1
|
Yi M, Ashton-Rickardt G, Tan W, Liu Z, He H, Hsieh JT, Xu B. Accelerating Cellular Uptake with Unnatural Amino Acid for Inhibiting Immunosuppressive Cancer Cells. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400691. [PMID: 38527252 PMCID: PMC11132931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Targeting immunosuppressive metastatic cancer cells is a key challenge in therapy. We recently have shown that a rigid-rod aromatic, pBP-NBD, that responds to enzymes and kill immunosuppressive metastatic osteosarcoma (mOS) and castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells in mimetic bone microenvironment. However, pBP-NBD demonstrated moderate efficacy against CRPC cells. To enhance activity, we incorporated the unnatural amino acid L- or D-4,4'-biphenylalanine (L- or D-BiP) into pBP-NBD, drastically increasing cellular uptake and CRPC inhibition. Specifically, we inserted BiP into pBP-NBD to target mOS (Saos2 and SJSA1) and CRPC (VCaP and PC3) cells with overexpressed phosphatases. Our results show that the D-peptide backbone with an aspartate methyl diester at the C-terminal offers the highest activity against these immunosuppressive mOS and CRPC cells. Importantly, imaging shows that the peptide assemblies almost instantly enter the cells and accumulate primarily within the endoplasmic reticulum of Saos2, SJSA1, and PC3 cells and at the lysosomes of VCaP cells. By using BiP to boost cellular uptake and self-assembly within cancer cells, this work illustrates an unnatural hydrophobic amino acid as a versatile and effective residue to boost endocytosis of synthetic peptides for intracellular self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | | | - Weiyi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Hongjian He
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ameen SS, Griem-Krey N, Dufour A, Hossain MI, Hoque A, Sturgeon S, Nandurkar H, Draxler DF, Medcalf RL, Kamaruddin MA, Lucet IS, Leeming MG, Liu D, Dhillon A, Lim JP, Basheer F, Zhu HJ, Bokhari L, Roulston CL, Paradkar PN, Kleifeld O, Clarkson AN, Wellendorph P, Ciccotosto GD, Williamson NA, Ang CS, Cheng HC. N-Terminomic Changes in Neurons During Excitotoxicity Reveal Proteolytic Events Associated With Synaptic Dysfunctions and Potential Targets for Neuroprotection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100543. [PMID: 37030595 PMCID: PMC10199228 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity, a neuronal death process in neurological disorders such as stroke, is initiated by the overstimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Although dysregulation of proteolytic signaling networks is critical for excitotoxicity, the identity of affected proteins and mechanisms by which they induce neuronal cell death remain unclear. To address this, we used quantitative N-terminomics to identify proteins modified by proteolysis in neurons undergoing excitotoxic cell death. We found that most proteolytically processed proteins in excitotoxic neurons are likely substrates of calpains, including key synaptic regulatory proteins such as CRMP2, doublecortin-like kinase I, Src tyrosine kinase and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIβ (CaMKIIβ). Critically, calpain-catalyzed proteolytic processing of these proteins generates stable truncated fragments with altered activities that potentially contribute to neuronal death by perturbing synaptic organization and function. Blocking calpain-mediated proteolysis of one of these proteins, Src, protected against neuronal loss in a rat model of neurotoxicity. Extrapolation of our N-terminomic results led to the discovery that CaMKIIα, an isoform of CaMKIIβ, undergoes differential processing in mouse brains under physiological conditions and during ischemic stroke. In summary, by identifying the neuronal proteins undergoing proteolysis during excitotoxicity, our findings offer new insights into excitotoxic neuronal death mechanisms and reveal potential neuroprotective targets for neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sadia Ameen
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nane Griem-Krey
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharelle Sturgeon
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harshal Nandurkar
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dominik F Draxler
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isabelle S Lucet
- Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael G Leeming
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dazhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amardeep Dhillon
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jet Phey Lim
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Faiza Basheer
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laita Bokhari
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carli L Roulston
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prasad N Paradkar
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Petrine Wellendorph
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe D Ciccotosto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Nicholas A Williamson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stillger MN, Chen CY, Lai ZW, Li M, Schäfer A, Pagenstecher A, Nimsky C, Bartsch JW, Schilling O. Changes in calpain-2 expression during glioblastoma progression predisposes tumor cells to temozolomide resistance by minimizing DNA damage and p53-dependent apoptosis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:49. [PMID: 36932402 PMCID: PMC10022304 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by an unfavorable prognosis for patients affected. During standard-of-care chemotherapy using temozolomide (TMZ), tumors acquire resistance thereby causing tumor recurrence. Thus, deciphering essential molecular pathways causing TMZ resistance are of high therapeutic relevance. METHODS Mass spectrometry based proteomics were used to study the GBM proteome. Immunohistochemistry staining of human GBM tissue for either calpain-1 or -2 was performed to locate expression of proteases. In vitro cell based assays were used to measure cell viability and survival of primary patient-derived GBM cells and established GBM cell lines after TMZ ± calpain inhibitor administration. shRNA expression knockdowns of either calpain-1 or calpain-2 were generated to study TMZ sensitivity of the specific subunits. The Comet assay and ɣH2AX signal measurements were performed in order to assess the DNA damage amount and recognition. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR of target proteins was applied to differentiate between transcriptional and post-translational regulation. RESULTS Calcium-dependent calpain proteases, in particular calpain-2, are more abundant in glioblastoma compared to normal brain and increased in patient-matched initial and recurrent glioblastomas. On the cellular level, pharmacological calpain inhibition increased the sensitivities of primary glioblastoma cells towards TMZ. A genetic knockdown of calpain-2 in U251 cells led to increased caspase-3 cleavage and sensitivity to neocarzinostatin, which rapidly induces DNA strand breakage. We hypothesize that calpain-2 causes desensitization of tumor cells against TMZ by preventing strong DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis via post-translational TP53 inhibition. Indeed, proteomic comparison of U251 control vs. U251 calpain-2 knockdown cells highlights perturbed levels of numerous proteins involved in DNA damage response and downstream pathways affecting TP53 and NF-κB signaling. TP53 showed increased protein abundance, but no transcriptional regulation. CONCLUSION TMZ-induced cell death in the presence of calpain-2 expression appears to favor DNA repair and promote cell survival. We conclude from our experiments that calpain-2 expression represents a proteomic mode that is associated with higher resistance via "priming" GBM cells to TMZ chemotherapy. Thus, calpain-2 could serve as a prognostic factor for GBM outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Nicole Stillger
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chia-Yi Chen
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zon Weng Lai
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mujia Li
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schäfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Pagenstecher
- Institute of Neuropathology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, CMBB, Marburg University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, CMBB, Marburg University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Walter Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, CMBB, Marburg University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany. .,Philipps-University Marburg, Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Selective Calpain Inhibition Improves Functional and Histopathological Outcomes in a Canine Spinal Cord Injury Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911772. [PMID: 36233068 PMCID: PMC9570220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain activation has been implicated in various pathologies, including neurodegeneration. Thus, calpain inhibition could effectively prevent spinal cord injury (SCI) associated with neurodegeneration. In the current study, a dog SCI model was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of a selective calpain inhibitor (PD150606) in combination with methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) as an anti-inflammatory drug. SCI was experimentally induced in sixteen mongrel dogs through an epidural balloon compression technique. The dogs were allocated randomly into four groups: control, MPSS, PD150606, and MPSS+PD150606. Clinical evaluation, serum biochemical, somatosensory evoked potentials, histopathological, and immunoblotting analyses were performed to assess treated dogs during the study. The current findings revealed that the combined administration of MPSS+PD150606 demonstrated considerably lower neuronal loss and microglial cell infiltration than the other groups, with a significant improvement in the locomotor score. The increased levels of inflammatory markers (GFAP and CD11) and calcium-binding proteins (Iba1 and S100) were significantly reduced in the combination group and to a lesser extent in MPSS or PD150606 treatment alone. Interestingly, the combined treatment effectively inhibited the calpain-induced cleavage of p35, limited cdk5 activation, and inhibited tau phosphorylation. These results suggest that early MPSS+PD150606 therapy after acute SCI may prevent subsequent neurodegeneration via calpain inhibition.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vibration, a treatment for migraine, linked to calpain driven changes in actin cytoskeleton. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262058. [PMID: 35482731 PMCID: PMC9049534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how a human cell reacts to external physical stimuli is essential to understanding why vibration can elicit localized pain reduction. Stimulation of epithelial cells with external vibration forces has been shown to change cell shape, particularly in regards to structures involved in non-muscle cell motility. We hypothesized that epithelial cells respond to vibration transduction by altering proteins involved in remodeling cytoskeleton. Epithelial cells were exposed to vibration and assessed by microscopy, cytoskeletal staining, immunoblotting and quantitative RT-PCR. Here, we report that epithelial cell lines exposed to 15 minutes of vibration retract filopodia and concentrate actin at the periphery of the cell. In particular, we show an increased expression of the calcium-dependent, cysteine protease, calpain. The discovery that cell transitions are induced by limited exposure to natural forces, such as vibration, provides a foundation to explain how vibrational treatment helps migraine patients.
