1
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Twible C, Abdo R, Zhao C, Zhang Q. Hippocampal dentate granule cells in temporal lobe epilepsy: A morphometry and transcriptomic study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2024; 50:e13008. [PMID: 39375854 DOI: 10.1111/nan.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) plays a critical role in hippocampal circuitry, providing a "gate-like" function to the downstream cornu ammonis (CA) sectors. Despite this critical role, pathologies in DG are less commonly described than those in the CA sectors in the diagnosis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). To elucidate the role of the DG in mTLE, we analysed hippocampal sclerosis (HS), no-HS, non-TLE epilepsy control, and non-epilepsy control cohorts using morphometry and gene expression profiling techniques. Morphometry techniques analysed DG cell spacing, nucleus size, and nucleus circularity. Our data show distinct DG morphometry and RNA expression profiles between HS and No-HS. Dentate granule cells are more dispersed in patients with HS, and the DG shows an elevated expression of the complement system, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix remodelling-related RNA. We also observe an overall decrease in neurogenesis-related RNA in HS DG. Interestingly, regardless of the pathological diagnosis, the DG morphometry correlates with post-operative outcomes. Increased cell spacing is observed in the DG of mTLE cases that achieve seizure freedom post-operatively. This study reveals the possible prognostic value of DG morphometry, as well as supporting the notion that HS and no-HS TLE may be distinct disease entities with differing contributing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Twible
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rober Abdo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Chelsey Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
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2
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Priya, Yadav N, Anand S, Banerjee J, Tripathi M, Chandra PS, Dixit AB. The multifaceted role of Wnt canonical signalling in neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and hyperexcitability in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2024; 251:109942. [PMID: 38570066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by unprovoked, repetitive seizures caused by abnormal neuronal firing. The Wnt/β-Catenin signalling pathway is involved in seizure-induced neurogenesis, aberrant neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and hyperexcitability associated with epileptic disorder. Wnt/β-Catenin signalling is crucial for early brain development processes including neuronal patterning, synapse formation, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) regulation. Disruption of molecular networks such as Wnt/β-catenin signalling in epilepsy could offer encouraging anti-epileptogenic targets. So, with a better understanding of the canonical Wnt/-Catenin pathway, we highlight in this review the important elements of Wnt/-Catenin signalling specifically in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE) for potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Yadav
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sneha Anand
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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3
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Scalise S, Zannino C, Lucchino V, Lo Conte M, Abbonante V, Benedetto GL, Scalise M, Gambardella A, Parrotta EI, Cuda G. Ascorbic acid mitigates the impact of oxidative stress in a human model of febrile seizure and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5941. [PMID: 38467734 PMCID: PMC10928078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged febrile seizures (FS) in children are linked to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). The association between these two pathologies may be ascribed to the long-term effects that FS exert on neural stem cells, negatively affecting the generation of new neurons. Among the insults associated with FS, oxidative stress is noteworthy. Here, we investigated the consequences of exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (iNSCs) model of a patient affected by FS and MTLE. In our study, we compare the findings from the MTLE patient with those derived from iNSCs of a sibling exhibiting a milder phenotype defined only by FS, as well as a healthy individual. In response to H2O2 treatment, iNSCs derived from MTLE patients demonstrated an elevated production of reactive oxygen species and increased apoptosis, despite the higher expression levels of antioxidant genes and proteins compared to other cell lines analysed. Among the potential causative mechanisms of enhanced vulnerability of MTLE patient iNSCs to oxidative stress, we found that these cells express low levels of the heat shock protein HSPB1 and of the autophagy adaptor SQSTM1/p62. Pre-treatment of diseased iNSCs with the antioxidant molecule ascorbic acid restored HSBP1 and p62 expression and simultaneously reduced the levels of ROS and apoptosis. Our findings suggest the potential for rescuing the impaired oxidative stress response in diseased iNSCs through antioxidant treatment, offering a promising mechanism to prevent FS degeneration in MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Clara Zannino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucchino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michela Lo Conte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vittorio Abbonante
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgia Lucia Benedetto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elvira Immacolata Parrotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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4
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Criscuolo C, Chartampila E, Ginsberg SD, Scharfman HE. Dentate Gyrus Granule Cells Show Stability of BDNF Protein Expression in Mossy Fiber Axons with Age, and Resistance to Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology in a Mouse Model. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0192-23.2023. [PMID: 38164567 PMCID: PMC10913042 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0192-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is important in the development and maintenance of neurons and their plasticity. Hippocampal BDNF has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) because hippocampal levels in AD patients and AD animal models are often downregulated, suggesting that reduced BDNF contributes to AD. However, the location where hippocampal BDNF protein is most highly expressed, the mossy fiber (MF) axons of dentate gyrus granule cells (GCs), has been understudied, and not in controlled conditions. Therefore, we evaluated MF BDNF protein in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. Tg2576 and wild-type (WT) mice of both sexes were examined at 2-3 months of age, when amyloid-β (Aβ) is present in neurons but plaques are absent, and 11-20 months of age, after plaque accumulation. As shown previously, WT mice exhibited high levels of MF BDNF protein. Interestingly, there was no significant decline with age in either the genotype or sex. Notably, MF BDNF protein was correlated with GC ΔFosB, a transcription factor that increases after 1-2 weeks of elevated neuronal activity. We also report the novel finding that Aβ in GCs or the GC layer was minimal even at old ages. The results indicate that MF BDNF is stable in the Tg2576 mouse, and MF BDNF may remain unchanged due to increased GC neuronal activity, since BDNF expression is well known to be activity dependent. The resistance of GCs to long-term Aβ accumulation provides an opportunity to understand how to protect vulnerable neurons from increased Aβ levels and therefore has translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Criscuolo
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NewYork University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Elissavet Chartampila
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NewYork University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Psychiatry, NewYork University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, NewYork University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NewYork University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NewYork University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, NewYork University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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5
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Jiruska P, Freestone D, Gnatkovsky V, Wang Y. An update on the seizures beget seizures theory. Epilepsia 2023; 64 Suppl 3:S13-S24. [PMID: 37466948 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Seizures beget seizures is a longstanding theory that proposed that seizure activity can impact the structural and functional properties of the brain circuits in ways that contribute to epilepsy progression and the future occurrence of seizures. Originally proposed by Gowers, this theory continues to be quoted in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. We critically review the existing data and observations on the consequences of recurrent seizures on brain networks and highlight a range of factors that speak for and against the theory. The existing literature demonstrates clearly that ictal activity, especially if recurrent, induces molecular, structural, and functional changes including cell loss, connectivity reorganization, changes in neuronal behavior, and metabolic alterations. These changes have the potential to modify the seizure threshold, contribute to disease progression, and recruit wider areas of the epileptic network into epileptic activity. Repeated seizure activity may, thus, act as a pathological positive-feedback mechanism that increases seizure likelihood. On the other hand, the time course of self-limited epilepsies and the presence of seizure remission in two thirds of epilepsy cases and various chronic epilepsy models oppose the theory. Experimental work showed that seizures could induce neural changes that increase the seizure threshold and decrease the risk of a subsequent seizure. Due to the complex nature of epilepsies, it is wrong to consider only seizures as the key factor responsible for disease progression. Epilepsy worsening can be attributed to the various forms of interictal epileptiform activity or underlying disease mechanisms. Although seizure activity can negatively impact brain structure and function, the "seizures beget seizures" theory should not be used dogmatically but with extreme caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vadym Gnatkovsky
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yujiang Wang
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Group, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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6
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Santos VR, Tilelli CQ, Fernandes A, de Castro OW, Del-Vecchio F, Garcia-Cairasco N. Different types of Status Epilepticus may lead to similar hippocampal epileptogenesis processes. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:68-76. [PMID: 37457787 PMCID: PMC10338355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
About 1-2% of people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, which is characterized by unpredictable and intermittent seizure occurrence. Despite the fact that the exact origin of temporal lobe epilepsy is frequently unknown, it is frequently linked to an early triggering insult like brain damage, tumors, or Status Epilepticus (SE). We used an experimental approach consisting of electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex to induce two behaviorally and structurally distinct SE states: Type I (fully convulsive), with more severe seizure behaviors and more extensive brain damage, and Type II (partial convulsive), with less severe seizure behaviors and brain damage. Our goal was to better understand how the various types of SE impact the hippocampus leading to the development of epilepsy. Despite clear variations between the two behaviors in terms of neurodegeneration, study of neurogenesis revealed a comparable rise in the number of Ki-67 + cells and an increase in Doublecortin (DCX) in both kinds of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R. Santos
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Q. Tilelli
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Federal University of São João Del Rey, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Artur Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Flávio Del-Vecchio
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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7
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Liao C, Guan Y, Zheng J, Wang X, Wang M, Zhu Z, Peng Q, Wang HH, Li M. Development of synthetic modulator enabling long-term propagation and neurogenesis of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. Biol Res 2023; 56:59. [PMID: 37951961 PMCID: PMC10638775 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are essential for in vitro drug screening and cell-based therapies for brain-related disorders, necessitating well-defined and reproducible culture systems. Current strategies employing protein growth factors pose challenges in terms of both reproducibility and cost. In this study, we developed a novel DNA-based modulator to regulate FGFR signaling in NPCs, thereby facilitating the long-term maintenance of stemness and promoting neurogenesis. This DNA-based FGFR-agonist effectively stimulated FGFR1 phosphorylation and activated the downstream ERK signaling pathway in human embryonic stem cell (HESC)-derived NPCs. We replaced the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the culture medium with our DNA-based FGFR-agonist to artificially modulate FGFR signaling in NPCs. Utilizing a combination of cell experiments and bioinformatics analyses, we showed that our FGFR-agonist could enhance NPC proliferation, direct migration, and promote neurosphere formation, thus mimicking the functions of bFGF. Notably, transcriptomic analysis indicated that the FGFR-agonist could specifically influence the transcriptional program associated with stemness while maintaining the neuronal differentiation program, closely resembling the effects of bFGF. Furthermore, our culture conditions allowed for the successful propagation of NPCs through over 50 passages while retaining their ability to efficiently differentiate into neurons. Collectively, our approach offers a highly effective method for expanding NPCs, thereby providing new avenues for disease-in-dish research and drug screening aimed at combating neural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceheng Liao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 367 Hongjin Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650202, Yunnan, China
| | - Jihui Zheng
- College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Meixia Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Zhouhai Zhu
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 367 Hongjin Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650202, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiyuan Peng
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 367 Hongjin Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650202, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong-Hui Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Meng Li
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 367 Hongjin Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650202, Yunnan, China.
