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Bayanova M, Abilova A, Nauryzbayeva A, Turarbekova Z. Delayed Diagnosis of Perrault Syndrome: A Rare Genetic Disorder. Case Rep Med 2024; 2024:5319443. [PMID: 38249302 PMCID: PMC10798831 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5319443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Perrault syndrome (PRLTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder which is associated with pathogenic variants in HSD17B4, HARS2, CLPP, LARS2, GGPS1, RMND1, TWNK, ERAL1, and PRORP genes. The disease is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, sometimes with neurological signs, including progressive sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, mild mental retardation, and ovarian dysgenesis in females. In this article, we report a case of a child diagnosed with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Determination of the segregation status of the parents of a proband with a rare compound heterozygote in the gene HSD17B4 will help the genetic counselling for the prognosis of Perrault syndrome in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirgul Bayanova
- “University Medical Center” Corporate Fund, Kerey, Zhanibek Khandar Str. 5/1, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigerim Abilova
- “University Medical Center” Corporate Fund, Kerey, Zhanibek Khandar Str. 5/1, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Alisa Nauryzbayeva
- “University Medical Center” Corporate Fund, Kerey, Zhanibek Khandar Str. 5/1, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhibek Turarbekova
- “University Medical Center” Corporate Fund, Kerey, Zhanibek Khandar Str. 5/1, Astana, Kazakhstan
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Microbiota Perturbation or Elimination Can Inhibit Normal Development and Elicit a Starvation-Like Response in an Omnivorous Model Invertebrate. mSystems 2021; 6:e0080221. [PMID: 34427529 PMCID: PMC8407121 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00802-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Omnivorous animals, including humans, harbor diverse, species-rich gut communities that impact their growth, development, and homeostasis. Model invertebrates are broadly accessible experimental platforms that enable linking specific species or species groups to host phenotypes, yet often their specialized diets and distinct gut microbiota make them less comparable to human and other mammalian and gut communities. The omnivorous cockroach Periplaneta americana harbors ∼4 × 102 bacterial genera within its digestive tract and is enriched with taxa commonly found in omnivorous mammals (i.e., Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes). These features make P. americana a valuable platform for identifying microbe-mediated host phenotypes with potential translations to mammals. Rearing P. americana insects under germfree conditions resulted in prolonging development time by ∼30% and an up to ∼8% reduction in body size along three dimensions. Germfree rearing resulted in downregulation of gene networks involved in growth, energy homeostasis, and nutrient availability. Reintroduction of a defined microbiota comprised of a subset of P. americana commensals to germfree insects did not recover normal growth and developmental phenotypes or transcriptional profiles observed in conventionally reared insects. These results are in contrast with specialist-feeding model insects (e.g., Drosophila), where introduction of a single endemic bacterial species to germfree condition-reared specimens recovered normal host phenotypes. These data suggest that understanding microbe-mediated host outcomes in animals with species-rich communities should include models that typically maintain similarly diverse microbiomes. The dramatic transcriptional, developmental, and morphological phenotypes linked to gut microbiome status in this study illustrates how microbes are key players in animal growth and evolution. IMPORTANCE Broadly accessible model organisms are essential for illustrating how microbes are engaged in the growth, development, and evolution of animals. We report that germfree rearing of omnivorous Periplaneta americana cockroaches resulted in growth defects and severely disrupted gene networks that regulate development, which highlights the importance of gut microbiota in these host processes. Absence of gut microbiota elicited a starvation-like transcriptional response in which growth and development were inhibited while nutrient scavenging was enhanced. Additionally, reintroduction of a subset of cockroach gut bacterial commensals did not broadly recover normal expression patterns, illustrating that a particular microbiome composition may be necessary for normal host development. Invertebrate microbiota model systems that enable disentangling complex, species-rich communities are essential for linking microbial taxa to specific host phenotypes.
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Matsuda Y, Morino H, Miyamoto R, Kurashige T, Kume K, Mizuno N, Kanaya Y, Tada Y, Ohsawa R, Yokota K, Shimozawa N, Maruyama H, Kawakami H. Biallelic mutation of HSD17B4 induces middle age-onset spinocerebellar ataxia. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 6:e396. [PMID: 32042923 PMCID: PMC6975179 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the genetic underpinnings of slowly progressive spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive (SCAR), we performed exome analysis and examined the relationship between clinical severity and functional change induced by the mutation. Methods Homozygosity fingerprinting and exome sequencing were performed to identify causative mutations in 2 consanguineous families. We assessed the expression of D-bifunctional protein (DBP) and the amount of dimerized DBP in fibroblasts by immunoblot and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The pathogenicity of the mutation was evaluated using the Combined Annotation-Dependent Depletion (CADD) scores; these results were compared with the scores of previously reported mutations. Results We identified a homozygous mutation as causative of middle age–onset SCAR: p.Ala175Thr, which is located in HSD17B4 that encodes peroxisomal DBP. The patients developed cerebellar ataxia, and the subsequent progression was slow. The symptoms presented were milder than those in previously reported cases. The messenger RNA expression levels were normal, but protein levels were diminished. Dimerization of DBP was also reduced. The CADD score of the identified mutation was lower than those of previously reported mutations. Conclusions This is the report of middle age–onset DBP deficiency. Residual functional DBP caused relatively mild symptoms in the affected patients, i.e., slowly progressive ataxia and hearing loss. This study broadens the scope of DBP deficiency phenotypes and indicates that CADD scores may be used to estimate the severity of DBP deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Matsuda
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morino
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurashige
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kodai Kume
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kanaya
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Yui Tada
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ohsawa
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yokota
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hideshi Kawakami
- Department of Epidemiology (Y.M., H. Morino, K.K., Y.K., Y.T., R.O., H.K.), Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.M.), Tokyo; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.M.), Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokushima University; the Department of Neurology (T.K.), National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center; the Department of Periodontal Medicine (N.M.), Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University; the Department of Plastic Surgery (K.Y.), Hiroshima University Hospital; the Division of Genomics Research (N.S.), Life Science Research Center, Gifu University; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics (H. Maruyama), Hiroshima University, Japan
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Wanders RJA, Vaz FM, Waterham HR, Ferdinandusse S. Fatty Acid Oxidation in Peroxisomes: Enzymology, Metabolic Crosstalk with Other Organelles and Peroxisomal Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:55-70. [PMID: 33417207 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes play a central role in metabolism as exemplified by the fact that many genetic disorders in humans have been identified through the years in which there is an impairment in one or more of these peroxisomal functions, in most cases associated with severe clinical signs and symptoms. One of the key functions of peroxisomes is the β-oxidation of fatty acids which differs from the oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria in many respects which includes the different substrate specificities of the two organelles. Whereas mitochondria are the main site of oxidation of medium-and long-chain fatty acids, peroxisomes catalyse the β-oxidation of a distinct set of fatty acids, including very-long-chain fatty acids, pristanic acid and the bile acid intermediates di- and trihydroxycholestanoic acid. Peroxisomes require the functional alliance with multiple subcellular organelles to fulfil their role in metabolism. Indeed, peroxisomes require the functional interaction with lysosomes, lipid droplets and the endoplasmic reticulum, since these organelles provide the substrates oxidized in peroxisomes. On the other hand, since peroxisomes lack a citric acid cycle as well as respiratory chain, oxidation of the end-products of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation notably acetyl-CoA, and different medium-chain acyl-CoAs, to CO2 and H2O can only occur in mitochondria. The same is true for the reoxidation of NADH back to NAD+. There is increasing evidence that these interactions between organelles are mediated by tethering proteins which bring organelles together in order to allow effective exchange of metabolites. It is the purpose of this review to describe the current state of knowledge about the role of peroxisomes in fatty acid oxidation, the transport of metabolites across the peroxisomal membrane, its functional interaction with other subcellular organelles and the disorders of peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation identified so far in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases and Emma Children's hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases and Emma Children's hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases and Emma Children's hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases and Emma Children's hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Potential Involvement of Peroxisome in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease : Peroxisome and Neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:91-104. [PMID: 33417210 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomopathies are rare diseases due to dysfunctions of the peroxisome in which this organelle is either absent or with impaired activities. These diseases, at the exception of type I hyperoxaluria and acatalasaemia, affect the central and peripheral nervous system. Due to the significant impact of peroxisomal abnormalities on the functioning of nerve cells, this has led to an interest in peroxisome in common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. In these diseases, a role of the peroxisome is suspected on the basis of the fatty acid and phospholipid profile in the biological fluids and the brains of patients. It is also speculated that peroxisomal dysfunctions could contribute to oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations which are recognized as major players in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on clinical and in vitro studies, the data obtained support a potential role of peroxisome in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis.