Collapse
|
6
|
Aluja D, Delgado-Tomás S, Ruiz-Meana M, Barrabés JA, Inserte J. Calpains as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Myocardial Hypertrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084103. [PMID: 35456920 PMCID: PMC9032729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in its treatment, heart failure remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, evidencing an urgent need for novel mechanism-based targets and strategies. Myocardial hypertrophy, caused by a wide variety of chronic stress stimuli, represents an independent risk factor for the development of heart failure, and its prevention constitutes a clinical objective. Recent studies performed in preclinical animal models support the contribution of the Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases calpains in regulating the hypertrophic process and highlight the feasibility of their long-term inhibition as a pharmacological strategy. In this review, we discuss the existing evidence implicating calpains in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the latest advances in unraveling the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we provide an updated overview of calpain inhibitors that have been explored in preclinical models of cardiac hypertrophy and the progress made in developing new compounds that may serve for testing the efficacy of calpain inhibition in the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Aluja
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (D.A.); (S.D.-T.); (M.R.-M.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Sara Delgado-Tomás
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (D.A.); (S.D.-T.); (M.R.-M.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (D.A.); (S.D.-T.); (M.R.-M.); (J.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Barrabés
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (D.A.); (S.D.-T.); (M.R.-M.); (J.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Inserte
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (D.A.); (S.D.-T.); (M.R.-M.); (J.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934894038
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gonzales NR, Grotta JC. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
8
|
Wang B, Zhu Y, Yu C, Zhang C, Tang Q, Huang H, Zhao Z. Hepatitis C virus induces oxidation and degradation of apolipoprotein B to enhance lipid accumulation and promote viral production. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009889. [PMID: 34492079 PMCID: PMC8448335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces the degradation and decreases the secretion of apolipoprotein B (ApoB). Impaired production and secretion of ApoB-containing lipoprotein is associated with an increase in hepatic steatosis. Therefore, HCV infection-induced degradation of ApoB may contribute to hepatic steatosis and decreased lipoprotein secretion, but the mechanism of HCV infection-induced ApoB degradation has not been completely elucidated. In this study, we found that the ApoB level in HCV-infected cells was regulated by proteasome-associated degradation but not autophagic degradation. ApoB was degraded by the 20S proteasome in a ubiquitin-independent manner. HCV induced the oxidation of ApoB via oxidative stress, and oxidized ApoB was recognized by the PSMA5 and PSMA6 subunits of the 20S proteasome for degradation. Further study showed that ApoB was degraded at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated lipid droplets (LDs) and that the retrotranslocation and degradation of ApoB required Derlin-1 but not gp78 or p97. Moreover, we found that knockdown of ApoB before infection increased the cellular lipid content and enhanced HCV assembly. Overexpression of ApoB-50 inhibited lipid accumulation and repressed viral assembly in HCV-infected cells. Our study reveals a novel mechanism of ApoB degradation and lipid accumulation during HCV infection and might suggest new therapeutic strategies for hepatic steatosis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces the degradation of apolipoprotein B (ApoB), which is the primary apolipoprotein in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Impaired production and secretion of ApoB-containing lipoprotein is associated with an increase in hepatic steatosis. Thus, ApoB degradation might contribute to HCV infection-induced fatty liver. Here, we found that ApoB was not degraded through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) or autophagy, as reported previously. Instead, HCV infection induced ApoB oxidation through oxidative stress, and oxidatively damaged ApoB could be recognized and directly degraded by the 20S proteasome. We also found that ApoB was retrotranslocated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to lipid droplets (LDs) for degradation. Through overexpression of ApoB-50, which can mediate the assembly and secretion of LDL and VLDL, we confirmed that ApoB degradation contributed to hepatocellular lipid accumulation induced by HCV infection. Additionally, expression of ApoB-50 impaired HCV production due to the observed decrease in lipid accumulation. In this study, we identified new mechanisms of ApoB degradation and HCV-induced lipid accumulation, and our findings might facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for HCV infection-induced fatty liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Congci Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - He Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taylor J, Patio K, De Rubis G, Morris MB, Evenhuis C, Johnson M, Bebawy M. Membrane to cytosol redistribution of αII-spectrin drives extracellular vesicle biogenesis in malignant breast cells. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000091. [PMID: 33870651 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spectrin is a ubiquitous cytoskeletal protein that provides structural stability and supports membrane integrity. In erythrocytes, spectrin proteolysis leads to the biogenesis of plasma membrane extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, its role in non-erythroid or cancer-derived plasma membrane EVs biogenesis is unknown. This study aims to examine the role of αII-spectrin in malignant and non-malignant plasma membrane vesiculation. We developed a custom, automated cell segmentation plugin for the image processor, Fiji, that provides an unbiased assessment of high resolution confocal microscopy images of the subcellular distribution of αII-spectrin. We show that, in low vesiculating non-malignant MBE-F breast cells, prominent cortical spectrin localises to the cell periphery at rest. In comparison, cortical spectrin is diminished in high vesiculating malignant MCF-7 breast cells at rest. A cortical distribution of spectrin correlates with increased biomechanical stiffness as measured by Atomic Force Microscopy. Furthermore, cortical spectrin can be induced in malignant MCF-7 cells by treatment with known vesiculation modulators including the calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM or the calpain inhibitor II (ALLM). These results demonstrate that the subcellular localisation of spectrin is distinctly different in malignant and non-malignant cells at rest and shows that the redistribution of cortical αII-spectrin to the cytoplasm supports plasma membrane-derived EV biogenesis in malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Taylor
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin Patio
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriele De Rubis
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Micheal B Morris
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christian Evenhuis
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khandagale A, Holmlund T, Entesarian M, Nilsson D, Kalwak K, Klaudel-Dreszler M, Carlsson G, Henter JI, Nordenskjöld M, Fadeel B. Severe congenital neutropenia-associated JAGN1 mutations unleash a calpain-dependent cell death programme in myeloid cells. Br J Haematol 2020; 192:200-211. [PMID: 33206996 PMCID: PMC7839451 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) of autosomal recessive inheritance, also known as Kostmann disease, is characterised by a lack of neutrophils and a propensity for life-threatening infections. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified homozygous JAGN1 mutations (p.Gly14Ser and p.Glu21Asp) in three patients with Kostmann-like SCN, thus confirming the recent attribution of JAGN1 mutations to SCN. Using the human promyelocytic cell line HL-60 as a model, we found that overexpression of patient-derived JAGN1 mutants, but not silencing of JAGN1, augmented cell death in response to the pro-apoptotic stimuli, etoposide, staurosporine, and thapsigargin. Furthermore, cells expressing mutant JAGN1 were remarkably susceptible to agonists that normally trigger degranulation and succumbed to a calcium-dependent cell death programme. This mode of cell death was completely prevented by pharmacological inhibition of calpain but unaffected by caspase inhibition. In conclusion, our results confirmed the association between JAGN1 mutations and SCN and showed that SCN-associated JAGN1 mutations unleash a calcium- and calpain-dependent cell death in myeloid cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Khandagale
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Holmlund
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam Entesarian
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Kalwak