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Rubio C, Gatica F, Portila A, Vázquez D, Molina-García J, Piñón E, Rubio-Osornio M. Rats in Epilepsy Research: A Bibliometric Analysis of Citations Between 1969 and 2020 on Experimental Models in Epilepsy. Cureus 2023; 15:e48891. [PMID: 38106753 PMCID: PMC10725118 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy stands as a prominent neurological disorder, affecting a substantial number of individuals who, unfortunately, do not respond to conventional antiepileptic medications. To unravel the intricate mechanisms underlying epileptic seizures and explore potential therapeutic avenues, researchers have turned to animal models. Among these models, rats have emerged as one of the cornerstones of epilepsy research. This bibliometric analysis embarks on the crucial task of delving into the role of rat models in deciphering the mysteries of epileptic seizures and, notably, pinpointing the most prevalent models in use. Our study harnessed Scopus' citation tracking feature to review a range of research papers dating from 1969 to 2020, all dedicated to the exploration of epileptic seizures in rats. The citations that emerged from this rigorous process were subjected to thematic coding, primarily centered around the specific epileptic animal models employed, and subsequently, comprehensive descriptive statistics were computed. In this effort, we found a total of 1,318 publications that explore the world of rat studies, accumulating a substantial citation count of 44,824 references. This analysis illuminated the invaluable role that research employing rat models has played in shaping our current clinical understanding of epileptic seizures. Notably, several models have emerged as predominant forces in this field, including those induced by pilocarpine, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), kainic acid (KA), electric kindling, and electroshock. This bibliometric exploration serves as a resounding reminder of the pivotal position that rat models occupy in advancing our comprehension of epilepsy. These findings resonate strongly, underscoring the continued importance of directing research and development funding toward this debilitating disorder, with the ultimate aim of maximizing the benefits for the patients grappling with this condition. The potential to revolutionize our approach to epilepsy and enhance the quality of life for those affected remains a beacon of hope, illuminated by the contributions of these tireless researchers and their trusty rat companions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rubio
- Neurophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, MEX
| | - Fernando Gatica
- Neurophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, MEX
| | - Alonso Portila
- Neurophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, MEX
| | - David Vázquez
- Neurophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, MEX
| | - José Molina-García
- Neurophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, MEX
| | - Ernesto Piñón
- Neurophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, MEX
| | - Moisés Rubio-Osornio
- Neurochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, MEX
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Criscuolo C, Chartampila E, Ginsberg SD, Scharfman HE. Stability of dentate gyrus granule cell mossy fiber BDNF protein expression with age and resistance of granule cells to Alzheimer's disease neuropathology in a mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.07.539742. [PMID: 37214931 PMCID: PMC10197599 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.07.539742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is important in development and maintenance of neurons and their plasticity. Hippocampal BDNF has been implicated Alzheimer's disease (AD) because hippocampal levels in AD patients and AD animal models are consistently downregulated, suggesting that reduced BDNF contributes to AD. However, the location where hippocampal BDNF protein is most highly expressed, the mossy fiber (MF) axons of dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells (GCs), has been understudied, and never in controlled in vivo conditions. We examined MF BDNF protein in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. Tg2576 and wild type (WT) mice of both sexes were examined at 2-3 months of age, when amyloid-β (Aβ) is present in neurons but plaques are absent, and 11-20 months of age, after plaque accumulation. As shown previously, WT mice exhibited high levels of MF BDNF protein. Interestingly, there was no significant decline with age in either genotype or sex. Notably, we found a correlation between MF BDNF protein and GC ΔFosB, a transcription factor that increases after 1-2 weeks of elevated neuronal activity. Remarkably, there was relatively little evidence of Aβ in GCs or the GC layer even at old ages. Results indicate MF BDNF is stable in the Tg2576 mouse, and MF BDNF may remain unchanged due to increased GC neuronal activity, since BDNF expression is well known to be activity-dependent. The resistance of GCs to long-term Aβ accumulation provides an opportunity to understand how to protect other vulnerable neurons from increased Aβ levels and therefore has translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Criscuolo
- Center for Dementia Research, the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Elissavet Chartampila
- Center for Dementia Research, the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Helen E. Scharfman
- Center for Dementia Research, the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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10
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Gao Y, Syed M, Zhao X. Mechanisms underlying the effect of voluntary running on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2023; 33:373-390. [PMID: 36892196 PMCID: PMC10566571 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for preserving learning and memory-related cognitive functions. Physical exercise, especially voluntary running, is one of the strongest stimuli to promote neurogenesis and has beneficial effects on cognitive functions. Voluntary running promotes exit of neural stem cells (NSCs) from the quiescent stage, proliferation of NSCs and progenitors, survival of newborn cells, morphological development of immature neuron, and integration of new neurons into the hippocampal circuitry. However, the detailed mechanisms driving these changes remain unclear. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge with respect to molecular mechanisms underlying voluntary running-induced neurogenesis, highlighting recent genome-wide gene expression analyses. In addition, we will discuss new approaches and future directions for dissecting the complex cellular mechanisms driving change in adult-born new neurons in response to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Moosa Syed
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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11
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Xu K, Xie P, Deng J, Tang C, Wang X, Guan Y, Zhou J, Li T, Liang X, Jing B, Gao JH, Luan G. Long-term ANT-DBS effects in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats: A combined 9.4T MRI and histological study. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:916-929. [PMID: 36696411 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) appears to be effective against seizures in animals and humans however, its therapeutic mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to combine 9.4T multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with histology to investigate the longitudinal effects of long-term ANT-DBS in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. Status epilepsy (SE) was induced by LiCl-pilocarpine injection in 11 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Four weeks after SE, chronic epileptic rats underwent either ANT-DBS (n = 6) or sham-DBS (n = 5) surgery. Electroencephalography (EEG) and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) were recorded for 1 week. The T2-weighted image and images from resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) were acquired at three states: before SE, at 4 weeks post-SE, and at 5 weeks post-DBS. Volumes of the hippocampal subregions and hippocampal-related functional connectivity (FC) were compared longitudinally. Finally, antibodies against neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic proteins were used to evaluate neuronal loss and astrogliosis in the hippocampus. Long-term ANT-DBS significantly reduced seizure generalization in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. By analyzing the gray matter volume using T2-weighted images, long-term ANT-DBS displayed morphometric restoration of the hippocampal subregions. Neuronal protection of the hippocampal subregions and inhibition of astrogliosis in the hippocampal subregions were observed in the ANT-DBS group. ANT-DBS caused reversible regulation of FC in the insula-hippocampus and subthalamic nucleus-hippocampus. Long-term ANT-DBS provides comprehensive protection of hippocampal histology, hippocampal morphometrics, and hippocampal-related functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pandeng Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohang Liang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institution of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for MRI Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Jing
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Beijing City Key Laboratory for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institution of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for MRI Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Zahra A, Sun Y, Aloysius N, Zhang L. Convulsive behaviors of spontaneous recurrent seizures in a mouse model of extended hippocampal kindling. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1076718. [PMID: 36620863 PMCID: PMC9816810 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1076718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing studies indicate that vigilance states and circadian rhythms can influence seizure occurrence in patients with epilepsy and rodent models of epilepsy. Electrical kindling, referred to brief, repeated stimulations of a limbic structure, is a commonly used model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Kindling via the classic protocol lasting a few weeks does not generally induce spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), but extended kindling that applies over the course of a few months has shown to induce SRS in several animal species. Kindling-induced SRS in monkeys and cats were observed mainly during resting wakefulness or sleep, but the behavioral activities associated with SRS in rodent models of extended kindling remain unknown. We aimed to add information in this area using a mouse model of extended hippocampal kindling. Middle-aged C57 black mice experienced ≥80 hippocampal stimulations (delivered twice daily) and then underwent continuous 24 h electroencephalography (EEG)-video monitoring for SRS detection. SRS were recognized by EEG discharges and associated motor seizures. The five stages of the modified Racine scale for mice were used to score motor seizure severities. Seizure-preceding behaviors were assessed in a 3 min period prior to seizure onset and categorized as active and inactive. Three main observations emerged from the present analysis. (1) SRS were found to predominantly manifest as generalized (stage 3-5) motor seizures in association with tail erection or Straub tail. (2) SRS occurrences were not significantly altered by the light on/off cycle. (3) Generalized (stage 3-5) motor seizures were mainly preceded by inactive behaviors such as immobility, standing still, or apparent sleep without evident volitional movement. Considering deeper subcortical structures implicated in genesis of tail erection in other seizure models, we postulate that genesis of generalized motor seizures in extended kindled mice may involve deeper subcortical structures. Our present data together with previous findings from post-status epilepticus models support the notion that ambient cage behaviors are strong influencing factors of SRS occurrence in rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Zahra
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy Aloysius
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Liang Zhang,
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13
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Langton RL, Sharma S, Tiarks GC, Bassuk AG, Glykys J. Lacosamide decreases neonatal seizures without increasing apoptosis. Epilepsia 2022; 63:3051-3065. [PMID: 36168798 PMCID: PMC9742288 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many seizing neonates fail to respond to first-line anticonvulsant medications. Phenobarbital, an allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA ) receptors, has low efficacy in treating neonatal seizures and causes neuronal apoptosis. Nonetheless, it is one of the most used anticonvulsants in this age group. In neonatal mice, phenobarbital's poor effectiveness is due in part to high intraneuronal chloride concentration, which causes GABA to exert depolarizing actions. Therefore, another approach to treat neonatal seizures could be to use anticonvulsants that do not rely on GABAergic modulation. We evaluated whether lacosamide decreases seizures in neonatal mice and whether it increases apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro, we measured the effect of different lacosamide concentrations on seizure-like activity induced by the pro-convulsant drug 4-aminopyridine in neocortical brain slices (layer IV/V) from neonatal (postnatal day 8-11) and adult (1-1.6 months old) C57BL/6J mice. In vivo, we recorded the effect of different lacosamide concentrations on neonatal behavioral seizures induced by kainic acid. We studied neocortical apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, measuring terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling signal and cleaved-caspase 3. RESULTS Lacosamide reduced epileptiform activity in neocortical brain slices of neonates and adults in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, lacosamide reduced the duration and number of behavioral seizures. Lacosamide did not increase total or neuronal apoptosis in the neocortex in vitro or in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE Lacosamide reduces neocortical seizure-like activity in neonatal mice in vitro and in vivo without an acute increase in apoptosis. Our results support the use of lacosamide to treat neonatal seizures, with the advantage of not increasing apoptosis acutely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Langton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shaunik Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Grant C Tiarks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Joseph Glykys
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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14