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Hiltunen JK, Kastaniotis AJ, Autio KJ, Jiang G, Chen Z, Glumoff T. 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases as acyl thioester metabolizing enzymes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:107-118. [PMID: 30508570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD17B) catalyze the oxidation/reduction of 17β-hydroxy/keto group in position C17 in C18- and C19 steroids. Most HSD17Bs are also catalytically active with substrates other than steroids. A subset of these enzymes is able to process thioesters of carboxylic acids. This group of enzymes includes HSD17B4, HSD17B8, HSD17B10 and HSD17B12, which execute reactions in intermediary metabolism, participating in peroxisomal β-oxidation of fatty acids, mitochondrial oxidation of 3R-hydroxyacyl-groups, breakdown of isoleucine and fatty acid chain elongation in endoplasmic reticulum. Divergent substrate acceptance capabilities exemplify acquirement of catalytic site adaptiveness during evolution. As an additional common feature these HSD17Bs are multifunctional enzymes that arose either via gene fusions (HSD17B4) or are incorporated as subunits into multifunctional protein complexes (HSD17B8 and HSD17B10). Crystal structures of HSD17B4, HSD17B8 and HSD17B10 give insight into their structure-function relationships. Thus far, deficiencies of HSD17B4 and HSD17B10 have been assigned to inborn errors in humans, underlining their significance as enzymes of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kalervo Hiltunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
| | | | - Kaija J Autio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Guangyu Jiang
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Tuomo Glumoff
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Tsachaki M, Odermatt A. Subcellular localization and membrane topology of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:98-106. [PMID: 30864548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) comprise enzymes initially identified by their ability to interconvert active and inactive forms of sex steroids, a vital process for the tissue-specific control of estrogen and androgen balance. However, most 17β-HSDs have now been shown to accept substrates other than sex steroids, including bile acids, retinoids and fatty acids, thereby playing unanticipated roles in cell physiology. This functional divergence is often reflected by their different subcellular localization, with 17β-HSDs found in the cytosol, peroxisome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and in lipid droplets. Moreover, a subset of 17β-HSDs are integral membrane proteins, with their specific topology dictating the cellular compartment in which they exert their enzymatic activity. Here, we summarize the present knowledge on the subcellular localization and membrane topology of the 17β-HSD enzymes and discuss the correlation with their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsachaki
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
West syndrome (WS) is an early life epileptic encephalopathy associated with infantile spasms, interictal electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities including high amplitude, disorganized background with multifocal epileptic spikes (hypsarrhythmia), and often neurodevelopmental impairments. Approximately 64% of the patients have structural, metabolic, genetic, or infectious etiologies and, in the rest, the etiology is unknown. Here we review the contribution of etiologies due to various metabolic disorders in the pathology of WS. These may include metabolic errors in organic molecules involved in amino acid and glucose metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, metal metabolism, pyridoxine deficiency or dependency, or acidurias in organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes. We discuss the biochemical, clinical, and EEG features of these disorders as well as the evidence of how they may be implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of WS. The early recognition of these etiologies in some cases may permit early interventions that may improve the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Salar
- Laboratory of Developmental EpilepsySaul R. Korey Department of NeurologyMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
| | - Solomon L. Moshé
- Laboratory of Developmental EpilepsySaul R. Korey Department of NeurologyMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of NeuroscienceMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
- Department of PediatricsMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
| | - Aristea S. Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental EpilepsySaul R. Korey Department of NeurologyMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of NeuroscienceMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
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Abstract
The heart failure accounts for the highest mortality rate all over the world. The development of preventive therapeutic approaches is still in their infancy. Owing to the extremely high energy demand of the heart, the bioenergetics pathways need to respond efficiently based on substrate availability. The metabolic regulation of such heart bioenergetics is mediated by various rate limiting enzymes involved in energy metabolism. Although all the pertinent mechanisms are not clearly understood, the progressive decline in the activity of metabolic enzymes leading to diminished ATP production is known to cause progression of the heart failure. Therefore, metabolic therapy that can maintain the appropriate activities of metabolic enzymes can be a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of the heart failure. The flavonoids that constitute various human dietary ingredients also effectively offer a variety of health benefits. The flavonoids target a variety of metabolic enzymes and facilitate effective management of the equilibrium between production and utilization of energy in the heart. This review discusses the broad impact of metabolic enzymes in the heart functions and explains how the dysregulated enzyme activity causes the heart failure. In addition, the prospects of targeting dysregulated metabolic enzymes by developing flavonoid-based metabolic approaches are discussed.
