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Bufacchi RJ, Battaglia-Mayer A, Iannetti GD, Caminiti R. Cortico-spinal modularity in the parieto-frontal system: A new perspective on action control. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102537. [PMID: 37832714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical neurophysiology suggests that the motor cortex (MI) has a unique role in action control. In contrast, this review presents evidence for multiple parieto-frontal spinal command modules that can bypass MI. Five observations support this modular perspective: (i) the statistics of cortical connectivity demonstrate functionally-related clusters of cortical areas, defining functional modules in the premotor, cingulate, and parietal cortices; (ii) different corticospinal pathways originate from the above areas, each with a distinct range of conduction velocities; (iii) the activation time of each module varies depending on task, and different modules can be activated simultaneously; (iv) a modular architecture with direct motor output is faster and less metabolically expensive than an architecture that relies on MI, given the slow connections between MI and other cortical areas; (v) lesions of the areas composing parieto-frontal modules have different effects from lesions of MI. Here we provide examples of six cortico-spinal modules and functions they subserve: module 1) arm reaching, tool use and object construction; module 2) spatial navigation and locomotion; module 3) grasping and observation of hand and mouth actions; module 4) action initiation, motor sequences, time encoding; module 5) conditional motor association and learning, action plan switching and action inhibition; module 6) planning defensive actions. These modules can serve as a library of tools to be recombined when faced with novel tasks, and MI might serve as a recombinatory hub. In conclusion, the availability of locally-stored information and multiple outflow paths supports the physiological plausibility of the proposed modular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bufacchi
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; International Center for Primate Brain Research (ICPBR), Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - A Battaglia-Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - G D Iannetti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - R Caminiti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Yan H, Lau WKW, Eickhoff SB, Long J, Song X, Wang C, Zhao J, Feng X, Huang R, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhang R. Charting the neural circuits disruption in inhibitory control and its subcomponents across psychiatric disorders: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110618. [PMID: 36002101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory control, comprising cognitive inhibition and response inhibition, showed consistent deficits among several major psychiatric disorders. We aim to identify the trans-diagnostic convergence of neuroimaging abnormalities underlying inhibitory control across psychiatric disorders. METHODS Inhibitory control tasks neuroimaging, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography articles published in PubMed and Web of Science before April 2020 comparing healthy controls with patients with several psychiatric disorders were searched. RESULTS 146 experiments on 2653 patients with different disorders and 2764 control participants were included. Coordinates of case-control differences coded by diagnosis and inhibitory control components were analyzed using activation likelihood estimation. A robust trans-diagnostic pattern of aberrant brain activation in the bilateral cingulate gyri extending to medial frontal gyri, right insula, bilateral lentiform nuclei, right inferior frontal gyrus, right precuneus extending to inferior parietal lobule, and right supplementary motor area were detected. Frontostriatal pathways are the commonly disrupted neural circuits in the inhibitory control across psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, Patients showed aberrant activation in the dorsal frontal inhibitory system in cognitive inhibition, while in the frontostriatal system in response inhibition across disorders. CONCLUSION Consistent with the Research Domain Criteria initiative, current findings show that psychiatric disorders may be productively formulated as a phenotype of trans-diagnostic neurocircuit disruption. Our results provide new insights for future research into mental disorders with inhibition-related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yan
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Science and Education, The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, PR China
| | - Way K W Lau
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jüelich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jixin Long
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoqi Song
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chanyu Wang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiubo Zhao
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangang Feng
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Maosheng Wang
- Department of Science and Education, The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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3
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Nakajima T, Hosaka R, Mushiake H. Complementary Roles of Primate Dorsal Premotor and Pre-Supplementary Motor Areas to the Control of Motor Sequences. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6946-6965. [PMID: 35970560 PMCID: PMC9463987 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2356-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We are able to temporally organize multiple movements in a purposeful manner in everyday life. Both the dorsal premotor (PMd) area and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) are known to be involved in the performance of motor sequences. However, it is unclear how each area differentially contributes to controlling multiple motor sequences. To address this issue, we recorded single-unit activity in both areas while monkeys (one male, one female) performed sixteen motor sequences. Each sequence comprised either a series of two identical movements (repetition) or two different movements (nonrepetition). The sequence was initially instructed with visual signals but had to be remembered thereafter. Here, we showed that the activity of single neurons in both areas transitioned from reactive- to predictive encoding while motor sequences were memorized. In the memory-guided trials, in particular, the activity of PMd cells preferentially represented the second movement (2M) in the sequence leading to a reward generally regardless of the first movement (1M). Such activity frequently began even before the 1M in a prospective manner, and was enhanced in nonrepetition sequences. Behaviorally, a lack of the activity enhancement often resulted in premature execution of the 2M. In contrast, cells in pre-SMA instantiated particular sequences of actions by coordinating switching or nonswitching movements in sequence. Our findings suggest that PMd and pre-SMA play complementary roles within behavioral contexts: PMd preferentially controls the movement that leads to a reward rather than the sequence per se, whereas pre-SMA coordinates all elements in a sequence by integrating temporal orders of multiple movements.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although both dorsal premotor (PMd) area and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) are involved in the control of motor sequences, it is not clear how these two areas contribute to coordination of sequential movements differently. To address this issue, we directly compared neuronal activity in the two areas recorded while monkeys memorized and performed multiple motor sequences. Our findings suggest that PMd preferentially controls the final action that ultimately leads to a reward in a prospective manner, whereas the pre-SMA coordinates switching among multiple actions within the context of the sequence. Our findings are of significance to understand the distinct roles for motor-related areas in the planning and executing motor sequences and the pathophysiology of apraxia and/or Parkinson's diseases that disables skilled motor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hosaka
- Department of Electronic Information Systems, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Hajime Mushiake