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Loss of Rai1 enhances hippocampal excitability and epileptogenesis in mouse models of Smith-Magenis syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210122119. [PMID: 36256819 PMCID: PMC9618093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with autism and epileptic seizures. SMS is caused by losing one copy of the gene encoding retinoic acid induced 1 (RAI1), a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional regulator. To pinpoint brain regions and cell types contributing to neuronal hyperexcitability in SMS, we combined electrophysiology and three-dimensional imaging of Fos expression in the intact mouse brain. We found that Rai1-deficient hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells (dGCs) show increased intrinsic excitability and enhanced glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Our findings indicate that Rai1 safeguards the hippocampal network from hyperexcitability and could help explain abnormal brain activity in SMS. Hyperexcitability of brain circuits is a common feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Genetic deletion of a chromatin-binding protein, retinoic acid induced 1 (RAI1), causes Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS). SMS is a syndromic ASD associated with intellectual disability, autistic features, maladaptive behaviors, overt seizures, and abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns. The molecular and neural mechanisms underlying abnormal brain activity in SMS remain unclear. Here we show that panneural Rai1 deletions in mice result in increased seizure susceptibility and prolonged hippocampal seizure duration in vivo and increased dentate gyrus population spikes ex vivo. Brain-wide mapping of neuronal activity pinpointed selective cell types within the limbic system, including the hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells (dGCs) that are hyperactivated by chemoconvulsant administration or sensory experience in Rai1-deficient brains. Deletion of Rai1 from glutamatergic neurons, but not from gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons, was responsible for increased seizure susceptibility. Deleting Rai1 from the Emx1Cre-lineage glutamatergic neurons resulted in abnormal dGC properties, including increased excitatory synaptic transmission and increased intrinsic excitability. Our work uncovers the mechanism of neuronal hyperexcitability in SMS by identifying Rai1 as a negative regulator of dGC intrinsic and synaptic excitability.
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15
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Arshad MN, Oppenheimer S, Jeong J, Buyukdemirtas B, Naegele JR. Hippocampal transplants of fetal GABAergic progenitors regulate adult neurogenesis in mice with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105879. [PMID: 36183946 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons play a role in regulating adult neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Neurogenesis occurs within a stem cell niche in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG. In this niche, populations of neural progenitors give rise to granule cells that migrate radially into the granule cell layer of the DG. Altered neurogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is linked to a transient increase in the proliferation of new neurons and the abnormal inversion of Type 1 progenitors, resulting in ectopic migration of Type 3 progenitors into the hilus of the DG. These ectopic cells mature into granule cells in the hilus that become hyperexcitable and contribute to the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures. To test whether grafts of GABAergic cells in the DG restore synaptic inhibition, prior work focused on transplanting GABAergic progenitors into the hilus of the DG. This cell-based therapeutic approach was shown to alter the disease phenotype by ameliorating spontaneous seizures in mice with pilocarpine-induced TLE. Prior optogenetic and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the transplanted GABAergic interneurons increased levels of synaptic inhibition by establishing inhibitory synaptic contacts with adult-born granule cells, consistent with the observed suppression of seizures. Whether GABAergic progenitor transplantation into the DG ameliorates underlying abnormalities in adult neurogenesis caused by TLE is not known. As a first step to address this question, we compared the effects of GABAergic progenitor transplantation on Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 progenitors in the stem cell niche using cell type-specific molecular markers in naïve, non-epileptic mice. The progenitor transplantation increased GABAergic interneurons in the DG and led to a significant reduction in Type 2 progenitors and a concomitant increase in Type 3 progenitors. Next, we compared the effects of GABAergic interneuron transplantation in epileptic mice. Transplantation of GABAergic progenitors resulted in reductions in inverted Type 1, Type 2, and hilar ectopic Type 3 cells, concomitant with an increase in the radial migration of Type 3 progenitors into the GCL (Granule Cell Layer). Thus, in mice with Pilocarpine induced TLE, hilar transplants of GABA interneurons may reverse abnormal patterns of adult neurogenesis, an outcome that may ameliorate seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad N Arshad
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
| | - Simon Oppenheimer
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
| | - Jaye Jeong
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
| | - Bilge Buyukdemirtas
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
| | - Janice R Naegele
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
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16
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Rosen JB, Schulkin J. Hyperexcitability: From Normal Fear to Pathological Anxiety and Trauma. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:727054. [PMID: 35993088 PMCID: PMC9387392 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.727054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperexcitability in fear circuits is suggested to be important for development of pathological anxiety and trauma from adaptive mechanisms of fear. Hyperexcitability is proposed to be due to acquired sensitization in fear circuits that progressively becomes more severe over time causing changing symptoms in early and late pathology. We use the metaphor and mechanisms of kindling to examine gains and losses in function of one excitatory and one inhibitory neuropeptide, corticotrophin releasing factor and somatostatin, respectively, to explore this sensitization hypothesis. We suggest amygdala kindling induced hyperexcitability, hyper-inhibition and loss of inhibition provide clues to mechanisms for hyperexcitability and progressive changes in function initiated by stress and trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Rosen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Rosen,
| | - Jay Schulkin
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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17
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Dohm-Hansen S, Donoso F, Lucassen PJ, Clarke G, Nolan YM. The gut microbiome and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: A new focal point for epilepsy? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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18
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Jia J, Yang L, Chen Y, Zheng L, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhang M. The Role of Microglial Phagocytosis in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790201. [PMID: 35082781 PMCID: PMC8784388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system that exert diverse roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. During the past decades, microglial polarization and chemotactic properties have been well-studied, whereas less attention has been paid to phagocytic phenotypes of microglia in stroke. Generally, whether phagocytosis mediated by microglia plays a beneficial or detrimental role in stroke remains controversial, which calls for further investigations. Most researchers are in favor of the former proposal currently since efficient clearance of tissue debris promotes tissue reconstruction and neuronal network reorganization in part. Other scholars propose that excessively activated microglia engulf live or stressed neuronal cells, which results in neurological deficits and brain atrophy. Upon ischemia challenge, the microglia infiltrate injured brain tissue and engulf live/dead neurons, myelin debris, apoptotic cell debris, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. Cell phagocytosis is provoked by the exposure of "eat-me" signals or the loss of "don't eat-me" signals. We supposed that microglial phagocytosis could be initiated by the specific "eat-me" signal and its corresponding receptor on the specific cell type under pathological circumstances. In this review, we will summarize phagocytic characterizations of microglia after stroke and the potential receptors responsible for this programmed biological progress. Understanding these questions precisely may help to develop appropriate phagocytic regulatory molecules, which are promoting self-limiting inflammation without damaging functional cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Jia
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Chiavellini P, Canatelli-Mallat M, Lehmann M, Goya RG, Morel GR. Therapeutic potential of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and cell reprogramming for hippocampal-related neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:469-476. [PMID: 34380873 PMCID: PMC8504380 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus serves as a pivotal role in cognitive and emotional processes, as well as in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. It is known to undergo mild neurodegenerative changes during normal aging and severe atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, dysregulation in the hippocampal function leads to epilepsy and mood disorders. In the first section, we summarized the most salient knowledge on the role of glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptors focused on aging, cognition and neurodegenerative and hippocampal-related neurological diseases mentioned above. In the second section, we reviewed the therapeutic approaches, particularly gene therapy, using glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor or its gene, as a key molecule in the development of neurological disorders. In the third section, we pointed at the potential of regenerative medicine, as an emerging and less explored strategy for the treatment of hippocampal disorders. We briefly reviewed the use of partial reprogramming to restore brain functions, non-neuronal cell reprogramming to generate neural stem cells, and neural progenitor cells as source-specific neuronal types to be implanted in animal models of specific neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Chiavellini
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)-Histology and Embryology B, School of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martina Canatelli-Mallat
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)-Histology and Embryology B, School of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianne Lehmann
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)-Histology and Embryology B, School of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo G Goya
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)-Histology and Embryology B, School of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo R Morel
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)-Histology and Embryology B, School of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Kulikov AA, Naumova AA, Aleksandrova EP, Glazova MV, Chernigovskaya EV. Audiogenic kindling stimulates aberrant neurogenesis, synaptopodin expression, and mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of rats genetically prone to audiogenic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 125:108445. [PMID: 34837844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with considerable structural changes in the hippocampus. Pharmacological and electrical models of temporal lobe epilepsy in animals strongly suggest that hippocampal reorganization is based on seizure-stimulated aberrant neurogenesis but the data are often controversial and hard to interpret. The aim of the present study was to estimate neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling in the hippocampus of Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rats genetically prone to audiogenic seizures (AGS). In our experiments we exposed KM rats to audiogenic kindling of different durations (4, 14, and 21 AGS) to model different stages of epilepsy development. Naïve KM rats were used as a control. Our results showed that even 4 AGS stimulated proliferation in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) accompanied with increase in number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive immature granular cells. Elevated number of proliferating cells was also observed in the hilus indicating the enhancement of abnormal migration of neural progenitors. In contrast to the DG, all DCX-positive cells in the hilus expressed VGLUT1/2 and their number was increased indicating that seizure activity accelerates glutamatergic differentiation of ectopic hilar cells. 14-day kindling further stimulated proliferation, abnormal migration, and glutamatergic differentiation of new neurons both in the DG granular and subgranular layers and in the hilus. However, after 21 AGS increased proliferation was observed only in the DG, while the numbers of immature neurons expressed VGLUT1/2 were still enhanced in both hippocampal areas. Audiogenic kindling also stimulated sprouting of mossy fibers and enhanced expression of synaptopodin in the hippocampus indicating generation of new synaptic contacts between granular cells, mossy cells, and CA3 pyramid neurons. Thus, our data suggest that epilepsy progression is associated with exacerbation of aberrant neurogenesis and reorganization of hippocampal neural circuits that contribute to the enhancement and spreading of epileptiform activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Kulikov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Naumova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P Aleksandrova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Margarita V Glazova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena V Chernigovskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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21
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KANDEMİR C, YAVUZ M, KARAKAYA FB, ÇİLİNGİR-KAYA ÖT, ONAT F, ŞİRVANCI S. Investigation of Neurogenesis in Kindled Wistar and Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1021171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The most common type of epilepsy affecting about 50 million people worldwide is temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Chemical and electrical kindling methods in animals can be used to form TLE model. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult kindled Wistar rats and genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) rats by immunofluorescence methods.
