1
|
Wang P, Zhang L, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang S, Liu Z. Characterization of GRP as a functional neuropeptide in basal chordate amphioxus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:384-394. [PMID: 31593737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Amphioxus belongs to the subphylum cephalochordata, an extant representative of the most basal chordates, whose regulation of endocrine system remains ambiguous. Here we clearly demonstrated the existence of a functional GRP neuropeptide in amphioxus, which was able to interact with GRP receptor, activate both PKC and PKA pathways, increase gh, igf, and vegf expression. We also showed that the transcription level of amphioxus grp was affected by temperature and light, indicating the role of this gene in the regulation of energy balance and circadian rhythms. In addition, the expression of the amphioxus grp was detected in cerebral vesicle that has been proposed to be the homologous organ of vertebrate brain. These data collectively suggested that a functional GRP neuropeptide had already emerged in amphioxus, which provided insights into the evolutionary origin of GRP in chordate and the functional homology between the cerebral vesicle and vertebrate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haoyi Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marrone BF, Meurer L, Moretto A, Kleina W, Schwartsmann G. Expression of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013; 38:707-12. [PMID: 23581973 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a neuroendocrine peptide shown to possess growth-stimulatory effects in many types of human cancers. High levels of GRP receptors have been found in various types of human cancers, and preclinical studies exploring the therapeutic use of GRP receptor (GRPR) antagonists have been reported, with promising results. Data on GRPR expression in human malignant melanoma (MM) are scanty. AIM To determine GRPR expression in biopsy material obtained from patients diagnosed with cutaneous MM. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissue samples obtained from 51 patients with cutaneous MM. The relationship between GRPR expression and the clinicopathological features was analysed using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS GRPR immunoexpression was found in 42/51 cutaneous melanoma samples (82.4%). It was strongly expressed in 30 cases (58.9%). There was no significant difference in the levels of GRPR expression between primary or metastatic lesions. We correlated the GRPR expression score with pathological features associated with prognosis in cutaneous MM. There was no significant difference in GRPR expression in relation to Clark level (CL; P = 0.35) or Breslow Index (BI; P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS GRPR expression levels were high in tissue specimens of MM (82.4%), but did not correlate with pathological features related to prognosis, such as CL or BI. Further studies, preferably in a larger patient population, are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B F Marrone
- Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in the central nervous system: role in brain function and as a drug target. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:159. [PMID: 23251133 PMCID: PMC3523293 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides acting on specific cell membrane receptors of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily regulate a range of important aspects of nervous and neuroendocrine function. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a mammalian neuropeptide that binds to the GRP receptor (GRPR, BB2). Increasing evidence indicates that GRPR-mediated signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in regulating brain function, including aspects related to emotional responses, social interaction, memory, and feeding behavior. In addition, some alterations in GRP or GRPR expression or function have been described in patients with neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, as well as in brain tumors. Findings from preclinical models are consistent with the view that the GRPR might play a role in brain disorders, and raise the possibility that GRPR agonists might ameliorate cognitive and social deficits associated with neurological diseases, while antagonists may reduce anxiety and inhibit the growth of some types of brain cancer. Further preclinical and translational studies evaluating the potential therapeutic effects of GRPR ligands are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neural Tumor Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational MedicinePorto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rafael Roesler, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neural Tumor Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. e-mail:
| | - Gilberto Schwartsmann
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational MedicinePorto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Presti-Torres J, Garcia VA, Dornelles A, Halmenschlager LH, Alcalde LA, Vedana G, Rico EP, Bogo MR, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R, Schröder N. Rescue of social behavior impairment by clozapine and alterations in the expression of neuronal receptors in a rat model of neurodevelopmental impairment induced by GRPR blockade. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:319-27. [PMID: 21847557 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Presti-Torres