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11
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Ko HK, Berk M, Chung YM, Willard B, Bareja R, Rubin M, Sboner A, Sharifi N. Loss of an Androgen-Inactivating and Isoform-Specific HSD17B4 Splice Form Enables Emergence of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cell Rep 2018; 22:809-819. [PMID: 29346776 PMCID: PMC5798464 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) requires tumors to engage metabolic mechanisms that allow sustained testosterone and/or dihydrotestosterone to stimulate progression. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 (17βHSD4), encoded by HSD17B4, is thought to inactivate testosterone and dihydrotestosterone by converting them to their respective inert 17-keto steroids. Counterintuitively, HSD17B4 expression increases in CRPC and predicts poor prognosis. Here, we show that, of five alternative splice forms, only isoform 2 encodes an enzyme capable of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone inactivation. In contrast with other transcripts, functional expression of isoform 2 is specifically suppressed in development of CRPC in patients. Genetically silencing isoform 2 shifts the metabolic balance toward 17β-OH androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone), stimulating androgen receptor (AR) and CRPC development. Our studies specifically implicate HSD17B4 isoform 2 loss in lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Ko
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Berk
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yoon-Mi Chung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark Rubin
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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12
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Demain LAM, Urquhart JE, O'Sullivan J, Williams SG, Bhaskar SS, Jenkinson EM, Lourenco CM, Heiberg A, Pearce SH, Shalev SA, Yue WW, Mackinnon S, Munro KJ, Newbury-Ecob R, Becker K, Kim MJ, O' Keefe RT, Newman WG. Expanding the genotypic spectrum of Perrault syndrome. Clin Genet 2016; 91:302-312. [PMID: 26970254 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Perrault syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in both sexes and primary ovarian insufficiency in 46, XX karyotype females. Biallelic variants in five genes are reported to be causative: HSD17B4, HARS2, LARS2, CLPP and C10orf2. Here we present eight families affected by Perrault syndrome. In five families we identified novel or previously reported variants in HSD17B4, LARS2, CLPP and C10orf2. The proband from each family was whole exome sequenced and variants confirmed by Sanger sequencing. A female was compound heterozygous for a known, p.(Gly16Ser) and novel, p.(Val82Phe) variant in D-bifunctional protein (HSD17B4). A family was homozygous for mitochondrial leucyl aminocyl tRNA synthetase (mtLeuRS) (LARS2) p.(Thr522Asn), previously associated with Perrault syndrome. A further family was compound heterozygous for mtLeuRS, p.(Thr522Asn) and a novel variant, p.(Met117Ile). Affected individuals with LARS2 variants had low frequency SNHL, a feature previously described in Perrault syndrome. A female with significant neurological disability was compound heterozygous for p.(Arg323Gln) and p.(Asn399Ser) variants in Twinkle (C10orf2). A male was homozygous for a novel variant in CLPP, p.(Cys144Arg). In three families there were no putative pathogenic variants in these genes confirming additional disease-causing genes remain unidentified. We have expanded the spectrum of disease-causing variants associated with Perrault syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A M Demain
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J E Urquhart
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J O'Sullivan
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S G Williams
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S S Bhaskar
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E M Jenkinson
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C M Lourenco
- Clinics Hospital of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Heiberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - S H Pearce
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; and Endocrine Department, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S A Shalev
- The Institute for Genetics, Ha'Emek Medical Centre, Afula, Israel.,Rapapport faculty of Medicine, Technion Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - W W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Mackinnon
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K J Munro
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - R Newbury-Ecob
- Clinical Genetics, St Michaels Hospital, Bristol Genetics Laboratory Pathology Sciences, Southmead Hospital Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K Becker
- Medical Genetics Center, Munich, Germany
| | - M J Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - R T O' Keefe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - W G Newman
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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13
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Butkiewicz M, Bush WS. In Silico Functional Annotation of Genomic Variation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2016; 88:6.15.1-6.15.17. [PMID: 26724722 PMCID: PMC4722816 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg0615s88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes the concepts and practical techniques for annotating genomic variants in the human genome to estimate their functional significance. With the rapid increase of available whole exome and whole genome sequencing information for human studies, annotation techniques have become progressively more important for highlighting and prioritizing nucleotide variants and their potential impact on genes and other genetic constructs. Here, we present an overview of different types of variant annotation approaches and elaborate on their foundations, assumptions, and the downstream consequences of their use. Computational approaches and tools to assign annotations and to identify variants are reviewed. Further, the general philosophy of assigning potential function to a genetic change within the biological context of a disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Butkiewicz
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - William S Bush
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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14
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"Role of peroxisomes in human lipid metabolism and its importance for neurological development". Neurosci Lett 2015; 637:11-17. [PMID: 26095698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes play a crucial role in normal neurological development as exemplified by the devastating neurological consequences of a defect in the biogenesis of peroxisomes as in Zellweger syndrome. The underlying basis for the important role of peroxisomes in neurological development resides in the fact that peroxisomes catalyze a number of physiological functions, notably involving the metabolism of different lipids. Indeed, peroxisomes catalyse the beta-oxidative breakdown of certain fatty acids including: (1.) the very long-chain fatty acids C22:0, C24:0, and C26:0; (2.) pristanic acid and (3.) the bile acid intermediates di- and trihydroxycholestanoic acid which cannot be oxidized in mitochondria. Furthermore, peroxisomes catalyze the synthesis of a particular type of lipids, i.e. ether-linked phospholipids, which are highly abundant in brain, especially in myelin. The current state of knowledge with respect to the metabolic role of peroxisomes will be described in this paper with particular emphasis on the role of peroxisomes in brain.
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15
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Peroxisomal D-bifunctional protein deficiency: First case reports from Slovakia. Gene 2015; 568:61-8. [PMID: 25967389 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
D-bifunctional protein deficiency (#OMIM 261515) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary metabolic disorder causing severe clinical and biochemical abnormalities that are usually fatal in the course of the first years of life. This disease is classified as single enzyme peroxisomal disorder affecting the β-oxidation pathway in this compartment. In this paper we present a full overview of the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging, biochemical and molecular data of two Slovak D-bifunctional protein deficient patients. In the clinical presentation of both patients severe generalized hypotonia, depression of neonatal reflexes, craniofacial dysmorphism and seizures dominated starting from the second day of life. In both patients, who died up to two years of life, we found elevated plasma levels of very long chain fatty acids and we identified the presence of causative mutations in the HSD17B4 gene. In the first case, we found the homozygous mutation c.46G>A, which is responsible for a defect in the dehydrogenase domain. In the second patient, the heterozygous mutations c.1369A>G and c.1516C>T were present and functionally they are related to the hydratase domain of the protein. This combination of mutations in the second patient is very rare and has not been reported until now. The presence of mutations was examined in all family members, and the resulting data were successfully utilized for prenatal diagnosis.
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16
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Determination of the topology of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins using redox-sensitive green-fluorescence protein fusions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1672-82. [PMID: 25889538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are involved in a wide array of essential cellular functions. Identification of the topology of membrane proteins can provide significant insight into their mechanisms of action and biological roles. This is particularly important for membrane enzymes, since their topology determines the subcellular site where a biochemical reaction takes place and the dependence on luminal or cytosolic co-factor pools and substrates. The methods currently available for the determination of topology of proteins are rather laborious and require post-lysis or post-fixation manipulation of cells. In this work, we have developed a simple method for defining intracellular localization and topology of ER membrane proteins in living cells, based on the fusion of the respective protein with redox-sensitive green-fluorescent protein (roGFP). We validated the method and demonstrated that roGFP fusion proteins constitute a reliable tool for the study of ER membrane protein topology, using as control microsomal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) proteins whose topology has been resolved, and comparing with an independent approach. We then implemented this method to determine the membrane topology of six microsomal members of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) family. The results revealed a luminal orientation of the catalytic site for three enzymes, i.e. 17β-HSD6, 7 and 12. Knowledge of the intracellular location of the catalytic site of these enzymes will enable future studies on their biological functions and on the role of the luminal co-factor pool.