Methods: Adult Wistar and GAERS albino rats weighing 250-300 gr were injected pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (35 mg/kg, s.c.) every other day to produce chemical kindling. Animals having 5 times grade 5 seizures were considered to be kindled. Intracardiac perfusion was performed under deep anesthesia on the 7th and 14th days after the last grade 5 seizure. Immunofluorescence methods were used to demonstrate newly formed neurons, astroglial cells, and mature neurons, by using anti-doublecortin (DCX), anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and anti- neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) primary antibodies, respectively. Sections were then examined under a fluorescence microscope.
Results: DCX (+) cells were found to be increased in GAERS control groups compared to the Wistar control groups; and in Wistar PTZ groups compared to the Wistar control groups. DCX (+) cells were decreased in GAERS PTZ groups compared to their controls and to Wistar PTZ groups.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that the resistance to electrical kindling of GAERS reported in previous studies might be related to the increased neurogenesis in this strain.
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Liu CH, Liao WC, Li HH, Tseng LH, Wang WH, Tung H, Lin PJ, Jao HT, Liu WY, Hung CS, Lin CL, Ho YJ. Treatment with the combination of clavulanic acid and valproic acid led to recovery of neuronal and behavioral deficits in an epilepsy rat model. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:1032-1044. [PMID: 34545633 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy, which is caused by abnormal neuronal firing in the brain, is a common neurological disease and affects motor and cognitive functions. Excessive levels of glutamate and insufficient levels of inhibitory GABA are involved in its pathophysiology. Valproic acid (Val), a GABAergic agonist, is one of the first-line antiepileptic drugs, but it shows many adverse side effects at the clinical dose. Clavulanic acid (CA), a β-lactamase inhibitor, has been demonstrated to increase glutamate transporter-1 expression. This study evaluated the effects of CA and Val in an epilepsy rat model. Male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 35 mg/kg, every other day, IP, for 13 days) to induce kindling epilepsy. After four times of PTZ injection, rats received daily treatment with CA (1 or 10 mg/kg, IP), Val (50 or 100 mg/kg, IP), or the combination of CA (1 mg/kg) and Val (50 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. Motor, learning, and memory functions were measured. Rats with PTZ-induced kindling exhibited seizures, motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and cell loss and reduction of neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Neither 1 mg/kg CA nor 50 mg/kg Val treatment was effective in alleviating behavioral and neuronal deficits. However, treatment with 10 mg/kg CA, 100 mg/kg Val, and the combination of 1 mg/kg CA and 50 mg/kg Val improved these behavioral and neuronal deficits. Particularly, the combination of CA and Val showed synergistic effects on seizure suppression, suggesting the potential for treating epilepsy and related neuronal damage and motor and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Li
- General Education Center, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ho Tseng
- Graduate School of Environmental Management, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Wang
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Tung
- Center of Faculty Development; Division of Epilepsy, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Jiun Lin
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tung Jao
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Sui Hung
- Occupational Safety and Health Office, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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23
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Zaben M, Haan N, Sharouf F, Ahmed A, Sundstrom LE, Gray WP. IL-1β and HMGB1 are anti-neurogenic to endogenous neural stem cells in the sclerotic epileptic human hippocampus. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:218. [PMID: 34548070 PMCID: PMC8454003 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dentate gyrus exhibits life-long neurogenesis of granule-cell neurons, supporting hippocampal dependent learning and memory. Both temporal lobe epilepsy patients and animal models frequently have hippocampal-dependent learning and memory difficulties and show evidence of reduced neurogenesis. Animal and human temporal lobe epilepsy studies have also shown strong innate immune system activation, which in animal models reduces hippocampal neurogenesis. We sought to determine if and how neuroinflammation signals reduced neurogenesis in the epileptic human hippocampus and its potential reversibility. METHODS We isolated endogenous neural stem cells from surgically resected hippocampal tissue in 15 patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis. We examined resultant neurogenesis after growing them either as neurospheres in an ideal environment, in 3D cultures which preserved the inflammatory microenvironment and/or in 2D cultures which mimicked it. RESULTS 3D human hippocampal cultures largely replicated the cellular composition and inflammatory environment of the epileptic hippocampus. The microenvironment of sclerotic human epileptic hippocampal tissue is strongly anti-neurogenic, with sustained release of the proinflammatory proteins HMGB1 and IL-1β. IL-1β and HMGB1 significantly reduce human hippocampal neurogenesis and blockade of their IL-1R and TLR 2/4 receptors by IL1Ra and Box-A respectively, significantly restores neurogenesis in 2D and 3D culture. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a HMGB1 and IL-1β-mediated environmental anti-neurogenic effect in human TLE, identifying both the IL-1R and TLR 2/4 receptors as potential drug targets for restoring human hippocampal neurogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Zaben
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN), Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Niels Haan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Feras Sharouf
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN), Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aminul Ahmed
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lars E Sundstrom
- Sundstrom Innovation Limited, 14 Marine Parade, Clevedon, BS21 7QS, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN), Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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24
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de Curtis M, Rossetti AO, Verde DV, van Vliet EA, Ekdahl CT. Brain pathology in focal status epilepticus: evidence from experimental models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:834-846. [PMID: 34517036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Status Epilepticus (SE) is often a neurological emergency characterized by abnormally sustained, longer than habitual seizures. The new ILAE classification reports that SE "…can have long-term consequences including neuronal death, neuronal injury…depending on the type and duration of seizures". While it is accepted that generalized convulsive SE exerts detrimental effects on the brain, it is not clear if other forms of SE, such as focal non-convulsive SE, leads to brain pathology and contributes to long-term deficits in patients. With the available clinical and experimental data, it is hard to discriminate the specific action of the underlying SE etiologies from that exerted by epileptiform activity. This information is highly relevant in the clinic for better treatment stratification, which may include both medical and surgical intervention for seizure control. Here we review experimental studies of focal SE, with an emphasis on focal non-convulsive SE. We present a repertoire of brain pathologies observed in the most commonly used animal models and attempt to establish a link between experimental findings and human condition(s). The extensive literature on focal SE animal models suggest that the current approaches have significant limitations in terms of translatability of the findings to the clinic. We highlight the need for a more stringent description of SE features and brain pathology in experimental studies in animal models, to improve the accuracy in predicting clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto NeurologicoCarlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea O Rossetti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Vila Verde
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto NeurologicoCarlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, P.O. Box 94246, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Dept Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
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Subbarayan MS, Joly-Amado A, Bickford PC, Nash KR. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107989. [PMID: 34492237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation was initially thought of as a consequence of neurodegenerative disease pathology, but more recently it is becoming clear that it plays a significant role in the development and progression of disease. Thus, neuroinflammation is seen as a realistic and valuable therapeutic target for neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation can be modulated by neuron-glial signaling through various soluble factors, and one such critical modulator is Fractalkine or C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CX3CL1). CX3CL1 is produced in neurons and is a unique chemokine that is initially translated as a transmembrane protein but can be proteolytically processed to generate a soluble chemokine. CX3CL1 has been shown to signal through its sole receptor CX3CR1, which is located on microglial cells within the central nervous system (CNS). Although both the membrane bound and soluble forms of CX3CL1 appear to interact with CX3CR1, they do seem to have different signaling capabilities. It is believed that the predominant function of CX3CL1 within the CNS is to reduce the proinflammatory response and many studies have shown neuroprotective effects. However, in some cases CX3CL1 appears to be promoting neurodegeneration. This review focusses on presenting a comprehensive overview of the complex nature of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling in neurodegeneration and how it may present as a therapeutic in some neurodegenerative diseases but not others. The role of CX3CL1/CXCR1 is reviewed in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), ischemia, retinopathies, spinal cord and neuropathic pain, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena S Subbarayan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA; Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Paula C Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA; Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA; Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Kevin R Nash
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA.