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 12D, Sala 340, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roesler R, Brunetto AT, Abujamra AL, de Farias CB, Brunetto AL, Schwartsmann G. Current and emerging molecular targets in glioma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 10:1735-51. [PMID: 21080801 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common and lethal neurological cancers. Despite research efforts, the prognosis for patients with malignant gliomas remains poor. Advances in the understanding of cellular and molecular alterations in gliomas have led to the emergence of experimental molecularly targeted therapies. This article summarizes recent progress in the development of targeted therapies for glioma, focusing on emerging molecular targets, including neuropeptide and neurotrophin pathways, glutamate receptors, epigenetic mechanisms and glioma stem cell targets. Recent clinical trials of small molecules and antibodies targeted at growth factor pathways and intracellular signaling cascades are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Garcia VA, Dornelles AS, Presti-Torres J, Alcalde LA, Halmenschlager LH, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R, Lucion AB, Schröder N. Neonatal gastrin-releasing peptide receptor blockade reduces maternal odor preference in rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 214:456-9. [PMID: 20678987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in attachment behavior might play a role in the dysfunction in social behavior displayed by autistic infants. Here we show that neonatal gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) blockade induces a reduction in maternal odor preference, a task involving attachment behavior, in infant rats. These findings provide the first evidence that the GRPR regulates odor preference, supporting the view that the GRPR is involved in attachment and social behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Garcia
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Petronilho F, Araújo JH, Steckert AV, Rezin GT, Ferreira GK, Roesler R, Schwartsmann G, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL. Effect of a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist and a proton pump inhibitor association in an animal model of gastritis. Peptides 2009; 30:1460-5. [PMID: 19505518 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that reactive oxygen species play a causative role of gastric mucosal damage induced by increased gastric secretion. Gastrin-releasing peptide is a typical neuropeptide that stimulates acid secretion by release of gastrin. In the present work we have investigated the mechanism of indomethacin (IDM)-induced gastric ulcer caused by ROS and determined the effects of a selective gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist, RC-3095, alone and in association with omeprazole (OM) and compared it with an established antioxidant compound N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Adult male Wistar rats were pre-treated for 7 days with OM, RC-3095, NAC, both drugs and water (control). The animals were then submitted to fasting for 24h; IDM was administered. Rats were killed 6h after that and the stomachs were used for evaluation of macroscopic damage and oxidative stress parameters. Our results showed that IDM increased mitochondrial superoxide production; OM and RC-3095 alone did not prevent such effect, but the combination of these drugs was effective. TBARS assay revealed that IDM-induced lipid peroxidation in gastric tissue and that OM and RC-3095, alone or in combination, prevented this effect with superior action that NAC. Finally, we verified that IDM increased protein carbonyl content and that this effect was prevented RC-3095, alone or in combination with OM, being similar to standard antioxidant. The present results support the view that, besides the inhibition of acid secretion, the protective effects exerted by OM and RC-3095 against IDM-induced gastric damage can be ascribed to a reduction of gastric oxidative injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Oliveira MS, Cechim G, Braganhol E, Santos DG, Meurer L, de Castro CG, Brunetto AL, Schwarstmann G, Battastini AMO, Lenz G, Roesler R. Anti-proliferative effect of the gastrin-release peptide receptor antagonist RC-3095 plus temozolomide in experimental glioblastoma models. J Neurooncol 2009; 93:191-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Growth inhibition of non-small-cell lung carcinoma by BN/GRP antagonist is linked with suppression of K-Ras, COX-2, and pAkt. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:18671-6. [PMID: 18003891 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709455104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombesin (BN) or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) can stimulate the growth of neoplasms such as breast cancer and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Antagonists of BN/GRP have been shown to inhibit these cancers. We evaluated whether antagonists of BN/GRP can suppress the growth of human non-SCLC (NSCLC) xenografted into nude mice. The effect of the administration of BN/GRP antagonist RC-3940-II on the growth of H460 and A549 NSCLC cell lines orthotopically xenografted into the intrapulmonary interstitium was examined. Protein levels of K-Ras, COX-2, Akt/pAkt, WT p53, Erk1/2, and lung resistance-related protein (LRP) in tumors were analyzed by Western blot analaysis, and receptors for BN/GRP were investigated by radioligand-binding studies. The effect of RC-3940-II on the proliferation of H460 and A549 cells in vitro was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. High-affinity receptors for BN/GRP were found on tumors. Treatment with RC-3940-II significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited growth of H460 and A549 NSCLC xenografts by 30-50% and led to an improved performance status, compared with controls. In H460 NSCLC, the antitumor effect was associated with a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in protein levels of K-Ras, COX-2, pAkt, and pERK1/2 and with a major augmentation in the expression of WT p53, compared with controls. In A549 NSCLC, pAkt and LRP were significantly down-regulated. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of BN/GRP antagonist RC-3940-II for the treatment of NSCLC. The suppression of K-Ras, COX-2, pAkt, and LRP, as well as the up-regulation of WT p53 might contribute to the antitumor action of BN/GRP antagonists.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cornelio DB, Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor as a molecular target in experimental anticancer therapy. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:1457-66. [PMID: 17351255 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, several lines of experimental evidence have suggested that the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) may act as a growth factor in many types of cancer. For that reason, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) antagonists have been developed as anticancer candidate compounds, exhibiting impressive antitumoral activity both in vitro and in vivo in various murine and human tumors. In this article, the GRPR cell surface expression profile in human malignancies is reviewed aiming at the identification of potential tumor types for future clinical trials with GRP analogues and antagonists. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the GRPR status in human malignancies. Source data were obtained by searching all published material available through Medline, PubMed and relevant articles from 1971 to 2006. The data available demonstrated a high expression of GRPRs in a large spectrum of human cancers, demonstrating the potential relevance of this intracellular signaling pathway in various human tumor models. The GRPR may be an interesting target for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies, as carriers for cytotoxins, immunotoxins or radioactive compounds, being also a potential tool for tumor detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Cornelio
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Academic Hospital Research Center, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Preissler T, Luft T, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Prevents the Memory Impairment Induced by Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonism in Area CA1 of the Rat Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1381-6. [PMID: 17406984 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is implicated in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory formation in the hippocampus and other brain areas. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the memory-impairing effects of GRPR antagonism have remained unclear. Here we report that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF-2) rescues the memory impairment induced by GRPR antagonism in the rat dorsal hippocampus. The GRPR antagonist [D-Tpi(6), Leu(13) psi(CH(2)NH)-Leu(14)] bombesin (6-14) (RC-3095) at 1.0 microg impaired, whereas bFGF at 0.25 microg enhanced, 24 h retention of inhibitory avoidance (IA) when infused immediately after training into the CA1 hippocampal area in male rats. Coinfusion with an otherwise ineffective dose of bFGF blocked the memory-impairing effect of RC-3095. These findings suggest that the memory-impairing effects of GRPR antagonists might be partially mediated by an inhibition in the function and/or expression of neuronal bFGF or diminished activation of intracellular protein kinase pathways associated with bFGF signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thales Preissler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Presti-Torres J, de Lima MN, Scalco FS, Caldana F, Garcia VA, Guimarães MR, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R, Schröder N. Impairments of social behavior and memory after neonatal gastrin-releasing peptide receptor blockade in rats: Implications for an animal model of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:724-32. [PMID: 17097693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has been implicated in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including neurodevelopmental disorders associated with autism. In the present study we examined the effects of GRPR blockade during the neonatal period on behavioral measures relevant to animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Male Wistar rats were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either saline (SAL) or the GRPR antagonist [D-Tpi(6), Leu(13) psi(CH(2)NH)-Leu(14)] bombesin (6-14) (RC-3095; 1 or 10mg/kg) twice daily for 10days from postnatal days (PN) 1 to 10. Animals treated with RC-3095 showed pronounced deficits in social interaction when tested at PN 30-35 and impaired 24-h retention of memory for both novel object recognition (NOR) and inhibitory avoidance (IA) tasks tested at PN 60-71. Neither short-term memory tested 1.5h posttraining nor open field behavior were affected by neonatal GRPR blockade. The implications of the findings for animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Presti-Torres