- Department and Clinic of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maja Klaudel-Dreszler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders, and Paediatrics, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Göran Carlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Desmin Interacts Directly with Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218122. [PMID: 33143195 PMCID: PMC7663591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmin intermediate filaments (IFs) play an important role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of muscle cells. They connect contractile myofibrils to plasma membrane, nuclei, and mitochondria. Disturbance of their network due to desmin mutations or deficiency leads to an infringement of myofibril organization and to a deterioration of mitochondrial distribution, morphology, and functions. The nature of the interaction of desmin IFs with mitochondria is not clear. To elucidate the possibility that desmin can directly bind to mitochondria, we have undertaken the study of their interaction in vitro. Using desmin mutant Des(Y122L) that forms unit-length filaments (ULFs) but is incapable of forming long filaments and, therefore, could be effectively separated from mitochondria by centrifugation through sucrose gradient, we probed the interaction of recombinant human desmin with mitochondria isolated from rat liver. Our data show that desmin can directly bind to mitochondria, and this binding depends on its N-terminal domain. We have found that mitochondrial cysteine protease can disrupt this interaction by cleavage of desmin at its N-terminus.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ttm50 facilitates calpain activation by anchoring it to calcium stores and increasing its sensitivity to calcium. Cell Res 2020; 31:433-449. [PMID: 32848200 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent proteolytic calpains are implicated in a variety of physiological processes, as well as pathologies associated with calcium overload. However, the mechanism by which calpain is activated remains elusive since intracellular calcium levels under physiological conditions do not reach the high concentration range required to trigger calpain activation. From a candidate screening using the abundance of the calpain target glutamate receptor GluRIIA at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction as a readout, we uncovered that calpain activity was inhibited upon knockdown of Ttm50, a subunit of the Tim23 complex known to be involved in the import of proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Unexpectedly, Ttm50 and calpain are co-localized at calcium stores Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Ttm50 interacts with calpain via its C-terminal domain. This interaction is required for calpain localization at Golgi/ER, and increases calcium sensitivity of calpain by roughly an order of magnitude. Our findings reveal the regulation of calpain activation by Ttm50, and shed new light on calpain-associated pathologies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Donkor IO. An update on the therapeutic potential of calpain inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:659-675. [PMID: 32700591 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1797678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain is a cytosolic proteinase that regulates of a wide range of physiological functions. The enzyme has been implicated in various pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and several other diseases. Therefore, calpain inhibitors are of interest as therapeutic agents and have been studied in preclinical models of several diseases in which the enzyme has been implicated. AREAS COVERED Calpain inhibitors that were disclosed over the last 5 years (2015-2019) include calpastatin-based peptidomimetics; thalassospiramide lipopeptides; disulfide analogs of alpha-mercaptoacrylic acids; allosteric modulators; azoloimidazolidenones; and macrocyclic/non-macrocyclic carboxamides. The effectiveness of some of the inhibitors in preclinical animal models is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Significant milestones that were made over this time frame include: a) disclosure of novel blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable calpastatin analogs as calpain inhibitors; b) disclosure that potent calpain inhibitors can be obtained by targeting the hydrophobic pockets on chain A of PEF(S) of the small subunit of calpain; c) use of PEF(S) (PDB ID: 4WQ2) in virtual screening to identify novel structurally diverse calpain inhibitors; and d) mitigation of the metabolic instability of the alpha-ketoamide warhead of calpain inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Donkor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy , Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dókus LE, Yousef M, Bánóczi Z. Modulators of calpain activity: inhibitors and activators as potential drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:471-486. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1722638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Endre Dókus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mo’ath Yousef
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Calpain Activation by Ca2+ and Its Role in Phagocytosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1246:129-151. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40406-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
16
|
Kosuge Y. Neuroprotective mechanisms of S-allyl-L-cysteine in neurological disease. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1565-1569. [PMID: 32010340 PMCID: PMC6966174 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) is a sulfur-containing amino acid present in garlic and exhibits a wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent. An earlier study demonstrated that SAC ameliorates oxidative damage in a model of experimental stroke. However, the antioxidant property of SAC does not suffice to explain its beneficial effects in terms of the underlying mechanisms. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER stress-induced cell death have been shown to be involved in various neurological diseases such as brain ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease. We have previously demonstrated that SAC exerts significant protective effects against ER stress-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Recently, we demonstrated that these results are due to the direct suppression of calpain activity via the binding of SAC to this enzyme's Ca2+-binding domain. We also found that the protective effects of the side-chain-modified SAC derivatives, S-ethyl-L-cysteine (SEC) and S-propyl-L-cysteine (SPC), against ER stress-induced neurotoxicity were more potent than those of SAC in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. In addition, SAC, SEC and SPC have been shown to decrease the production of amyloid-β peptide in the brains of mice with D-galactose-induced aging. These three hydrophilic cysteine-containing compounds have also been shown to exert neuroprotective effects against dopaminergic neuron injury in a murine model of Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In this review, we aim to provide a current overview of the protective actions of SAC and the SAC-related compounds, SEC and SPC, in neurodegenerative disease and discuss the promise of SAC as a prototype for developing novel therapeutic drugs for neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Endothelial cell Piezo1 mediates pressure-induced lung vascular hyperpermeability via disruption of adherens junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12980-12985. [PMID: 31186359 PMCID: PMC6600969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902165116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased hydrostatic pressure in lung capillaries experienced during high altitude, head trauma, and left heart failure can lead to disruption of lung endothelial barrier and edema formation. We identified Piezo1 as a mechanical sensor responsible for endothelial barrier breakdown (barotrauma) secondary to reduced expression of the endothelial adherens junction proteins VE-cadherin, β-catenin, and p120-catenin. Endothelial-specific deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Piezo1 prevented lung capillary leakage, suggesting a therapeutic approach for preventing edema and associated lung failure. Increased pulmonary microvessel pressure experienced in left heart failure, head trauma, or high altitude can lead to endothelial barrier disruption referred to as capillary “stress failure” that causes leakage of protein-rich plasma and pulmonary edema. However, little is known about vascular endothelial sensing and transduction of mechanical stimuli inducing endothelial barrier disruption. Piezo1, a mechanosensing ion channel expressed in endothelial cells (ECs), is activated by elevated pressure and other mechanical stimuli. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of Piezo1 in sensing increased lung microvessel pressure and mediating endothelial barrier disruption. Studies were made in mice in which Piezo1 was deleted conditionally in ECs (Piezo1iΔEC), and lung microvessel pressure was increased either by raising left atrial pressure or by aortic constriction. We observed that lung endothelial barrier leakiness and edema induced by raising pulmonary microvessel pressure were abrogated in Piezo1iΔEC mice. Piezo1 signaled lung vascular hyperpermeability by promoting the internalization and degradation of the endothelial adherens junction (AJ) protein VE-cadherin. Breakdown of AJs was the result of activation of the calcium-dependent protease calpain and degradation of the AJ proteins VE-cadherin, β-catenin, and p120-catenin. Deletion of Piezo1 in ECs or inhibition of calpain similarly prevented reduction in the AJ proteins. Thus, Piezo1 activation in ECs induced by elevated lung microvessel pressure mediates capillary stress failure and edema formation secondary to calpain-induced disruption of VE-cadherin adhesion. Inhibiting Piezo1 signaling may be a useful strategy to limit lung capillary stress failure injury in response to elevated vascular pressures.