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Tucker DM, Luu P, Johnson M. Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Implicit and Explicit Memory in the Process of Consciousness. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:872-891. [PMID: 36044682 PMCID: PMC9576178 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00328.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological mechanisms are increasingly understood to constitute the foundations of human conscious experience. These include the capacity for ongoing memory, achieved through a hierarchy of reentrant cross-laminar connections across limbic, heteromodal, unimodal, and primary cortices. The neurophysiological mechanisms of consciousness also include the capacity for volitional direction of attention to the ongoing cognitive process, through a reentrant fronto-thalamo-cortical network regulation of the inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus. More elusive is the way that discrete objects of subjective experience, such as the color of deep blue or the sound of middle C, could be generated by neural mechanisms. Explaining such ineffable qualities of subjective experience is what Chalmers has called “the hard problem of consciousness,” which has divided modern neuroscientists and philosophers alike. We propose that insight into the appearance of the hard problem can be gained through integrating classical phenomenological studies of experience with recent progress in the differential neurophysiology of consolidating explicit versus implicit memory. Although the achievement of consciousness, once it is reflected upon, becomes explicit, the underlying process of generating consciousness, through neurophysiological mechanisms, is largely implicit. Studying the neurophysiological mechanisms of adaptive implicit memory, including brain stem, limbic, and thalamic regulation of neocortical representations, may lead to a more extended phenomenological understanding of both the neurophysiological process and the subjective experience of consciousness. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The process of consciousness, generating the qualia that may appear to be irreducible qualities of experience, can be understood to arise from neurophysiological mechanisms of memory. Implicit memory, organized by the lemnothalamic brain stem projections and dorsal limbic consolidation in REM sleep, supports the unconscious field and the quasi-conscious fringe of current awareness. Explicit memory, organized by the collothalamic midbrain projections and ventral limbic consolidation of NREM sleep, supports the focal objects of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don M Tucker
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.,Brain Electrophysiology Laboratory Company, Riverfront Research Park, Eugene OR, United States
| | - Phan Luu
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.,Brain Electrophysiology Laboratory Company, Riverfront Research Park, Eugene OR, United States
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Philosophy, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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5
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Liu YF, Zou ZY, Cai LM, Lin JH, Zhou MX, Huang NX, Zhan C, Chen HJ. Characterizing Sensorimotor-Related Area Abnormalities in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Acad Radiol 2022; 29 Suppl 3:S141-S146. [PMID: 34481706 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To investigate the microperfusion and water molecule diffusion alterations in sensorimotor-related areas in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) using intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS IVIM data were obtained from 43 ALS patients and 31 controls. This study employed the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) in evaluating disease severity. IVIM-derived metrics were calculated, including diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient, and perfusion fraction. Conventional apparent diffusion coefficient was also computed. Atlas-based analysis was conducted to detect between-group difference in these metrics in sensorimotor-related gray/white matter areas. Spearman correlation analysis was employed to establish correlation between various metrics and ALSFRS-R. RESULTS ALS patients had perfusion fraction (× 10-3) reduction in the left presupplementary motor area (60.72 ± 16.15 vs. 71.15 ± 12.98, p = 0.016), right presupplementary motor area (61.35 ± 17.02 vs. 72.18 ± 14.22, p = 0.016), left supplementary motor area (55.73 ± 12.29 vs. 64.12 ± 9.17, p = 0.015), and right supplementary motor area (56.53 ± 11.93 vs. 63.67 ± 10.03, p = 0.020). Patients showed D (× 10-6 mm2/s) increase in a white matter tract projecting to the right ventral premotor cortex (714.20 ± 39.75 vs. 691.01 ± 24.53, p = 0.034). A negative correlation between D of right ventral premotor cortex tract and ALSFRS-R score was observed (r = -0.316, p = 0.039). CONCLUSION These findings suggest aberrant microperfusion and water molecule diffusion in the sensorimotor-related areas in ALS patients, which are associated with motor impairment in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhang-Yu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Min Cai
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jia-Hui Lin
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Min-Xiong Zhou
- College of Medical Imaging, Shang Hai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nao-Xin Huang
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chuanyin Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Hua-Jun Chen
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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Kang W, Pineda Hernández S, Wang J, Malvaso A. Instruction-based learning: A review. Neuropsychologia 2022; 166:108142. [PMID: 34999133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans are able to learn to implement novel rules from instructions rapidly, which is termed "instruction-based learning" (IBL). This remarkable ability is very important in our daily life in both learning individually or working as a team, and almost every psychology experiment starts with instructing participants. Many recent progresses have been made in IBL research both psychologically and neuroscientifically. In this review, we discuss the role of language in IBL, the importance of the first trial performance in IBL, why IBL should be considered as a goal-directed behavior, intelligence and IBL, cognitive flexibility and IBL, how behaviorally relevant information is processed in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), how the lateral frontal cortex (LFC) networks work as a functional hierarchy during IBL, and the cortical and subcortical contributions to IBL. Finally, we develop a neural working model for IBL and provide some sensible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Kang
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.
| | | | - Junxin Wang
- School of Nursing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Antonio Malvaso
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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7
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Grabenhorst F, Schultz W. Functions of primate amygdala neurons in economic decisions and social decision simulation. Behav Brain Res 2021; 409:113318. [PMID: 33901436 PMCID: PMC8164162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Long implicated in aversive processing, the amygdala is now recognized as a key component of the brain systems that process rewards. Beyond reward valuation, recent findings from single-neuron recordings in monkeys indicate that primate amygdala neurons also play an important role in decision-making. The reward value signals encoded by amygdala neurons constitute suitable inputs to economic decision processes by being sensitive to reward contingency, relative reward quantity and temporal reward structure. During reward-based decisions, individual amygdala neurons encode both the value inputs and corresponding choice outputs of economic decision processes. The presence of such value-to-choice transitions in single amygdala neurons, together with other well-defined signatures of decision computation, indicate that a decision mechanism may be implemented locally within the primate amygdala. During social observation, specific amygdala neurons spontaneously encode these decision signatures to predict the choices of social partners, suggesting neural simulation of the partner's decision-making. The activity of these 'simulation neurons' could arise naturally from convergence between value neurons and social, self-other discriminating neurons. These findings identify single-neuron building blocks and computational architectures for decision-making and social behavior in the primate amygdala. An emerging understanding of the decision function of primate amygdala neurons can help identify potential vulnerabilities for amygdala dysfunction in human conditions afflicting social cognition and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
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8
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Ohbayashi M. The Roles of the Cortical Motor Areas in Sequential Movements. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:640659. [PMID: 34177476 PMCID: PMC8219877 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.640659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn and perform a sequence of movements is a key component of voluntary motor behavior. During the learning of sequential movements, individuals go through distinct stages of performance improvement. For instance, sequential movements are initially learned relatively fast and later learned more slowly. Over multiple sessions of repetitive practice, performance of the sequential movements can be further improved to the expert level and maintained as a motor skill. How the brain binds elementary movements together into a meaningful action has been a topic of much interest. Studies in human and non-human primates have shown that a brain-wide distributed network is active during the learning and performance of skilled sequential movements. The current challenge is to identify a unique contribution of each area to the complex process of learning and maintenance of skilled sequential movements. Here, I bring together the recent progress in the field to discuss the distinct roles of cortical motor areas in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Ohbayashi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Systems Neuroscience Center, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Akam T, Rodrigues-Vaz I, Marcelo I, Zhang X, Pereira M, Oliveira RF, Dayan P, Costa RM. The Anterior Cingulate Cortex Predicts Future States to Mediate Model-Based Action Selection. Neuron 2021; 109:149-163.e7. [PMID: 33152266 PMCID: PMC7837117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral control is not unitary. It comprises parallel systems, model based and model free, that respectively generate flexible and habitual behaviors. Model-based decisions use predictions of the specific consequences of actions, but how these are implemented in the brain is poorly understood. We used calcium imaging and optogenetics in a sequential decision task for mice to show that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) predicts the state that actions will lead to, not simply whether they are good or bad, and monitors whether outcomes match these predictions. ACC represents the complete state space of the task, with reward signals that depend strongly on the state where reward is obtained but minimally on the preceding choice. Accordingly, ACC is necessary only for updating model-based strategies, not for basic reward-driven action reinforcement. These results reveal that ACC is a critical node in model-based control, with a specific role in predicting future states given chosen actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Akam