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17
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Dittrich-Domergue F, Joubès J, Moreau P, Lessire R, Stymne S, Domergue F. The bifunctional protein TtFARAT from Tetrahymena thermophila catalyzes the formation of both precursors required to initiate ether lipid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21984-94. [PMID: 24917677 PMCID: PMC4139215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of ether lipids and wax esters requires as precursors fatty alcohols, which are synthesized by fatty acyl reductases (FARs). The presence of ether glycerolipids as well as branched wax esters has been reported in several free-living ciliate protozoa. In the genome of Tetrahymena thermophila, the only ORF sharing similarities with FARs is fused to an acyltransferase-like domain, whereas, in most other organisms, FARs are monofunctional proteins of similar size and domain structure. Here, we used heterologous expression in plant and yeast to functionally characterize the activities catalyzed by this protozoan protein. Transient expression in tobacco epidermis of a truncated form fused to the green fluorescence protein followed by confocal microscopy analysis suggested peroxisomal localization. In vivo approaches conducted in yeast indicated that the N-terminal FAR-like domain produced both 16:0 and 18:0 fatty alcohols, whereas the C-terminal acyltransferase-like domain was able to rescue the lethal phenotype of the yeast double mutant gat1Δ gat2Δ. Using in vitro approaches, we further demonstrated that this domain is a dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase that uses preferentially 16:0-coenzyme A as an acyl donor. Finally, coexpression in yeast with the alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase from T. thermophila resulted the detection of various glycerolipids with an ether bond, indicating reconstitution of the ether lipid biosynthetic pathway. Together, these results demonstrate that this FAR-like protein is peroxisomal and bifunctional, providing both substrates required by alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase to initiate ether lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dittrich-Domergue
- From the Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, and
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- From the Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, and
| | - Patrick Moreau
- From the Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, and
| | - René Lessire
- From the Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, and
| | - Sten Stymne
- the Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O.B. 101, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- From the Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33000 Bordeaux, France, and
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18
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Wanders RJ. Metabolic functions of peroxisomes in health and disease. Biochimie 2014; 98:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Kim YI, Bhandari S, Lee JN, Yoo KW, Kim SJ, Oh GS, Kim HJ, Cho M, Kwak JY, So HS, Park R, Choe SK. Developmental roles of D-bifunctional protein-A zebrafish model of peroxisome dysfunction. Mol Cells 2014; 37:74-80. [PMID: 24552713 PMCID: PMC3907007 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome is an intracellular organelle that responds dynamically to environmental changes. Various model organisms have been used to study the roles of peroxisomal proteins in maintaining cellular homeostasis. By taking advantage of the zebrafish model whose early stage of embryogenesis is dependent on yolk components, we examined the developmental roles of the D-bifunctional protein (Dbp), an essential enzyme in the peroxisomal β-oxidation. The knockdown of dbp in zebrafish phenocopied clinical manifestations of its deficiency in human, including defective craniofacial morphogenesis, growth retardation, and abnormal neuronal development. Overexpression of murine Dbp rescued the morphological phenotypes induced by dbp knockdown, indicative of conserved roles of Dbp during zebrafish and mammalian development. Knockdown of dbp impaired normal development of blood, blood vessels, and most strikingly, endoderm-derived organs including the liver and pancreas - a phenotype not reported elsewhere in connection with peroxisome dysfunction. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that zebrafish might be a useful model animal to study the role of peroxisomes during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Il Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
| | - Sushil Bhandari
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
| | - Joon No Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
| | - Kyeong-Won Yoo
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
- Immune-network Pioneer Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714,
Korea
| | - Se-Jin Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
| | - Gi-Su Oh
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
| | - Meyoung Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gunsan Medical Center, Gunsan 573-713
Korea
| | - Jong-Young Kwak
- Immune-network Pioneer Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714,
Korea
| | - Hong-Seob So
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
| | - Raekil Park
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749,
Korea
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20
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Quaternary structure of human, Drosophila melanogaster
and Caenorhabditis elegans
MFE-2 in solution from synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:305-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Mehtälä ML, Lensink MF, Pietikäinen LP, Hiltunen JK, Glumoff T. On the molecular basis of D-bifunctional protein deficiency type III. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53688. [PMID: 23308274 PMCID: PMC3538638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular basis of D-bifunctional protein (D-BP) deficiency was studied with wild type and five disease-causing variants of 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase fragment of the human MFE-2 (multifunctional enzyme type 2) protein. Complementation analysis in vivo in yeast and in vitro enzyme kinetic and stability determinants as well as in silico stability and structural fluctuation calculations were correlated with clinical data of known patients. Despite variations not affecting the catalytic residues, enzyme kinetic performance (K(m), V(max) and k(cat)) of the recombinant protein variants were compromised to a varying extent and this can be judged as the direct molecular cause for D-BP deficiency. Protein stability plays an additional role in producing non-functionality of MFE-2 in case structural variations affect cofactor or substrate binding sites. Structure-function considerations of the variant proteins matched well with the available data of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija L. Mehtälä
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marc F. Lensink
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute, CNRS, Theoretical and Computational Molecular Biology, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Laura P. Pietikäinen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J. Kalervo Hiltunen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo Glumoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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22
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Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Xu K, Wetzel M, Perspicace E, Negri M, Meyer A, Odermatt A, Möller G, Adamski J, Hartmann RW. Structural Optimization of 2,5-Thiophene Amides as Highly Potent and Selective 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. J Med Chem 2012; 56:167-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3014053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marie Wetzel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Enrico Perspicace
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias Negri
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Arne Meyer
- Division of Molecular and Systems
Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, CH-4056 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems
Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, CH-4056 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Genome Analysis
Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Genome Analysis
Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle
Genetik, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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23
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Tsuchida S, Kawamoto K, Endo N, Nunome K, Hamaue N, Aoki T. Hydratase activities of green fluorescent protein tagged human multifunctional enzyme type 2 hydratase domain and its variants. J Oleo Sci 2012; 61:443-50. [PMID: 22864515 DOI: 10.5650/jos.61.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to clarify the physiological significance of stereospecificities of peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme (MFE) type 1 (MFE1) and MFE2, we developed a chiral separation analysis for 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a chiral separation column. To demonstrate the utility of this technique, we cloned the hydratase domain from wild-type human MFE2 hydratase (MFE2Hwt) and expressed it as a GFP-tagged protein (GFP-MFE2Hwt) in Escherichia coli (E. coli). GFP-MFE2H was purified by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Sephacel from an E. coli sonication solution. As anticipated, we observed the formation of 3R-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA (3R-OH-16-CoA) on the HPLC chromatogram after incubating trans-2-enoyl-CoA (16eno-CoA) with GFP-MFE2Hwt. GFP-MFE2Hwt was readily purifiable and could be assayed because of its traceability. We used site-directed mutagenesis to construct GFP-MFE2H variants corresponding to 17 reported MFE2H missense mutations and measured their hydratase activities using our HPLC method. Hydratase activity was completely lost or markedly decreased in the same variants corresponding to MFE2H mutations in patients with D-bifunctional protein (DBP) deficiency type II. On the other hand, the nonpathological variants did not markedly affect hydratase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirou Tsuchida
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobestu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
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SILEC: a protocol for generating and using isotopically labeled coenzyme A mass spectrometry standards. Nat Protoc 2011; 7:1-12. [PMID: 22157971 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope labeling by essential nutrients in cell culture (SILEC) was recently developed to generate isotopically labeled coenzyme A (CoA) and short-chain acyl-CoA thioesters. This was accomplished by modifying the widely used technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture to include [(13)C(3)(15)N]-pantothenate (vitamin B(5)), a CoA precursor, instead of the isotopically labeled amino acids. The lack of a de novo pantothenate synthesis pathway allowed for efficient and near-complete labeling of the measured CoA species. This protocol provides a step-by-step approach for generating stable isotope-labeled short-chain acyl-CoA internal standards in mammalian and insect cells as well as instructions on how to use them in stable isotope dilution mass spectrometric-based analyses. Troubleshooting guidelines, as well as a list of unlabeled and labeled CoA species, are also included. This protocol represents a prototype for generating stable isotope internal standards from labeled essential nutrients such as pantothenate. The generation and use of SILEC standards takes approximately 2-3 weeks.