Collapse
|
18
|
Luchsinger LL, Strikoudis A, Danzl NM, Bush EC, Finlayson MO, Satwani P, Sykes M, Yazawa M, Snoeck HW. Harnessing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Low Intracellular Calcium Improves Their Maintenance In Vitro. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:225-240.e7. [PMID: 31178255 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The specific cellular physiology of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is underexplored, and their maintenance in vitro remains challenging. We discovered that culture of HSCs in low calcium increased their maintenance as determined by phenotype, function, and single-cell expression signature. HSCs are endowed with low intracellular calcium conveyed by elevated activity of glycolysis-fueled plasma membrane calcium efflux pumps and a low-bone-marrow interstitial fluid calcium concentration. Low-calcium conditions inhibited calpain proteases, which target ten-eleven translocated (TET) enzymes, of which TET2 was required for the effect of low calcium conditions on HSC maintenance in vitro. These observations reveal a physiological feature of HSCs that can be harnessed to improve their maintenance in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry L Luchsinger
- Columbia Center of Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexandros Strikoudis
- Columbia Center of Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nichole M Danzl
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Erin C Bush
- JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael O Finlayson
- JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Prakash Satwani
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Masayuki Yazawa
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center of Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Calcium-Activated Calpain Specifically Cleaves Glutamate Receptor IIA But Not IIB at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2776-2791. [PMID: 30705102 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2213-17.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are calcium-dependent, cytosolic proteinases active at neutral pH. They do not degrade but cleave substrates at limited sites. Calpains are implicated in various pathologies, such as ischemia, injuries, muscular dystrophy, and neurodegeneration. Despite so, the physiological function of calpains remains to be clearly defined. Using the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila of both sexes as a model, we performed RNAi screening and uncovered that calpains negatively regulated protein levels of the glutamate receptor GluRIIA but not GluRIIB. We then showed that calpains enrich at the postsynaptic area, and the calcium-dependent activation of calpains induced cleavage of GluRIIA at Q788 of its C terminus. Further genetic and biochemical experiments revealed that different calpains genetically and physically interact to form a protein complex. The protein complex was required for the proteinase activation to downregulate GluRIIA. Our data provide a novel insight into the mechanisms by which different calpains act together as a complex to specifically control GluRIIA levels and consequently synaptic function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Calpain has been implicated in neural insults and neurodegeneration. However, the physiological function of calpains in the nervous system remains to be defined. Here, we show that calpain enriches at the postsynaptic area and negatively and specifically regulates GluRIIA, but not IIB, level during development. Calcium-dependent activation of calpain cleaves GluRIIA at Q788 of its C terminus. Different calpains constitute an active protease complex to cleave its target. This study reveals a critical role of calpains during development to specifically cleave GluRIIA at synapses and consequently regulate synaptic function.
Collapse
|
20
|
Experimental Manipulation of Calpain Activity In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30617806 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8988-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The calpain activity in cells can be experimentally manipulated in vitro by calpain inhibitors, and various types of calpain inhibitors such as peptide aldehydes and α-mercapto-acrylic acid derivatives are widely used as a valuable tool to elucidate the physiological and pathological roles of calpain. Here I describe the experimental procedures with calpain inhibitors, with human neutrophils being primarily used in this experiment. It should be noted that potent calpain inhibitors not only inhibit the calpain activity but also stimulate cell functions via direct activation of human formyl peptide receptors and/or other G protein-coupled receptors depending on the inhibitors used.
Collapse
|
21
|
Inhibition of calpain-1 stabilizes TCF11/Nrf1 but does not affect its activation in response to proteasome inhibition. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180393. [PMID: 30177525 PMCID: PMC6146291 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein degradation is essential to compensate for the damaging effects of proteotoxic stress. To ensure protein and redox homeostasis in response to proteasome inhibition, the cleavage and nuclear translocation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-bound transcription factor TCF11/Nrf1 (NFE2L1) is crucial for the activation of rescue factors including the synthesis of new proteasomal subunits. Even though TCF11/Nrf1 is an essential transcription factor, the exact mechanisms by which it is activated and stabilized are not fully understood. It was previously shown that the calcium-dependent protease calpain-1 interacts with TCF11/Nrf1 and the TCF11/Nrf1 cleavage site is a potential calpain target. Here, we tested the hypothesis that calpain-1 or -2 cleave TCF11/Nrf1. However, we did not find a role for calpain-1 or -2 in the activation of TCF11/Nrf1 after proteasome inhibition neither by using chemical inhibitors nor siRNA-mediated knockdown or overexpression of calpain subunits. Instead, we found that TCF11/Nrf1 is digested by calpain-1 in vitro and that calpain-1 inhibition slows down the degradation of membrane-bound TCF11/Nrf1 by the proteasome in cultured cells. Thus, we provide evidence that calpain-1 is involved in the degradation of TCF11/Nrf1. Furthermore, we confirmed DDI2 as an essential factor for TCF11/Nrf1 activation and demonstrate an undefined role of DDI2 and calpain-1 in TCF11/Nrf1 stability.
Collapse
|
22
|
Structure-based design of allosteric calpain-1 inhibitors populating a novel bioactivity space. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1264-1275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
23
|
Baraban M, Koudelka S, Lyons DA. Ca 2+ activity signatures of myelin sheath formation and growth in vivo. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:19-23. [PMID: 29230058 PMCID: PMC5742537 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During myelination, individual oligodendrocytes initially over-produce short myelin sheaths, which are either retracted or stabilized. By live-imaging oligodendrocyte Ca2+ activity in vivo, we find that high-amplitude, long-duration Ca2+ transients in sheaths prefigure retractions, mediated by calpain. Following stabilization, myelin sheaths grow along axons, and we find that higher-frequency Ca2+ transient activity in sheaths precedes faster elongation. Our data implicate local Ca2+ signaling in regulating distinct stages of myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Baraban
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Sigrid Koudelka
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Novel calpain families and novel mechanisms for calpain regulation in Aplysia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186646. [PMID: 29053733 PMCID: PMC5650170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are a family of intracellular proteases defined by a conserved protease domain. In the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, calpains are important for the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity and memory, at least in part by cleaving protein kinase Cs (PKCs) into constitutively active kinases, termed protein kinase Ms (PKMs). We identify 14 genes encoding calpains in Aplysia using bioinformatics, including at least one member of each of the four major calpain families into which metazoan calpains are generally classified, as well as additional truncated and atypical calpains. Six classical calpains containing a penta-EF-hand (PEF) domain are present in Aplysia. Phylogenetic analysis determined that these six calpains come from three separate classical calpain families. One of the classical calpains in Aplysia, AplCCal1, has been implicated in plasticity. We identify three splice cassettes and an alternative transcriptional start site in AplCCal1. We characterize several of the possible isoforms of AplCCal1 in vitro, and demonstrate that AplCCal1 can cleave PKCs into PKMs in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro. We also find that AplCCal1 has a novel mechanism of auto-inactivation through N-terminal cleavage that is modulated through its alternative transcriptional start site.