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ines Rodrigues-Vaz
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivo Marcelo
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Pereira
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Peter Dayan
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK; Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rui M Costa
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Obayashi S. Cognitive and linguistic dysfunction after thalamic stroke and recovery process: possible mechanism. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 9:1-11. [PMID: 35434274 PMCID: PMC8941189 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
<abstract>
<p>Thalamic stroke may result in cognitive and linguistic problems, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Especially, it is still a matter of debate why thalamic aphasia occasionally occurs and then mostly recovers to some degree. We begin with a brief overview of the cognitive dysfunction and aphasia, and then review previous hypotheses of the underlying mechanism. We introduced a unique characteristic of relatively transient “word retrieval difficulty” of patients in acute phase of thalamic stroke. Word retrieval ability involves both executive function and speech production. Furthermore, SMA aphasia and thalamic aphasia may resemble in terms of the rapid recovery, thus suggesting a shared neural system. This ability is attributable to the supplementary motor area (SMA) and inferior frontal cortex (IFG) via the frontal aslant tract (FAT). To explore the possible mechanism, we applied unique hybrid neuroimaging techniques: single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (f-NIRS). SPECT can visualize the brain distribution associated with word retrieval difficulty, cognitive disability or aphasia after thalamic stroke, and f-NIRS focuses on SMA and monitors long-term changes in hemodynamic SMA responses during phonemic verbal task. SPECT yielded common perfusion abnormalities not only in the fronto–parieto–cerebellar–thalamic loop, but also in bilateral brain regions such as SMA, IFG and language-relevant regions. f-NIRS demonstrated that thalamic stroke developed significant word retrieval decline, which was intimately linked to posterior SMA responses. Word retrieval difficulty was rapidly recovered with increased bilateral SMA responses at follow-up NIRS. Together, we propose that the cognitive domain affected by thalamic stroke may be related to the fronto–parieto–cerebellar–thalamic loop, while the linguistic region may be attributable to SMA, IFG and language-related brain areas. Especially, bilateral SMA may play a crucial role in the recovery of word retrieval, and right language-related region, including IFG, angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus may determine recovery from thalamic aphasia.</p>
</abstract>
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Obayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chiba-Hokusoh hospital, Nippon Medical School, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba 270-1694, Japan
- * Correspondence:
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11
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Adkins TJ, Lee TG. Reward modulates cortical representations of action. Neuroimage 2020; 228:117708. [PMID: 33385555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People are capable of rapid improvements in performance when they are offered a reward. The neural mechanism by which this performance enhancement occurs remains unclear. We investigated this phenomenon by offering people monetary reward for successful performance in a sequence production task. We found that people performed actions more quickly and accurately when they were offered large reward. Increasing reward magnitude was associated with elevated activity throughout the brain prior to movement. Multivariate patterns of activity in these reward-responsive regions encoded information about the upcoming action. Follow-up analyses provided evidence that action decoding in pre-SMA and other motor planning areas was improved for large reward trials and successful action decoding in SMA was associated with improved performance. These results suggest that reward may enhance performance by enhancing neural representations of action used in motor planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Adkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Taraz G Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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12
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Chen Y, Zhang Q, Yuan S, Zhao B, Zhang P, Bai X. The influence of prior intention on joint action: an fNIRS-based hyperscanning study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1351-1360. [PMID: 33216127 PMCID: PMC7759205 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor performances of the same action are affected by prior intentions to move unintentionally, cooperatively or competitively. Here, a back-and-forth movement task combined with a motion capture system and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based hyperscanning technology was utilized to record both the behavioral and neural data of 18 dyads of participants acting in pairs [joint conditions: no-intention, cooperative (Coop) and competitive (Comp)] or alone (single conditions: self-paced and fast-speed). The results revealed that Coop or Comp intentions in the joint conditions significantly sped up motor performance compared with similar single conditions, e.g. shorter movement times (MTs) in the Coop/Comp condition than the self-paced/fast-speed condition. Hemodynamic response analysis demonstrated that stronger activities for all joint conditions than the single conditions in the premotor and the supplementary motor cortex (Brodmann area 6) were independent of variations of MTs, indicating that they might reflect more complex aspects of action planning rather than simple execution-based processes. The comparisons of joint conditions across distinct prior intentions before acting yielded significant results for both behavioral and neural measures, with the highest activation of the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and the shortest MTs in the Comp condition considered to be implications for the top-down influence of prior intentions on joint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Qihan Zhang
- Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Xuejun Bai
- Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300354, China.,Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300354, China.,Center of Collaborative Innovation for Assessment and Promotion of Mental Health, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300354, China
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13
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Miyaguchi S, Inukai Y, Takahashi R, Miyashita M, Matsumoto Y, Otsuru N, Onishi H. Effects of stimulating the supplementary motor area with a transcranial alternating current for bimanual movement performance. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112801. [PMID: 32652107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can regulate the frequency of neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex. Beta (β) activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in motor planning and maintenance while gamma (γ) activity is involved in updating motor plans. We investigated the effect of tACS in the β- and γ-bands (β-tACS and γ- tACS) applied to the SMA on bimanual movement performance. This study included 32 right-handed healthy participants performing a Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) during the administration of either β-tACS (20 Hz), γ-tACS (80 Hz), or sham stimulation over the SMA. Each participant performed nine PPT trials during each stimulation condition. The linear approximation of the number of parts and their differences for the 9 trials performed by each participant was calculated. A significant positive correlation was found between the difference from linear approximation for the β-tACS condition and the intercept of the linear approximation (p = 0.007, Pearson's r = 0.464), and significant negative correlation was found for the γ-tACS condition (p = 0.012, Pearson's r = -0.438). In the low-performance subgroup, the mean values of the difference from linear approximation under the γ-tACS condition was significantly larger than that under the β-tACS condition (p = 0.048). These results were opposite for the high-performance subgroup (p = 0.002) and sham group (p = 0.014). We demonstrated that the effect of tACS over the SMA depended on the stimulus frequency and the participant's motor performance and may modulate the maintenance and updating of motor plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan.
