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Choi C, Jeong YL, Park KM, Kim M, Kim S, Jo H, Lee S, Kim H, Choi G, Choi YH, Seong JK, Namgoong S, Chung Y, Jung YS, Granneman JG, Hyun YM, Kim JK, Lee YH. TM4SF19-mediated control of lysosomal activity in macrophages contributes to obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2779. [PMID: 38555350 PMCID: PMC10981689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) adapts to overnutrition in a complex process, wherein specialized immune cells remove and replace dysfunctional and stressed adipocytes with new fat cells. Among immune cells recruited to AT, lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) have emerged as key players in obesity and in diseases involving lipid stress and inflammation. Here, we show that LAMs selectively express transmembrane 4 L six family member 19 (TM4SF19), a lysosomal protein that represses acidification through its interaction with Vacuolar-ATPase. Inactivation of TM4SF19 elevates lysosomal acidification and accelerates the clearance of dying/dead adipocytes in vitro and in vivo. TM4SF19 deletion reduces the LAM accumulation and increases the proportion of restorative macrophages in AT of male mice fed a high-fat diet. Importantly, male mice lacking TM4SF19 adapt to high-fat feeding through adipocyte hyperplasia, rather than hypertrophy. This adaptation significantly improves local and systemic insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure, offering a potential avenue to combat obesity-related metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheoljun Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin L Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Koung-Min Park
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangseob Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Honghyun Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeseong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ha Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), and Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik Namgoong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao M, Chen N, Guo Y, Wu N, Cao B, Zhan B, Li Y, Zhou T, Zhu F, Guo C, Shi Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhang L. D-mannose acts as a V-ATPase inhibitor to suppress inflammatory cytokines generation and bacterial killing in macrophage. Mol Immunol 2023; 162:84-94. [PMID: 37660434 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) critically controls phagosome acidification to promote pathogen digestion and clearance in macrophage. However, the specific subunits of V-ATPase have been evidenced to play contradictory functions in inflammatory cytokines generation and secretion exposure to external bacterial or LPS stimulation. Therefore, identifying the unique function of the separate subunit of V-ATPase is extremely important to regulate macrophage function. Here, we found that D-mannose, a C-2 epimer of glucose, suppressed ATP6V1B2 lysosomal translocation to inhibit V-ATPase activity in macrophages, thereby causing the scaffold protein axis inhibitor protein (AXIN) recruitment to lysosomal membrane and AMPK activation. Correspondingly, LPS-stimulated macrophage M1 polarization was significantly suppressed by D-mannose via down-regulating NF-κB signaling pathway in response to AMPK activation, while IL-4 induced macrophage M2 polarization were not affected. Furthermore, the failure of lysosomal localization of ATP6V1B2 caused by D-mannose also led to the acidification defects of lysosome. Therefore, D-mannose displayed a remarkable function in inhibiting macrophage phagocytosis and bacterial killing. Taken together, D-mannose acts a novel V-ATPase suppressor to attenuate macrophage inflammatory production but simultaneously prevent macrophage phagocytosis and bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nuo Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baihui Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Zhan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yubin Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Faliang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongyu Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Merriman JA, Xu W, Caparon MG. Central carbon flux controls growth/damage balance for Streptococcus pyogenes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011481. [PMID: 37384800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens balance growth against tissue damage to achieve maximum fitness. Central carbon metabolism is connected to growth, but how it influences growth/damage balance is largely unknown. Here we examined how carbon flux through the exclusively fermentative metabolism of the pathogenic lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes impacts patterns of growth and tissue damage. Using a murine model of soft tissue infection, we systematically examined single and pair-wise mutants that constrained carbon flux through the three major pathways that S. pyogenes employs for reduction of the glycolytic intermediate pyruvate, revealing distinct disease outcomes. Its canonical lactic acid pathway (via lactate dehydrogenase) made a minimal contribution to virulence. In contrast, its two parallel pathways for mixed-acid fermentation played important, but non-overlapping roles. Anaerobic mixed acid fermentation (via pyruvate formate lyase) was required for growth in tissue, while aerobic mixed-acid pathway (via pyruvate dehydrogenase) was not required for growth, but instead regulated levels of tissue damage. Infection of macrophages in vitro revealed that pyruvate dehydrogenase was required to prevent phagolysosomal acidification, which altered expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Infection of IL-10 deficient mice confirmed that the ability of aerobic metabolism to regulate levels of IL-10 plays a key role in the ability of S. pyogenes to modulate levels of tissue damage. Taken together, these results show critical non-overlapping roles for anaerobic and aerobic metabolism in soft tissue infection and provide a mechanism for how oxygen and carbon flux act coordinately to regulate growth/damage balance. Therapies targeting carbon flux could be developed to mitigate tissue damage during severe S. pyogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Merriman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael G Caparon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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4
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Satarker S, Bojja SL, Gurram PC, Mudgal J, Arora D, Nampoothiri M. Astrocytic Glutamatergic Transmission and Its Implications in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071139. [PMID: 35406702 PMCID: PMC8997779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative disorders involve impaired neurotransmission, and glutamatergic neurotransmission sets a prototypical example. Glutamate is a predominant excitatory neurotransmitter where the astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the extracellular levels through release and uptake mechanisms. Astrocytes modulate calcium-mediated excitability and release several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including glutamate, and significantly modulate neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence supports the concept of excitotoxicity caused by astrocytic glutamatergic release in pathological conditions. Thus, the current review highlights different vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms of astrocytic glutamate release and their implication in neurodegenerative diseases. As in presynaptic neurons, the vesicular release of astrocytic glutamate is also primarily meditated by calcium-mediated exocytosis. V-ATPase is crucial in the acidification and maintenance of the gradient that facilitates the vesicular storage of glutamate. Along with these, several other components, such as cystine/glutamate antiporter, hemichannels, BEST-1, TREK-1, purinergic receptors and so forth, also contribute to glutamate release under physiological and pathological conditions. Events of hampered glutamate uptake could promote inflamed astrocytes to trigger repetitive release of glutamate. This could be favorable towards the development and worsening of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, across neurodegenerative diseases, we review the relations between defective glutamatergic signaling and astrocytic vesicular and non-vesicular events in glutamate homeostasis. The optimum regulation of astrocytic glutamatergic transmission could pave the way for the management of these diseases and add to their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Ye D, Yang X, Ren L, Lu HS, Sun Y, Lin H, Tan L, Wang N, Nguyen G, Bader M, Mullick AE, Danser AHJ, Daugherty A, Jiang Y, Sun Y, Li F, Lu X. (Pro)renin Receptor Inhibition Reduces Plasma Cholesterol and Triglycerides but Does Not Attenuate Atherosclerosis in Atherosclerotic Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:725203. [PMID: 35004870 PMCID: PMC8739895 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.725203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Elevated plasma cholesterol concentrations contributes to ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Recently, we showed that inhibiting hepatic (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] attenuated diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficient mice. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhibiting hepatic (P)RR could attenuate atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: Eight-week-old male LDLR−/− mice were injected with either saline or N-acetylgalactosamine-modified antisense oligonucleotides (G-ASOs) primarily targeting hepatic (P)RR and were fed a western-type diet (WTD) for 16 weeks. (P)RR G-ASOs markedly reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations from 2,211 ± 146 to 1,128 ± 121 mg/dL. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) analyses revealed that cholesterol in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)/LDL fraction were potently reduced by (P)RR G-ASOs. Moreover, (P)RR G-ASOs reduced plasma triglyceride concentrations by more than 80%. Strikingly, despite marked reduction in plasma lipid concentrations, atherosclerosis was not reduced but rather increased in these mice. Further testing in ApoE−/− mice confirmed that (P)RR G-ASOs reduced plasma lipid concentrations but not atherosclerosis. Transcriptomic analysis of the aortas revealed that (P)RR G-ASOs induced the expression of the genes involved in immune responses and inflammation. Further investigation revealed that (P)RR G-ASOs also inhibited (P)RR in macrophages and in enhanced inflammatory responses to exogenous stimuli. Moreover, deleting the (P)RR in macrophages resulted in accelerated atherosclerosis in WTD fed ApoE−/− mice. Conclusion: (P)RR G-ASOs reduced the plasma lipids in atherosclerotic mice due to hepatic (P)RR deficiency. However, augmented pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages due to (P)RR downregulation counteracted the beneficial effects of lowered plasma lipid concentrations on atherosclerosis. Our study demonstrated that hepatic (P)RR and macrophage (P)RR played a counteracting role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dien Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liwei Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lunbo Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Genevieve Nguyen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and Collège de France Early Development and Pathologies Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology and Experimental Medicine Unit, Paris, France
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yidan Sun
- Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Furong Li
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Elzokm SS, Fouda MA, Abdel Moneim RA, El-Mas MM. Distinct effects of calcineurin dependent and independent immunosuppressants on endotoxaemia-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Role of androgens. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1261-1270. [PMID: 34042216 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that immunosuppressant therapies protect against harmful effects of endotoxaemia. In this study, we tested whether calcineurin-dependent (cyclosporine/tacrolimus) and -independent (sirolimus) immunosuppressants variably influence nephrotoxicity induced by endotoxaemia and whether this interaction is modulated by testosterone. We investigated the effects of immunosuppressants on renal histopathological, biochemical and inflammatory profiles in endotoxic male rats and the role of androgenic state in the interaction. Six-hour treatment of rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 3 mg/kg) increased (i) serum urea/creatinine, (ii) width of proximal/distal tubules, (iii) tubular degeneration and vacuolation, (iv) Western protein expressions of renal toll-like receptor 4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and NADPH oxidase-2, and (v) serum tumour necrosis factor-α and myeloperoxidase. These endotoxic manifestations were intensified and eliminated upon concurrent exposure to cyclosporine and sirolimus, respectively. The cyclosporine actions appear to be a class rather than a drug effect because similar exacerbation of LPS nephrotoxicity was observed in rats treated with tacrolimus, another calcineurin inhibitor (CNI). Moreover, the deteriorated renal outcomes in LPS/tacrolimus-treated rats were reduced after castration or androgen receptor blockade by flutamide. The data suggest opposite effects for calcineurin-dependent (exaggeration) and -independent immunosuppressants (amelioration) on renal defects of endotoxaemia and implicate androgenic pathways in the worsened endotoxic renal profile induced by CNIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrouk S Elzokm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Fouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rahab A Abdel Moneim
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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7
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Seumen CHT, Grimm TM, Hauck CR. Protein phosphatases in TLR signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:45. [PMID: 33882943 PMCID: PMC8058998 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical sensors for the detection of potentially harmful microbes. They are instrumental in initiating innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogenic organisms. However, exaggerated activation of TLR receptor signaling can also be responsible for the onset of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. While positive regulators of TLR signaling, such as protein serine/threonine kinases, have been studied intensively, only little is known about phosphatases, which counterbalance and limit TLR signaling. In this review, we summarize protein phosphorylation events and their roles in the TLR pathway and highlight the involvement of protein phosphatases as negative regulators at specific steps along the TLR-initiated signaling cascade. Then, we focus on individual phosphatase families, specify the function of individual enzymes in TLR signaling in more detail and give perspectives for future research. A better understanding of phosphatase-mediated regulation of TLR signaling could provide novel access points to mitigate excessive immune activation and to modulate innate immune signaling.![]() Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis H T Seumen
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tanja M Grimm
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof R Hauck
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. .,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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8
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Paulitschke V, Eichhoff O, Gerner C, Paulitschke P, Bileck A, Mohr T, Cheng PF, Leitner A, Guenova E, Saulite I, Freiberger SN, Irmisch A, Knapp B, Zila N, Chatziisaak TP, Stephan J, Mangana J, Kunstfeld R, Pehamberger H, Aebersold R, Dummer R, Levesque MP. Proteomic identification of a marker signature for MAPKi resistance in melanoma. EMBO J 2019; 38:e95874. [PMID: 31267558 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) show outstanding clinical response rates in melanoma patients harbouring BRAF mutations, but resistance is common. The ability of melanoma cells to switch from melanocytic to mesenchymal phenotypes appears to be associated with therapeutic resistance. High-throughput, subcellular proteome analyses and RNAseq on two panels of primary melanoma cells that were either sensitive or resistant to MAPKi revealed that only 15 proteins were sufficient to distinguish between these phenotypes. The two proteins with the highest discriminatory power were PTRF and IGFBP7, which were both highly upregulated in the mesenchymal-resistant cells. Proteomic analysis of CRISPR/Cas-derived PTRF knockouts revealed targets involved in lysosomal activation, endocytosis, pH regulation, EMT, TGFβ signalling and cell migration and adhesion, as well as a significantly reduced invasive index and ability to form spheres in 3D culture. Overexpression of PTRF led to MAPKi resistance, increased cell adhesion and sphere formation. In addition, immunohistochemistry of patient samples showed that PTRF expression levels were a significant biomarker of poor progression-free survival, and IGFBP7 levels in patient sera were shown to be higher after relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Paulitschke
