was observed in people consuming tobacco; however, interaction of lifestyle with additional environmental/occupational exposures during last 30 years against a background exposure to MIC remained un-elucidated. Nevertheless, the study was important for demonstration of the correlation of the current status of CA in circulating lymphocytes with age and exposure status of the MIC-exposed survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Bandana Ganguly
- MGM Center for Genetic Research & Diagnosis, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Shouvik Mandal
- MGM Center for Genetic Research & Diagnosis, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Nalok Banerjee
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (NIREH/ICMR), Bhopal, India
| | - Nitin N Kadam
- Department of Pediatrics, MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Rita Abbi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
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17
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Abstract
Viral vectors provide an efficient means for modification of eukaryotic cells, and their use is now commonplace in academic laboratories and industry for both research and clinical gene therapy applications. Lentiviral vectors, derived from the human immunodeficiency virus, have been extensively investigated and optimized over the past two decades. Third-generation, self-inactivating lentiviral vectors have recently been used in multiple clinical trials to introduce genes into hematopoietic stem cells to correct primary immunodeficiencies and hemoglobinopathies. These vectors have also been used to introduce genes into mature T cells to generate immunity to cancer through the delivery of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or cloned T-cell receptors. CAR T-cell therapies engineered using lentiviral vectors have demonstrated noteworthy clinical success in patients with B-cell malignancies leading to regulatory approval of the first genetically engineered cellular therapy using lentiviral vectors. In this review, we discuss several aspects of lentiviral vectors that will be of interest to clinicians, including an overview of lentiviral vector development, the current uses of viral vectors as therapy for primary immunodeficiencies and cancers, large-scale manufacturing of lentiviral vectors, and long-term follow-up of patients treated with gene therapy products.
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18
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Ganguly BB, Mandal S. Cytogenetic changes in the Bhopal population exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) in 1984: Then and 30 years later. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 824:9-19. [PMID: 29150050 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Following the 1984 Bhopal methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas disaster, genetic alterations were sporadically reported on small cohorts. However, the outcome of the multi-center cytogenetic screening conducted at that time remains unknown and no follow-up studies on the long-term effects of MIC exposure have been published. The present work examines genetic changes in the exposed population,with the aim of identifying any long-term effects of MIC. G-Banded metaphases were studied in lymphocytes of 130 individuals. Chromosomal aberrations (CA) were broadly grouped as abnormal cells (Abc), aberrations (Abn), and aberration/abnormal cell (Abn/Abc). From the previous multi-center screening, 946 records were retrieved, from which CA, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and cell-cycle kinetics (RI) were computed. In our analysis of the previous study, Abc and Abn were higher in the moderately and severely exposed groups than in the unexposed population. Abc appeared uniform in all groups of the present study, although Abn and Abn/Abc were higher in the exposed groups. Aberrations were now significantly higher in the unexposed and moderately exposed groups than in the previous screening. Although Abn and Abc now appeared lower in severely exposed subjects, the Abn/Abc ratio was higher, perhaps due to more rearrangements and damage in a smaller number of Abc. This result may be attributed to differences between the methods used in the studies, then and now. Elevated SCEs and reduced RI were seen in the severely exposed population shortly after exposure, and stable/clonal rearrangements were seen 30 y later. Follow-up of index cases and their progenies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Bandana Ganguly
- MGM Center for Genetic Research & Diagnosis, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Shouvik Mandal
- MGM Center for Genetic Research & Diagnosis, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
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19
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Breden F, Luning Prak ET, Peters B, Rubelt F, Schramm CA, Busse CE, Vander Heiden JA, Christley S, Bukhari SAC, Thorogood A, Matsen Iv FA, Wine Y, Laserson U, Klatzmann D, Douek DC, Lefranc MP, Collins AM, Bubela T, Kleinstein SH, Watson CT, Cowell LG, Scott JK, Kepler TB. Reproducibility and Reuse of Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire Data. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1418. [PMID: 29163494 PMCID: PMC5671925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of immunoglobulin (B-cell receptor, antibody) and T-cell receptor repertoires has increased dramatically since the technique was introduced in 2009 (1–3). This experimental approach explores the maturation of the adaptive immune system and its response to antigens, pathogens, and disease conditions in exquisite detail. It holds significant promise for diagnostic and therapy-guiding applications. New technology often spreads rapidly, sometimes more rapidly than the understanding of how to make the products of that technology reliable, reproducible, or usable by others. As complex technologies have developed, scientific communities have come together to adopt common standards, protocols, and policies for generating and sharing data sets, such as the MIAME protocols developed for microarray experiments. The Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire (AIRR) Community formed in 2015 to address similar issues for HTS data of immune repertoires. The purpose of this perspective is to provide an overview of the AIRR Community’s founding principles and present the progress that the AIRR Community has made in developing standards of practice and data sharing protocols. Finally, and most important, we invite all interested parties to join this effort to facilitate sharing and use of these powerful data sets (join@airr-community.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Florian Rubelt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christian E Busse