| | - Yasuto Inukai
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Mai Miyashita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Yuya Matsumoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
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14
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Mollayeva T, Sutton M, Escobar M, Hurst M, Colantonio A. The Impact of a Comorbid Spinal Cord Injury on Cognitive Outcomes of Male and Female Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. PM R 2020; 13:683-694. [PMID: 32710463 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence of the effect of comorbid spinal cord injury (SCI) on cognitive outcomes in persons undergoing rehabilitation following newly diagnosed traumatic brain injury (TBI) is limited. We conducted a population-based study to investigate this effect. OBJECTIVE To compare cognitive outcomes in patients with TBI with and without a comorbid SCI. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Adult patients diagnosed with TBI were identified and followed for 1 year through provincial health administrative data; those who entered inpatient rehabilitation were studied. DESIGN A retrospective matched cohort study using the National Rehabilitation Reporting System data of all acute care and freestanding rehabilitation hospitals in Ontario, Canada. MAIN MEASURES The exposure was a comorbid SCI in patients with diagnosed TBI. Exposed patients were matched to unexposed (TBI-only) on sex, age, injury severity, and income, in a ratio of one to two. Gain differences in the cognitive subscale of the Functional Independence Measure were compared between exposed and unexposed patients using multivariable mixed linear model, controlling for comorbidity propensity score, gains in motor function, and rehabilitation care indicators. RESULTS Over the first year post injury, 12 750 (0.84%) of all TBI patients entered inpatient rehabilitation, of whom 1359 (10.66%) had a comorbid SCI. A total of 1195 exposed patients (65.4% male, mean age 50.9 ± 20.6 for male and 61.8 ± 21.8 for female patients) were matched to 2390 unexposed patients. Controlling for confounding, exposed patients had lower cognitive gain (beta -0.43; 95% CI -0.72, -0.15), for both male (beta -0.39; 95% CI -0.75, -0.03) and female (beta -0.51; 95% CI -0.97, -0.05) patients. The adverse effects of comorbid SCI were driven largely by lower gains in problem solving and comprehension. CONCLUSIONS Adult patients with TBI and comorbid SCI showed a lower cognitive domain response to inpatient rehabilitation than patients with TBI alone. Identifying patients at risk for worse cognitive outcomes may facilitate the development of targeted strategies that improve cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchel Sutton
- KITE- Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Escobar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Hurst
- KITE- Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela Colantonio
- KITE- Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Gan C, Wang M, Si Q, Yuan Y, Zhi Y, Wang L, Ma K, Zhang K. Altered interhemispheric synchrony in Parkinson's disease patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2020; 6:14. [PMID: 32665973 PMCID: PMC7343784 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-0116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are common motor complication of Parkinson's disease after 4-6 years of treatment. The hallmarks of dyskinesias include unilateral onset and the tendency to appear on the more affected body sides. There is a growing literature documenting the lateralization abnormalities are associated with the emergence of dyskinesias. Our investigation aimed to explore interhemispheric functional and its corresponding morphological asymmetry. A total of 22 dyskinetic patients, 23 nondyskinetic patients, and 26 controls were enrolled. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed twice before and after dopaminergic medication. Voxel-mirrored Homotopic Connectivity (VMHC) and Freesurfer were employed to assess the synchronicity of functional connectivity and structural alternations between hemispheres. During OFF state, dyskinetic patients showed desynchronization of inferior frontal cortex (IFC) when compared to nondyskinetic patients. And during ON state, dyskinetic patients showed desynchronization of IFC and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) when compared to nondyskinetic patients. However, there was no corresponding significant asymmetries in cortical thickness. Moreover, the degree of desynchronization of IFC and pre-SMA in dyskinetic pateients during ON state were negatively correlated with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) scores. Notably, among patients who showed asymmetrical dyskinesias, there was a significant negative correlation between VMHC values of IFC and dyskinesias symptom asymmetry. Our findings suggested that uncoordinated inhibitory control over motor circuits may underlie the neural mechanisms of dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease and be related to its severity and lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiting Gan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Qianqian Si
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yongsheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yan Zhi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Kewei Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 China
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16
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Why do we move to the beat? A multi-scale approach, from physical principles to brain dynamics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:553-584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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The Supplementary Motor Area Responsible for Word Retrieval Decline After Acute Thalamic Stroke Revealed by Coupled SPECT and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040247. [PMID: 32331319 PMCID: PMC7226437 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the thalamus may affect cognition and language, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In particular, it remains a riddle why thalamic aphasia occasionally occurs and then mostly recovers to some degree. To explore the mechanism of the affected cognition and language, we used two neuroimaging techniques—single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), suitable for viewing the affected brain distribution after acute thalamic stroke, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (f-NIRS), focusing on hemodynamic responses of the supplementary motor area (SMA) responsible for speech production in conjunction with the frontal aslant tract (FAT) pathway. SPECT yielded common perfusion abnormalities not only in the fronto–parieto–cerebellar loop, but also in the SMA, IFG and surrounding language-relevant regions. In NIRS sessions during a phonemic verbal fluency task, we found significant word retrieval decline in acute thalamic patients relative to age-matched healthy volunteers. Further, NIRS showed strong correlation between word retrieval and posterior SMA responses. In addition, follow-up NIRS exhibited increased bilateral SMA responses linked to improving word retrieval ability. The findings suggest that cognitive dysfunction may be related to the fronto–parieto–cerebellar loop, while language dysfunction is attributed to the SMA, IFG and language-related brain areas. SMA may contribute to the recovery of word retrieval difficulty and aphasia after thalamic stroke.
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18
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Albertini D, Gerbella M, Lanzilotto M, Livi A, Maranesi M, Ferroni CG, Bonini L. Connectional gradients underlie functional transitions in monkey pre-supplementary motor area. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 184:101699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Wang S, Mamelak AN, Adolphs R, Rutishauser U. Abstract goal representation in visual search by neurons in the human pre-supplementary motor area. Brain 2019; 142:3530-3549. [PMID: 31549164 PMCID: PMC6821249 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The medial frontal cortex is important for goal-directed behaviours such as visual search. The pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) plays a critical role in linking higher-level goals to actions, but little is known about the responses of individual cells in this area in humans. Pre-SMA dysfunction is thought to be a critical factor in the cognitive deficits that are observed in diseases such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, making it important to develop a better mechanistic understanding of the pre-SMA's role in cognition. We simultaneously recorded single neurons in the human pre-SMA and eye movements while subjects performed goal-directed visual search tasks. We characterized two groups of neurons in the pre-SMA. First, 40% of neurons changed their firing rate whenever a fixation landed on the search target. These neurons responded to targets in an abstract manner across several conditions and tasks. Responses were invariant to motor output (i.e. button press or not), and to different ways of defining the search target (by instruction or pop-out). Second, ∼50% of neurons changed their response as a function of fixation order. Together, our results show that human pre-SMA neurons carry abstract signals during visual search that indicate whether a goal was reached in an action- and cue-independent manner. This suggests that the pre-SMA contributes to goal-directed behaviour by flexibly signalling goal detection and time elapsed since start of the search, and this process occurs regardless of task. These observations provide insights into how pre-SMA dysfunction might impact cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Remington ED, Narain D, Hosseini EA, Jazayeri M. Flexible Sensorimotor Computations through Rapid Reconfiguration of Cortical Dynamics. Neuron 2019; 98:1005-1019.e5. [PMID: 29879384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural mechanisms that support flexible sensorimotor computations are not well understood. In a dynamical system whose state is determined by interactions among neurons, computations can be rapidly reconfigured by controlling the system's inputs and initial conditions. To investigate whether the brain employs such control mechanisms, we recorded from the dorsomedial frontal cortex of monkeys trained to measure and produce time intervals in two sensorimotor contexts. The geometry of neural trajectories during the production epoch was consistent with a mechanism wherein the measured interval and sensorimotor context exerted control over cortical dynamics by adjusting the system's initial condition and input, respectively. These adjustments, in turn, set the speed at which activity evolved in the production epoch, allowing the animal to flexibly produce different time intervals. These results provide evidence that the language of dynamical systems can be used to parsimoniously link brain activity to sensorimotor computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Remington
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Devika Narain
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eghbal A Hosseini
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Jazayeri
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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21
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Obayashi S. Frontal dynamic activity as a predictor of cognitive dysfunction after pontine ischemia. NeuroRehabilitation 2019; 44:251-261. [DOI: 10.3233/nre-182566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Obayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chiba-Hokusoh Hospital Nippon Medical School, Japan