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ossia Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Paulitschke
- Institute of Physics, Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ieva Saulite
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra N Freiberger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Irmisch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Knapp
- Department of Statistics, Protein Informatics Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nina Zila
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jürgen Stephan
- Institute of Physics, Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Joanna Mangana
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kunstfeld
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Pehamberger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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A novel autophagy enhancer as a therapeutic agent against metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1438. [PMID: 29650965 PMCID: PMC5897400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03939-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical regulator of cellular homeostasis, dysregulation of which is associated with diverse diseases. Here we show therapeutic effects of a novel autophagy enhancer identified by high-throughput screening of a chemical library against metabolic syndrome. An autophagy enhancer increases LC3-I to LC3-II conversion without mTOR inhibition. MSL, an autophagy enhancer, activates calcineurin, and induces dephosphorylation/nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy gene expression. MSL accelerates intracellular lipid clearance, which is reversed by lalistat 2 or Tfeb knockout. Its administration improves the metabolic profile of ob/ob mice and ameliorates inflammasome activation. A chemically modified MSL with increased microsomal stability improves the glucose profile not only of ob/ob mice but also of mice with diet-induced obesity. Our data indicate that our novel autophagy enhancer could be a new drug candidate for diabetes or metabolic syndrome with lipid overload. Autophagy plays an important role in metabolic functions and increased autophagic activity may be beneficial for metabolic disorders. Here the authors screen a chemical library for enhancer of autophagic flux and identify small molecules that improve the metabolic profile by increasing lysosomial functions.
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10
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Zila N, Bileck A, Muqaku B, Janker L, Eichhoff OM, Cheng PF, Dummer R, Levesque MP, Gerner C, Paulitschke V. Proteomics-based insights into mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor resistance of cerebral melanoma metastases. Clin Proteomics 2018. [PMID: 29541007 PMCID: PMC5844114 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MAP kinase inhibitor (MAPKi) therapy for BRAF mutated melanoma is characterized by high response rates but development of drug resistance within a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 9-12 months. Understanding mechanisms of resistance and identifying effective therapeutic alternatives is one of the most important scientific challenges in melanoma. Using proteomics, we want to specifically gain insight into the pathophysiological process of cerebral metastases. Methods Cerebral metastases from melanoma patients were initially analyzed by a LC-MS shotgun approach performed on a QExactive HF hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. For further validation steps after bioinformatics analysis, a targeted LC-QQQ-MS approach, as well as Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry was performed. Results In this pilot study, we were able to identify 5977 proteins by LC-MS analysis (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD007592). Based on PFS, samples were classified into good responders (PFS ≥ 6 months) and poor responders (PFS [Formula: see text] 3 months). By evaluating these proteomic profiles according to gene ontology (GO) terms, KEGG pathways and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we could characterize differences between the two distinct groups. We detected an EMT feature (up-regulation of N-cadherin) as classifier between the two groups, V-type proton ATPases, cell adhesion proteins and several transporter and exchanger proteins to be significantly up-regulated in poor responding patients, whereas good responders showed an immune activation, among other features. We identified class-discriminating proteins based on nearest shrunken centroids, validated and quantified this signature by a targeted approach and could correlate parts of this signature with resistance using the CPL/MUW proteome database and survival of patients by TCGA analysis. We further validated an EMT-like signature as a major discriminator between good and poor responders on primary melanoma cells derived from cerebral metastases. Higher immune activity is demonstrated in patients with good response to MAPKi by immunohistochemical staining of biopsy samples of cerebral melanoma metastases. Conclusions Employing proteomic analysis, we confirmed known extra-cerebral resistance mechanisms in the cerebral metastases and further discovered possible brain specific mechanisms of drug efflux, which might serve as treatment targets or as predictive markers for these kinds of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zila
- 1Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,3University of Applied Sciences (FH Campus Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Besnik Muqaku
- 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Janker
- 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ossia M Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Gerner
- 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Paulitschke
- 1Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Midttun HLE, Ramsay A, Mueller-Harvey I, Williams AR. Cocoa procyanidins modulate transcriptional pathways linked to inflammation and metabolism in human dendritic cells. Food Funct 2018; 9:2883-2890. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00387d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic insight into the immunomodulatory effects of a purified procyanidin fraction from cocoa beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene L. E. Midttun
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- Frederiksberg
- Denmark
| | - Aina Ramsay
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory
- School of Agriculture
- Policy and Development
- University of Reading
- Reading
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory
- School of Agriculture
- Policy and Development
- University of Reading
- Reading
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- Frederiksberg
- Denmark
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12
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Murata K, Motomura Y, Tanaka T, Kanno S, Yano T, Onimaru M, Shimoyama A, Nishio H, Sakai Y, Oh-Hora M, Hara H, Fukase K, Takada H, Masuda S, Ohga S, Yamasaki S, Hara T. Calcineurin inhibitors exacerbate coronary arteritis via the MyD88 signalling pathway in a murine model of Kawasaki disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28640392 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) have been used off-label for the treatment of refractory Kawasaki disease (KD). However, it remains unknown whether CNIs show protective effects against the development of coronary artery lesions in KD patients. To investigate the effects of CNIs on coronary arteries and the mechanisms of their actions on coronary arteritis in a mouse model of KD, we performed experiments with FK565, a ligand of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) in wild-type, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), caspase-associated recruitment domain 9 (CARD9)-/- and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-/- mice. We also performed in-vitro studies with vascular and monocytic cells and vascular tissues. A histopathological analysis showed that both cyclosporin A and tacrolimus exacerbated the NOD1-mediated coronary arteritis in a dose-dependent manner. Cyclosporin A induced the exacerbation of coronary arteritis in mice only in high doses, while tacrolimus exacerbated it within the therapeutic range in humans. Similar effects were obtained in SCID and CARD9-/- mice but not in MyD88-/- mice. CNIs enhanced the expression of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells and the cytokine secretion by monocytic cells in our KD model. These data indicated that both vascular and monocytic cells were involved in the exacerbation of coronary arteritis. Activation of MyD88-dependent inflammatory signals in both vascular cells and macrophages appears to contribute to their adverse effects. Particular attention should be paid to the development of coronary artery lesions when using CNIs to treat refractory KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murata