- Division of B Cell Immunology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jason A Vander Heiden
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Scott Christley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | - Adrian Thorogood
- entre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frederick A Matsen Iv
- Public Health Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yariv Wine
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Laserson
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Klatzmann
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3 & i2B), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew M Collins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Tania Bubela
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Lindsay G Cowell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jamie K Scott
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Murray JM, Zaunders J, Emery S, Cooper DA, Hey-Nguyen WJ, Koelsch KK, Kelleher AD. HIV dynamics linked to memory CD4+ T cell homeostasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186101. [PMID: 29049331 PMCID: PMC5648138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of latent HIV is linked to infection and clearance of resting memory CD4+ T cells. Infection also resides within activated, non-dividing memory cells and can be impacted by antigen-driven and homeostatic proliferation despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated whether plasma viral level (pVL) and HIV DNA dynamics could be explained by HIV’s impact on memory CD4+ T cell homeostasis. Median total, 2-LTR and integrated HIV DNA levels per μL of peripheral blood, for 8 primary (PHI) and 8 chronic HIV infected (CHI) individuals enrolled on a raltegravir (RAL) based regimen, exhibited greatest changes over the 1st year of ART. Dynamics slowed over the following 2 years so that total HIV DNA levels were equivalent to reported values for individuals after 10 years of ART. The mathematical model reproduced the multiphasic dynamics of pVL, and levels of total, 2-LTR and integrated HIV DNA in both PHI and CHI over 3 years of ART. Under these simulations, residual viremia originated from reactivated latently infected cells where most of these cells arose from clonal expansion within the resting phenotype. Since virion production from clonally expanded cells will not be affected by antiretroviral drugs, simulations of ART intensification had little impact on pVL. HIV DNA decay over the first year of ART followed the loss of activated memory cells (120 day half-life) while the 5.9 year half-life of total HIV DNA after this point mirrored the slower decay of resting memory cells. Simulations had difficulty reproducing the fast early HIV DNA dynamics, including 2-LTR levels peaking at week 12, and the later slow loss of total and 2-LTR HIV DNA, suggesting some ongoing infection. In summary, our modelling indicates that much of the dynamical behavior of HIV can be explained by its impact on memory CD4+ T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Murray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - John Zaunders
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Emery
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - David A. Cooper
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - Kersten K. Koelsch
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Murray AJ, Kwon KJ, Farber DL, Siliciano RF. The Latent Reservoir for HIV-1: How Immunologic Memory and Clonal Expansion Contribute to HIV-1 Persistence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:407-17. [PMID: 27382129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 infection reduces plasma virus levels to below the limit of detection of clinical assays. However, even with prolonged suppression of viral replication with ART, viremia rebounds rapidly after treatment interruption. Thus, ART is not curative. The principal barrier to cure is a remarkably stable reservoir of latent HIV-1 in resting memory CD4(+) T cells. In this review, we consider explanations for the remarkable stability of the latent reservoir. Stability does not appear to reflect replenishment from new infection events but rather normal physiologic processes that provide for immunologic memory. Of particular importance are proliferative processes that drive clonal expansion of infected cells. Recent evidence suggests that in some infected cells, proliferation is a consequence of proviral integration into host genes associated with cell growth. Efforts to cure HIV-1 infection by targeting the latent reservoir may need to consider the potential of latently infected cells to proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Murray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Kyungyoon J Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore MD 21250
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22
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Human T Cell Memory: A Dynamic View. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5010005. [PMID: 28165397 PMCID: PMC5371741 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term T cell-mediated protection depends upon the formation of a pool of memory cells to protect against future pathogen challenge. In this review we argue that looking at T cell memory from a dynamic viewpoint can help in understanding how memory populations are maintained following pathogen exposure or vaccination. For example, a dynamic view resolves the apparent paradox between the relatively short lifespans of individual memory cells and very long-lived immunological memory by focussing on the persistence of clonal populations, rather than individual cells. Clonal survival is achieved by balancing proliferation, death and differentiation rates within and between identifiable phenotypic pools; such pools correspond broadly to sequential stages in the linear differentiation pathway. Each pool has its own characteristic kinetics, but only when considered as a population; single cells exhibit considerable heterogeneity. In humans, we tend to concentrate on circulating cells, but memory T cells in non-lymphoid tissues and bone marrow are increasingly recognised as critical for immune defence; their kinetics, however, remain largely unexplored. Considering vaccination from this viewpoint shifts the focus from the size of the primary response to the survival of the clone and enables identification of critical system pinch-points and opportunities to improve vaccine efficacy.