Collapse
|
25
|
In vitro selection of Phytomonas serpens cells resistant to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170: alterations in fitness and expression of the major peptidases and efflux pumps. Parasitology 2017; 145:355-370. [PMID: 29039273 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The species Phytomonas serpens is known to express some molecules displaying similarity to those described in trypanosomatids pathogenic to humans, such as peptidases from Trypanosoma cruzi (cruzipain) and Leishmania spp. (gp63). In this work, a population of P. serpens resistant to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 at 70 µ m (MDLR population) was selected by culturing promastigotes in increasing concentrations of the drug. The only relevant ultrastructural difference between wild-type (WT) and MDLR promastigotes was the presence of microvesicles within the flagellar pocket of the latter. MDLR population also showed an increased reactivity to anti-cruzipain antibody as well as a higher papain-like proteolytic activity, while the expression of calpain-like molecules cross-reactive to anti-Dm-calpain (from Drosophila melanogaster) antibody and calcium-dependent cysteine peptidase activity were decreased. Gp63-like molecules also presented a diminished expression in MDLR population, which is probably correlated to the reduction in the parasite adhesion to the salivary glands of the insect vector Oncopeltus fasciatus. A lower accumulation of Rhodamine 123 was detected in MDLR cells when compared with the WT population, a phenotype that was reversed when MDLR cells were treated with cyclosporin A and verapamil. Collectively, our results may help in the understanding of the roles of calpain inhibitors in trypanosomatids.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gehringer M, Altmann KH. The chemistry and biology of mycolactones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1596-1660. [PMID: 28904608 PMCID: PMC5564285 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolactones are a group of macrolides excreted by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans, which exhibit cytotoxic, immunosuppressive and analgesic properties. As the virulence factor of M. ulcerans, mycolactones are central to the pathogenesis of the neglected disease Buruli ulcer, a chronic and debilitating medical condition characterized by necrotic skin ulcers. Due to their complex structure and fascinating biology, mycolactones have inspired various total synthesis endeavors and structure-activity relationship studies. Although this review intends to cover all synthesis efforts in the field, special emphasis is given to the comparison of conceptually different approaches and to the discussion of more recent contributions. Furthermore, a detailed discussion of molecular targets and structure-activity relationships is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Calpain inhibitor alleviates permanent hearing loss induced by intense noise by preventing disruption of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication in the cochlear spiral ligament. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 803:187-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
28
|
Protective Effects of Emodin-Induced Neutrophil Apoptosis via the Ca 2+-Caspase 12 Pathway against SIRS in Rats with Severe Acute Pancreatitis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1736024. [PMID: 28078280 PMCID: PMC5203873 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1736024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) results in high mortality. This is partly because of early multiple organ dysfunction syndromes that are usually caused by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Many studies have reported the beneficial effects of emodin against SAP with SIRS. However, the exact mechanism underlying the effect of emodin remains unclear. This study was designed to explore the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of emodin against SIRS in rats with SAP. In the present study, cytosolic Ca2+ levels, calpain 1 activity, and the expression levels of the active fragments of caspases 12 and 3 decreased in neutrophils from rats with SAP and increased after treatment with emodin. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis occurred in rats with SAP and emodin was able to reverse this delayed apoptosis and inhibit SIRS. The effect of emodin on calpain 1 activity, the expression levels of the active fragments of caspases 12 and 3, neutrophil apoptosis, and SIRS scores were attenuated by PD150606 (an inhibitor of calpain). These results suggest that emodin inhibits SIRS in rats with SAP by inducing circulating neutrophil apoptosis via the Ca2+-calpain 1-caspase 12-caspase 3 signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
29
|
Why calpain inhibitors are interesting leading compounds to search for new therapeutic options to treat leishmaniasis? Parasitology 2016; 144:117-123. [PMID: 27869056 PMCID: PMC5300003 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201600189x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease, which needs improvements in drug development, mainly due to the toxicity, parasite resistance and low compliance of patients to treatment. Therefore, the development of new chemotherapeutic compounds is an urgent need. This opinion article will briefly highlight the feasible use of calpain inhibitors as leading compounds to search for new therapeutic options to treat leishmaniasis. The milestone of this approach is to take advantage on the myriad of inhibitors developed against calpains, some of which are in advanced clinical trials. The deregulated activity of these enzymes is associated with several pathologies, such as strokes, diabetes and Parkinson's disease, to name a few. In Leishmania, calpain upregulation has been associated to drug resistance and virulence. Whereas the difficulties in developing new drugs for neglected diseases are more economical than biotechnological, repurposing approach with compounds already approved for clinical use by the regulatory agencies can be an interesting shortcut to a successful chemotherapeutic treatment for leishmaniasis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ono Y, Saido TC, Sorimachi H. Calpain research for drug discovery: challenges and potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:854-876. [PMID: 27833121 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of proteases that were scientifically recognized earlier than proteasomes and caspases, but remain enigmatic. However, they are known to participate in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes, performing 'limited proteolysis' whereby they do not destroy but rather modulate the functions of their substrates. Calpains are therefore referred to as 'modulator proteases'. Multidisciplinary research on calpains has begun to elucidate their involvement in pathophysiological mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies targeting malfunctions of calpains have been developed, driven primarily by improvements in the specificity and bioavailability of calpain inhibitors. Here, we review the calpain superfamily and calpain-related disorders, and discuss emerging calpain-targeted therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Byler KG, Collins JT, Ogungbe IV, Setzer WN. Alphavirus protease inhibitors from natural sources: A homology modeling and molecular docking investigation. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:163-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
32
|
Pandey AK, Shukla SC, Bhattacharya P, Patnaik R. A possible therapeutic potential of quercetin through inhibition of μ-calpain in hypoxia induced neuronal injury: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1247-53. [PMID: 27651771 PMCID: PMC5020822 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.189186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective property of quercetin is well reported against hypoxia and ischemia in past studies. This property of quercetin lies in its antioxidant property with blood-brain barrier permeability and anti-inflammatory capabilities. µ-Calpain, a calcium ion activated intracellular cysteine protease causes serious cellular insult, leading to cell death in various pathological conditions including hypoxia and ischemic stroke. Hence, it may be considered as a potential drug target for the treatment of hypoxia induced neuronal injury. As the inhibitory property of µ-calpain is yet to be explored in details, hence, in the present study, we investigated the interaction of quercetin with µ-calpain through a molecular dynamics simulation study as a tool through clarifying the molecular mechanism of such inhibition and determining the probable sites and modes of quercetin interaction with the µ-calpain catalytic domain. In addition, we also investigated the structure-activity relationship of quercetin with μ-calpain. Affinity binding of quercetin with µ-calpain had a value of -28.73 kJ/mol and a Ki value of 35.87 µM that may be a probable reason to lead to altered functioning of µ-calpain. Hence, quercetin was found to be an inhibitor of µ-calpain which might have a possible therapeutic role in hypoxic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Pandey
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Swet Chand Shukla
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Calcaterra NE, Hoeppner DJ, Wei H, Jaffe AE, Maher BJ, Barrow JC. Schizophrenia-Associated hERG channel Kv11.1-3.1 Exhibits a Unique Trafficking Deficit that is Rescued Through Proteasome Inhibition for High Throughput Screening. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19976. [PMID: 26879421 PMCID: PMC4754628 DOI: 10.1038/srep19976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate-specific brain voltage-gated potassium channel isoform Kv11.1-3.1 has been identified as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of schizophrenia. While this ether-a-go-go related K + channel has shown clinical relevance, drug discovery efforts have been hampered due to low and inconsistent activity in cell-based assays. This poor activity is hypothesized to result from poor trafficking via the lack of an intact channel-stabilizing Per-Ant-Sim (PAS) domain. Here we characterize Kv11.1-3.1 cellular localization and show decreased channel expression and cell surface trafficking relative to the PAS-domain containing major isoform, Kv11.1-1A. Using small molecule inhibition of proteasome degradation, cellular expression and plasma membrane trafficking are rescued. These findings implicate the importance of the unfolded-protein response and endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation pathways in the expression and regulation of this schizophrenia risk factor. Utilizing this identified phenomenon, an electrophysiological and high throughput in-vitro fluorescent assay platform has been developed for drug discovery in order to explore a potentially new class of cognitive therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huijun Wei