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26
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Malberg JE, Hen R, Madsen TM. Adult Neurogenesis and Antidepressant Treatment: The Surprise Finding by Ron Duman and the Field 20 Years Later. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:96-101. [PMID: 33771348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Of Duman's many influential findings, the finding that long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs produces an increase in neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the adult hippocampus may be one of the most enduring and far-reaching. This novel discovery and his decades of continued research in the field led to a new hypothesis about the mechanism of action of antidepressants, providing a critical step in our understanding of the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression and synaptic plasticity. It is now accepted that antidepressant treatments can oppose and even reverse the effects of stress on the brain and on newly born hippocampal cells, possibly via neurotrophic factors, which Duman had continued to explore. Furthermore, ablation studies have shown preclinically that hippocampal neurogenesis may be necessary for some of the clinical effects of antidepressant drugs. Duman's laboratory continued to interrogate neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity, demonstrating that newer clinically approved antidepressant compounds also affect neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarize Duman's original findings and discuss the current state of the field of neurogenesis with respect to animal models and human studies and the implications of those findings on the field of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Hen
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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27
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Li HH, Lin PJ, Wang WH, Tseng LH, Tung H, Liu WY, Lin CL, Liu CH, Liao WC, Hung CS, Ho YJ. Treatment effects of the combination of ceftriaxone and valproic acid on neuronal and behavioural functions in a rat model of epilepsy. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1814-1828. [PMID: 34086374 DOI: 10.1113/ep089624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Imbalance of activities between GABAergic and glutamatergic systems is involved in epilepsy. It is not known whether simultaneously increasing GABAergic and decreasing glutamatergic activity using valproic acid and ceftriaxone, respectively, leads to better seizure control. What is the central question of this study? Ceftriaxone suppressed seizure and cognitive deficits and restored neuronal density and the number of newborn cells in the hippocampus in a rat model of epilepsy. Combined treatment with ceftriaxone and valproic acid showed additive effects in seizure suppression. ABSTRACT The pathophysiology of epilepsy is typically considered as an imbalance between inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate neurotransmission. Valproic acid (Val), a GABA agonist, is one of the first-line antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of epilepsy, but it exhibits adverse effects. Ceftriaxone (CEF) elevates expression of glutamate transporter-1, enhances the reuptake of synaptic glutamate, increases the number of newborn cells and exhibits neuroprotective effects in animal studies. In this study, we evaluated effects of the combination of CEF and Val on behavioural and neuronal measures in a rat epilepsy model. Male Wistar rats were injected i.p. with pentylenetetrazol (35 mg/kg, every other day for 13 days) to induce the epilepsy model. Ceftriaxone (10 or 50 mg/kg), Val (50 or 100 mg/kg) or the combination of CEF and Val were injected daily after the fourth pentylenetetrazol injection for seven consecutive days. Epileptic rats exhibited seizure and impairments in motor and cognitive functions. Treatment with CEF and Val reduced the seizure and enhanced motor and cognitive functions in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of CEF (10 mg/kg) and Val (50 mg/kg) improved behaviours considerably. Histologically, compared with control animals, epileptic rats exhibited lower neuronal density and a reduction in hippocampal newborn cells but higher apoptosis in the basolateral amygdala, all of which were restored by the treatment with CEF, Val or the combination of CEF and Val. The study findings demonstrated that the combination of low doses of CEF and Val has beneficial effects on seizure suppression, neuroprotection and improvement in motor and cognitive functions in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Li
- Department of Medical Research, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pin-Jiun Lin
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Han Wang
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Ho Tseng
- Graduate School of Environmental Management, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin Tung
- Division of Epilepsy, Center of Faculty Development, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiung-Hui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Sui Hung
- Occupational Safety and Health Office, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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28
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Kostin A, Alam MA, McGinty D, Alam MN. Adult hypothalamic neurogenesis and sleep-wake dysfunction in aging. Sleep 2021; 44:5986548. [PMID: 33202015 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in the hippocampal sub-granular zone and the sub-ventricular zone of the anterolateral ventricles. However, growing evidence suggests that new cells are not only "born" constitutively in the adult hypothalamus, but many of these cells also differentiate into neurons and glia and serve specific functions. The preoptic-hypothalamic area plays a central role in the regulation of many critical functions, including sleep-wakefulness and circadian rhythms. While a role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in regulating hippocampus-dependent functions, including cognition, has been extensively studied, adult hypothalamic neurogenic process and its contributions to various hypothalamic functions, including sleep-wake regulation are just beginning to unravel. This review is aimed at providing the current understanding of the hypothalamic adult neurogenic processes and the extent to which it affects hypothalamic functions, including sleep-wake regulation. We propose that hypothalamic neurogenic processes are vital for maintaining the proper functioning of the hypothalamic sleep-wake and circadian systems in the face of regulatory challenges. Sleep-wake disturbance is a frequent and challenging problem of aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Aging is also associated with a decline in the neurogenic process. We discuss a hypothesis that a decrease in the hypothalamic neurogenic process underlies the aging of its sleep-wake and circadian systems and associated sleep-wake disturbance. We further discuss whether neuro-regenerative approaches, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological stimulation of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells in hypothalamic neurogenic niches, can be used for mitigating sleep-wake and other hypothalamic dysfunctions in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kostin
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dennis McGinty
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Md Noor Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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29
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Kulikov AA, Nasluzova EV, Dorofeeva NA, Glazova MV, Lavrova EA, Chernigovskaya EV. Pifithrin-α Inhibits Neural Differentiation
of Newborn Cells in the Subgranular Zone of the Dentate Gyrus at
Initial Stages of Audiogenic Kindling in Krushinsky–Molodkina Rat
Strain. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Budaszewski Pinto C, de Sá Couto-Pereira N, Kawa Odorcyk F, Cagliari Zenki K, Dalmaz C, Losch de Oliveira D, Calcagnotto ME. Effects of acute seizures on cell proliferation, synaptic plasticity and long-term behavior in adult zebrafish. Brain Res 2021; 1756:147334. [PMID: 33539794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute seizures may cause permanent brain damage depending on the severity. The pilocarpine animal model has been broadly used to study the acute effects of seizures on neurogenesis and plasticity processes and the resulting epileptogenesis. Likewise, zebrafish is a good model to study neurogenesis and plasticity processes even in adulthood. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of pilocarpine-induced acute seizures-like behavior on neuroplasticity and long-term behavior in adult zebrafish. To address this issue, adult zebrafish were injected with Pilocarpine (350 mg/Kg, i.p; PILO group) or Saline (control group). Experiments were performed at 1, 2, 3, 10 or 30 days after injection. We evaluated behavior using the Light/Dark preference, Open Tank and aggressiveness tests. Flow cytometry and BrdU were carried out to detect changes in cell death and proliferation, while Western blotting was used to verify different proliferative, synaptic and neural markers in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. We identified an increased aggressive behavior and increase in cell death in the PILO group, with increased levels of cleaved caspase 3 and PARP1 1 day after seizure-like behavior induction. In addition, there were decreased levels of PSD95 and SNAP25 and increased BrdU positive cells 3 days after seizure-like behavior induction. Although most synaptic and cell death markers levels seemed normal by 30 days after seizures-like behavior, persistent aggressive and anxiolytic-like behaviors were still detected as long-term effects. These findings might indicate that acute severe seizures induce short-term biochemical alterations that ultimately reflects in a long-term altered phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Budaszewski Pinto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory (NNNESP Lab.), Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natividade de Sá Couto-Pereira
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory (NNNESP Lab.), Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Kawa Odorcyk
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kamila Cagliari Zenki
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Losch de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory (NNNESP Lab.), Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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31
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Schweizer-Schubert S, Gordon JL, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Meltzer-Brody S, Schmalenberger KM, Slopien R, Zietlow AL, Ehlert U, Ditzen B. Steroid Hormone Sensitivity in Reproductive Mood Disorders: On the Role of the GABA A Receptor Complex and Stress During Hormonal Transitions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:479646. [PMID: 33585496 PMCID: PMC7873927 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.479646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Women worldwide are two to three times more likely to suffer from depression in their lifetime than are men. Female risk for depressive symptoms is particularly high during the reproductive years between menarche and menopause. The term “Reproductive Mood Disorders” refers to depressive disorders triggered by hormonal fluctuations during reproductive transitions including the perimenarchal phase, the pre-menstrual phase, pregnancy, the peripartum period and the perimenopausal transition. Here we focus on reproductive mood disorders manifesting in adult life. We propose a research agenda that draws together several reproductive mood disorders and investigates which genetic, endocrinological, neural, and psychosocial factors can explain depressive symptoms during phases of hormonal transitions in women. Based on current research it is assumed that some women experience an increased sensitivity to not only fluctuations in reproductive steroids (estrogen and progesterone), but also stress-related steroids. We integrate both dynamics into the concept of “steroid hormone sensitivity,” expanding on the concept of “reproductive hormone sensitivity.” We suggest that a differential response of the stress steroid system including corticosteroids, neurosteroids, like allopregnanolone and the GABA-A Receptor complex, as well as a differential (epi)genetic risk in serotonergic and GABAergic signaling, are moderators or mediators between changes in the reproductive steroid system and the physiological, affective, and cognitive outcomes manifesting in reproductive mood disorders. We point to the lack of research on the role of psychosocial factors in increasing a woman's stress level and at some point also the sensitivity of her stress steroid system within the etiology of Reproductive Mood Disorders. Drawing together the evidence on various reproductive mood disorders we seek to present a basis for the development of more effective pharmacological, social, and psychological treatment interventions and prevention strategies for women susceptible to these disorders. This could pave the way for new research as well as medical and psychological teaching and practice- such as a new type of Practice for Gynecological Psychoneuroendocrinology- with the aim of working on and ultimately offering more integrative forms of support not yet available to women suffering from depression during hormonal transitions. In medical history women have been left alone with this integrative challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schweizer-Schubert
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Practice for Psychoendocrinology and Psychotherapy, Heilbronn, Germany
| | | | - Tory A Eisenlohr-Moul
- Women's Mental Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Katja M Schmalenberger
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Slopien
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna-Lena Zietlow
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beate Ditzen
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Pawelec P, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Sypecka J, Zalewska T. The Impact of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Axis in Neurological Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102277. [PMID: 33065974 PMCID: PMC7600611 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1) is a transmembrane chemokine expressed by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). CX3CL1 signals through its unique receptor, CX3CR1, that is expressed in microglia. Within the CNS, fractalkine acts as a regulator of microglia activation in response to brain injury or inflammation. During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the roles that the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling pathway plays in the neuropathology of a diverse array of brain disorders. However, the reported results have proven controversial, indicating that a disruption of the CX3CL1 axis induces a disease-specific microglial response that may have either beneficial or detrimental effects. Therefore, it has become clear that the understanding of neuron-to-glia signals mediated by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 at different stages of diseases could provide new insight into potential therapeutic targets. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a summary of the literature on the emerging role of CX3CL1 in animal models of some brain disorders.