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23
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Breden F, Luning Prak ET, Peters B, Rubelt F, Schramm CA, Busse CE, Vander Heiden JA, Christley S, Bukhari SAC, Thorogood A, Matsen Iv FA, Wine Y, Laserson U, Klatzmann D, Douek DC, Lefranc MP, Collins AM, Bubela T, Kleinstein SH, Watson CT, Cowell LG, Scott JK, Kepler TB. Reproducibility and Reuse of Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire Data. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 29163494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01418/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of immunoglobulin (B-cell receptor, antibody) and T-cell receptor repertoires has increased dramatically since the technique was introduced in 2009 (1-3). This experimental approach explores the maturation of the adaptive immune system and its response to antigens, pathogens, and disease conditions in exquisite detail. It holds significant promise for diagnostic and therapy-guiding applications. New technology often spreads rapidly, sometimes more rapidly than the understanding of how to make the products of that technology reliable, reproducible, or usable by others. As complex technologies have developed, scientific communities have come together to adopt common standards, protocols, and policies for generating and sharing data sets, such as the MIAME protocols developed for microarray experiments. The Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire (AIRR) Community formed in 2015 to address similar issues for HTS data of immune repertoires. The purpose of this perspective is to provide an overview of the AIRR Community's founding principles and present the progress that the AIRR Community has made in developing standards of practice and data sharing protocols. Finally, and most important, we invite all interested parties to join this effort to facilitate sharing and use of these powerful data sets (join@airr-community.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Florian Rubelt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christian E Busse
- Division of B Cell Immunology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jason A Vander Heiden
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Scott Christley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | - Adrian Thorogood
- entre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frederick A Matsen Iv
- Public Health Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yariv Wine
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Laserson
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Klatzmann
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3 & i2B), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew M Collins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Tania Bubela
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Lindsay G Cowell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jamie K Scott
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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24
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Livingston GK, Khvostunov IK, Gregoire E, Barquinero JF, Shi L, Tashiro S. Cytogenetic effects of radioiodine therapy: a 20-year follow-up study. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:203-213. [PMID: 27015828 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare cytogenetic data in a patient before and after treatment with radioiodine to evaluate the assays in the context of biological dosimetry. We studied a 34-year-old male patient who underwent a total thyroidectomy followed by ablation therapy with (131)I (19.28 GBq) for a papillary thyroid carcinoma. The patient provided blood samples before treatment and then serial samples at monthly intervals during the first year period and quarterly intervals for 5 years and finally 20 years after treatment. A micronucleus assay, dicentric assay, FISH method and G-banding were used to detect and measure DNA damage in circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patient. The results showed that radiation-induced cytogenetic effects persisted for many years after treatment as shown by elevated micronuclei and chromosome aberrations as a result of exposure to (131)I. At 5 years after treatment, the micronucleus count was tenfold higher than the pre-exposure frequency. Shortly after the treatment, micronucleus counts produced a dose estimate of 0.47 ± 0.09 Gy. The dose to the patient evaluated retrospectively using FISH-measured translocations was 0.70 ± 0.16 Gy. Overall, our results show that the micronucleus assay is a retrospective biomarker of low-dose radiation exposure. However, this method is not able to determine local dose to the target tissue which in this case was any residual thyroid cells plus metastases of thyroidal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon K Livingston
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-0117, USA
| | - Igor K Khvostunov
- Medical Radiological Research Center, Koroliova str. 4, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia, 249036.
| | - Eric Gregoire
- PRP-HOM/SRBE/LDB, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, BP 17, 92262, Fontenay aux roses Cedex, France
| | - Joan-Francesc Barquinero
- Facultat de Biociències, Universtitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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25
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Investigation of the lower resistance meridian: speculation on the pathophysiological functions of acupuncture meridians. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:107571. [PMID: 25525443 PMCID: PMC4267216 DOI: 10.1155/2014/107571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It was pointed out in the two earlier papers of the present author that the meridians are in fact zones in the loose connective tissue containing richer interstitial fluid and thus are lower-resistance passages for diffusion of meridian-signal carriers or mediators. Moreover, a hypothesis, which incorporates the wide variety of functions of the loose connective tissue, the circulatory system, and the nervous system into the meridian function, has been proposed and in the hypothesis the mast cell plays some key roles. In the present paper, considering also the latest knowledge on cell migration along with some existing experimental results, it is further pointed out that meridians ought to be lower-resistance passages for chemotactic migration of cells and mast cells can indeed migrate longitudinally along meridians. Finally, the present paper points out that if we add the last two points to the hypothesis and keep in mind that mast cells have been known very recently to be versatile regulators of inflammation, tissue remodeling, host defense, and homeostasis, the rich pathophysiological functions of the meridian pointed out by the traditional Chinese medicine can be understood quite naturally.