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dantas ADS, Luft T, Henriques JAP, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R. Opposite effects of low and high doses of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist RC-3095 on memory consolidation in the hippocampus: possible involvement of the GABAergic system. Peptides 2006; 27:2307-12. [PMID: 16650508 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has recently emerged as a system importantly involved in regulating memory formation, the role of hippocampal GRPRs in memory remains controversial. The present study examined the effects of GRPR antagonism on memory consolidation in area CA1 of the hippocampus. Male Wistar rats received bilateral infusions of the GRPR antagonist [D-Tpi6, Leu13 psi(CH2NH)-Leu14] bombesin (6-14) (RC-3095; 1, 3, or 10 microg/side) into the dorsal hippocampus immediately after inhibitory avoidance (IA) training. RC-3095 at 1 microg impaired, whereas the dose of 10 microg enhanced, 24-h IA retention. A second experiment showed that the RC-3095-induced enhancement of memory consolidation was prevented by pretraining infusion of an otherwise ineffective dose of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor agonist muscimol. The results indicate that high doses of GRPR antagonists can induce enhancement of memory consolidation in the hippocampus. In addition, the memory-enhancing effect of GRPR antagonists might be mediated by inhibition of GABAergic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea dos Santos Dantas
- Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90046-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schwartsmann G, DiLeone LP, Horowitz M, Schunemann D, Cancella A, Pereira AS, Richter M, Souza F, da Rocha AB, Souza FH, Pohlmann P, De Nucci G. A phase I trial of the bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (BN/GRP) antagonist RC3095 in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Invest New Drugs 2006; 24:403-12. [PMID: 16505950 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-006-6886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptides (BN/GRP) were shown to bind selectively to cell surface receptors, stimulating the growth of various types of malignancies in murine and human models. The novel BN/GRP synthetic receptor antagonist, RC-3095, was able to produce long-lasting tumor regressions in murine and human tumor models in vitro and in vivo. Animal toxicology studies showed no detectable organ toxicity apart from local irritation at the injection site. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and feasibility of the administration of RC-3095 by daily subcutaneous injections in patients with advanced and refractory solid malignancies. Twenty-five patients received RC-3095 once or twice-daily at doses ranging from 8 to 96 ug/kg. Dose was escalated in groups of 3-5 patients per dose level. The only toxicity observed was local discomfort in the injection site at the highest doses. A single dose administration of RC-3095 at the highest dose level (96 ug/kg) was tested in a clearly hypergastrinemic individual with the Zollingen-Ellison syndrome and produced a decrease in plasma gastrin down to 50% of basal levels in 6 h. There was no objective tumor responses in patients included in the study. A short-lasting minor tumor response was observed in a patient with a GRP-expressing progressive medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Due to problems with the analytical method, plasma pharmacokinetic data was obtained only from two patients included at the highest dose level. In these patients, RC-3095 reached plasma concentrations >100 ng/mL for about 8 h, which were within therapeutic levels on the basis of prior data obtained in mice and rats. The plasma elimination half-life was between 8.6-10.9 h. Due to the occurrence of local toxicity at the injection site, the dose escalation procedure could not be fully evaluated up to a maximum tolerated dose. Thus, a recommended dose of RC-3095 for Phase II trials could not be clearly established. Considering the novelty of its mechanism of action and impressive preclinical anti-tumor activity, further studies exploiting new formulations of RC-3095 for human use, such as slow-release preparations, and analogues with a more favorable pharmacokinetics are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Schwartsmann
- South-American Office for Anticancer Drug Development (SOAD), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lanzafame S, Minutolo V, Caltabiano R, Minutolo O, Marino B, Gagliano G, D'Asta S. About a case of GIST occurring during pregnancy with immunohistochemical expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and progesterone receptor. Pathol Res Pract 2006; 202:119-23. [PMID: 16413690 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and pregnancy is very rare. We are the first to add to the literature a case report of GIST occurring during pregnancy with immunohistochemical staining for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and progesterone receptor (PgR). A role of PgR and EGFR in tumor growth should not be excluded, and these findings indicate that the expression of these receptors could provide pertinent biological information required to determine adequate therapeutic regimens. In conclusion, considering that GIST occurring during pregnancy is a rare event, with frequent delay in diagnosis, it is important to consider this diagnosis for early recognition, correct diagnosis, and a better outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lanzafame