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Motomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Kanno
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Yano
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Onimaru
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Nishio
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Oh-Hora
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Hara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - K Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Takada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Masuda
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Hara
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Selective upregulation of TNFα expression in classically-activated human monocyte-derived macrophages (M1) through pharmacological interference with V-ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 130:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Busch R, Murti K, Liu J, Patra AK, Muhammad K, Knobeloch KP, Lichtinger M, Bonifer C, Wörtge S, Waisman A, Reifenberg K, Ellenrieder V, Serfling E, Avots A. NFATc1 releases BCL6-dependent repression of CCR2 agonist expression in peritoneal macrophages from Saccharomyces cerevisiae infected mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:634-46. [PMID: 26631626 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The link between the extensive usage of calcineurin (CN) inhibitors cyclosporin A and tacrolimus (FK506) in transplantation medicine and the increasing rate of opportunistic infections within this segment of patients is alarming. Currently, how peritoneal infections are favored by these drugs, which impair the activity of several signaling pathways including the Ca(++) /CN/NFAT, Ca(++) /CN/cofilin, Ca(++) /CN/BAD, and NF-κB networks, is unknown. Here, we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae infection of peritoneal resident macrophages triggers the transient nuclear translocation of NFATc1β isoforms, resulting in a coordinated, CN-dependent induction of the Ccl2, Ccl7, and Ccl12 genes, all encoding CCR2 agonists. CN inhibitors block the CCR2-dependent recruitment of inflammatory monocytes (IM) to the peritoneal cavities of S. cerevisiae infected mice. In myeloid cells, NFATc1/β proteins represent the most prominent NFATc1 isoforms. NFATc1/β ablation leads to a decrease of CCR2 chemokines, impaired mobilization of IMs, and delayed clearance of infection. We show that, upon binding to a composite NFAT/BCL6 regulatory element within the Ccl2 promoter, NFATc1/β proteins release the BCL6-dependent repression of Ccl2 gene in macrophages. These findings suggest a novel CN-dependent cross-talk between NFAT and BCL6 transcription factors, which may affect the outcome of opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda Busch
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Krisna Murti
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jiming Liu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Amiya K Patra
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Monika Lichtinger
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simone Wörtge
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Volker Ellenrieder
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andris Avots
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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15
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Zhu S, Rea SL, Cheng T, Feng HT, Walsh JP, Ratajczak T, Tickner J, Pavlos N, Xu HZ, Xu J. Bafilomycin A1 Attenuates Osteoclast Acidification and Formation, Accompanied by Increased Levels of SQSTM1/p62 Protein. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1464-70. [PMID: 27043248 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar proton pump H(+)-adenosine triphosphatases (V-ATPases) play an important role in osteoclast function. Further understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of V-ATPase inhibition is vital for the development of anti-resorptive drugs specifically targeting osteoclast V-ATPases. In this study, we observed that bafilomycin A1, a naturally-occurring inhibitor of V-ATPases, increased the protein level of SQSTM1/p62, a known negative regulator of osteoclast formation. Consistently, we found that bafilomycin A1 diminishes the intracellular accumulation of the acidotropic probe lysotracker in osteoclast-like cells; indicative of reduced acidification. Further, bafilomycin A1 inhibits osteoclast formation with attenuation of cell fusion and multi-nucleation of osteoclast-like cells during osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, these data indicate that bafilomycin A1 attenuates osteoclast differentiation in part via increased levels of SQSTM1/p62 protein, providing further mechanistic insight into the effect of V-ATPase inhibition in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah L Rea
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Taksum Cheng
- School of Surgery, Centre of Orthopaedic Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hao Tian Feng
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Ratajczak
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Nathan Pavlos
- School of Surgery, Centre of Orthopaedic Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hua-Zi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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16
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Verma P, Tapadia MG. Epithelial immune response in Drosophila malpighian tubules: interplay between Diap2 and ion channels. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1078-95. [PMID: 24374974 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immune response via the Immune deficiency pathway requires Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 to activate the NF-κB transcription factor Relish. Malpighian tubules (MTs), simple epithelial tissue, are the primary excretory organs, performing additional role in providing protection to Drosophila against pathogenic infections. MTs hold a strategic position in Drosophila as one of the larval tissues that are carried over to adults, unlike other larval tissues that are histolysed during pupation. In this paper we show that Diap2 is an important regulator of local epithelial immune response in MTs and depletion of Diap2 from MTs, increases susceptibility of flies to infection. In the absence of Diap2, activation and translocation of Relish to the nucleus is abolished and as a consequence the production of IMD pathway dependent AMPs are reduced. Ion channels, (Na(+)/K(+))-ATPase and V-ATPase, are important for the immune response of MTs and expression of AMPs and the IMD pathway genes are impaired on inhibition of transporters, and they restrict the translocation of Relish into the nucleus. We show that Diap2 could be regulating ion channels, as loss of Diap2 consequently reduces the expression of ion channels and affects the balance of ion concentrations which results in reduced uric acid deposition. Thus Diap2 seems to be a key regulator of epithelial immune response in MTs, perhaps by modulating ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Verma
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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17
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White MJ, Tacconelli A, Chen JS, Wejse C, Hill PC, Gomes VF, Velez-Edwards DR, Østergaard LJ, Hu T, Moore JH, Novelli G, Scott WK, Williams SM, Sirugo G. Epiregulin (EREG) and human V-ATPase (TCIRG1): genetic variation, ethnicity and pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility in Guinea-Bissau and The Gambia. Genes Immun 2014; 15:370-7. [PMID: 24898387 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed two West African samples (Guinea-Bissau: n=289 cases and 322 controls; The Gambia: n=240 cases and 248 controls) to evaluate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Epiregulin (EREG) and V-ATPase (T-cell immune regulator 1 (TCIRG1)) using single and multilocus analyses to determine whether previously described associations with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Vietnamese and Italians would replicate in African populations. We did not detect any significant single locus or haplotype associations in either sample. We also performed exploratory pairwise interaction analyses using Visualization of Statistical Epistasis Networks (ViSEN), a novel method to detect only interactions among multiple variables, to elucidate possible interaction effects between SNPs and demographic factors. Although we found no strong evidence of marginal effects, there were several significant pairwise interactions that were identified in either the Guinea-Bissau or the Gambian samples, two of which replicated across populations. Our results indicate that the effects of EREG and TCIRG1 variants on PTB susceptibility, to the extent that they exist, are dependent on gene-gene interactions in West African populations as detected with ViSEN. In addition, epistatic effects are likely to be influenced by inter- and intra-population differences in genetic or environmental context and/or the mycobacterial lineages causing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J White