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26
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Wang S, Rong L. Stochastic population switch may explain the latent reservoir stability and intermittent viral blips in HIV patients on suppressive therapy. J Theor Biol 2014; 360:137-148. [PMID: 25016044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy can suppress plasma viral loads of HIV-1 infected individuals to below the detection limit of standard clinical assays. However, low-level viremia still persists. Many patients also have transient viral load measurements above the detection limit (the so-called "viral blips"). The latent reservoir consisting of latently infected CD4+ T cells represents a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. These cells can be activated to produce virions but the size of the latent reservoir is relatively stable. The mechanisms underlying low viral load persistence, emergence of intermittent viral blips and stability of the latent reservoir are not well understood. Cellular and viral transcription factors play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency. Infected cells with intermediate transcriptional activities may either revert to a latent state or become highly activated and produce virions due to intracellular perturbations. Here we develop a mathematical model that includes such stochastic population switch. We demonstrate that the model can generate a stable latent reservoir, intermittent viral blips, as well as low-level viremia persistence. Latently infected cells with intermediate transcription activities may maintain their size through a high level of homeostatic proliferation, while cells with low transcriptional activities are likely to be maintained through the reversion from cells with intermediate transcription activities. Simulations also suggest that treatment intensification or activation therapy may not help to eradicate the latent reservoir. Blocking the proliferation of latently infected cells might be a good strategy. These results provide more insights into the long-term dynamics of virus and latently infected cells in HIV patients on suppressive therapy and may help to develop novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunpeng Wang
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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27
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Savkovic B, Nichols J, Birkett D, Applegate T, Ledger S, Symonds G, Murray JM. A quantitative comparison of anti-HIV gene therapy delivered to hematopoietic stem cells versus CD4+ T cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003681. [PMID: 24945407 PMCID: PMC4063676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy represents an alternative and promising anti-HIV modality to highly active antiretroviral therapy. It involves the introduction of a protective gene into a cell, thereby conferring protection against HIV. While clinical trials to date have delivered gene therapy to CD4+T cells or to CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), the relative benefits of each of these two cellular targets have not been conclusively determined. In the present analysis, we investigated the relative merits of delivering a dual construct (CCR5 entry inhibitor + C46 fusion inhibitor) to either CD4+T cells or to CD34+ HSC. Using mathematical modelling, we determined the impact of each scenario in terms of total CD4+T cell counts over a 10 year period, and also in terms of inhibition of CCR5 and CXCR4 tropic virus. Our modelling determined that therapy delivery to CD34+ HSC generally resulted in better outcomes than delivery to CD4+T cells. An early one-off therapy delivery to CD34+ HSC, assuming that 20% of CD34+ HSC in the bone marrow were gene-modified (G+), resulted in total CD4+T cell counts ≥ 180 cells/ µL in peripheral blood after 10 years. If the uninfected G+ CD4+T cells (in addition to exhibiting lower likelihood of becoming productively infected) also exhibited reduced levels of bystander apoptosis (92.5% reduction) over non gene-modified (G-) CD4+T cells, then total CD4+T cell counts of ≥ 350 cells/ µL were observed after 10 years, even if initially only 10% of CD34+ HSC in the bone marrow received the protective gene. Taken together our results indicate that: 1.) therapy delivery to CD34+ HSC will result in better outcomes than delivery to CD4+T cells, and 2.) a greater impact of gene therapy will be observed if G+ CD4+T cells exhibit reduced levels of bystander apoptosis over G- CD4+T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borislav Savkovic
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Nichols
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donald Birkett
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tanya Applegate
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott Ledger
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geoff Symonds
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Calimmune Pty Ltd, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John M. Murray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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28
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Czaja AJ. Review article: permanent drug withdrawal is desirable and achievable for autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:1043-58. [PMID: 24628539 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune hepatitis can be rendered treatment-free, but the difficulty, frequency and risks associated with the pursuit of this outcome are unclear. AIM To describe the frequency that autoimmune hepatitis can be rendered treatment-free, identify the features that characterise these patients, examine the pathogenic pathways that may sustain or terminate the disease and indicate management protocols that can obtain this result. METHODS Studies cited in Pub Med from 1972-2014 for autoimmune hepatitis, treatment, relapse, remission and outcome were selected. RESULTS The frequency of a treatment-free state varies from 19% to 40% in patients observed for ≥3 years after drug withdrawal. Complete laboratory resolution and reversion to normal liver tissue prior to drug withdrawal favours this response. The development of cirrhosis during therapy may increase treatment-dependence. Persistent liver damage and the generation of neo-antigens during the apoptosis of hepatocytes may perpetuate the disease. Genetic and age-related effects on the vigour of the immune response may also contribute. Reversion to normal liver tissue is achieved in only 22% of patients during conventional corticosteroid therapy, and the emerging pharmacological and biological interventions may improve this frequency. A management strategy designed to achieve a treatment-free state accommodates all candidates for this outcome, and it can be modified to a long-term maintenance strategy as warranted by the clinical response. CONCLUSIONS Permanent drug withdrawal is a treatment outcome that is desirable and achievable in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Normalisation of liver tests and liver tissue during treatment enhances this occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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29
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Maxwell G, MacKay C, Cubberley R, Davies M, Gellatly N, Glavin S, Gouin T, Jacquoilleot S, Moore C, Pendlington R, Saib O, Sheffield D, Stark R, Summerfield V. Applying the skin sensitisation adverse outcome pathway (AOP) to quantitative risk assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:8-12. [PMID: 24184331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As documented in the recent OECD report 'the adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitisation initiated by covalent binding to proteins' (OECD, 2012), the chemical and biological events driving the induction of human skin sensitisation have been investigated for many years and are now well understood. Several non-animal test methods have been developed to predict sensitiser potential by measuring the impact of chemical sensitisers on these key events (Adler et al., 2011; Maxwell et al., 2011); however our ability to use these non-animal datasets for risk assessment decision-making (i.e. to establish a safe level of human exposure for a sensitising chemical) remains limited and a more mechanistic approach to data integration is required to address this challenge. Informed by our previous efforts to model the induction of skin sensitisation (Maxwell and MacKay, 2008) we are now developing two mathematical models ('total haptenated protein' model and 'CD8(+) T cell response' model) that will be linked to provide predictions of the human CD8(+) T cell response for a defined skin exposure to a sensitising chemical. Mathematical model development is underpinned by focussed clinical or human-relevant research activities designed to inform/challenge model predictions whilst also increasing our fundamental understanding of human skin sensitisation. With this approach, we aim to quantify the relationship between the dose of sensitiser applied to the skin and the extent of the hapten-specific T cell response that would result. Furthermore, by benchmarking our mathematical model predictions against clinical datasets (e.g. human diagnostic patch test data), instead of animal test data, we propose that this approach could represent a new paradigm for mechanistic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Maxwell
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC) Colworth, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK.