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Santa Sofia 87 Street, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stangelberger A, Schally AV, Varga JL, Hammann BD, Groot K, Halmos G, Cai RZ, Zarandi M. Antagonists of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and of bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide (BN/GRP) suppress the expression of VEGF, bFGF, and receptors of the EGF/HER family in PC-3 and DU-145 human androgen-independent prostate cancers. Prostate 2005; 64:303-15. [PMID: 15754342 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antagonists of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) as well as antagonists of bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide (BN/GRP) inhibit the growth of various malignancies (cancers) including prostate cancer. METHODS We investigated the effects of GHRH antagonists MZ-J-7-118 and RC-J-29-18, BN/GRP antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3940-Et and the combination of MZ-J-7-118 and RC-3940-II on the growth of PC-3 and DU-145 human androgen independent prostate cancers xenografted s.c. into nude mice. To elucidate the mechanisms of action of these analogs, growth factors like IGF-II (insulin-like growth factor-II), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and epidermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R/HER) family were measured in tumors as well as IGF-I in serum. RESULTS Antagonists of GHRH and BN/GRP alone or in combination significantly inhibited growth of PC-3 and DU-145 tumors, the greatest inhibition of tumor volume being achieved by combination of MZ-J-7-118 (5 microg/day) and RC-3940-II (10 microg/day). BN/GRP and GHRH antagonists and their combination also decreased the expression of VEGF significantly in PC-3 and non-significantly in DU-145, as measured by radioimmunoassay for VEGF protein and RT-PCR for mRNA levels of VEGF. GHRH and BN/GRP antagonists reduced bFGF concentrations and the maximal binding capacity of EGF receptors, and their mRNA levels in PC-3 and DU-145 tumors. mRNA levels for HER-2 and -3 were also diminished in PC-3 tumors by GHRH and BN/GRP antagonists. No changes in HER-4 were found after treatment. Serum IGF-I and tumoral IGF-II levels were not affected by the analogs. CONCLUSIONS BN/GRP and GHRH antagonists inhibit growth of PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancers by suppressing the expression of tumoral growth factors such as VEGF and bFGF as well as the receptors for EGF and related HER-2 and -3. Additive effects on tumor inhibition (TI) in vivo, but not on VEGF, bFGF, or members of the EGF/HER receptor family, can be achieved by the joint administration of both classes of analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Stangelberger
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-1262,USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pereira AS, DiLeone L, Souza FH, Lilla S, Richter M, Schwartsmann G, De Nucci G. Quantification of the bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide antagonist RC-3095 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 816:321-6. [PMID: 15664365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin (BN) and its mammalian equivalent, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), stimulate cell proliferation and are involved in the pathogenesis of several types of human cancer. BN/GRP and their receptors were shown to be critical for the growth of various human malignancies, such as small-cell lung, prostate, ovary, stomach and breast cancers in the human tumor xenograft model. In the present study, a fast, sensitive, robust method was developed for the determination and quantification of a BN/GRP receptor antagonist RC-3095 (D-Tpi-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leupsi(CH2NH)Leu-NH2), in human plasma by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. RC-3095 was extracted from 0.2 ml human plasma by protein precipitation using cold acetonitrile (0.4 ml). The method has a chromatographic run of 10 min using a C(8) analytical column (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) and the linear calibration curve over the range was linear from 20 to 10000 ng ml(-1) (r(2)>0.994). The between-run precision, based on the relative standard deviation replicate quality controls, was 5.7% (60 ng ml(-1)), 7.1% (600 ng ml(-1)) and 6.8% (8000 ng ml(-1)). The between-run accuracy was +/-0.0, 2.1 and 3.1% for the above-mentioned concentrations, respectively. The developed procedure allows the quantitative determination of peptide RC-3095 for pharmacokinetics studies in human plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto S Pereira
- Galeno Research Unit, Latino Coelho St., 1301, Parque Taquaral, 13087-010 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schwartsmann G. Dexamethasone and gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in human lung cells. Lung Cancer 2005; 46:129. [PMID: 15364143 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Roesler R, Lessa D, Venturella R, Vianna MRM, Luft T, Henriques JAP, Izquierdo I, Schwartsmann G. Bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in the basolateral amygdala regulate memory consolidation. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:1041-5. [PMID: 15009151 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several receptor and intracellular signalling systems in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) regulate memory formation. In the present study, we show that bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptors in the BLA are involved in the consolidation of affectively motivated memory. Adult male rats were trained in a single-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task and tested for retention 24 h later. Post-training systemic injection of the bombesin/GRP receptor antagonist (D-Tpi6, Leu13 psi[CH2NH]-Leu14) bombesin (6-14) (RC-3095) impaired memory retention. In rats implanted under thionembutal anaesthesia with guide cannulae aimed at the BLA, post-training bilateral infusion of RC-3095 into the BLA dose-dependently impaired retention. Pre-training unilateral muscimol inactivation of the BLA blocked the memory-impairing effect of post-training systemic administration of RC-3095. The results suggest that bombesin/GRP receptors in the BLA are involved in the consolidation of aversive memory, and the BLA mediates the memory-impairing effect of systemic bombesin/GRP receptor blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Preclinical Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90046-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cai YC, Roggli V, Mark E, Cagle PT, Fraire AE. Transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor in reactive and malignant mesothelial proliferations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004; 128:68-70. [PMID: 14692808 DOI: 10.5858/2004-128-68-tgfaeg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth factors such as transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) play an important role in cell proliferation. The immunohistochemical expression of these factors has been extensively studied in malignant tumors including mesothelioma. However, the comparative expression of these growth factors in mesothelioma and reactive mesothelial proliferations has been less well studied. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible role of TGF-alpha and EGFR in the clinically important distinction between reactive mesothelial proliferations and malignant mesothelioma. METHODS The expression of TGF-alpha and EGFR was studied in 39 cases of mesothelioma and 30 cases of reactive mesothelial proliferations by means of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fourteen (70%) of 20 reactive mesothelial proliferations tested and 29 (76%) of 38 mesotheliomas tested expressed TGF-alpha. One (3%) of 30 reactive mesothelial proliferations and 17 (45%) of 39 mesotheliomas expressed EGFR. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest an up-regulation of EGFR in mesothelioma as compared with reactive mesothelial proliferations. This up-regulation further suggests a possible use of EGFR as an adjunct immunohistochemical test in the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma and reactive mesothelial proliferations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Cai Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lui VWY, Thomas SM, Zhang Q, Wentzel AL, Siegfried JM, Li JY, Grandis JR. Mitogenic effects of gastrin-releasing peptide in head and neck squamous cancer cells are mediated by activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Oncogene 2003; 22:6183-93. [PMID: 13679857 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are characterized by upregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), where EGFR serves as a potential therapeutic target. We previously reported that a gastrin-releasing peptide/gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP/GRPR) autocrine growth pathway is activated early in HNSCC carcinogenesis. In the present study, we examined the mechanism of EGFR activation by GRP/GRPR in HNSCC proliferation. In HNSCC cells that express elevated levels of both GRPR and EGFR, we found that GRP induced rapid phosphorylation of EGFR as well as p44/42-MAPK activation. Using several EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors and cells derived from EGFR knockout mice, we demonstrated that GRP-induced p44/42-MAPK activation was dependent upon EGFR activation. Further investigation demonstrated that cleavage of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) by matrix metalloproteinases mediated GRP-induced MAPK activation. In addition, HNSCC proliferation stimulated by GRP was eliminated upon specific inhibition of EGFR or MEK, and GRP failed to stimulate proliferation in EGFR-deficient cells. These results imply that the mitogenic effects of GRP in HNSCC are mediated by extracellular release of TGF-alpha and require the activation of an EGFR-dependent MEK/MAPK-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Roesler R, Meller CA, Kopschina MI, Souza DO, Henriques JAP, Schwartsmann G. Intrahippocampal infusion of the bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide antagonist RC-3095 impairs inhibitory avoidance retention. Peptides 2003; 24:1069-74. [PMID: 14499286 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(03)00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin (BN)-like peptides regulate cell proliferation and cancer growth as well as neuroendocrine and neural functions. We evaluated the effects of the BN/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonist RC-3095 on memory formation. Male Wistar rats were given a bilateral infusion of saline or RC-3095 (0.2, 1.0 or 5.0 microg) into the dorsal hippocampus either immediately or 2 h after training in an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task. Retention test trials were carried out 1.5 h (short-term memory) and 24 h (long-term memory) after training. RC-3095 impaired both short- and long-term retention only when given immediately after training. The results suggest that the hippocampal BN/GRP receptor system modulates IA memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- School of Pharmacy, The Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), 92420-280 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bajo AM, Schally AV, Krupa M, Hebert F, Groot K, Szepeshazi K. Bombesin antagonists inhibit growth of MDA-MB-435 estrogen-independent breast cancers and decrease the expression of the ErbB-2/HER-2 oncoprotein and c-jun and c-fos oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:3836-41. [PMID: 11891317 PMCID: PMC122610 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.052715299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that antagonists of bombesin (BN)/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) inhibit the growth of various cancers by interfering with the growth-stimulatory effects of BN-like peptides and down-regulating epidermal growth factor receptors on tumors. Because the overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ErbB-2/HER-2/neu) oncogene plays a role in the progression of many breast cancers, we investigated whether BN/GRP antagonists can affect HER-2 in mammary tumors. Female nude mice bearing orthotopic xenografts of MDA-MB-435 human