- 1] Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA [2] Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - A Tacconelli
- Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy
| | - J S Chen
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - C Wejse
- 1] Bandim Health Project, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre and Statens Serum Institute, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark [3] Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark
| | - P C Hill
- 1] Centre for International Health, University of Otago School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand [2] MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - V F Gomes
- Bandim Health Project, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre and Statens Serum Institute, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - D R Velez-Edwards
- 1] Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA [2] Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA [3] Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA [4] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L J Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - T Hu
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - J H Moore
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - G Novelli
- 1] Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy [2] Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Sezione di Genetica, Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - W K Scott
- Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - G Sirugo
- Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy
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18
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De Arras L, Laws R, Leach SM, Pontis K, Freedman JH, Schwartz DA, Alper S. Comparative genomics RNAi screen identifies Eftud2 as a novel regulator of innate immunity. Genetics 2014; 197:485-96. [PMID: 24361939 PMCID: PMC4063909 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.160499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of the innate immune response is regulated by many positively and negatively acting signaling proteins. This allows for proper activation of innate immunity to fight infection while ensuring that the response is limited to prevent unwanted complications. Thus mutations in innate immune regulators can lead to immune dysfunction or to inflammatory diseases such as arthritis or atherosclerosis. To identify novel innate immune regulators that could affect infectious or inflammatory disease, we have taken a comparative genomics RNAi screening approach in which we inhibit orthologous genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and murine macrophages, expecting that genes with evolutionarily conserved function also will regulate innate immunity in humans. Here we report the results of an RNAi screen of approximately half of the C. elegans genome, which led to the identification of many candidate genes that regulate innate immunity in C. elegans and mouse macrophages. One of these novel conserved regulators of innate immunity is the mRNA splicing regulator Eftud2, which we show controls the alternate splicing of the MyD88 innate immunity signaling adaptor to modulate the extent of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly De Arras
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206 Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Rebecca Laws
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Kyle Pontis
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206 Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Jonathan H Freedman
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - David A Schwartz
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Scott Alper
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206 Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206
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19
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Siebelt M, van der Windt AE, Groen HC, Sandker M, Waarsing JH, Müller C, de Jong M, Jahr H, Weinans H. FK506 protects against articular cartilage collagenous extra-cellular matrix degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:591-600. [PMID: 24561282 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a non-rheumatologic joint disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the cartilage extra-cellular matrix (ECM), enhanced subchondral bone remodeling, activation of synovial macrophages and osteophyte growth. Inhibition of calcineurin (Cn) activity through tacrolimus (FK506) in in vitro monolayer chondrocytes exerts positive effects on ECM marker expression. This study therefore investigated the effects of FK506 on anabolic and catabolic markers of osteoarthritic chondrocytes in 2D and 3D in vitro cultures, and its therapeutic effects in an in vivo rat model of OA. METHODS Effects of high and low doses of FK506 on anabolic (QPCR/histochemistry) and catabolic (QPCR) markers were evaluated in vitro on isolated (2D) and ECM-embedded chondrocytes (explants, 3D pellets). Severe cartilage damage was induced unilaterally in rat knees using papain injections in combination with a moderate running protocol. Twenty rats were treated with FK506 orally and compared to twenty untreated controls. Subchondral cortical and trabecular bone changes (longitudinal microCT) and macrophage activation (SPECT/CT) were measured. Articular cartilage was analyzed ex vivo using contrast enhanced microCT and histology. RESULTS FK506 treatment of osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro induced anabolic (mainly collagens) and reduced catabolic ECM marker expression. In line with this, FK506 treatment clearly protected ECM integrity in vivo by markedly decreasing subchondral sclerosis, less development of subchondral pores, depletion of synovial macrophage activation and lower osteophyte growth. CONCLUSION FK506 protected cartilage matrix integrity in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, FK506 treatment in vivo reduced OA-like responses in different articular joint tissues and thereby makes Cn an interesting target for therapeutic intervention of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Siebelt
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A E van der Windt
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H C Groen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Sandker
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Waarsing
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences PSI-ETH-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - M de Jong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Jahr
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, TU Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ge Y, Xu Y, Sun W, Man Z, Zhu L, Xia X, Zhao L, Zhao Y, Wang X. The molecular mechanisms of the effect of Dexamethasone and Cyclosporin A on TLR4 /NF-κB signaling pathway activation in oral lichen planus. Gene 2012; 508:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
The calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway mediates multiple adaptive T-cell functions, but recent studies have shown that calcineurin/NFAT signaling also contributes to innate immunity and regulates the homeostasis of innate cells. Myeloid cells, including granulocytes and dendritic cells, can promote inflammation, regulate adaptive immunity, and are essential mediators of early responses to pathogens. Microbial ligation of pattern-recognition receptors, such as TLR4, CD14, and dectin 1, is now known to induce the activation of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in myeloid cells, a finding that has provided new insights into the molecular pathways that regulate host protection. Inhibitors of calcineurin/NFAT binding, such as cyclosporine A and FK506, are broadly used in organ transplantation and can act as potent immunosuppressive drugs in a variety of different disorders. There is increasing evidence that these agents influence innate responses as well as inhibiting adaptive T-cell functions. This review focuses on the role of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in myeloid cells, which may contribute to the various unexplained effects of immunosuppressive drugs already being used in the clinic.