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Martín-Suárez S, Abiega O, Ricobaraza A, Hernandez-Alcoceba R, Encinas JM. Alterations of the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:654. [PMID: 32793597 PMCID: PMC7385077 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis, the process by which neural stem cells (NSCs) continuously generate new neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of most mammals including humans, is chiefly regulated by neuronal activity. Thus, severe alterations have been found in samples from epilepsy patients and in the hippocampal neurogenic niche in mouse models of epilepsy. Reactive-like and gliogenic NSCs plus aberrant newborn neurons with altered migration, morphology, and functional properties are induced by seizures in experimental models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampal neurogenesis participates in memory and learning and in the control of anxiety and stress. It has been therefore hypothesized that part of the cognitive symptoms associated with epilepsy could be promoted by impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. We here analyze for the first time the alterations of the neurogenic niche in a novel mouse model of Dravet syndrome (DS), a genetic encephalopathy with severe epilepsy in infancy and multiple neurological comorbidities. Scn1aWT/A1783V mice, hereafter referred to as DS, carrying a heterozygous and clinically relevant SCN1A mutation (A1783V) recapitulate the disease at the genetic and phenotypic levels. We demonstrate that in the neurogenic niche of young adult DS mice there are fewer NSCs, they have impaired cell division and bear reactive-like morphology. In addition, there is significant aberrant neurogenesis. Newborn immature neurons migrate abnormally, and several morphological features are drastically changed. Thus, this study shows for the first time important modifications in hippocampal neurogenesis in DS and opens venues for further research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Martín-Suárez
- The Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Laboratory, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Oihane Abiega
- The Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Laboratory, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Ricobaraza
- Gene Therapy Program CIMA, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rubén Hernandez-Alcoceba
- Gene Therapy Program CIMA, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- The Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Laboratory, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses, including depression and anxiety, are highly comorbid with epilepsy (for review see Josephson and Jetté (Int Rev Psychiatry 29:409-424, 2017), Salpekar and Mula (Epilepsy Behav 98:293-297, 2019)). Psychiatric comorbidities negatively impact the quality of life of patients (Johnson et al., Epilepsia 45:544-550, 2004; Cramer et al., Epilepsy Behav 4:515-521, 2003) and present a significant challenge to treating patients with epilepsy (Hitiris et al., Epilepsy Res 75:192-196, 2007; Petrovski et al., Neurology 75:1015-1021, 2010; Fazel et al., Lancet 382:1646-1654, 2013) (for review see Kanner (Seizure 49:79-82, 2017)). It has long been acknowledged that there is an association between psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy. Hippocrates, in the fourth-fifth century B.C., considered epilepsy and melancholia to be closely related in which he writes that "melancholics ordinarily become epileptics, and epileptics, melancholics" (Lewis, J Ment Sci 80:1-42, 1934). The Babylonians also recognized the frequency of psychosis in patients with epilepsy (Reynolds and Kinnier Wilson, Epilepsia 49:1488-1490, 2008). Despite the fact that the relationship between psychiatric comorbidities and epilepsy has been recognized for thousands of years, psychiatric illnesses in people with epilepsy still commonly go undiagnosed and untreated (Hermann et al., Epilepsia 41(Suppl 2):S31-S41, 2000) and systematic research in this area is still lacking (Devinsky, Epilepsy Behav 4(Suppl 4):S2-S10, 2003). Thus, although it is clear that these are not new issues, there is a need for improvements in the screening and management of patients with psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy (Lopez et al., Epilepsy Behav 98:302-305, 2019) and progress is needed to understand the underlying neurobiology contributing to these comorbid conditions. To that end, this chapter will raise awareness regarding the scope of the problem as it relates to comorbid psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy and review our current understanding of the potential mechanisms contributing to these comorbidities, focusing on both basic science and clinical research findings.
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Ahl M, Avdic U, Strandberg MC, Chugh D, Andersson E, Hållmarker U, James S, Deierborg T, Ekdahl CT. Physical Activity Reduces Epilepsy Incidence: a Retrospective Cohort Study in Swedish Cross-Country Skiers and an Experimental Study in Seizure-Prone Synapsin II Knockout Mice. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2019; 5:52. [PMID: 31844999 PMCID: PMC6914755 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy patients commonly exercise less than the general population. Animal studies indicate beneficial effects of physical activity in established epilepsy, while its effect on the development is currently less known. METHODS Here, we investigated the incidence of epilepsy during 20 years in a cohort of participants from the long-distance Swedish cross-country ski race Vasaloppet (n = 197,685) and compared it to the incidence of non-participating-matched controls included in the Swedish population register (n = 197,684). Individuals diagnosed with diseases such as stroke and epilepsy before entering the race were excluded from both groups. Experimentally, we also determined how physical activity could affect the development of epilepsy in epilepsy-prone synapsin II knockout mice (SynIIKO), with and without free access to a running wheel. RESULTS We identified up to 40-50% lower incidence of epilepsy in the Vasaloppet participants of all ages before retirement. A lower incidence of epilepsy in Vasaloppet participants was seen regardless of gender, education and occupation level compared to controls. The participants included both elite and recreational skiers, and in a previous survey, they have reported a higher exercise rate than the general Swedish population. Sub-analyses revealed a significantly lower incidence of epilepsy in participants with a faster compared to slower finishing time. Dividing participants according to specified epilepsy diagnoses revealed 40-50% decrease in focal and unspecified epilepsy, respectively, but no differences in generalized epilepsy. Voluntary exercise in seizure-prone SynIIKO mice for 1 month before predicted epilepsy development decreased seizure manifestation from > 70 to 40%. Brain tissue analyses following 1 month of exercise showed increased hippocampal neurogenesis (DCX-positive cells), while microglial (Iba1) and astrocytic activation (GFAP), neuronal Map2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor tyrosine receptor kinase B intensity were unaltered. Continued exercise for additionally 2 months after predicted seizure onset in SynIIKO mice resulted in a 5-fold reduction in seizure manifestation (from 90 to 20%), while 2 months of exercise initiated at the time of predicted seizure development gave no seizure relief, suggesting exercise-induced anti-epileptogenic rather than anti-convulsive effect. CONCLUSION The clinical study and the experimental findings in mice indicate that physical activity may prevent or delay the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Ahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Una Avdic
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Deepti Chugh
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emelie Andersson
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hållmarker
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mora Hospital, Mora, Sweden
| | - Stefan James
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Analysis of proliferating neuronal progenitors and immature neurons in the human hippocampus surgically removed from control and epileptic patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18194. [PMID: 31796832 PMCID: PMC6890740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian hippocampus is a well-known phenomenon. However, it remains controversial as to what extent adult neurogenesis actually occurs in the adult human hippocampus, and how brain diseases, such as epilepsy, affect human adult neurogenesis. To address these questions, we analyzed immature neuronal marker-expressing (PSA-NCAM+) cells and proliferating neuronal progenitor (Ki67+/HuB+/DCX+) cells in the surgically removed hippocampus of epileptic patients. In control patients, a substantial number of PSA-NCAM+ cells were distributed densely below the granule cell layer. In epileptic patients with granule cell dispersion, the number of PSA-NCAM+ cells was reduced, and aberrant PSA-NCAM+ cells were found. However, the numbers of Ki67+/HuB+/DCX+ cells were very low in both control and epileptic patients. The large number of PSA-NCAM+ cells and few DCX+/HuB+/Ki-67+ cells observed in the controls suggest that immature-type neurons are not recently generated neurons, and that the level of hippocampal neuronal production in adult humans is low. These results also suggest that PSA-NCAM is a useful marker for analyzing the pathology of epilepsy, but different interpretations of the immunohistochemical results between humans and rodents are required.