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30
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Nanda S, dePillis L, Radunskaya A. B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia - A model with immune response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3934/dcdsb.2013.18.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Czaja AJ. Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2248-66. [PMID: 22562533 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis can recur or appear de novo after liver transplantation, and it can result in hepatic fibrosis, graft loss, and re-transplantation. The goals of this review are to describe the prevalence, manifestations, putative pathogenic mechanisms, outcomes, and management of these occurrences. Autoimmune hepatitis recurs in 8-12 % of transplanted patients at 1 year and 36-68 % at 5 years. Recurrence may be asymptomatic and detected only by surveillance liver test abnormalities or protocol liver tissue examination. Autoantibodies that characterized the original disease, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased serum immunoglobulin G level, and histological findings of interface hepatitis, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, perivenular hepatocyte necrosis, pseudo-rosetting, and acidophil bodies typify recurrence. Premature corticosteroid withdrawal and pre-transplant severity of the original disease are possible risk factors. De novo autoimmune hepatitis occurs in 1-7 % of patients 0.1-9 years after transplantation, especially in children. The appearance of autoantibodies may herald its emergence, and antibodies to glutathione-S-transferase T1 have been predictive of the disease. Recurrent disease may reflect recruitment of residual memory T lymphocytes and host-specific genetic predispositions, whereas de novo disease may reflect an allo-antigenic immune response and molecular mimicries that override self-tolerance. Treatment should be appropriate for autoimmune hepatitis and not based on anti-rejection drugs. Corticosteroid therapy alone or combined with azathioprine is the essential treatment. The substitution of mycophenolate mofetil for azathioprine and switch of the calcineurin inhibitor or its replacement with rapamycin have also been used for refractory disease. Re-transplantation has been necessary in 8-23 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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32
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Savkovic B, Symonds G, Murray JM. Stochastic model of in-vivo X4 emergence during HIV infection: implications for the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38755. [PMID: 22866173 PMCID: PMC3398969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of X4 tropic viral strains throughout the course of HIV infection is associated with poorer prognostic outcomes and faster progressions to AIDS than for patients in whom R5 viral strains predominate. Here we investigate a stochastic model to account for the emergence of X4 virus via mutational intermediates of lower fitness that exhibit dual/mixed (D/M) tropism, and employ the model to investigate whether the administration of CCR5 blockers in-vivo is likely to promote a shift towards X4 tropism. We show that the proposed stochastic model can account for X4 emergence with a median time of approximately 4 years post-infection as a result of: 1.) random stochastic mutations in the V3 region of env during the reverse transcription step of infection; 2.) increasing numbers of CXCR4-expressing activated naive CD4+ T cells with declining total CD4+ T cell counts, thereby providing increased numbers of activated target cells for productive infection by X4 virus. Our model indicates that administration of the CCR5 blocker maraviroc does not promote a shift towards X4 tropism, assuming sufficient efficacy of background therapy (BT). However our modelling also indicates that administration of maraviroc as a monotherapy or with BT of suboptimal efficacy can promote emergence of X4 tropic virus, resulting in accelerated progression to AIDS. Taken together, our results demonstrate that maraviroc is safe and effective if co-administered with sufficiently potent BT, but that suboptimal BT may promote X4 emergence and accelerated progression to AIDS. These results underscore the clinical importance for careful selection of BT when CCR5 blockers are administered in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borislav Savkovic
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Planelles V, Wolschendorf F, Kutsch O. Facts and fiction: cellular models for high throughput screening for HIV-1 reactivating drugs. Curr HIV Res 2012; 9:568-78. [PMID: 22211661 DOI: 10.2174/157016211798998826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A curative therapy for HIV-1 infection will have to include measures to eliminate the reservoir of latently HIV- 1 infected cells that allow the virus to persist despite otherwise successful therapy. To date, all efforts to deplete the latent reservoir by triggering viral reactivation have used preexisting drugs that are believed to potentially target molecular mechanisms controlling HIV-1 infection. These therapeutic attempts were not clinically successful. Only in the last few years have cellular models of latent HIV-1 infection suitable for high throughput screening been developed and concerted drug discovery efforts were initiated to discover new HIV-1 reactivating drugs. We here provide a historic overview about the development of cell models with latent HIV-1 infection that lend themselves to drug discovery. We provide an overview from the first reported latently infected cell lines to current in vitro models of latent HIV-1 infection in primary T cells, and compare their potential to be used in future large-scale drug screening efforts.