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25
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MR imaging workup of inborn errors of metabolism of early postnatal onset. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2011; 19:733-59; vii. [PMID: 22082735 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immediate or early postnatal onset forms of neurometabolic disorders represent a clinically important subgroup because these often present as a life-threatening episode of metabolic decompensation shortly after birth. This article focuses on this group of diseases, often referred to as "devastating neurometabolic diseases" of the newborn. Awareness of the most common entities and their clinical, biochemical, and diagnostic imaging manifestations is important because if undiagnosed and untreated, the diseases may have catastrophic consequences. Although formal diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, diagnostic imaging is often pivotal in both reaching the correct diagnosis and/or orienting further targeted investigative efforts.
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Wetzel M, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Perspicace E, Möller G, Adamski J, Hartmann RW. Introduction of an Electron Withdrawing Group on the Hydroxyphenylnaphthol Scaffold Improves the Potency of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 (17β-HSD2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7547-57. [PMID: 21972996 DOI: 10.1021/jm2008453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriele Möller
- Genome Analysis Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Genome Analysis Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle
Genetik, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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27
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Tsuchida S, Kawamoto K, Nunome K, Hamaue N, Hui SP, Murai T, Aoki T, Kurosawa T. Chiral separation, determination of absolute configuration, and high-performance liquid chromatography detection of enantiomeric 3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA. J Oleo Sci 2011; 60:87-92. [PMID: 21263204 DOI: 10.5650/jos.60.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase catalyzes the hydration of 2-enoyl-CoA to yield 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation. However, the stereospecificities of these hydratases differ from each other. To provide clear evidence of the stereospecificities of hydratases, the absolute configuration of 3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoAs was determined, and they were subjected to a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral separation column. The retention time of 3(R)-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA was shorter than that of 3(S)-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA. The HPLC analysis carried out using a chiral separation column is considered to be useful for the study of enoyl-CoA hydratase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirou Tsuchida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
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28
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Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 from the fruitfly: dehydrogenase and hydratase act as separate entities, as revealed by structure and kinetics. Biochem J 2011; 435:771-81. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
All of the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathways characterized thus far house at least one MFE (multifunctional enzyme) catalysing two out of four reactions of the spiral. MFE type 2 proteins from various species display great variation in domain composition and predicted substrate preference. The gene CG3415 encodes for Drosophila melanogaster MFE-2 (DmMFE-2), complements the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MFE-2 deletion strain, and the recombinant protein displays both MFE-2 enzymatic activities in vitro. The resolved crystal structure is the first one for a full-length MFE-2 revealing the assembly of domains, and the data can also be transferred to structure–function studies for other MFE-2 proteins. The structure explains the necessity of dimerization. The lack of substrate channelling is proposed based on both the structural features, as well as by the fact that hydration and dehydrogenation activities of MFE-2, if produced as separate enzymes, are equally efficient in catalysis as the full-length MFE-2.
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29
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Grønborg S, Krätzner R, Spiegler J, Ferdinandusse S, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Gärtner J. Typical cMRI pattern as diagnostic clue for D-bifunctional protein deficiency without apparent biochemical abnormalities in plasma. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 152A:2845-9. [PMID: 20949532 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
D-bifunctional protein deficiency (DBPD) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a defect in peroxisomal β-oxidation. The majority of patients suffer from a severe neurological disease with neonatal hypotonia and seizures and die within the first 2 years of life. Few patients show milder clinical phenotypes with prolonged survival. The diagnosis relies on the clinical presentation, measurement of peroxisomal markers, including very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in plasma, followed by enzymatic studies in fibroblasts and genetic testing. Diagnosis can be difficult to establish in milder cases, especially if VLCFA concentration in plasma is not or only mildly elevated. We report on siblings in which initial measurement of plasma VLCFA did not indicate a peroxisomal disease. Nevertheless, cMRI showed a pattern typical for an inborn peroxisomal disease with cerebral and cerebellar leukencephalopathy, perisylvic polymicrogyria, and frontoparietal pachygyria. Repeated measurements of peroxisomal metabolites in plasma prompted by the cMRI findings showed values in the upper normal or mildly elevated range and led to further diagnostic steps. The diagnosis of a type III DBPD with a missense mutation (T15A) in the HSD17B4 gene, coding for D-bifunctional protein (DBP), could be established. We conclude that a typical "peroxisomal pattern" in cMRI including cerebral and cerebellar leukencephalopathy, perisylvic polymicrogyria and pachygyria is a valuable clue to the diagnosis of DBPD, especially in cases with no or only very mild abnormalities in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grønborg
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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30
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Miller WL, Auchus RJ. The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:81-151. [PMID: 21051590 PMCID: PMC3365799 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1442] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. Whereas most endocrine texts discuss adrenal, ovarian, testicular, placental, and other steroidogenic processes in a gland-specific fashion, steroidogenesis is better understood as a single process that is repeated in each gland with cell-type-specific variations on a single theme. Thus, understanding steroidogenesis is rooted in an understanding of the biochemistry of the various steroidogenic enzymes and cofactors and the genes that encode them. The first and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis is the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by a single enzyme, P450scc (CYP11A1), but this enzymatically complex step is subject to multiple regulatory mechanisms, yielding finely tuned quantitative regulation. Qualitative regulation determining the type of steroid to be produced is mediated by many enzymes and cofactors. Steroidogenic enzymes fall into two groups: cytochrome P450 enzymes and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. A cytochrome P450 may be either type 1 (in mitochondria) or type 2 (in endoplasmic reticulum), and a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase may belong to either the aldo-keto reductase or short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase families. The activities of these enzymes are modulated by posttranslational modifications and by cofactors, especially electron-donating redox partners. The elucidation of the precise roles of these various enzymes and cofactors has been greatly facilitated by identifying the genetic bases of rare disorders of steroidogenesis. Some enzymes not principally involved in steroidogenesis may also catalyze extraglandular steroidogenesis, modulating the phenotype expected to result from some mutations. Understanding steroidogenesis is of fundamental importance to understanding disorders of sexual differentiation, reproduction, fertility, hypertension, obesity, and physiological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0978, USA.