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Departments of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - James C Barrow
- Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gonzales NR, Grotta JC. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
35
|
Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:506-19. [PMID: 26713267 PMCID: PMC4675809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases continue to provide validated targets for treatment of human diseases. In neurodegenerative disorders, multiple cysteine proteases provide targets for enzyme inhibitors, notably caspases, calpains, and cathepsins. The reactive, active-site cysteine provides specificity for many inhibitor designs over other families of proteases, such as aspartate and serine; however, a) inhibitor strategies often use covalent enzyme modification, and b) obtaining selectivity within families of cysteine proteases and their isozymes is problematic. This review provides a general update on strategies for cysteine protease inhibitor design and a focus on cathepsin B and calpain 1 as drug targets for neurodegenerative disorders; the latter focus providing an interesting query for the contemporary assumptions that irreversible, covalent protein modification and low selectivity are anathema to therapeutic safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- APP/PS1, Aβ overexpressing mice APP (K670N/M671L) and PS1 (M146L) mutants
- Ala, alanine
- Alzheimer׳s disease
- AppLon, London familial amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (V717I)
- AppSwe, Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (K670N/M671L)
- Arg, arginine
- Aβ, amyloid β
- Aβ1-42, amyloid β, 42 amino acid protein
- BACE-1, β-amyloid cleaving enzyme
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CANP, calcium-activated neutral protease
- CNS, central nervous system
- CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II
- Calpain
- Cathepsin
- Cdk5/p35, activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- Cysteine protease
- DTT, dithioerythritol
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Enzyme inhibitors
- GSH, glutathione
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamic acid
- Gly, glutamine
- Hsp70.1, heat shock protein 70.1
- Ile, isoleucine
- KO, knockout
- Leu, leucine
- Lys, lysine
- MAP-2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- Met, methionine
- NFT, neurofibrilliary tangles
- Neurodegeneration
- Nle, norleucine
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- Phe, phenylalanine
- Pro, proline
- SP, senile plaques
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Thr, threonine
- Tyr, tyrosine
- Val, valine
- WRX, Trp-Arg containing epoxysuccinate cysteine protease inhibitor
- WT, wildtype
- isoAsp, isoaspartate
- pGlu, pyroglutamate
- pyroGluAβ, pyroglutamate-amyloid β
Collapse
|
36
|
Hein TW, Rosa RH, Ren Y, Xu W, Kuo L. VEGF Receptor-2-Linked PI3K/Calpain/SIRT1 Activation Mediates Retinal Arteriolar Dilations to VEGF and Shear Stress. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5381-9. [PMID: 26284543 DOI: 10.1167/iovs15-16950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vasomotor responses of retinal arterioles to luminal flow/shear stress and VEGF have a critical role in governing retinal blood flow possibly via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activation. However, the cellular mechanism for flow-sensitive vasomotor activity in relation to VEGF signaling in retinal arterioles has not been characterized. We used an isolated vessel approach to specifically address this issue. METHODS Porcine retinal arterioles were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized to 55 cm H2O luminal pressure by two independent reservoir systems. Luminal flow was increased stepwise by creating hydrostatic pressure gradients across two reservoirs. Diameter changes and associated signaling mechanisms corresponding to increased flow and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) activation were assessed using videomicroscopic, pharmacological, and molecular tools. RESULTS Retinal arterioles developed basal tone under zero-flow condition and dilated concentration-dependently to VEGF165. Stepwise increases in flow produced graded vasodilation. Vasodilations to VEGF165 and increased flow were abolished by endothelial removal, and inhibited by pharmacological blockade of VEGFR2, NOS, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), calpains, or sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) deacetylase. A VEGF165 antibody blocked vasodilation to VEGF165 but not flow. Immunostaining indicated that VEGFR2 was expressed in the endothelial and smooth muscle layers of retinal arterioles. CONCLUSIONS Ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activation of VEGFR2 in the endothelium mediates NO-dependent dilations of porcine retinal arterioles in response to VEGF165 and luminal flow/shear stress, respectively. It appears that NOS stimulation via PI3K, calpain proteases, and SIRT1-dependent deacetylation downstream from VEGFR2 activation contributes to these vasodilator responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Hein
- Department of Surgery Scott & White Eye Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Scott & White Eye Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple
| | - Robert H Rosa
- Department of Surgery Scott & White Eye Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Scott & White Eye Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Surgery Scott & White Eye Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Department of Surgery Scott & White Eye Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Surgery Scott & White Eye Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Scott & White Eye Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shenkman BS, Belova SP, Lomonosova YN, Kostrominova TY, Nemirovskaya TL. Calpain-dependent regulation of the skeletal muscle atrophy following unloading. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 584:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
38
|
de Oliveira SSC, Garcia-Gomes ADS, d'Avila-Levy CM, dos Santos ALS, Branquinha MH. Expression of calpain-like proteins and effects of calpain inhibitors on the growth rate of Angomonas deanei wild type and aposymbiotic strains. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:188. [PMID: 26415499 PMCID: PMC4587752 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angomonas deanei is a trypanosomatid parasite of insects that has a bacterial endosymbiont, which supplies amino acids and other nutrients to its host. Bacterium loss induced by antibiotic treatment of the protozoan leads to an aposymbiotic strain with increased need for amino acids and results in increased production of extracellular peptidases. In this work, a more detailed examination of A. deanei was conducted to determine the effects of endosymbiont loss on the host calpain-like proteins (CALPs), followed by testing of different calpain inhibitors on parasite proliferation. Results Western blotting showed the presence of different protein bands reactive to antibodies against calpain from Drosophila melanogaster (anti-Dm-calpain), lobster calpain (anti-CDPIIb) and cytoskeleton-associated calpain from Trypanosoma brucei (anti-CAP5.5), suggesting a possible modulation of CALPs influenced by the endosymbiont. In the cell-free culture supernatant of A. deanei wild type and aposymbiotic strains, a protein of 80 kDa cross-reacted with the anti-Dm-calpain antibody; however, no cross-reactivity was found with anti-CAP5.5 and anti-CDPIIb antibodies. A search in A. deanei genome for homologues of D. melanogaster calpain, T. brucei CAP5.5 and lobster CDPIIb calpain revealed the presence of hits with at least one calpain conserved domain and also with theoretical molecular mass consistent with the recognition by each antibody. No significant hit was observed in the endosymbiont genome, indicating that calpain molecules might be absent from the symbiont. Flow cytometry analysis of cells treated with the anti-calpain antibodies showed that a larger amount of reactive epitopes was located intracellularly. The reversible calpain inhibitor MDL28170 displayed a much higher efficacy in diminishing the growth of both strains compared to the non-competitive calpain inhibitor PD150606, while the irreversible calpain inhibitor V only marginally diminished the proliferation. Conclusions Altogether, these results indicate that distinct calpain-like molecules are expressed by A. deanei, with a possible modulation in the expression influenced by the endosymbiont. In addition, treatment with MDL28170 affects the growth rate of both strains, as previously determined in the human pathogenic species Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi, with whom A. deanei shares immunological and biochemical relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Santiago Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Aline dos Santos Garcia-Gomes
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Masini d'Avila-Levy
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - André Luis Souza dos Santos
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Adams SE, Robinson EJ, Miller DJ, Rizkallah PJ, Hallett MB, Allemann RK. Conformationally restricted calpain inhibitors. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6865-6871. [PMID: 28757975 PMCID: PMC5508670 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidised α-mercaptoacrylic acid derivatives are potent conformationally restricted calpain-I inhibitors that mimic the endogenous inhibitor calpastatin.