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Status Epilepticus Increases Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the Developing Rat Cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 19:48-57. [PMID: 31656012 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) promotes neuronal proliferation and differentiation in the adult and developing rodent hippocampus. However, the effect of SE on other neurogenic brain regions such as the cerebellum has been less explored. To determine whether SE induced by pentylentetrazole (PTZ-SE) and lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo-SE) increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the developing rat cerebellum. SE was induced in 14-day-old (P14) Wistar rat pups (both sexes). One hour after SE and the following day rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg). Seven days after SE, immunohistochemistry was performed to detect BrdU-positive (BrdU+) cells or BrdU/NeuN+ cells in the cerebellar vermis. SE induced by PTZ or Li-Pilo statistically significant increased the number of cerebellar BrdU+ cells when compared with the control group (58% and 40%, respectively); maximal cell proliferation occurred in lobules II, III, VIb, VIc, VIII, IXa, and IXb of PTZ-SE group and II, V, VIc, VII, and X of Li-Pilo-SE group. An increased number of BrdU/NeuN+ cells was detected in lobules V (17 ± 1.9), VIc (25.8 ± 2.7), and VII (26.2 ± 3.4) after Li-Pilo-SE compared to their control group (9.8 ± 1.7, 12.8 ± 2.8, and 11 ± 1.7, respectively), while the number of BrdU/NeuN+ cells remained the same after PTZ-induced SE or control conditions. SE induced in the developing rat by different experimental models increases cell proliferation in the granular layer of the cerebellar vermis, but only SE of limbic seizures increases neurogenesis in specific cerebellar lobes.
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Hypertension and Its Impact on Stroke Recovery: From a Vascular to a Parenchymal Overview. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:6843895. [PMID: 31737062 PMCID: PMC6815533 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6843895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the first modifiable vascular risk factor accounting for 10.4 million deaths worldwide; it is strongly and independently associated with the risk of stroke and is related to worse prognosis. In addition, hypertension seems to be a key player in the implementation of vascular cognitive impairment. Long-term hypertension, complicated or not by the occurrence of ischemic stroke, is often reviewed on its vascular side, and parenchymal consequences are put aside. Here, we sought to review the impact of isolated hypertension or hypertension associated to stroke on brain atrophy, neuron connectivity and neurogenesis, and phenotype modification of microglia and astrocytes. Finally, we discuss the impact of antihypertensive therapies on cell responses to hypertension and functional recovery. This attractive topic remains a focus of continued investigation and stresses the relevance of including this vascular risk factor in preclinical investigations of stroke outcome.
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Carron SF, Sun M, Shultz SR, Rajan R. Inhibitory neuronal changes following a mixed diffuse‐focal model of traumatic brain injury. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:175-198. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone F. Carron
- Neuroscience Discovery Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Medicine The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Medicine and Neuroscience Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Neuroscience Discovery Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Reduced Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice Deficient in Apoptosis Repressor with Caspase Recruitment Domain (ARC). Neuroscience 2019; 416:20-29. [PMID: 31356897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), the majority of newly generated cells are eliminated by apoptotic mechanisms. The apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), encoded by the Nol3 gene, is a potent and multifunctional death repressor that inhibits both death receptor and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. The aim of the present study was to parse the role of ARC in the development of new granule cell neurons. Nol3 gene expression as revealed by in situ hybridization is present in the entire dentate granule cell layer. Moreover, a comparison of Nol3 expression between FACS-sorted Sox2-positive neural stem cells and Doublecortin (DCX)-positive immature neurons demonstrates upregulation of Nol3 during neurogenesis. Using ARC-deficient mice, we show that proliferation and survival of BrdU birth-dated cells are strongly reduced in the absence of ARC while neuronal-glial fate choice is not affected. Both the number of DCX-positive cells and the number of calretinin (CR)-positive immature postmitotic neurons are reduced in the hippocampus of ARC-/- mice. ARC knockout is not associated with increased numbers of microglia or with microglia activation. However, hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein content is significantly increased in ARC-/- mice, possibly representing a compensatory response. Collectively, our results suggest that ARC plays a critical cell-autonomous role in preventing cell death during adult granule cell neogenesis.
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Drew CJG, Postans M, Petralia C, McNamara R, Pallmann P, Gillespie D, Evans LH, Muhlert N, Winter M, Hamandi K, Gray WP. A protocol for a randomised controlled, double-blind feasibility trial investigating fluoxetine treatment in improving memory and learning impairments in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Fluoxetine, Learning and Memory in Epilepsy (FLAME trial). Pilot Feasibility Stud 2019; 5:87. [PMID: 31321071 PMCID: PMC6612194 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-019-0474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) report significant problems with learning and memory. There are no effective therapies for combatting these problems in people with TLE, resulting in an unmet therapeutic need. The lack of treatment is, in part, due to a poor understanding of the neurobiology underlying these memory deficits. We know that hippocampal neurogenesis, a process believed to be important in learning and memory formation, is permanently reduced in chronic TLE, and this may go some way to explain the learning and memory impairments seen in people with TLE.The common anti-depressant drug fluoxetine has been shown to stimulate neurogenesis both in the healthy brain and in neurological diseases where neurogenesis is impaired. In an animal model of TLE, administration of fluoxetine was found to restore neurogenesis and improve learning on a complex spatial navigational task. We now want to test this effect in humans by investigating whether administration of fluoxetine to people with TLE can improve learning and memory. METHODS This is a single-centre randomised controlled, double-blind feasibility trial. We plan to recruit 20 participants with a diagnosis of TLE and uni-lateral hippocampal sclerosis, confirmed by 3T MRI. Eligible participants will undergo baseline assessments of learning and memory prior to being randomised to either 20 mg/day fluoxetine or matching placebo for 60 days. Follow-up assessments will be conducted after 60 days of trial medication and then again at 60 days after cessation of trial medication. Feasibility will be assessed on measures of recruitment, retention and adherence against pre-determined criteria. DISCUSSION This trial is designed to determine the feasibility of conducting a double-blind randomised controlled trial of fluoxetine for the treatment of learning and memory impairments in people with TLE. Data collected in this trial will inform the design and utility of any future efficacy trial involving fluoxetine for the treatment of learning and memory in people with TLE. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT 2014-005088-34, registered on May 18, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheney J. G. Drew
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Mark Postans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Cateno Petralia
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW UK
| | - Rachel McNamara
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Philip Pallmann
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Dave Gillespie
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Lisa H. Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nils Muhlert
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mia Winter
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW UK
| | - Khalid Hamandi
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- The Alan Richens Welsh Epilepsy Centre, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, CF144XW UK
| | - William P. Gray
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
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Bertoldi ML, Zalosnik MI, Fabio MC, Aja S, Roth GA, Ronnett GV, Degano AL. MeCP2 Deficiency Disrupts Kainate-Induced Presynaptic Plasticity in the Mossy Fiber Projections in the Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:286. [PMID: 31333414 PMCID: PMC6619486 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl cytosine binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a structural chromosomal protein involved in the regulation of gene expression. Mutations in the gene encoding MeCP2 result in Rett Syndrome (RTT), a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder. RTT is one of few autism spectrum disorders whose cause was identified as a single gene mutation. Remarkably, abnormal levels of MeCP2 have been associated to other neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, many studies have been oriented to investigate the role of MeCP2 in the nervous system. In the present work, we explore cellular and molecular mechanisms affecting synaptic plasticity events in vivo in the hippocampus of MeCP2 mutant mice. While most studies addressed postsynaptic defects in the absence of MeCP2, we took advantage of an in vivo activity-paradigm (seizures), two models of MeCP2 deficiency, and neurobiological assays to reveal novel defects in presynaptic structural plasticity in the hippocampus in RTT rodent models. These approaches allowed us to determine that MeCP2 mutations alter presynaptic components, i.e., disrupts the plastic response of mossy fibers to synaptic activity and results in reduced axonal growth which is correlated with imbalanced trophic and guidance support, associated with aberrant expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and semaphorin 3F. Our results also revealed that adult-born granule cells recapitulate maturational defects that have been only shown at early postnatal ages. As these cells do not mature timely, they may not integrate properly into the adult hippocampal circuitry. Finally, we performed a hippocampal-dependent test that revealed defective spatial memory in these mice. Altogether, our studies establish a model that allows us to evaluate the effect of the manipulation of specific pathways involved in axonal guidance, synaptogenesis, or maturation in specific circuits and correlate it with changes in behavior. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the neuronal compromise caused by mutations in MeCP2 could provide information on the pathogenic mechanism of autistic spectrum disorders and improve our understanding of brain development and molecular basis of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Bertoldi
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Ines Zalosnik
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Carolina Fabio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra (INIMEC), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Susan Aja
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - German A Roth
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriele V Ronnett
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alicia L Degano
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Noè F, Cattalini A, Vila Verde D, Alessi C, Colciaghi F, Figini M, Zucca I, de Curtis M. Epileptiform activity contralateral to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis does not cause the expression of brain damage markers. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1184-1199. [PMID: 31111475 DOI: 10.1111/epi.15611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with epilepsy often ask if recurrent seizures harm their brain and aggravate their epileptic condition. This crucial question has not been specifically addressed by dedicated experiments. We analyze here if intense bilateral seizure activity induced by local injection of kainic acid (KA) in the right hippocampus produces brain damage in the left hippocampus. METHODS Adult guinea pigs were bilaterally implanted with hippocampal electrodes for continuous video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. Unilateral injection of 1 μg KA in the dorsal CA1 area induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus (ncSE) characterized by bilateral hippocampal seizure discharges. This treatment resulted in selective unilateral sclerosis of the KA-injected hippocampus. Three days after KA injection, the animals were killed, and the brains were submitted to ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were processed for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS During ncSE, epileptiform activity was recorded for 27.6 ± 19.1 hours in both the KA-injected and contralateral hippocampi. Enhanced T1-weighted MR signal due to gadolinium deposition, mean diffusivity reduction, neuronal loss, gliosis, and blood-brain barrier permeability changes was observed exclusively in the KA-injected hippocampus. Despite the presence of a clear unilateral hippocampal sclerosis at the site of KA injection, no structural alterations were detected by MR and immunostaining analysis performed in the hippocampus contralateral to KA injection 3 days and 2 months after ncSE induction. Fluoro-Jade and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining at the same time points confirmed the absence of degenerating cells in the hippocampi contralateral to KA injection. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that intense epileptiform activity during ncSE does not cause obvious brain damage in the hippocampus contralateral to unilateral hippocampal KA injection. These findings argue against the hypothesis that epileptiform activity per se contributes to focal brain injury in previously undamaged cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Noè