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22
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Collins AJ, Schleicher TR, Rader BA, Nyholm SV. Understanding the role of host hemocytes in a squid/vibrio symbiosis using transcriptomics and proteomics. Front Immunol 2012; 3:91. [PMID: 22590467 PMCID: PMC3349304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis between the squid, Euprymna scolopes, and the bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, serves as a model for understanding interactions between beneficial bacteria and animal hosts. The establishment and maintenance of the association is highly specific and depends on the selection of V. fischeri and exclusion of non-symbiotic bacteria from the environment. Current evidence suggests that the host's cellular innate immune system, in the form of macrophage-like hemocytes, helps to mediate host tolerance of V. fischeri. To begin to understand the role of hemocytes in this association, we analyzed these cells by high-throughput 454 transcriptomic and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomic analyses. 454 high-throughput sequencing produced 650, 686 reads totaling 279.9 Mb while LC-MS/MS analyses of circulating hemocytes putatively identified 702 unique proteins. Several receptors involved with the recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns were identified. Among these was a complete open reading frame to a putative peptidoglycan recognition protein (EsPGRP5) with conserved residues for amidase activity. Assembly of the hemocyte transcriptome showed EsPGRP5 had high coverage, suggesting it is among the 5% most abundant transcripts in circulating hemocytes. Other transcripts and proteins identified included members of the conserved NF-κB signaling pathway, putative members of the complement pathway, the carbohydrate binding protein galectin, and cephalotoxin. Quantitative Real-Time PCR of complement-like genes, cephalotoxin, EsPGRP5, and a nitric oxide synthase showed differential expression in circulating hemocytes from adult squid with colonized light organs compared to those isolated from hosts where the symbionts were removed. These data suggest that the presence of the symbiont influences gene expression of the cellular innate immune system of E. scolopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Collins
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
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23
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Elloumi HZ, Maharshak N, Rao KN, Kobayashi T, Ryu HS, Mühlbauer M, Li F, Jobin C, Plevy SE. A cell permeable peptide inhibitor of NFAT inhibits macrophage cytokine expression and ameliorates experimental colitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34172. [PMID: 22479554 PMCID: PMC3313977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) plays a critical role in the development and function of immune and non-immune cells. Although NFAT is a central transcriptional regulator of T cell cytokines, its role in macrophage specific gene expression is less defined. Previous work from our group demonstrated that NFAT regulates Il12b gene expression in macrophages. Here, we further investigate NFAT function in murine macrophages and determined the effects of a cell permeable NFAT inhibitor peptide 11R-VIVIT on experimental colitis in mice. Treatment of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) with tacrolimus or 11R-VIVIT significantly inhibited LPS and LPS plus IFN-γ induced IL-12 p40 mRNA and protein expression. IL-12 p70 and IL-23 secretion were also decreased. NFAT nuclear translocation and binding to the IL-12 p40 promoter was reduced by NFAT inhibition. Experiments in BMDMs from IL-10 deficient (Il10−/−) mice demonstrate that inhibition of IL-12 expression by 11R-VIVIT was independent of IL-10 expression. To test its therapeutic potential, 11R-VIVIT was administered systemically to Il10−/− mice with piroxicam-induced colitis. 11R-VIVIT treated mice demonstrated significant improvement in colitis compared to mice treated with an inactive peptide. Moreover, decreased spontaneous secretion of IL-12 p40 and TNF in supernatants from colon explant cultures was demonstrated. In summary, NFAT, widely recognized for its role in T cell biology, also regulates important innate inflammatory pathways in macrophages. Selective blocking of NFAT via a cell permeable inhibitory peptide is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Z. Elloumi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nitsan Maharshak
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kavitha N. Rao
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hyungjin S. Ryu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marcus Mühlbauer
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fengling Li
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christian Jobin
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Plevy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Proteomic biosignatures for monocyte-macrophage differentiation. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:239-55. [PMID: 21788015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We used pulsed stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (pSILAC) to assess protein dynamics during monocyte-macrophage differentiation. pSILAC allows metabolic labeling of newly synthesized proteins. Such de novo protein production was evaluated from 3 to 7 days in culture. Proteins were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry then quantified by MaxQuant. Protein-protein linkages were then assessed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Proteins identified were linked to cell homeostasis, free radical scavenging, molecular protein transport, carbohydrate metabolism, small molecule chemistry, and cell morphology. The data demonstrates specific biologic events that are linked to monocyte transformation in a defined biologic system.