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34
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Jin YY, Wei Zhao, Cao RM, Xi Wang, Wu SM, Chen TX. Characterization of immunocompetent cells in human milk of Han Chinese. J Hum Lact 2011; 27:155-62. [PMID: 21393505 DOI: 10.1177/0890334410392041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunocompetent cells in colostrum and mature breast milk (42 days after delivery) of 64 Chinese females of Han ethnic background were characterized. The total cell numbers in colostrum and mature breast milk were 593 ± 205 × 10(6)/L and 1.74 ± 0.97 × 10(6)/L, respectively. NK cell is the predominant lymphocyte subtype (12.69%). T cells in colostrum express CD40L and CD25 without stimulation, indicating memory T cells in nature. The CD45RA( +)CD45RO(+) subsets of CD4(+) T cells are present in both colostrum and mature human milk. The percentage of NK cells and the absolute number of CD4(+)CD45RO(+) T cells in colostrum of atopic mothers were significantly lower than those of mothers without atopy (P = .006 and .026, respectively). The absolute numbers of CD4( +) T lymphocytes and their expression of CD40L were significantly reduced in breast milk of mothers who had undergone cesarean section versus vaginal delivery (P < .05), indicating that atopy and cesarean delivery are associated with the phenotypes of lymphocytes in colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Pace MJ, Agosto L, Graf EH, O’Doherty U. HIV reservoirs and latency models. Virology 2011; 411:344-54. [PMID: 21284992 PMCID: PMC3618966 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main impediment to a cure for HIV is the existence of long-lasting treatment resistant viral reservoirs. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about reservoirs, including their formation and maintenance, while focusing on latently infected CD4+ T cells. In addition, we compare several different in vivo and in vitro models of latency. We comment on how each model may reflect the properties of reservoirs in vivo, especially with regard to cell phenotype, since recent studies demonstrate that multiple CD4+ T cell subsets contribute to HIV reservoirs and that with HAART and disease progression the relative contribution of different subsets may change. Finally, we focus on the direct infection of resting CD4+ T cells as a source of reservoir formation and as a model of latency, since recent results help explain the misconception that resting CD4+ T cells appeared to be resistant to HIV in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Pace
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Luis Agosto
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Erin H. Graf
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Una O’Doherty
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Drylewicz J, Guedj J, Commenges D, Thiébaut R. Modeling the dynamics of biomarkers during primary HIV infection taking into account the uncertainty of infection date. Ann Appl Stat 2010. [DOI: 10.1214/10-aoas364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Takubo K, Aida J, Izumiyama-Shimomura N, Ishikawa N, Sawabe M, Kurabayashi R, Shiraishi H, Arai T, Nakamura KI. Changes of telomere length with aging. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 Suppl 1:S197-206. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Czaja AJ. Late relapse of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis after corticosteroid withdrawal. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1761-9. [PMID: 20428945 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapse of autoimmune hepatitis after corticosteroid withdrawal is common, but the outer limit for this occurrence and the appropriate post-treatment surveillance strategy are uncertain. AIMS The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and nature of relapses that occur long after drug withdrawal and to propose a long-term surveillance strategy. METHODS The intervals between drug withdrawal and relapse were determined retrospectively in 84 patients with autoimmune hepatitis. RESULTS Relapses occurred in 8 patients (10%) after 49-265 months of observation (mean, 110 +/- 27 months; median, 76 months), and these occurrences were separated from earlier exacerbations by at least 21 months. Treatment continued until normal liver tests and tissue had been accomplished in 14 of the 84 patients (17%), and 13 relapsed within 2-12 months. Only one of the 8 patients with late exacerbations had achieved normal liver tests and tissue immediately prior to drug withdrawal. The patients with late relapses were indistinguishable from patients with early exacerbations, and they all responded to corticosteroid-based therapy during 30 +/- 10 months of observation. CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune hepatitis can relapse as long as 22 years after drug withdrawal, and all late relapses responded to the resumption of corticosteroid therapy. These patients may be outliers of a typical relapse pattern or constitute a bimodal distribution of relapse that reflects different pathogenic mechanisms. The risk of relapse cannot be discounted by treatment to normal liver tests and tissue prior to drug withdrawal or protracted quiescence of the disease after termination of treatment. The unpredictable propensity for relapse warrants regular life-long surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Murray JM, Fanning GC, Macpherson JL, Evans LA, Pond SM, Symonds GP. Mathematical modelling of the impact of haematopoietic stem cell-delivered gene therapy for HIV. J Gene Med 2010; 11:1077-86. [PMID: 19777528 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy represents a new treatment paradigm for HIV that is potentially delivered by a safe, once-only therapeutic intervention. METHODS Using mathematical modelling, we assessed the possible impact of autologous haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) delivered, anti-HIV gene therapy. The therapy comprises a ribozyme construct (OZ1) directed to a conserved region of HIV-1 delivered by transduced HSC (OZ1+HSC). OZ1+HSC contributes to the CD4+ T lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage cell pools that preferentially expand under the selective pressure of HIV infection. The model was used to predict the efficacy of OZ1 in a highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) naïve individual and a HAART-experienced individual undergoing two structured treatment operations. In the standard scenario, OZ1+HSC was taken as 20% of total body HSC. RESULTS For a HAART-naïve individual, modelling predicts a reduction of HIV RNA at 1 and 2 years post-OZ1 therapy of 0.5 log(10) and 1 log(10), respectively. Eight years after OZ1 therapy, the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was 271 cells/mm(3) compared to 96 cells/mm(3) for an untreated individual. In a HAART-experienced individual HIV RNA was reduced by 0.34 log(10) and 0.86 log(10) at 1 and 2 years. The OZ1 effect was maximal when both CD4+ T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages were protected from successful, productive infection by OZ1. CONCLUSIONS The modelling indicates a single infusion of HSC cell-delivered gene therapy can impact on HIV viral load and CD4 T-lymphocyte count. Given that gene therapy avoids the complications associated with HAART, there is significant potential for this approach in the treatment of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Murray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Zietkiewicz E, Wojda A, Witt M. Cytogenetic perspective of ageing and longevity in men and women. J Appl Genet 2009; 50:261-73. [PMID: 19638683 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of relationships between the ageing cell phenotype and the age of cell donors is one of the ways towards understanding the link between cellular and organismal ageing. Cytogenetically, ageing is associated with a number of gross cellular changes, including altered size and morphology, genomic instability, and changes in expression and proliferation. Genomic instability can be easily assessed by analyzing the level of cytogenetic aberrations. In this review, we focus on the differences in the level and profile of cytogenetic aberrations observed in donors of different age and gender. Centenarians are a small fraction of the population at the extreme of human longevity. Their inclusion in such studies may shed light on one of the basic questions: whether genome stability is better maintained in successfully aged individuals compared to the rest of the population. At the same time, comparing the profile of age-related amount of chromosomal aberrations in men and women may help explaining the commonly observed gender differences in longevity.
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Dowling MR, Hodgkin PD. Why does the thymus involute? A selection-based hypothesis. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:295-300. [PMID: 19540805 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thymic involution remains a fundamental mystery in immunology. Here we present an argument that this seemingly counterproductive behavior may have evolved to allow for peripheral selection of a T-cell repertoire during young-adult life, optimized for fighting infections and avoiding reaction to self. Age-associated decline in immune function may be viewed as an unfortunate side effect of this selective process. Thus, the key to understanding thymic involution might lie in a more quantitative understanding of T-cell homeostasis in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Dowling
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Rong L, Perelson AS. Modeling HIV persistence, the latent reservoir, and viral blips. J Theor Biol 2009; 260:308-31. [PMID: 19539630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 eradication from infected individuals has not been achieved with the prolonged use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The cellular reservoir for HIV-1 in resting memory CD4(+) T cells remains a major obstacle to viral elimination. The reservoir does not decay significantly over long periods of time but is able to release replication-competent HIV-1 upon cell activation. Residual ongoing viral replication may likely occur in many patients because low levels of virus can be detected in plasma by sensitive assays and transient episodes of viremia, or HIV-1 blips, are often observed in patients even with successful viral suppression for many years. Here we review our current knowledge of the factors contributing to viral persistence, the latent reservoir, and blips, and mathematical models developed to explore them and their relationships. We show how mathematical modeling has helped improve our understanding of HIV-1 dynamics in patients on HAART and of the quantitative events underlying HIV-1 latency, reservoir stability, low-level viremic persistence, and emergence of intermittent viral blips. We also discuss treatment implications related to these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Rong
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Modelling naive T-cell homeostasis: consequences of heritable cellular lifespan during ageing. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:445-56. [PMID: 19290017 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Within an individual, the population of mature naive T cells is maintained throughout life by both input from the thymus and homeostatic proliferation in the periphery. Here, we develop a mathematical model of this process of naive T-cell homeostasis, and use it to explore questions of lifespan, inheritance and receptor repertoire during ageing. By assuming lifespan is largely determined by a heritable trait reset on mitosis, we show that homeostatic proliferation leads naturally to a longer lived population with age. A plausible candidate for the heritable trait influencing lifespan is T-cell receptor affinity for major histocompatibility molecules loaded with self-peptides. Concurrently with increasing lifespan, receptor diversity decreases with age, thus quantitatively linking these two phenomena. These results depend on the thymus involuting with age so that homeostatic proliferation becomes the dominant mode of replacement of the naive T-cell repertoire.