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31
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Kashiwayama Y, Tomohiro T, Narita K, Suzumura M, Glumoff T, Hiltunen JK, Van Veldhoven PP, Hatanaka Y, Imanaka T. Identification of a substrate-binding site in a peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme by photoaffinity labeling with a novel palmitoyl derivative. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26315-25. [PMID: 20566640 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.104547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play an essential role in a number of important metabolic pathways including beta-oxidation of fatty acids and their derivatives. Therefore, peroxisomes possess various beta-oxidation enzymes and specialized fatty acid transport systems. However, the molecular mechanisms of these proteins, especially in terms of substrate binding, are still unknown. In this study, to identify the substrate-binding sites of these proteins, we synthesized a photoreactive palmitic acid analogue bearing a diazirine moiety as a photophore, and performed photoaffinity labeling of purified rat liver peroxisomes. As a result, an 80-kDa peroxisomal protein was specifically labeled by the photoaffinity ligand, and the labeling efficiency competitively decreased in the presence of palmitoyl-CoA. Mass spectrometric analysis identified the 80-kDa protein as peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 (MFE2), one of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes. Recombinant rat MFE2 was also labeled by the photoaffinity ligand, and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that a fragment of rat MFE2 (residues Trp(249) to Arg(251)) was labeled by the ligand. MFE2 mutants bearing these residues, MFE2(W249A) and MFE2(R251A), exhibited decreased labeling efficiency. Furthermore, MFE2(W249G), which corresponds to one of the disease-causing mutations in human MFE2, also exhibited a decreased efficiency. Based on the crystal structure of rat MFE2, these residues are located on the top of a hydrophobic cavity leading to an active site of MFE2. These data suggest that MFE2 anchors its substrate around the region from Trp(249) to Arg(251) and positions the substrate along the hydrophobic cavity in the proper direction toward the catalytic center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kashiwayama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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32
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Peroxisomes, lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:272-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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33
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Moeller G, Adamski J. Integrated view on 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:7-19. [PMID: 19027824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) are important enzymes in steroid metabolism. Long known members of the protein family seemed to be well characterised concerning their role in the regulation of the biological potency of steroid hormones, but today more and more evidence points to pivotal contributions of these enzymes in a variety of other metabolic pathways. Therefore, studies on 17beta-HSDs develop towards metabolomic survey. Latest research results give new insights into the complex metabolic interconnectivity of the 17beta-HSDs. In this paper metabolic activities of 17beta-HSDs will be compared, their interplay with endogenous substrates summarised, and interlacing pathways depicted. Strategies on deciphering the physiological role of 17beta-HSDs and the genetic predisposition for associated diseases will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Moeller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany.
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34
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Tarrant AM, Reitzel AM, Blomquist CH, Haller F, Tokarz J, Adamski J. Steroid metabolism in cnidarians: insights from Nematostella vectensis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:27-36. [PMID: 18984032 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarians occupy a key evolutionary position as a sister group to bilaterian animals. While cnidarians contain a diverse complement of steroids, sterols, and other lipid metabolites, relatively little is known of the endogenous steroid metabolism or function in cnidarian tissues. Incubations of cnidarian tissues with steroid substrates have indicated the presence of steroid metabolizing enzymes, particularly enzymes with 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) activity. Through analysis of the genome of the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, we identified a suite of genes in the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily including homologs of genes that metabolize steroids in other animals. A more detailed analysis of Hsd17b4 revealed complex evolutionary relationships, apparent intron loss in several taxa, and predominantly adult expression in N. vectensis. Due to its ease of culture and available molecular tools N. vectensis is an excellent model for investigation of cnidarian steroid metabolism and gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 45 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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35
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Abstract
The enzymes and pathways of steroidogenesis are central to an understanding of adrenarche. The quantitative regulation of steroidogenesis occurs at the first step, the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. Chronic quantitative regulation is principally at the level of transcription of the CYP11A1 gene encoding P450scc, which is the enzymatically rate-limiting step. Acute regulation is mediated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which facilitates the rapid influx of cholesterol into mitochondria, where P450scc resides. Qualitative regulation, which determines the type of steroid produced in a cell, is principally at the level of P450c17 (CYP17). In the absence of P450c17 in the zona glomerulosa, C21 deoxy steroids are produced, leading to the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone. In the presence of the 17alpha-hydroxylase but not the 17,20 lyase activity of P450c17 in the zona fasciculata, C21, 17-hydroxy steroids are produced, leading to the glucocorticoid, cortisol. When both the 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20 lyase activities of P450c17 are present in the zona reticularis, the androgen precursor DHEA is produced. The discrimination between 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20 lyase activities is regulated by two post-translational events, the serine phosphorylation of P450c17 and the allosteric action of cytochrome b5, both of which act to optimize the interaction of P450c17 with its obligatory electron donor, P450 oxidoreductase. In the adrenal zona reticularis, the abundant expression of P450 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5, and the low expression of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2) result in the production of the large amounts of DHEA that characterize adrenarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Room 672-S, San Francisco, CA 94143-0978, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The metabolism of steroids at position 17 is catalysed by a growing number of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs). Several human diseases like breast or prostate cancer, endometriosis,metabolic syndrome and mental diseases were associated with dysfunctions of 17beta-HSDs, which consequently became drug targets. This review will focus on identities of 17beta-HSDs and recent advances in analyses of their physiological roles in steroid and lipid metabolism. It will also address the potential of metabolomics in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Prehn
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
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37
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Meier M, Möller G, Adamski J. Perspectives in Understanding the Role of Human 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Health and Disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155:15-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Human and zebrafish hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 1 (HSDL1) proteins are inactive enzymes but conserved among species. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 178:197-205. [PMID: 19026618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 1 protein (HSDL1) is an uncharacterized member of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) protein family. In search for functional assignment of both human and zebrafish HSDL1 we characterized the subcellular localization as well as the tissue distribution and performed a screen for putative substrates of HSDL1 enzymes. Surprisingly, human HSDL1 shows exchange of an amino acid in the active center (Sx(12)FSxxK instead of Sx(12)YSxxK) that is considered critical for catalysis. Native human HSDL1 expressed in cells did not show enzymatic activity with any of the substrates tested. Expression of the point mutation F218Y HSDL1 though, resulted in the detection of weak dehydrogenase activity towards steroid and retinoid substrates. The role of this inactivating mutation is uncertain but was found to be conserved in many other vertebrate species, including zebrafish. Identification of protein interaction partners by yeast two-hybrid system suggests that despite the potential lack of enzymatic activity HSDL1 might retain regulatory functions in the cell.