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Minematsu H, Shin MJ, Celil Aydemir AB, Kim KO, Nizami SA, Chung GJ, Lee FYI. Nuclear presence of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c3 and c4 is required for Toll-like receptor-activated innate inflammatory response of monocytes/macrophages. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1785-93. [PMID: 21726630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATs) are crucial transcription factors that tightly control proinflammatory cytokine expression for adaptive immunity in T and B lymphocytes. However, little is known about the role of NFATs for innate immunity in macrophages. In this study, we report that NFAT is required for Toll-like receptor (TLR)-initiated innate immune responses in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). All TLR ligand stimulation including LPS, a TLR4 ligand, and Pam(3)CSK(4), a TLR1/2 ligand, induced expression of TNF which was inhibited by VIVIT, an NFAT-specific inhibitor peptide. BMMs from NFATc4 knock-out mouse expressed less TNF than wild type. Despite apparent association between NFAT and TNF, LPS did not directly activate NFAT based on NFAT-luciferase reporter assay, whereas NF-κB was inducibly activated by LPS. Instead, macrophage exhibited constitutive NFAT activity which was not increased by LPS and was decreased by VIVIT. Immunocytochemical examination of NFATc1-4 of BMMs exhibited nuclear localization of NFATc3/c4 regardless of LPS stimulation. LPS stimulation did not cause nuclear translocation of NFATc1/c2. Treatment with VIVIT resulted in nuclear export of NFATc3/c4 and inhibited TLR-activated TNF expression, suggesting that nuclear residence of NFATc is required for TLR-related innate immune response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay using anti-RNA polymerase II (PolII) antibody suggested that VIVIT decreased PolII binding to TNF gene locus, consistent with VIVIT inhibition of LPS-induced TNF mRNA expression. This study identifies a novel paradigm of innate immune regulation rendered by NFAT which is a well known family of adaptive immune regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Minematsu
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street BB14-1412, New York, NY 10032, USA
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26
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López-Sánchez A, Sáenz A, Casals C. Surfactant protein A (SP-A)-tacrolimus complexes have a greater anti-inflammatory effect than either SP-A or tacrolimus alone on human macrophage-like U937 cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 77:384-91. [PMID: 21172435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intratracheal administration of immunosuppressive agents to the lung is a novel treatment after lung transplantation. Nanoparticles of tacrolimus (FK506) might interact with human SP-A, which is the most abundant lipoprotein in the alveolar fluid. This study was undertaken to determine whether the formation of FK506/SP-A complexes interferes with FK506 immunosuppressive actions on stimulated human macrophage-like U937 cells. We found that SP-A was avidly bound to FK506 (K(d) = 35 ± 4nM), as determined by solid phase-binding assays and dynamic light scattering. Free FK506, at concentrations ≤ 1 μM, had no effect on the inflammatory response of LPS-stimulated U937 macrophages. However, coincubation of FK506 and SP-A, at concentrations where each component alone did not affect LPS-stimulated macrophage response, significantly inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-alpha secretion. Free FK506, but not FK506/SP-A, functioned as substrate for the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein. FK506 bound to SP-A was delivered to macrophages by endocytosis, since several endocytosis inhibitors blocked FK506/SP-A anti-inflammatory effects. This process depended partly on SP-A binding to its receptor, SP-R210. These results indicate that FK506/SP-A complexes have a greater anti-inflammatory effect than either FK506 or SP-A alone and suggest that SP-A strengthened FK506 anti-inflammatory activity by facilitating FK506 entrance into the cell, overcoming P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena López-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica & Biología Molecular & CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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HIV-1 evades virus-specific IgG2 and IgA responses by targeting systemic and intestinal B cells via long-range intercellular conduits. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:1008-17. [PMID: 19648924 PMCID: PMC2784687 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Contact-dependent communication between immune cells generates protection, but also facilitates viral spread. We found that macrophages formed long-range actin-propelled conduits in response to negative factor (Nef), a human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) protein with immunosuppressive functions. Conduits attenuated immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) and IgA class switching in systemic and intestinal lymphoid follicles by shuttling Nef from infected macrophages to B cells through a guanine exchange factor-dependent pathway involving the amino-terminal anchor, central core and carboxy-terminal flexible loop of Nef. By showing stronger virus-specific IgG2 and IgA responses in patients harboring Nef-deficient virions, our data suggest that HIV-1 exploits intercellular highways as a “Trojan horse” to deliver Nef to B cells and evade humoral immunity systemically and at mucosal sites of entry.
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Abstract
The intestinal ecosystem contains a normal microbiota, non-immune cells and immune cells associated with the intestinal mucosa. The mechanisms involved in the modulation of the gut immune system by probiotics are not yet completely understood. The present work studies the effect of a fermented milk containing probiotic bacteriumLactobacillus(Lb.)caseiDN114001 on different parameters of the gut immune system involved with the nonspecific, innate and adaptive response. BALB/c mice received the probiotic bacteriumLb. caseiDN114001 or the probiotic fermented milk (PFM). The interaction of the probiotic bacteria with the intestine was studied by electron and fluorescence microscopy. The immunological parameters were studied in the intestinal tissue and in the supernatant of intestinal cells (IC). Results showed that the probiotic bacterium interact with the IC. The whole bacterium or its fragments make contact with the gut associated immune cells. The PFM stimulated the IC with IL-6 release, as well as cells related to the nonspecific barrier and with the immune cells associated with the gut. This last activity was observed through the increase in the population of different immune cells: T lymphocytes and IgA+ B lymphocytes, and by the expression of cell markers related to both innate and adaptive response (macrophages). PFM was also able to activate the enzyme calcineurine responsible for the activation of the transcriptional factor NFAT. PFM induced mucosal immune stimulation reinforcing the non-specific barrier and modulating the innate immune response in the gut, maintaining the intestinal homeostasis.