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Diogo Vila Verde
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Alessi
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Colciaghi
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Figini
- Scientific Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Zucca
- Scientific Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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44
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Leibowitz JA, Natarajan G, Zhou J, Carney PR, Ormerod BK. Sustained somatostatin gene expression reverses kindling-induced increases in the number of dividing Type-1 neural stem cells in the hippocampi of behaviorally responsive rats. Epilepsy Res 2019; 150:78-94. [PMID: 30735971 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists throughout life in the hippocampi of all mammals, including humans. In the healthy hippocampus, relatively quiescent Type-1 neural stem cells (NSCs) can give rise to more proliferative Type-2a neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which generate neuronal-committed Type-2b NPCs that mature into Type-3 neuroblasts. Many Type-3 neuroblasts survive and mature into functionally integrated granule neurons over several weeks. In kindling models of epilepsy, neurogenesis is drastically upregulated and many new neurons form aberrant connections that could support epileptogenesis and/or seizures. We have shown that sustained vector-mediated hippocampal somatostatin (SST) expression can both block epileptogenesis and reverse seizure susceptibility in fully kindled rats. Here we test whether adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated sustained SST expression modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial activation in fully kindled rats. We found significantly more dividing Type-1 NSCs and a corresponding increased number of surviving new neurons in the hippocampi of kindled versus sham-kindled rats. Increased numbers of activated microglia were found in the granule cell layer and hilus of kindled rats at both time points. After intrahippocampal injection with either eGFP or SST-eGFP vector, we found similar numbers of dividing Type-1 NSCs and -2 NPCs and surviving BrdU+ neurons and glia in the hippocampi of kindled rats. Upon observed variability in responses to SST-eGFP (2/4 rats exhibited Grade 0 seizures in the test session), we conducted an additional experiment. We found significantly fewer dividing Type-1 NSCs in the hippocampi of SST-eGFP vector-treated responder rats (5/13 rats) relative to SST-eGFP vector-treated non-responders and eGFP vector-treated controls that exhibited high-grade seizures on the test session. The number of activated microglia was upregulated in the GCL and hilus of kindled rats, regardless of vector treatment. These data support the hypothesis that sustained SST expression exerts antiepileptic effects potentially through normalization of neurogenesis and suggests that abnormally high proliferating Type-1 NSC numbers may be a cellular mechanism of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gowri Natarajan
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, USA; Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, USA; Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - Paul R Carney
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, USA; Neuroscience Program, USA; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Brandi K Ormerod
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; Department of Neuroscience, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, USA.
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45
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Ngwenya LB, Danzer SC. Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury on Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1014. [PMID: 30686980 PMCID: PMC6333744 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons are generated in the hippocampal dentate gyrus from early development through adulthood. Progenitor cells and immature granule cells in the subgranular zone are responsive to changes in their environment; and indeed, a large body of research indicates that neuronal interactions and the dentate gyrus milieu regulates granule cell proliferation, maturation, and integration. Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), these interactions are dramatically altered. In addition to cell losses from injury and neurotransmitter dysfunction, patients often show electroencephalographic evidence of cortical spreading depolarizations and seizure activity after TBI. Furthermore, treatment for TBI often involves interventions that alter hippocampal function such as sedative medications, neuromodulating agents, and anti-epileptic drugs. Here, we review hippocampal changes after TBI and how they impact the coordinated process of granule cell adult neurogenesis. We also discuss clinical TBI treatments that have the potential to alter neurogenesis. A thorough understanding of the impact that TBI has on neurogenesis will ultimately be needed to begin to design novel therapeutics to promote recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Ngwenya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Neurotrauma Center, University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Steve C Danzer
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Anesthesia, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Center for Pediatric Neuroscience, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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46
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The role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in brain health and disease. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:67-87. [PMID: 29679070 PMCID: PMC6195869 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is highly regulated by a number of environmental and cell-intrinsic factors to adapt to environmental changes. Accumulating evidence suggests that adult-born neurons may play distinct physiological roles in hippocampus-dependent functions, such as memory encoding and mood regulation. In addition, several brain diseases, such as neurological diseases and mood disorders, have deleterious effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and some symptoms of those diseases can be partially explained by the dysregulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Here we review a possible link between the physiological functions of adult-born neurons and their roles in pathological conditions.
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47
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Cavarsan CF, Malheiros J, Hamani C, Najm I, Covolan L. Is Mossy Fiber Sprouting a Potential Therapeutic Target for Epilepsy? Front Neurol 2018; 9:1023. [PMID: 30555406 PMCID: PMC6284045 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) caused by hippocampal sclerosis is one of the most frequent focal epilepsies in adults. It is characterized by focal seizures that begin in the hippocampus, sometimes spread to the insulo-perisylvian regions and may progress to secondary generalized seizures. Morphological alterations in hippocampal sclerosis are well defined. Among them, hippocampal sclerosis is characterized by prominent cell loss in the hilus and CA1, and abnormal mossy fiber sprouting (granular cell axons) into the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer. In this review, we highlight the role of mossy fiber sprouting in seizure generation and hippocampal excitability and discuss the response of alternative treatment strategies in terms of MFS and spontaneous recurrent seizures in models of TLE (temporal lobe epilepsy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa F Cavarsan
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackeline Malheiros
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clement Hamani
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Imad Najm
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Luciene Covolan
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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48
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Shtaya A, Sadek AR, Zaben M, Seifert G, Pringle A, Steinhäuser C, Gray WP. AMPA receptors and seizures mediate hippocampal radial glia-like stem cell proliferation. Glia 2018; 66:2397-2413. [PMID: 30357924 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is sustained throughout life in the mammalian brain, supporting hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Its permanent alteration by status epilepticus (SE) is associated with learning and cognitive impairments. The mechanisms underlying the initiation of altered neurogenesis after SE are not understood. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive radial glia (RG)-like cells proliferate early after SE, but their proliferation dynamics and signaling are largely unclear. We have previously reported a polarized distribution of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) on RG-like cells in vivo and postulated that these may signal their proliferation. Here, we examined the acute effects of kainate on hippocampal precursor cells in vitro and in kainate-induced SE on proliferating and quiescent clones of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine prelabeled hippocampal precursors in vivo. In vitro, we found that 5 μM kainate shortened the cell cycle time of RG-like cells via AMPAR activation and accelerated cell cycle re-entry of their progeny. It also shifted their fate choice expanding the population of RG-like cells and reducing the population of downstream amplifying neural progenitors. Kainate enhanced the survival of all precursor cell subtypes. Pharmacologically, kainate's proliferative and survival effects were abolished by AMPAR blockade. Functional AMPAR expression was confirmed on RG-like cells in vitro. In agreement with these observations, kainate/seizures enhanced the proliferation and expansion predominantly of constitutively cycling RG-like cell clones in vivo. Our results identify AMPARs as key potential players in initiating the proliferation of dentate RG-like cells and unravel a possible receptor target for modifying the radial glia-like cell response to SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Shtaya
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malik Zaben
- University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,B.R.A.I.N. Biomedical Research Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ashley Pringle
- University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - William Peter Gray
- University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,B.R.A.I.N. Biomedical Research Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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49
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Vaccaro MG, Trimboli M, Scarpazza C, Palermo L, Bruni A, Gambardella A, Labate A. Neuropsychological profile of mild temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 85:222-226. [PMID: 30032811 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the current literature, whether patients with mild mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mMTLE) have typical neurocognitive profile similar to patients with treatment-refractory seizures still remains unknown. The purpose of the present work was to analyze the neuropsychological profile in a group of consecutive patients with mMTLE. METHODS Forty consecutive patients whose conditions were diagnosed with mMTLE and 30 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated with an extensive neuropsychological battery. In addition, self-report questionnaires were also administered to evaluate the subjective impairments in prospective and retrospective memories. Finally, the levels of depression and anxiety were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Form Y1 (STAI-YI e 2). RESULTS Patients with mMTLE patients showed higher BDI-II scores (15.9 ± 13.9 vs 7.2 ± 6.7; p =, 002), and higher STAI-Y1 (41.2 ± 14.6 vs 32.6 ± 9.8; p =, 005) together with both objective and subjective memory deficits. Although BDI-II and STAI scores strongly correlated to the outcome in Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire (PRMQ) (p < 0.0021), these results did not change without depression scores. CONCLUSION We showed that a specific neurocognitive profile in patients with mMTLE exists. The neuropsychological features are mood depression, verbal memory immediate and delayed deficits, and subjective prospective and retrospective memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Vaccaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Trimboli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Liana Palermo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Bruni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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50
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Roles of autophagy in controlling stem cell identity: a perspective of self-renewal and differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:205-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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