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Tiffin N, Okpechi I, Perez-Iratxeta C, Andrade-Navarro MA, Ramesar R. Prioritization of candidate disease genes for metabolic syndrome by computational analysis of its defining phenotypes. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:55-64. [PMID: 18612082 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90247.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rapid increase in the world-wide burden of disease attributed to metabolic syndrome, as defined by co-occurrence of an array of phenotypes including abdominal obesity, dysglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension. Familial studies clearly indicate a genetic component to the disease and many linkage studies have identified a large number of linked loci. No disease-causing genes, however, have been conclusively identified, most likely because this is a multigenic disease for which effects of many causative genes may be small and combined with environmental effects. To assist empirical identification of metabolic syndrome associated genes, we present here a novel computational approach to prioritize candidate genes. We have used linkage studies and the clinical and population-specific presentation of the disease to select a final candidate gene list of 19 most likely disease-causing genes. These are predominantly involved in chylomicron processing, transmembrane receptor activity, and signal transduction pathways. We propose here that information about the clinical presentation of a complex trait can be used to effectively inform computational prioritization of disease-causing genes for that trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki Tiffin
- Division of Human Genetics, MRC Human Genetics Research Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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40
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Sundaram SS, Bove KE, Lovell MA, Sokol RJ. Mechanisms of disease: Inborn errors of bile acid synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:456-68. [PMID: 18577977 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of bile acid synthesis are rare genetic disorders that can present as neonatal cholestasis, neurologic disease or fat-soluble-vitamin deficiencies. There are nine known defects of bile acid synthesis, including oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, Delta(4)-3-oxosteroid-5beta-reductase deficiency, 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-C(27)-steroid dehydrogenase deficiency, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (also known as sterol 27-hydroxylase deficiency), alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency, and Zellweger syndrome (also known as cerebrohepatorenal syndrome). These diseases are characterized by a failure to produce normal bile acids and an accumulation of unusual bile acids and bile acid intermediaries. Individuals with inborn errors of bile acid synthesis generally present with the hallmark features of normal or low serum bile acid concentrations, normal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase concentrations and the absence of pruritus. Failure to diagnose any of these conditions can result in liver failure or progressive chronic liver disease. If recognized early, many patients can have a remarkable clinical response to oral bile acid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha S Sundaram
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital, CO 80045, USA
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41
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Abstract
It is well recognized that there are two androgens, namely testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT); T plays an important role in the testis and muscle, and DHT is crucial for the development, function and pathology of the prostate. It is generally thought that DHT is produced from the 5alpha-reduction of circulating T before being inactivated by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD) that converts DHT into 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol). However, the presence of various steroidogenic enzymes in the prostate as well as the availability at high levels of various steroid precursors such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 4-androstenedione (4-dione) strongly suggest the existence of additional pathways involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of DHT. Because steroidogenesis could be different in different species, data from the literature obtained from various human, dog, rat and mouse prostate tissues, as well as primary cells and prostatic cancer cell lines, provide a somewhat confusing picture. In the present chapter, we review the data in order to provide a clearer picture of the pathways involved in DHT biosynthesis and metabolism in the human prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Luu-The
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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42
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Dirkx R, Meyhi E, Asselberghs S, Reddy J, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. β-Oxidation in hepatocyte cultures from mice with peroxisomal gene knockouts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:718-23. [PMID: 17442273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Beta-oxidation of carboxylates takes place both in mitochondria and peroxisomes and in each pathway parallel enzymes exist for each conversion step. In order to better define the substrate specificities of these enzymes and in particular the elusive role of peroxisomal MFP-1, hepatocyte cultures from mice with peroxisomal gene knockouts were used to assess the consequences on substrate degradation. Hepatocytes from mice with liver selective elimination of peroxisomes displayed severely impaired oxidation of 2-methylhexadecanoic acid, the bile acid intermediate trihydroxycholestanoic acid (THCA), and tetradecanedioic acid. In contrast, mitochondrial beta-oxidation rates of palmitate were doubled, despite the severely affected inner mitochondrial membrane. As expected, beta-oxidation of the branched chain compounds 2-methylhexadecanoic acid and THCA was reduced in hepatocytes from mice with inactivation of MFP-2. More surprisingly, dicarboxylic fatty acid oxidation was impaired in MFP-1 but not in MFP-2 knockout hepatocytes, indicating that MFP-1 might play more than an obsolete role in peroxisomal beta-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Dirkx
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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43
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Reeve JLV, Stenson-Cox C, O'Doherty A, Pörn-Ares I, Ares M, O'Brien T, Samali A. OxLDL-induced gene expression patterns in CASMC are mimicked in apoE-/- mice aortas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:681-6. [PMID: 17374365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) contributes to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, partly by altering gene expression in vascular cells. Here, we show 221 genes differentially regulated by oxLDL in coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMC), using oligonucleotide microarrays. These genes were classified into 14 functional groups. A comparable gene expression pattern was detected in apoE(-/-) mice. OxLDL induced an oxidative stress response in CASMC, but not the unfolded protein response. OxLDL also caused CASMC death which was accompanied by increased expression of FasL, Bax, and p53 but was caspase-independent. This approach provides further insight into disease pathology and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L V Reeve
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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44
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Expression and localization of estrogenic type 12 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the cynomolgus monkey. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2007; 8:2. [PMID: 17280614 PMCID: PMC1800897 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently discovered that human type 12 17beta-HSD (h17beta-HSD12), a homolog of type 3 17beta-HSD, is a new estrogen-specific 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase involved in the production of estradiol (E2). To further characterize this estradiol-producing enzyme, we have isolated the corresponding cDNA in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), characterized its enzymatic activities and performed cellular localization using in situ hybridization. RESULTS Using HEK-293 cells stably expressing Macaca fascicularis type 12 17beta-HSD (mf17beta-HSD12), we have found that the mf17beta-HSD12 catalyzes efficiently and selectively the transformation of El into E2, in analogy with the h17beta-HSD12. We have also quantified the mf17beta-HSD12 mRNA expression levels in a series of Macaca fascicularis tissues using Quantitative RealTime PCR. The Macaca fascicularis 17beta-HSD12 mRNA is widely expressed with the highest levels tissues found in the cerebellum, spleen and adrenal with moderate level observed in all the other examined, namely the testis, ovary, cerebral cortex, liver, heart, prostate, mammary gland, myometrium, endometrium, skin, muscle and pancreas. To gain knowledge about the cellular localization of the mf17beta-HSD12 mRNA expression, we performed in situ hybridization using a 35S-labeled cRNA probe. Strong labeling was observed in epithelial cells and stromal cells of the mammary gland. In the uterus, the labeling is detected in epithelial cells and stromal cells of the endometrium. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that the Macaca fascicularis 17beta-HSD12 is an essential partner of aromatase in the biosynthesis of estradiol (E2). It strongly suggests that in the estradiol biosynthesis pathway, the step of 17-ketoreduction comes after the step of the aromatization (the aromatization of 4-androstendione to estrone followed by the conversion of estrone into estradiol by estrogen specific l7beta-HSDs) which is in contrast with the hypothesis suggesting that 4-androstenedione is converted to testosterone followed by the aromatization of testosterone.