The cysteine protease calpain-I is linked to several diseases and is therefore a valuable target for inhibition. Selective inhibition of calpain-I has proved difficult as most compounds target the active site and inhibit a broad spectrum of cysteine proteases as well as other calpain isoforms. Selective inhibitors might not only be potential drugs but should act as tools to explore the physiological and pathophysiological roles of calpain-I. α-Mercaptoacrylic acid based calpain inhibitors are potent, cell permeable and selective inhibitors of calpain-I and calpain-II. These inhibitors target the calcium binding domain PEF(S) of calpain-I and -II. Here X-ray diffraction analysis of co-crystals of PEF(S) revealed that the disulfide form of an α-mercaptoacrylic acid bound within a hydrophobic groove that is also targeted by a calpastatin inhibitory region and made a greater number of favourable interactions with the protein than the reduced sulfhydryl form. Measurement of the inhibitory potency of the α-mercaptoacrylic acids and X-ray crystallography revealed that the IC50 values decreased significantly on oxidation as a consequence of the stereo-electronic properties of disulfide bonds that restrict rotation around the S–S bond. Consequently, thioether analogues inhibited calpain-I with potencies similar to those of the free sulfhydryl forms of α-mercaptoacrylic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
| | - E J Robinson
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - D J Miller
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
| | - P J Rizkallah
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - M B Hallett
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - R K Allemann
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Casas JS, Castaño MV, Couce MD, Sánchez A, Sordo J, Torres MD, Vázquez López EM. New diorganolead(IV) sulfanylpropenoates: Synthesis, characterization and analysis of their evolution in DMSO solution. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
41
|
Luo T, Yue R, Hu H, Zhou Z, Yiu KH, Zhang S, Xu L, Li K, Yu Z. PD150606 protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury by preventing μ-calpain-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 586:1-9. [PMID: 26091952 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Calpain plays an important role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. PD150606, a nonpeptide, cell-permeable and noncompetitive calpain inhibitor, has been shown to have protective properties in ischemic disease. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether PD150606 could alleviate myocardial I/R injury and to examine the possible mechanisms involved. The I/R model was established in vivo in C57BL/6 mice and in vitro using neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes, respectively. To evaluate the protective effects of PD150606 on I/R injury, we measured the myocardial infarct area, apoptosis, and expression of cleaved caspase-3. We also investigated the underlying mechanisms by examining mitochondrial function as reflected by the ATP concentration, translocation of cytochrome c, dynamics of mPTP opening, and membrane potential (ΔΨm), coupled with calpain activity. Pretreatment with PD150606 significantly reduced the infarct area and apoptosis caused by I/R. PD150606 pretreatment also reduced mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting calpain activation. Moreover, we found that μ-calpain is the main contributor to I/R-induced calpain activation. Knockdown of μ-calpain with siRNA significantly reversed calpain activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis caused by I/R in vitro. Our results suggest that PD150606 may protect against I/R injury via preventing μ-calpain-induced mitochondrial apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, North Sichuan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China; Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Rongchuan Yue
- Department of Cardiology, North Sichuan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Houxiang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, North Sichuan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China; Center for Medical Research, North Sichuan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kai Hang Yiu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, North Sichuan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, North Sichuan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Cardiology, North Sichuan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Seremwe M, Schnellmann RG, Bollag WB. Calpain-10 Activity Underlies Angiotensin II-Induced Aldosterone Production in an Adrenal Glomerulosa Cell Model. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2138-49. [PMID: 25836666 PMCID: PMC4430612 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone important in the regulation of blood pressure. Aberrant production of aldosterone results in the development and progression of diseases including hypertension and congestive heart failure; therefore, a complete understanding of aldosterone production is important for developing more effective treatments. Angiotensin II (AngII) regulates steroidogenesis, in part through its ability to increase intracellular calcium levels. Calcium can activate calpains, proteases classified as typical or atypical based on the presence or absence of penta-EF-hands, which are involved in various cellular responses. We hypothesized that calpain, in particular calpain-10, is activated by AngII in adrenal glomerulosa cells and underlies aldosterone production. Our studies showed that pan-calpain inhibitors reduced AngII-induced aldosterone production in 2 adrenal glomerulosa cell models, primary bovine zona glomerulosa and human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells, as well as CYP11B2 expression in the HAC15 cells. Although AngII induced calpain activation in these cells, typical calpain inhibitors had no effect on AngII-elicited aldosterone production, suggesting a lack of involvement of classical calpains in this process. However, an inhibitor of the atypical calpain, calpain-10, decreased AngII-induced aldosterone production. Consistent with this result, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of calpain-10 inhibited aldosterone production and CYP11B2 expression, whereas adenovirus-mediated overexpression of calpain-10 resulted in increased AngII-induced aldosterone production. Our results indicate that AngII-induced activation of calpain-10 in glomerulosa cells underlies aldosterone production and identify calpain-10 or its downstream pathways as potential targets for the development of drug therapies for the treatment of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsa Seremwe
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center (W.B.B.), Augusta, Georgia 30904; Department of Physiology (M.S., W.B.B.) and Section of Dermatology (W.B.B.), Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences (R.G.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, and Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center (R.G.S.), Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rehni AK, Nautiyal N, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Hyperglycemia / hypoglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:437-47. [PMID: 24737446 PMCID: PMC4199931 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of ischemic brain damage is one of the most serious complications of diabetes. Studies from various in vivo and in vitro models of cerebral ischemia have led to an understanding of the role of mitochondria and complex interrelated mitochondrial biochemical pathways leading to the aggravation of ischemic neuronal damage. Advancements in the elucidation of the mechanisms of ischemic brain damage in diabetic subjects have revealed a number of key mitochondrial targets that have been hypothesized to participate in enhancement of brain damage. The present review initially discusses the neurobiology of ischemic neuronal injury, with special emphasis on the central role of mitochondria in mediating its pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Later it further details the potential role of various biochemical mediators and second messengers causing widespread ischemic brain damage among diabetics via mitochondrial pathways. The present review discusses preclinical data which validates the significance of mitochondrial mechanisms in mediating the aggravation of ischemic cerebral injury in diabetes. Exploitation of these targets may provide effective therapeutic agents for the management of diabetes-related aggravation of ischemic neuronal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K. Rehni
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Nautiyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
White-Schenk D, Shi R, Leary JF. Nanomedicine strategies for treatment of secondary spinal cord injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:923-38. [PMID: 25673988 PMCID: PMC4321603 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological injury, such as spinal cord injury, has a secondary injury associated with it. The secondary injury results from the biological cascade after the primary injury and affects previous uninjured, healthy tissue. Therefore, the mitigation of such a cascade would benefit patients suffering a primary injury and allow the body to recover more quickly. Unfortunately, the delivery of effective therapeutics is quite limited. Due to the inefficient delivery of therapeutic drugs, nanoparticles have become a major field of exploration for medical applications. Based on their material properties, they can help treat disease by delivering drugs to specific tissues, enhancing detection methods, or a mixture of both. Incorporating nanomedicine into the treatment of neuronal injury and disease would likely push nanomedicine into a new light. This review highlights the various pathological issues involved in secondary spinal cord injury, current treatment options, and the improvements that could be made using a nanomedical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Désirée White-Schenk