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22
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Busan P, Del Ben G, Russo LR, Bernardini S, Natarelli G, Arcara G, Manganotti P, Battaglini PP. Stuttering as a matter of delay in neural activation: A combined TMS/EEG study. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:61-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Dietrich S, Hertrich I, Müller-Dahlhaus F, Ackermann H, Belardinelli P, Desideri D, Seibold VC, Ziemann U. Reduced Performance During a Sentence Repetition Task by Continuous Theta-Burst Magnetic Stimulation of the Pre-supplementary Motor Area. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:361. [PMID: 29896086 PMCID: PMC5987029 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) is engaged in speech comprehension under difficult circumstances such as poor acoustic signal quality or time-critical conditions. Previous studies found that left pre-SMA is activated when subjects listen to accelerated speech. Here, the functional role of pre-SMA was tested for accelerated speech comprehension by inducing a transient “virtual lesion” using continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS). Participants were tested (1) prior to (pre-baseline), (2) 10 min after (test condition for the cTBS effect), and (3) 60 min after stimulation (post-baseline) using a sentence repetition task (formant-synthesized at rates of 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 syllables/s). Speech comprehension was quantified by the percentage of correctly reproduced speech material. For high speech rates, subjects showed decreased performance after cTBS of pre-SMA. Regarding the error pattern, the number of incorrect words without any semantic or phonological similarity to the target context increased, while related words decreased. Thus, the transient impairment of pre-SMA seems to affect its inhibitory function that normally eliminates erroneous speech material prior to speaking or, in case of perception, prior to encoding into a semantically/pragmatically meaningful message.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Dietrich
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Evolutionary Cognition, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Hertrich
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Müller-Dahlhaus
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hermann Ackermann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paolo Belardinelli
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Debora Desideri
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Verena C Seibold
- Department of Psychology, Evolutionary Cognition, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Fiave PA, Sharma S, Jastorff J, Nelissen K. Investigating common coding of observed and executed actions in the monkey brain using cross-modal multi-variate fMRI classification. Neuroimage 2018; 178:306-317. [PMID: 29787867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror neurons are generally described as a neural substrate hosting shared representations of actions, by simulating or 'mirroring' the actions of others onto the observer's own motor system. Since single neuron recordings are rarely feasible in humans, it has been argued that cross-modal multi-variate pattern analysis (MVPA) of non-invasive fMRI data is a suitable technique to investigate common coding of observed and executed actions, allowing researchers to infer the presence of mirror neurons in the human brain. In an effort to close the gap between monkey electrophysiology and human fMRI data with respect to the mirror neuron system, here we tested this proposal for the first time in the monkey. Rhesus monkeys either performed reach-and-grasp or reach-and-touch motor acts with their right hand in the dark or observed videos of human actors performing similar motor acts. Unimodal decoding showed that both executed or observed motor acts could be decoded from numerous brain regions. Specific portions of rostral parietal, premotor and motor cortices, previously shown to house mirror neurons, in addition to somatosensory regions, yielded significant asymmetric action-specific cross-modal decoding. These results validate the use of cross-modal multi-variate fMRI analyses to probe the representations of own and others' actions in the primate brain and support the proposed mapping of others' actions onto the observer's own motor cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Agbesi Fiave
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Jastorff
- Research Group Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Nelissen
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Ishida H, Inoue KI, Takada M. Multisynaptic Projections from the Amygdala to the Ventral Premotor Cortex in Macaque Monkeys: Anatomical Substrate for Feeding Behavior. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:3. [PMID: 29403364 PMCID: PMC5780351 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala codes the visual-gustatory/somatosensory valence for feeding behavior. On the other hand, the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) plays a central role in reaching and grasping movements prerequisite for feeding behavior. This implies that object valence signals derived from the amygdala may be crucial for feeding-related motor actions exerted by PMv. However, since no direct connectivity between the amygdala and PMv has been reported, the structural basis of their functional interactions still remains elusive. In the present study, we employed retrograde transneuronal labeling with rabies virus to identify the amygdalar origin and possible route of multisynaptic projections to PMv in macaque monkeys. Histological analysis of the distribution pattern of labeled neurons has found that PMv receives disynaptic input primarily from the basal nucleus, especially from its intermediate subdivision. It has also been revealed that the medial (e.g., the cingulate motor areas, CMA) and lateral (e.g., the insular cortices) cortical areas, and the cholinergic cell group 4 in the basal forebrain probably mediate the projections from the amygdala to PMv. Such multisynaptic pathways might represent amygdalar influences on PMv functions for feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishida
- Frontal Lobe Function Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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26
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Alexandrov YI, Sozinov AA, Svarnik OE, Gorkin AG, Kuzina EA, Gavrilov VV. Neuronal Bases of Systemic Organization of Behavior. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 21:1-33. [PMID: 30334217 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94593-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the years of studies in the field of systems neuroscience, functions of neural circuits and behavior-related systems are still not entirely clear. The systems description of brain activity has recently been associated with cognitive concepts, e.g. a cognitive map, reconstructed via place-cell activity analysis and the like, and a cognitive schema, modeled in consolidation research. The issue we find of importance is that a cognitive unit reconstructed in neuroscience research is mainly formulated in terms of environment. In other words, the individual experience is considered as a model or reflection of the outside world and usually lacks a biological meaning, such as describing a given part of the world for the individual. In this chapter, we present the idea of a cognitive component that serves as a model of behavioral interaction with environment, rather than a model of the environment itself. This intangible difference entails the need in substantial revision of several well-known phenomena, including the long-term potentiation.The principal questions developed here are how the cognitive units appear and change upon learning and performance, and how the links between them create the whole structure of individual experience. We argue that a clear distinction between processes that provide the emergence of new components and those underlying the retrieval and/or changes in the existing ones is necessary in learning and memory research. We then describe a view on learning and corresponding neuronal activity analysis that may help set this distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri I Alexandrov
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia. .,Shvyrkov's Lab, Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Sozinov
- Shvyrkov's Lab, Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Psychology, National Academic University of Humanities, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga E Svarnik
- Shvyrkov's Lab, Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Gorkin
- Shvyrkov's Lab, Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniya A Kuzina
- Shvyrkov's Lab, Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Gavrilov
- Shvyrkov's Lab, Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Distinct Laterality in Forelimb-Movement Representations of Rat Primary and Secondary Motor Cortical Neurons with Intratelencephalic and Pyramidal Tract Projections. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10904-10916. [PMID: 28972128 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1188-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct motor areas, the primary and secondary motor cortices (M1 and M2), play crucial roles in voluntary movement in rodents. The aim of this study was to characterize the laterality in motor cortical representations of right and left forelimb movements. To achieve this goal, we developed a novel behavioral task, the Right-Left Pedal task, in which a head-restrained male rat manipulates a right or left pedal with the corresponding forelimb. This task enabled us to monitor independent movements of both forelimbs with high spatiotemporal resolution. We observed phasic movement-related neuronal activity (Go-type) and tonic hold-related activity (Hold-type) in isolated unilateral movements. In both M1 and M2, Go-type neurons exhibited bias toward contralateral preference, whereas Hold-type neurons exhibited no bias. The contralateral bias was weaker in M2 than M1. Moreover, we differentiated between intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons using optogenetically evoked spike collision in rats expressing channelrhodopsin-2. Even in identified PT and IT neurons, Hold-type neurons exhibited no lateral bias. Go-type PT neurons exhibited bias toward contralateral preference, whereas IT neurons exhibited no bias. Our findings suggest a different laterality of movement representations of M1 and M2, in each of which IT neurons are involved in cooperation of bilateral movements, whereas PT neurons control contralateral movements.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In rodents, the primary and secondary motor cortices (M1 and M2) are involved in voluntary movements via distinct projection neurons: intratelencephalic (IT) neurons and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons. However, it remains unclear whether the two motor cortices (M1 vs M2) and the two classes of projection neurons (IT vs PT) have different laterality of movement representations. We optogenetically identified these neurons and analyzed their functional activity using a novel behavioral task to monitor movements of the right and left forelimbs separately. We found that contralateral bias was reduced in M2 relative to M1, and in IT relative to PT neurons. Our findings suggest that the motor information processing that controls forelimb movement is coordinated by a distinct cell population.