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Abstract
In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge about the biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes, especially human peroxisomes. The identification and characterization of yeast mutants defective either in the biogenesis of peroxisomes or in one of its metabolic functions, notably fatty acid beta-oxidation, combined with the recognition of a group of genetic diseases in man, wherein these processes are also defective, have provided new insights in all aspects of peroxisomes. As a result of these and other studies, the indispensable role of peroxisomes in multiple metabolic pathways has been clarified, and many of the enzymes involved in these pathways have been characterized, purified, and cloned. One aspect of peroxisomes, which has remained ill defined, is the transport of metabolites across the peroxisomal membrane. Although it is clear that mammalian peroxisomes under in vivo conditions are closed structures, which require the active presence of metabolite transporter proteins, much remains to be learned about the permeability properties of mammalian peroxisomes and the role of the four half ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Disease, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mindnich R, Hrabe de Angelis M, Adamski J. Functional genome analysis indicates loss of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme in the zebrafish. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:35-43. [PMID: 17085046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the family of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, the type 2 (17beta-HSD 2) is the main enzyme responsible for inactivation of estrogens and androgens, catalyzing the oxidation of the C17 hydroxyl group. 17beta-HSD 2 has been studied only in mammals, its occurrence and function in other vertebrates hardly known. We investigated the presence of homologs in non-mammalian species and found sequences of 17beta-HSD 2 and its closest homolog 11beta-HSD 2 in zebrafish (Danio rerio), Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Xenopus tropicalis and chicken databases. Furthermore, we cloned zebrafish 17beta-HSD 2 from ovarian tissue and found high expression also in the testis of adult fish and throughout embryogenesis. The enzyme, though, is inactive likely due to a non-sense N-terminal region including a dysfunctional cofactor binding motif. Replacement of the affected part by the corresponding human 17beta-HSD 2 sequence fully restored enzymatic activity. Comparison of all retrieved 17beta-HSD 2 sequences indicates that this functional loss may have occurred only in zebrafish, where steroid inactivation at position C17 seems to pursue without the protein studied. The closely related 11beta-HSD 2 is unlikely to substitute for 17beta-HSD 2 since in our hands it did not catalyze the respective oxidation of testosterone or estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mindnich
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Peroxisomal disorders: the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1707-20. [PMID: 17055078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders are a group of inherited diseases in man in which either peroxisome biogenesis or one or more peroxisomal functions are impaired. The peroxisomal disorders identified to date are usually classified in two groups including: (1) the disorders of peroxisome biogenesis, and (2) the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. This review is focused on the second group of disorders, which currently includes ten different diseases in which the mutant gene affects a protein involved in one of the following peroxisomal functions: (1) ether phospholipid (plasmalogen) biosynthesis; (2) fatty acid beta-oxidation; (3) peroxisomal alpha-oxidation; (4) glyoxylate detoxification, and (5) H2O2 metabolism.
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Huyghe S, Mannaerts GP, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2: the enzyme, the patients and the knockout mouse model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:973-94. [PMID: 16766224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian multifunctional protein-2 (MFP-2, also called multifunctional enzyme 2, D-bifunctional enzyme or 17-beta-estradiol dehydrogenase type IV) was identified by several groups about a decade ago. It plays a central role in peroxisomal beta-oxidation as it handles most, if not all, peroxisomal beta-oxidation substrates. Deficiency of this enzyme in man causes a severe developmental syndrome with abnormalities in several organs but in particular in the brain, leading to death within the first year of life. Accumulation of branched-long-chain fatty acids and very-long-chain fatty acids and a disturbed synthesis of bile acids were documented in these patients. A mouse model with MFP-2 deficiency only partly phenocopies the human disease. Although the expected metabolic abnormalities are present, no neurodevelopmental aberrations are observed. However, the survival of these mice into adulthood allowed to document the importance of this enzyme for the normal functioning of the brain, eyes and testis. In the present review, the identification and biochemical characteristics of MFP-2, and the consequences of MFP-2 dysfunction in humans and in mice will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Huyghe
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing II, bus 823, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) belong to the family of short chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) and aldoketo-reductases (AKRs). Some of the enzymes were discovered and named due to their enzymatic activity on steroid substrates or according to their sequence homology to other 17beta-HSDs. During characterisation of these enzymes it turned out that their substrate specificity is broader than first expected and key functions of some 17beta-HSDs in vivo are probably not in steroid metabolism but in basic metabolic pathways. The issue of such multifunctionality is the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Moeller
- GSF-National Research Center of Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Mooyer PAW, Dekker C, Duran M, Soorani-Lunsing RJ, Boltshauser E, Macaya A, Gärtner J, Majoie CBLM, Barth PG, Wanders RJA, Poll-The BT. Clinical and biochemical spectrum of D-bifunctional protein deficiency. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:92-104. [PMID: 16278854 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE D-bifunctional protein deficiency is an autosomal recessive inborn error of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. Although case reports and small series of patients have been published, these do not give a complete and balanced picture of the clinical and biochemical spectrum associated with this disorder. METHODS To improve early recognition, diagnosis, prognosis, and management of this disorder and to provide markers for life expectancy, we performed extensive biochemical studies in a large cohort of D-bifunctional protein-deficient patients and sent out questionnaires about clinical signs and symptoms to the responsible physicians. RESULTS Virtually all children presented with neonatal hypotonia and seizures and died within the first 2 years of life without achieving any developmental milestones. However, within our cohort, 12 patients survived beyond the age of 2 years, and detailed information on 5 patients with prolonged survival (> or =7.5 years) is provided. INTERPRETATION Biochemical analyses showed that there is a clear correlation between several biochemical parameters and survival of the patient, with C26:0 beta-oxidation activity in cultured skin fibroblasts being the best predictive marker for life expectancy. Remarkably, three patients were identified without biochemical abnormalities in plasma, stressing that D-bifunctional protein deficiency cannot be excluded when all peroxisomal parameters in plasma are normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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