estrogen-independent breast cancers were treated daily with BN/GRP antagonists RC-3095 (20 microg) or RC-3940-II (10 microg) for 6 weeks. The expression of BN/GRP receptors on tumors was analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR and immunoblotting. We also evaluated whether the mRNA expression for the c-jun and c-fos oncogenes is affected by the therapy. Both BN/GRP antagonists significantly inhibited growth of MDA-MB-435 cancers; RC-3095 reduced tumor volume by 40% and RC-3940-II by 65%. The GRP receptors (subtype 1) were detected in MDA-MB-435 tumors, showing that they mediate the inhibitory effect of the antagonists. Tumor inhibition was associated with a substantial reduction in the expression of mRNA and protein levels of the ErbB/HER receptor family as well as with a decrease in the expression of c-jun and c-fos oncogenes. BN/GRP antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3095 could be considered for endocrine therapy of estrogen-independent breast cancers that express members of the ErbB/HER receptor family and the c-jun and c-fos oncogenes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Bombesin/analogs & derivatives
- Bombesin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bombesin/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Epidermal Growth Factor/blood
- Estrogens/physiology
- Female
- Gastrins/blood
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, fos/genetics
- Genes, jun/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Bajo
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schally AV, Comaru-Schally AM, Nagy A, Kovacs M, Szepeshazi K, Plonowski A, Varga JL, Halmos G. Hypothalamic hormones and cancer. Front Neuroendocrinol 2001; 22:248-91. [PMID: 11587553 DOI: 10.1006/frne.2001.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of peptide analogs for the therapy of various cancers is reviewed. Inhibition of the pituitary-gonadal axis forms the basis for oncological applications of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists and antagonists, but direct effects on tumors may also play a role. Analogs of somatostatin are likewise used for treatment of various tumors. Radiolabeled somatostatin analogs have been successfully applied for the localization of tumors expressing somatostatin receptors. Studies on the role of tumoral LH-RH, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH), and bombesin/GRP and their receptors in the proliferation of various tumors are summarized, but the complete elucidation of all the mechanisms involved will require much additional work. Human tumors producing hypothalamic hormones are also discussed. Treatment of many cancers remains a major challenge, but new therapeutic modalities are being developed based on antagonists of GH-RH and bombesin, which inhibit growth factors or their receptors. Other approaches consist of the use of cytotoxic analogs of LH-RH, bombesin, and somatostatin, which can be targeted to receptors for these peptides in various cancers and their metastases. These new classes of peptide analogs should lead to a more effective treatment for various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1601 Perdido Str., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chatzistamou I, Schally AV, Szepeshazi K, Groot K, Hebert F, Arencibia JM. Inhibition of growth of ES-2 human ovarian cancers by bombesin antagonist RC-3095, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix. Cancer Lett 2001; 171:37-45. [PMID: 11485826 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonist RC-3095, and the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist Cetrorelix, administered singly or in combination, on the growth of human ovarian carcinoma cell line ES-2, xenografted into nude mice. RC-3095 at a dose of 20 microg/day and Cetrorelix (100 microg/day), significantly reduced the volume of ES-2 tumors by 63.0% (P<0.01) and 38.0% (P<0.05) respectively, after 44 days of treatment, as compared with controls. The combination of RC-3095 with Cetrorelix inhibited the growth of ES-2 tumors by 66.2% (P<0.01). Serum levels of LH were significantly decreased in the groups treated with Cetrorelix alone and/or in combination with RC-3095. RT-PCR analyses revealed that the expression of mRNA for receptors of GRP (GRPR/BRS-1) and Neuromedin B (NMBR/BRS-2) on tumors was significantly decreased in all the treated groups. The expression of mRNA for epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) on tumors was reduced by 36.5 % (P<0.05) in the animals treated with Cetrorelix and by 72.5% (P<0.05) in the group that received the combination of RC-3095 with Cetrorelix. Our results indicate that the bombesin antagonist RC-3095 and the LH-RH antagonist Cetrorelix inhibit effectively the growth of ES-2 ovarian cancers in nude mice. These antagonists and their combination could be considered for the therapy of patients with ovarian cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Bombesin/analogs & derivatives
- Bombesin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bombesin/pharmacology
- Bombesin/therapeutic use
- ErbB Receptors/biosynthesis
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Female
- Gastrin-Releasing Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/analogs & derivatives
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Luteinizing Hormone/blood
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Bombesin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Bombesin/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Chatzistamou