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Lynn School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James F Leary
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Lynn School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain is a family of cysteine proteases found in eukaryotes and a few bacteria. There is considerable interest in the search for calpain inhibitors because the enzyme has been implicated in several diseases including ocular disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders and cancer. AREAS COVERED An overview of calpain inhibitors disclosed between 2012 and 2014 is presented. Among these are epoxysuccinates, dipeptide imaging agents, macrocyclic inhibitors, α-helical peptidomimetic inhibitors, carboxamides, 5-azolones and α-mercaptoacrylates. Additionally, preclinical studies of calpain inhibitors in pathologies such blood disorders, ocular disorders, neurological disorders and muscle disorders are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Major advances made in calpain inhibitor research between 2012 and 2014 include: i) the discovery of cytosolic-stable carboxamide calpain inhibitors; ii) synthesis of epoxysuccinates with excellent bioavailability; iii) disclosure of the X-ray crystal structures of novel α-mercaptoacrylates bound to the pentaEF hand region from human calpain; and iv) disclosure of calpain inhibitors as anti-sickling agents. Several calpain inhibitors were reported but limited effort was directed towards the discovery of calpain isoform selective agents, which continues to dampen the therapeutic potential of calpain inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Donkor
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 is a leukocidin causing Ca2+ influx, necrosis and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1474. [PMID: 25321481 PMCID: PMC4237235 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection generates pulmonary granulomas that consist of a caseous, necrotic core surrounded by an ordered arrangement of macrophages, neutrophils and T cells. This inflammatory pathology is essential for disease transmission and M. tuberculosis has evolved to stimulate inflammatory granuloma development while simultaneously avoiding destruction by the attracted phagocytes. The most abundant phagocyte in active necrotic granulomas is the neutrophil. Here we show that the ESAT-6 protein secreted by the ESX-1 type VII secretion system causes necrosis of the neutrophils. ESAT-6 induced an intracellular Ca2+ overload followed by necrosis of phosphatidylserine externalised neutrophils. This necrosis was dependent upon the Ca2+ activated protease calpain, as pharmacologic inhibition prevented this secondary necrosis. We also observed that the ESAT-6 induced increase in intracellular Ca2+, stimulated the production of neutrophil extracellular traps characterised by extruded DNA and myeloperoxidase. Thus we conclude that ESAT-6 has a leukocidin function, which may facilitate bacterial avoidance of the antimicrobial action of the neutrophil while contributing to the maintenance of inflammation and necrotic pathology necessary for granuloma formation and TB transmission.
Collapse
|
47
|
Fettucciari K, Ponsini P, Palumbo C, Rosati E, Mannucci R, Bianchini R, Modesti A, Marconi P. Macrophage induced gelsolin in response to Group BStreptococcus(GBS) infection. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:79-104. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Fettucciari
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Perugia University; Perugia Italy
| | - Pamela Ponsini
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Perugia University; Perugia Italy
| | - Camilla Palumbo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine; Tor Vergata University; Rome Italy
| | - Emanuela Rosati
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Perugia University; Perugia Italy
| | - Roberta Mannucci
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Image Analysis; Perugia University; Perugia Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism; Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise Therapep; Salzburg University Clinic; Salzburg Austria
- Department of Pediatrics; Paracelsus Medical University; Muellner Hauptstrasse Salzburg Austria
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine; Tor Vergata University; Rome Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Low KE, Karunan Partha S, Davies PL, Campbell RL. Allosteric inhibitors of calpains: Reevaluating inhibition by PD150606 and LSEAL. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3367-73. [PMID: 25196359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mercaptoacrylate calpain inhibitor, PD150606, has been shown by X-ray crystallography to bind to a hydrophobic groove in the enzyme's penta-EF-hand domains far away from the catalytic cleft and has been previously described as an uncompetitive inhibitor of calpains. The penta-peptide LSEAL has been reported to be an inhibitor of calpain and was predicted to bind in the same hydrophobic groove. The X-ray crystal structure of calpain-2 bound to its endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, shows that calpastatin also binds to the hydrophobic grooves in the two penta-EF-hand domains, but its inhibitory domain binds to the protease core domains and blocks the active site cleft directly. METHODS The mechanisms of inhibition by PD150606 and LSEAL were investigated using steady-state kinetics of cleavage of a fluorogenic substrate by calpain-2 and the protease core of calpain1, as well as by examining the inhibition of casein hydrolysis by calpain and the autoproteolysis of calpain. RESULTS PD150606 inhibits both full-length calpain-2 and the protease core of calpain-1 with an apparent noncompetitive kinetic model. The penta-peptide LSEAL failed to inhibit either whole calpain or its protease core in vitro. CONCLUSIONS PD150606 cannot inhibit cleavage by calpain-2 of small substrates via binding to the penta-EF-hand domain. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE PD150606 is often described as a calpain-specific inhibitor due to its ability to target the penta-EF-hand domains of calpain, but we show that it must be acting at a site on the protease core domain instead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Low
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Sarathy Karunan Partha
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Robert L Campbell
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vaghi V, Polacchini A, Baj G, Pinheiro VLM, Vicario A, Tongiorgi E. Pharmacological profile of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) splice variant translation using a novel drug screening assay: a "quantitative code". J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27702-13. [PMID: 25074925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.586719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key regulator of neuronal development and plasticity. BDNF is a major pharmaceutical target in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. However, pharmacological modulation of this neurotrophin is challenging because BDNF is generated by multiple, alternatively spliced transcripts with different 5'- and 3'UTRs. Each BDNF mRNA variant is transcribed independently, but translation regulation is unknown. To evaluate the translatability of BDNF transcripts, we developed an in vitro luciferase assay in human neuroblastoma cells. In unstimulated cells, each BDNF 5'- and 3'UTR determined a different basal translation level of the luciferase reporter gene. However, constructs with either a 5'UTR or a 3'UTR alone showed poor translation modulation by BDNF, KCl, dihydroxyphenylglycine, AMPA, NMDA, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, or serotonin. Constructs consisting of the luciferase reporter gene flanked by the 5'UTR of one of the most abundant BDNF transcripts in the brain (exons 1, 2c, 4, and 6) and the long 3'UTR responded selectively to stimulation with the different receptor agonists, and only transcripts 2c and 6 were increased by the antidepressants desipramine and mirtazapine. We propose that BDNF mRNA variants represent "a quantitative code" for regulated expression of the protein. Thus, to discriminate the efficacy of drugs in stimulating BDNF synthesis, it is appropriate to use variant-specific in vitro screening tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vaghi
- From the Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessio Polacchini
- From the Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Baj
- From the Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Vera L M Pinheiro
- From the Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vicario
- From the Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Tongiorgi
- From the Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rosenberger TA. Targeting calpain-mediated proteolysis and peptide signaling as a strategy to reduce injury in multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2014; 130:161-4. [PMID: 24844646 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thad A Rosenberger
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| |
Collapse
|