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Borra E, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Luppino G. The macaque lateral grasping network: A neural substrate for generating purposeful hand actions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:65-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Gao L, Zhang J, Hou Y, Hallett M, Chan P, Wu T. The cerebellum in dual-task performance in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45662. [PMID: 28358358 PMCID: PMC5372469 DOI: 10.1038/srep45662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients have difficulty in performing a dual-task. It has been suggested that the cerebellum is important in dual-tasking. We used functional MRI to investigate the role of the cerebellum in performing a dual motor and cognitive task in PD patients. We have examined whether there are any areas additionally activated for dual-task performance, and compared the neural activity and functional connectivity pattern in the cerebellum between PD patients and healthy controls. We found that the right cerebellar vermis and left lobule V of cerebellar anterior lobe were additionally activated for dual-task performance in healthy controls and for motor task in PD patients. We didn’t find any cerebellar regions additionally activated while performing dual-task in PD patients. In addition, the right cerebellar vermis had enhanced connectivity with motor and cognitive associated networks in PD patients. PD patients have limited cerebellar resources that are already utilized for single tasks and, for dual tasks, cannot augment as necessary in order to integrate motor and cognitive networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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30
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Solouki S, Pooyan M. Arrangement and Applying of Movement Patterns in the Cerebellum Based on Semi-supervised Learning. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:299-305. [PMID: 26109488 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological control systems have long been studied as a possible inspiration for the construction of robotic controllers. The cerebellum is known to be involved in the production and learning of smooth, coordinated movements. Therefore, highly regular structure of the cerebellum has been in the core of attention in theoretical and computational modeling. However, most of these models reflect some special features of the cerebellum without regarding the whole motor command computational process. In this paper, we try to make a logical relation between the most significant models of the cerebellum and introduce a new learning strategy to arrange the movement patterns: cerebellar modular arrangement and applying of movement patterns based on semi-supervised learning (CMAPS). We assume here the cerebellum like a big archive of patterns that has an efficient organization to classify and recall them. The main idea is to achieve an optimal use of memory locations by more than just a supervised learning and classification algorithm. Surely, more experimental and physiological researches are needed to confirm our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Solouki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Pooyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Zou H, Liu M, Luan Y, Xie Q, Cheng Z, Zhao G, Jin M, Guo N, Jin GJ, Yu L. Pattern of novel object exploration in cynomolgus monkey Macaca fascicularis. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:19-24. [PMID: 28121006 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primates exhibit substantial capacity for behavioral innovation, expanding the diversity of their behavioral repertoires, and benefiting both individual survival and species development in evolution. Novel object exploration is an integral part of behavioral innovation. Thus, qualitative and quantitative analysis of novel object exploration helps to better understand behavioral innovation. METHODS To study the pattern of novel object exploration, two different sized balls were sequentially introduced to singly caged cynomolgus monkeys. Two aspects of monkeys' behaviors were analyzed: the types of motor activities in toy playing and whether there is an orderly sequence of such motor activities during novelty exploration. RESULTS Four types of behavioral activities (oral contact, gross and fine forelimb motor, and hind limb motor) followed a pattern: first forelimb gross motor and oral contact, followed by forelimb fine motor and hind limb activities. Oral contact appeared to be an important behavior in monkeys' repertoire of novelty exploratory behaviors, both as an early appearing activity, and showing a consistent pattern of high cumulative time for two different novel objects. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a profile of novel object exploratory behaviors in cynomolgus monkeys, contributing to a better understanding of this aspect of behavioral innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Luan
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglian Xie
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiheng Cheng
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meilei Jin
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,ShanghaiBio Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Lei Yu
- Department of Genetics and Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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32
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Cona G, Semenza C. Supplementary motor area as key structure for domain-general sequence processing: A unified account. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:28-42. [PMID: 27856331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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33
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Grabenhorst F, Hernadi I, Schultz W. Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self-defined economic choice sequences. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27731795 PMCID: PMC5061547 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is a prime valuation structure yet its functions in advanced behaviors are poorly understood. We tested whether individual amygdala neurons encode a critical requirement for goal-directed behavior: the evaluation of progress during sequential choices. As monkeys progressed through choice sequences toward rewards, amygdala neurons showed phasic, gradually increasing responses over successive choice steps. These responses occurred in the absence of external progress cues or motor preplanning. They were often specific to self-defined sequences, typically disappearing during instructed control sequences with similar reward expectation. Their build-up rate reflected prospectively the forthcoming choice sequence, suggesting adaptation to an internal plan. Population decoding demonstrated a high-accuracy progress code. These findings indicate that amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of planned, self-defined behavioral sequences. Such progress signals seem essential for aligning stepwise choices with internal plans. Their presence in amygdala neurons may inform understanding of human conditions with amygdala dysfunction and deregulated reward pursuit. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18731.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Istvan Hernadi
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Grastyan Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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34
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Alterations in the functional neural circuitry supporting flexible choice behavior in autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e916. [PMID: 27727243 PMCID: PMC5315543 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricted and repetitive behaviors, and a pronounced preference for behavioral and environmental consistency, are distinctive characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Alterations in frontostriatal circuitry that supports flexible behavior might underlie this behavioral impairment. In an functional magnetic resonance imaging study of 17 individuals with ASD, and 23 age-, gender- and IQ-matched typically developing control participants, reversal learning tasks were used to assess behavioral flexibility as participants switched from one learned response choice to a different response choice when task contingencies changed. When choice outcome after reversal was uncertain, the ASD group demonstrated reduced activation in both frontal cortex and ventral striatum, in the absence of task performance differences. When the outcomes of novel responses were certain, there was no difference in brain activation between groups. Reduced activation in frontal cortex and ventral striatum suggest problems in decision-making and response planning, and in processing reinforcement cues, respectively. These processes, and their integration, are essential for flexible behavior. Alterations in these systems may therefore contribute to a rigid adherence to preferred behavioral patterns in individuals with an ASD. These findings provide an additional impetus for the use of reversal learning paradigms as a translational model for treatment development targeting the domain of restricted and repetitive behaviors in ASD.