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1601 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chatzistamou I, Schally AV, Sun B, Armatis P, Szepeshazi K. Inhibition of growth of OV-1063 human epithelial ovarian cancers and c- jun and c- fos oncogene expression by bombesin antagonists. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:906-13. [PMID: 10970693 PMCID: PMC2374679 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors for bombesin are present on human ovarian cancers and bombesin-like peptides could function as growth factors in this carcinoma. Therefore, we investigated the effects of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3095 on the growth of human ovarian carcinoma cell line OV-1063, xenografted into nude mice. Treatment with RC-3940-II at doses of 10 microg and 20 microg per day s.c. decreased tumour volume by 60.9% (P< 0.05) and 73.5% (P< 0.05) respectively, after 25 days, compared to controls. RC-3095 at a dose of 20 microg per day reduced the volume of OV-1063 tumours by 47.7% (P = 0.15). In comparison, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist Cetrorelix at a dose of 100 microg per day caused a 64.2% inhibition (P< 0.05). RT-PCR analysis showed that OV-1063 tumours expressed mRNA for bombesin receptor subtypes BRS-1, BRS-2, and BRS-3. In OV-1063 cells cultured in vitro, GRP(14-27) induced the expression of mRNA for c- jun and c- fos oncogenes in a time-dependent manner. Antagonist RC-3940-II inhibited the stimulatory effect of GRP(14-27) on c- jun and c- fos in vitro. In vivo, the levels of c- jun and c- fos mRNA in OV-1063 tumours were decreased by 43% (P< 0.05) and 45% (P = 0. 05) respectively, after treatment with RC-3940-II at 20 microg per day. Exposure of OV-1063, UCI-107 and ES-2 ovarian carcinoma cells to RC-3940-II at 1 microM concentration for 24 h in vitro, extended the latency period for the development of palpable tumours in nude mice. Our results indicate that antagonists of bombesin/GRP inhibit the growth of OV-1063 ovarian cancers by mechanisms that probably involve the downregulation of c- jun and c- fos proto-oncogenes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Bombesin/analogs & derivatives
- Bombesin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bombesin/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Epithelium/pathology
- Female
- Gastrin-Releasing Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genes, fos/drug effects
- Genes, fos/genetics
- Genes, jun/drug effects
- Genes, jun/genetics
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/analogs & derivatives
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Bombesin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Bombesin/classification
- Receptors, Bombesin/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Chatzistamou
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Section of Experimental Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kahán Z, Sun B, Schally AV, Arencibia JM, Cai RZ, Groot K, Halmos G. Inhibition of growth of MDA-MB-468 estrogen-independent human breast carcinoma by bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide antagonists RC-3095 and RC-3940-II. Cancer 2000; 88:1384-92. [PMID: 10717621 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000315)88:6<1384::aid-cncr16>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth of breast carcinoma is promoted by autocrine growth factors such as the bombesin (BN)-like peptides and epidermal growth factor (EGF). The stimulatory action of BN-like peptides can be blocked by the use of BN/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonists. METHODS The authors investigated the effects of synthetic BN/GRP antagonists RC-3095 and RC-3940-II on tumor growth and the expression of mRNA for EGF receptors and three BN receptor subtypes in MDA-MB-468 human breast carcinoma. Athymic nude mice with xenografts of MDA-MB-468 human breast carcinoma were injected subcutaneously for 6 weeks with RC-3940-II at doses of 20 or 40 microg/day. In another study, the effects of RC-3940-II and RC-3095 were compared. RESULTS RC-3940-II caused a significant and dose-dependent growth inhibition of MDA-MB-468 tumors in nude mice; therapy with either dose of RC-3940-II significantly (P<0.01) reduced the mean final tumor volume and weight compared with controls. RC-3940-II induced a persistent regression of > 50% of all tumors. One of 3 tumors treated with 20 microg of RC-3940-II and 3 of 5 tumors treated with 40 microg were found to have regressed completely by the end of the study. When RC-3940-II and RC-3095 were compared at the dose of 20 microg/day, both powerfully suppressed growth of MDA-MB-468 tumors, with RC-3940-II causing a complete regression of 2 tumors and RC-3095 a complete regression of 1 tumor. Receptor analyses of untreated MDA-MB-468 tumors revealed an overexpression of EGF receptors and two classes of binding sites for BN/GRP. mRNAs for receptors of GRP, neuromedin B, and BN receptor subtype-3 were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS A virtual arrest of growth or regression of MDA-MB-468 human breast carcinoma after therapy with RC-3940-II and RC-3095 indicates that these BN/GRP antagonists could provide a new treatment modality for breast tumors expressing BN and EGF receptors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Bombesin/administration & dosage
- Bombesin/analogs & derivatives
- Bombesin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bombesin/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- ErbB Receptors/drug effects
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Female
- Gastrin-Releasing Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neurokinin B/analogs & derivatives
- Neurokinin B/drug effects
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- Receptors, Bombesin/classification
- Receptors, Bombesin/drug effects
- Receptors, Bombesin/genetics
- Remission Induction
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Kahán
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|