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Human immunodeficiency virus integrates directly into naive resting CD4+ T cells but enters naive cells less efficiently than memory cells. J Virol 2009; 83:4528-37. [PMID: 19211752 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01910-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4(+) T cells restrict human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at or before reverse transcription, resulting in slower kinetics of reverse transcription. In a previous study, we showed that, despite this restriction at reverse transcription, HIV integration occurs in resting CD4(+) T cells, albeit with slower kinetics. In that study, the resting T cells were a mixture of memory and naïve cells. Here we asked whether the more quiescent naïve cell subset could be directly infected by HIV and, if so, whether the level of integration in naïve cells was comparable to that in memory cells. We found that HIV integrates in the naïve subset of resting CD4(+) T cells without prior activation of the cells. The level of integration (proviruses/cell) in naïve cells was lower than that in memory cells. This difference between naïve and memory cells was observed whether we inoculated the cells with R5 or X4 HIV and could not be explained solely by differences in coreceptor expression. The presence of endogenous dendritic cells did not change the number of proviruses/cell in memory or naïve cells, and deoxynucleoside pools were equally limiting. Our results instead indicate the existence of a novel restriction point in naïve T cells at viral fusion that results in reduced levels of fusion to naïve CD4(+) T cells. We conclude that HIV can integrate into both naïve and memory cells directly. Our data further support our hypothesis that integrated proviral infection of resting T cells can be established without T-cell activation.
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Percus JK, Percus OE, Di Mascio M. The amplitudes of viral blips in HIV-1 infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy are power-law distributed. J Theor Biol 2009; 257:454-9. [PMID: 19171155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) who achieve viral load (VL) suppression, low fluctuations of viral load over the threshold of detection (viral blips) more than 4 weeks apart occur at random, with a frequency that does not change with longer times of observation. The etiology of viral blips is currently unknown, but viral blip frequency inversely correlates with the decay of the latent reservoir, whose stability has been proposed as the major hurdle to HIV eradication. We show here that the distribution of viral blip amplitudes observed in a group of 272 patients successfully treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy appears to be power-law distributed. Such a distribution can be theoretically generated by randomly sampling the arrival of asynchronous and overlapping elementary pulses of viremia, with asymptotic exponential decay of kinetics, thus suggesting that the low fluctuations of viremia observed in patients during HAART treatment is, in part, a discrete phenomenon consistent with random activation of latently infected cells or release of virus and infected cells into the blood compartment from unknown sites of active viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrome K Percus
- Courant Institute, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY 10012, USA
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Rong L, Perelson AS. Asymmetric division of activated latently infected cells may explain the decay kinetics of the HIV-1 latent reservoir and intermittent viral blips. Math Biosci 2008; 217:77-87. [PMID: 18977369 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most HIV-infected patients when treated with combination antiretroviral therapy achieve viral loads that are below the current limit of detection of standard assays after a few months. Despite this, virus eradication from the host has not been achieved. Latent, replication-competent HIV-1 can generally be identified in resting memory CD4(+) T cells in patients with "undetectable" viral loads. Turnover of these cells is extremely slow but virus can be released from the latent reservoir quickly upon cessation of therapy. In addition, a number of patients experience transient episodes of viremia, or HIV-1 blips, even with suppression of the viral load to below the limit of detection for many years. The mechanisms underlying the slow decay of the latent reservoir and the occurrence of intermittent viral blips have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we address these two issues by developing a mathematical model that explores a hypothesis about latently infected cell activation. We propose that asymmetric division of latently infected cells upon sporadic antigen encounter may both replenish the latent reservoir and generate intermittent viral blips. Interestingly, we show that occasional replenishment of the latent reservoir induced by reactivation of latently infected cells may reconcile the differences between the divergent estimates of the half-life of the latent reservoir in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Rong
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Stirk ER, Molina-París C, van den Berg HA. Stochastic niche structure and diversity maintenance in the T cell repertoire. J Theor Biol 2008; 255:237-49. [PMID: 18692074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The reliability of the immune response to pathogenic challenge depends critically on the size and diversity of the T cell repertoire. We study naïve T cell repertoire diversity maintenance by a stochastic model that incorporates the concept of competition between T cells for survival stimuli emanating from self-antigen presenting cells (APCs). In the mean field approximation we show that clonotype extinction is certain and compute mean extinction times. We introduce the concept of mean niche overlap and show that clones with a mean niche overlap greater than one have a short repertoire lifespan. This selection differential induces minimal recognition commonality between T cell receptors (TCRs) resulting in a diverse T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Stirk
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Abstract
The success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV-1 infection has sparked interest in mechanisms by which the virus can persist despite effectively suppressive therapy. Latent HIV-1 reservoirs established early during infection not only prevent sterilizing immunity but also represent a major obstacle to virus eradication. When HIV-1 gains a foothold in the immunologic memory or in certain inaccessible compartments of the human body, it cannot be easily purged by HAART and is able to replenish systemic infection on treatment interruption. Because latently infected cells are indistinguishable from uninfected cells, deliberate activation of latent infection combined with intensified HAART seems to be the best strategy to combat latent infection. Initial hypothesis-driven clinical trials did not achieve their ultimate goal, although they provided valuable insight for the design of future eradication protocols. A more detailed understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying the establishment and long-term maintenance of HIV-1 reservoirs will be critical in developing new eradication approaches.
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Evans VA, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Human thymic dendritic cells: Regulators of T cell development in health and HIV-1 infection. Clin Immunol 2008; 126:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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