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35
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Distinct resting-state brain activity in patients with functional constipation. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Hertrich I, Dietrich S, Ackermann H. The role of the supplementary motor area for speech and language processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:602-610. [PMID: 27343998 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Apart from its function in speech motor control, the supplementary motor area (SMA) has largely been neglected in models of speech and language processing in the brain. The aim of this review paper is to summarize more recent work, suggesting that the SMA has various superordinate control functions during speech communication and language reception, which is particularly relevant in case of increased task demands. The SMA is subdivided into a posterior region serving predominantly motor-related functions (SMA proper) whereas the anterior part (pre-SMA) is involved in higher-order cognitive control mechanisms. In analogy to motor triggering functions of the SMA proper, the pre-SMA seems to manage procedural aspects of cognitive processing. These latter functions, among others, comprise attentional switching, ambiguity resolution, context integration, and coordination between procedural and declarative memory structures. Regarding language processing, this refers, for example, to the use of inner speech mechanisms during language encoding, but also to lexical disambiguation, syntax and prosody integration, and context-tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hertrich
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Dietrich
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Ackermann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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37
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Nudo RJ. The Role of Skill versus Use in the Recovery of Motor Function after Stroke. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/15394492070270s104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skilled motor behaviors are accomplished through the coordinated activity of several sensory and motor structures that are widely distributed across the cerebral cortex. A major neuroscientific advance over the past 20 years has been the recognition that these cortical structures are functionally and structurally plastic throughout life. Remarkably, as new motor skills are learned, cortical neurons alter their response properties, creating a new functional topography. Likewise, after the cerebral cortex is injured, as might occur in stroke, the remaining cortical tissue alters its function based on post-injury behavioral experience. These new findings from both animal model and human neuroimaging studies have important implications for the design of rehabilitation strategies after brain injury. In this review, the author provides an overview of standard motor learning paradigms, the cortical structures involved in the motor learning process, and the evidence for plasticity in the cerebral cortex of both normal and injured brains.
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38
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Dancause N. Plasticity in the motor network following primary motor cortex lesion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 782:61-86. [PMID: 23296481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5465-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Numa Dancause
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Département de Physiologie, Pavillon Paul-G-Desmarais, Université de Montréal, 2960, Chemin de la Tour, bureau 4138, H3T 1J4, Montréal, Québec, Canada,
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39
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Fonken YM, Rieger JW, Tzvi E, Crone NE, Chang E, Parvizi J, Knight RT, Krämer UM. Frontal and motor cortex contributions to response inhibition: evidence from electrocorticography. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2224-36. [PMID: 26864760 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00708.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the environment require rapid modification or inhibition of ongoing behavior. We used the stop-signal paradigm and intracranial recordings to investigate response preparation, inhibition, and monitoring of task-relevant information. Electrocorticographic data were recorded in eight patients with electrodes covering frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex, and time-frequency analysis was used to examine power differences in the beta (13-30 Hz) and high-gamma bands (60-180 Hz). Over motor cortex, beta power decreased, and high-gamma power increased during motor preparation for both go trials (Go) and unsuccessful stops (US). For successful stops (SS), beta increased, and high-gamma was reduced, indexing the cancellation of the prepared response. In the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), stop signals elicited a transient high-gamma increase. The MFG response occurred before the estimated stop-signal reaction time but did not distinguish between SS and US trials, likely signaling attention to the salient stop stimulus. A postresponse high-gamma increase in MFG was stronger for US compared with SS and absent in Go, supporting a role in behavior monitoring. These results provide evidence for differential contributions of frontal subregions to response inhibition, including motor preparation and inhibitory control in motor cortex and cognitive control and action evaluation in lateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Fonken
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jochem W Rieger
- Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Elinor Tzvi
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nathan E Crone
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Department of Neurology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California; and
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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40
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Lee HW, Lu MS, Chen CY, Muggleton NG, Hsu TY, Juan CH. Roles of the pre-SMA and rIFG in conditional stopping revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Behav Brain Res 2016; 296:459-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Neural Basis of Strategic Decision Making. Trends Neurosci 2015; 39:40-48. [PMID: 26688301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human choice behaviors during social interactions often deviate from the predictions of game theory. This might arise partly from the limitations in the cognitive abilities necessary for recursive reasoning about the behaviors of others. In addition, during iterative social interactions, choices might change dynamically as knowledge about the intentions of others and estimates for choice outcomes are incrementally updated via reinforcement learning. Some of the brain circuits utilized during social decision making might be general-purpose and contribute to isomorphic individual and social decision making. By contrast, regions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and temporal parietal junction (TPJ) might be recruited for cognitive processes unique to social decision making.
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42
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Hosaka R, Nakajima T, Aihara K, Yamaguchi Y, Mushiake H. The Suppression of Beta Oscillations in the Primate Supplementary Motor Complex Reflects a Volatile State During the Updating of Action Sequences. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3442-3452. [PMID: 26232988 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial motor areas play crucial but flexible roles in the temporal organizations of multiple movements. The beta oscillation of local field potentials is the predominant oscillatory activity in the motor areas, but the manner in which increases and decreases in beta power contribute to updating of multiple action plans is not yet fully understood. In the present study, beta and high-gamma activities in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and pre-SMA of monkeys were analyzed during performance of a bimanual motor sequence task that required updating and maintenance of the memory of action sequences. Beta power was attenuated during early delay periods of updating trials but was increased during maintenance trials, while there was a reciprocal increase in high-gamma power during updating trials. Moreover, transient attenuation of beta power during maintenance trials resulted in the erroneous selection of an action sequence. Therefore, it was concluded that the suppression of beta power during the early delay period reflects volatility of neural representation of the action sequence. This neural representation would be properly updated to the appropriate instructed action sequence via increases in high-gamma power in updating trials whereas it would be erroneously updated without the appropriate updating signal in maintenance trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hosaka
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.,Neuroinformatics Japan Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshi Nakajima
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-1102, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamaguchi
- Neuroinformatics Japan Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hajime Mushiake
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-1102, Japan
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43
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Hernádi I, Grabenhorst F, Schultz W. Planning activity for internally generated reward goals in monkey amygdala neurons. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:461-9. [PMID: 25622146 PMCID: PMC4340753 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The best rewards are often distant and can only be achieved by planning and decision-making over several steps. We designed a multi-step choice task in which monkeys followed internal plans to save rewards toward self-defined goals. During this self-controlled behavior, amygdala neurons showed future-oriented activity that reflected the animal's plan to obtain specific rewards several trials ahead. This prospective activity encoded crucial components of the animal's plan, including value and length of the planned choice sequence. It began on initial trials when a plan would be formed, reappeared step by step until reward receipt, and readily updated with a new sequence. It predicted performance, including errors, and typically disappeared during instructed behavior. Such prospective activity could underlie the formation and pursuit of internal plans characteristic of goal-directed behavior. The existence of neuronal planning activity in the amygdala suggests that this structure is important in guiding behavior toward internally generated, distant goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Hernádi
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
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44
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Seo H, Cai X, Donahue CH, Lee D. Neural correlates of strategic reasoning during competitive games. Science 2014; 346:340-3. [PMID: 25236468 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although human and animal behaviors are largely shaped by reinforcement and punishment, choices in social settings are also influenced by information about the knowledge and experience of other decision-makers. During competitive games, monkeys increased their payoffs by systematically deviating from a simple heuristic learning algorithm and thereby countering the predictable exploitation by their computer opponent. Neurons in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) signaled the animal's recent choice and reward history that reflected the computer's exploitative strategy. The strength of switching signals in the dmPFC also correlated with the animal's tendency to deviate from the heuristic learning algorithm. Therefore, the dmPFC might provide control signals for overriding simple heuristic learning algorithms based on the inferred strategies of the opponent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Seo
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Xinying Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christopher H Donahue
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daeyeol Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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45
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Burman KJ, Bakola S, Richardson KE, Reser DH, Rosa MGP. Patterns of afferent input to the caudal and rostral areas of the dorsal premotor cortex (6DC and 6DR) in the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3683-716. [PMID: 24888737 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Corticocortical projections to the caudal and rostral areas of dorsal premotor cortex (6DC and 6DR, also known as F2 and F7) were studied in the marmoset monkey. Both areas received their main thalamic inputs from the ventral anterior and ventral lateral complexes, and received dense projections from the medial premotor cortex. However, there were marked differences in their connections with other cortical areas. While 6DR received consistent inputs from prefrontal cortex, area 6DC received few such connections. Conversely, 6DC, but not 6DR, received major projections from the primary motor and somatosensory areas. Projections from the anterior cingulate cortex preferentially targeted 6DC, while the posterior cingulate and adjacent medial wall areas preferentially targeted 6DR. Projections from the medial parietal area PE to 6DC were particularly dense, while intraparietal areas (especially the putative homolog of LIP) were more strongly labeled after 6DR injections. Finally, 6DC and 6DR were distinct in terms of inputs from the ventral parietal cortex: projections to 6DR originated preferentially from caudal areas (PG and OPt), while 6DC received input primarily from rostral areas (PF and PFG). Differences in connections suggest that area 6DR includes rostral and caudal subdivisions, with the former also involved in oculomotor control. These results suggest that area 6DC is more directly involved in the preparation and execution of motor acts, while area 6DR integrates sensory and internally driven inputs for the planning of goal-directed actions. They also provide strong evidence of a homologous organization of the dorsal premotor cortex in New and Old World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Abstract
Much effort has been made to better understand the complex integration of distinct parts of the human brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Altered functional connectivity between brain regions is associated with many neurological and mental illnesses, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, addiction, and depression. In computational science, Bayesian networks (BN) have been used in a broad range of studies to model complex data set in the presence of uncertainty and when expert prior knowledge is needed. However, little is done to explore the use of BN in connectivity analysis of fMRI data. In this paper, we present an up-to-date literature review and methodological details of connectivity analyses using BN, while highlighting caveats in a real-world application. We present a BN model of fMRI dataset obtained from sixty healthy subjects performing the stop-signal task (SST), a paradigm widely used to investigate response inhibition. Connectivity results are validated with the extant literature including our previous studies. By exploring the link strength of the learned BN's and correlating them to behavioral performance measures, this novel use of BN in connectivity analysis provides new insights to the functional neural pathways underlying response inhibition.
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Manes JL, Parkinson AL, Larson CR, Greenlee JD, Eickhoff SB, Corcos DM, Robin DA. Connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus pars interna to regions within the speech network: a meta-analytic connectivity study. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:3499-516. [PMID: 25050431 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortico-basal ganglia connections are involved in a range of behaviors within motor, cognitive, and emotional domains; however, the whole-brain functional connections of individual nuclei are poorly understood in humans. The first aim of this study was to characterize and compare the connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) using meta-analytic connectivity modeling. Structure-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses were performed for STN and GPi seeds using archived functional imaging coordinates from the BrainMap database. Both regions coactivated with caudate, putamen, thalamus, STN, GPi, and GPe, SMA, IFG, and insula. Contrast analyses also revealed coactivation differences within SMA, IFG, insula, and premotor cortex. The second aim of this study was to examine the degree of overlap between the connectivity maps derived for STN and GPi and a functional activation map representing the speech network. To do this, we examined the intersection of coactivation maps and their respective contrasts (STN > GPi and GPi > STN) with a coordinate-based meta-analysis of speech function. In conjunction with the speech map, both STN and GPi coactivation maps revealed overlap in the anterior insula with GPi map additionally showing overlap in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Among cortical regions activated by speech tasks, STN was found to have stronger connectivity than GPi with regions involved in cognitive linguistic processes (pre-SMA, dorsal anterior insula, and inferior frontal gyrus), while GPi demonstrated stronger connectivity to regions involved in motor speech processes (middle insula, SMA, and premotor cortex).
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Herman T, Rosenberg-Katz K, Jacob Y, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM. Gray matter atrophy and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: Is the evidence black-on-white? Mov Disord 2013; 29:134-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Talia Herman
- Movement Disorders Unit; Department of Neurology; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Tel Aviv Israel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Graduate School of Medicine; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Keren Rosenberg-Katz
- Movement Disorders Unit; Department of Neurology; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Tel Aviv Israel
- Functional Brain Center; Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Yael Jacob
- Movement Disorders Unit; Department of Neurology; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Tel Aviv Israel
- Functional Brain Center; Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- Movement Disorders Unit; Department of Neurology; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Tel Aviv Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Neurology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Jeffrey M. Hausdorff
- Movement Disorders Unit; Department of Neurology; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Tel Aviv Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
- Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Physical Therapy; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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Gremel CM, Costa RM. Premotor cortex is critical for goal-directed actions. Front Comput Neurosci 2013; 7:110. [PMID: 23964233 PMCID: PMC3740264 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Shifting between motor plans is often necessary for adaptive behavior. When faced with changing consequences of one’s actions, it is often imperative to switch from automatic actions to deliberative and controlled actions. The pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) in primates, akin to the premotor cortex (M2) in mice, has been implicated in motor learning and planning, and action switching. We hypothesized that M2 would be differentially involved in goal-directed actions, which are controlled by their consequences vs. habits, which are more dependent on their past reinforcement history and less on their consequences. To investigate this, we performed M2 lesions in mice and then concurrently trained them to press the same lever for the same food reward using two different schedules of reinforcement that differentially bias towards the use of goal-directed versus habitual action strategies. We then probed whether actions were dependent on their expected consequence through outcome revaluation testing. We uncovered that M2 lesions did not affect the acquisition of lever-pressing. However, in mice with M2 lesions, lever-pressing was insensitive to changes in expected outcome value following goal-directed training. However, habitual actions were intact. We confirmed a role for M2 in goal-directed but not habitual actions in separate groups of mice trained on the individual schedules biasing towards goal-directed versus habitual actions. These data indicate that M2 is critical for actions to be updated based on their consequences, and suggest that habitual action strategies may not require processing by M2 and the updating of motor plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Gremel
- 1Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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Merten K, Nieder A. Comparison of abstract decision encoding in the monkey prefrontal cortex, the presupplementary, and cingulate motor areas. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:19-32. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00686.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciding between alternatives is a critical element of flexible behavior. Perceptual decisions have been studied extensively in an action-based framework. Recently, we have shown that abstract perceptual decisions are encoded in prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons ( Merten and Nieder 2012 ). However, the role of other frontal cortex areas remained elusive. Here, we trained monkeys to perform a rule-based visual detection task that disentangled abstract perceptual decisions from motor preparation. We recorded the single-neuron activity in the presupplementary (preSMA) and the rostral part of the cingulate motor area (CMAr) and compared it to the results previously found in the PFC. Neurons in both areas traditionally identified with motor planning process the abstract decision independently of any motor preparatory activity by similar mechanisms as the PFC. A larger proportion of decision neurons and a higher strength of decision encoding was found in the preSMA than in the PFC. Neurons in both areas reliably predicted the monkeys' decisions. The fraction of CMAr decision neurons and their strength of the decision encoding were comparable to the PFC. Our findings highlight the role of both preSMA and CMAr in abstract cognitive processing and emphasize that both frontal areas encode decisions prior to the preparation of a motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Merten
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Nieder
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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