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29
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Jennings C, Kusler B, Jones PP. Calcineurin inactivation leads to decreased responsiveness to LPS in macrophages and dendritic cells and protects against LPS-induced toxicity in vivo. Innate Immun 2009; 15:109-20. [PMID: 19318421 DOI: 10.1177/1753425908100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bind to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activate innate and inflammatory responses. Responses to LPS and other microbial components are limited by the activation of negative feedback mechanisms that reduce responsiveness to subsequent LPS exposure, often termed LPS tolerance. Our laboratory has previously shown that calcineurin, a phosphatase known for its activation of T cells via NFAT, negatively regulates the TLR pathway in macrophages; consequently, calcineurin inhibitors (FK506 and cyclosporin A) mimic TLR ligands in activating the TLR pathway, NF-KB, and associated innate and inflammatory responses. This study investigated the physiological consequences of calcineurin inactivation for LPS-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo using two models: calcineurin inhibition by FK506 (tacrolimus) and myeloid cell-specific calcineurin deletion. Activation of dendritic cells and macrophages with FK506 in vitro was shown to induce a state of reduced responsiveness to LPS (i.e. a form of LPS tolerance). Similarly, macrophages from FK506-treated mice or from mice in which the calcineurin B1 (CnB1) subunit was conditionally knocked out in myeloid cells were found to have diminished LPS-induced inflammatory responses. In addition, mice with CnB1-deficient myeloid cells and mice undergoing FK506 treatment showed improved survival and recovery when challenged with high doses of systemic LPS compared to controls. These results demonstrate that inactivation of calcineurin in macrophages and other myeloid cells by inhibition or deletion can induce a form of LPS tolerance and protect the host from LPS toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charay Jennings
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
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Kayama H, Koga R, Atarashi K, Okuyama M, Kimura T, Mak TW, Uematsu S, Akira S, Takayanagi H, Honda K, Yamamoto M, Takeda K. NFATc1 mediates Toll-like receptor-independent innate immune responses during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000514. [PMID: 19609356 PMCID: PMC2704961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense against the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi depends on Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent innate immune responses. Recent studies also suggest the presence of TLR-independent responses to several microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, the TLR-independent responses to protozoa remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate a novel TLR-independent innate response pathway to T. cruzi. Myd88−/−Trif−/− mice lacking TLR signaling showed normal T. cruzi-induced Th1 responses and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), despite high sensitivity to the infection. IFN-γ was normally induced in T. cruzi-infected Myd88−/−Trif−/− innate immune cells, and further was responsible for the TLR-independent Th1 responses and DC maturation after T. cruzi infection. T. cruzi infection induced elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ level. Furthermore, T. cruzi-induced IFN-γ expression was blocked by inhibition of Ca2+ signaling. NFATc1, which plays a pivotal role in Ca2+ signaling in lymphocytes, was activated in T. cruzi-infected Myd88−/−Trif−/− innate immune cells. T. cruzi-infected Nfatc1−/− fetal liver DCs were impaired in IFN-γ production and DC maturation. These results demonstrate that NFATc1 mediates TLR-independent innate immune responses in T. cruzi infection. Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas diseases in humans. Invasion of T. cruzi into the host is sensed by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize microbial components that are present in microbes but not in the host. TLRs are essential for the initiation of immune responses against pathogens. Recent evidence indicates the presence of TLR-independent mechanisms for the recognition of microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. However, TLR-independent recognition of protozoa remains unknown. We found that immune responses against T. cruzi were induced even in the absence of TLR signaling. The TLR-independent responses were found to be mediated by IFN-γ production in innate immune cells. Furthermore, the TLR-independent IFN-γ production was revealed to be mediated by Ca2+-dependent activation of NFATc1, which has been shown to play a pivotal role in cytokine production in T lymphocytes. Our study provides a novel mechanism for the TLR-independent innate immune response against protozoan parasites. It is also worth noting that the host defense mechanism utilizes a factor (Ca2+) that is a prerequisite for the survival of intracellular protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Koga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Atarashi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Megumi Okuyama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taishi Kimura
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tak W. Mak
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Department of Medical Biophysics, Advanced Medical Discovery Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Honda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections with primary and opportunistic mycoses have become increasingly common in recent years and pose a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. They represent a major area of concern in today's medical fraternity. The occurrence of invasive fungal diseases, particularly in AIDS and other immunocompromised patients, is life-threatening and increases the economic burden. Apart from the previously known polyenes and imidazole-based azoles, newly discovered triazoles and echinocandins are more effective in terms of specificity, yet some immunosuppressed hosts are difficult to treat. The main reasons for this include antifungal resistance, toxicity, lack of rapid and microbe-specific diagnoses, poor penetration of drugs into sanctuary sites, and lack of oral or intravenous preparations. In addition to combination antifungal therapy, other novel antimycotic treatments such as calcineurin signaling pathway blockers and vaccines have recently emerged. This review briefly summarizes recent developments in the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy P Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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Capparelli R, Palumbo D, Iannaccone M, Iannelli D. Human V-ATPase gene can protect or predispose the host to pulmonary tuberculosis. Genes Immun 2009; 10:641-6. [PMID: 19536151 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients (305 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis) and controls (290 household genetically unrelated contacts) were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for polymorphisms in the intron 15 and the 5' untranslated region of the gene coding for the a3 isoform of the human ATPase gene. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was based on chest radiography and sputum smear examination and confirmed by PCR and bacteriological tests. Alleles (two at each site) segregated in the form of four haplotype pairs: 13, 14 (very rare), 23, and 24. The 13/24 (double heterozygous) patients were protected against tuberculosis (OR: 0.15; P: 10(-8); CI: 0.08-0.3). The 13/13 vs 13/24 and 23/23 vs 23/24 (double homozygous) patients were susceptible to the disease (OR. 5.8; P: 6 x 10(-7); CI: 2.8-11.9; OR: 4.5; P: 5 x 10(-7); CI: 2.5-8.4, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Capparelli
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
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Induction of TLR4-target genes entails calcium/calmodulin-dependent regulation of chromatin remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1169-74. [PMID: 19164553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811274106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in macrophages, the mammalian Swi/Snf-like BAF chromatin remodeling complex is recruited to many TLR4 target genes where it remodels their chromatin to promote transcription. Here, we show that, surprisingly, recruitment is not sufficient for chromatin remodeling; a second event, dependent on calcium/calmodulin (CaM), is additionally required. Calcium/CaM directly binds the HMG domain of the BAF57 subunit within the BAF complex. Calcium/CaM antagonists, including a CaM-binding peptide derived from BAF57, abolish BAF-dependent remodeling and gene expression without compromising BAF recruitment. BAF57 RNAi and BAF57 dominant negative mutants defective in CaM binding similarly impair the induction of BAF target genes. Our data implicate calcium/CaM in TLR4 signaling, and reveal a previously undescribed, recruitment-independent mode of regulation of the BAF complex that is probably achieved through a direct CaM-BAF interaction.
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Kang YJ, Kusler B, Otsuka M, Hughes M, Suzuki N, Suzuki S, Yeh WC, Akira S, Han J, Jones PP. Calcineurin negatively regulates TLR-mediated activation pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4598-607. [PMID: 17878357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In innate immunity, microbial components stimulate macrophages to produce antimicrobial substances, cytokines, other proinflammatory mediators, and IFNs via TLRs, which trigger signaling pathways activating NF-kappaB, MAPKs, and IFN response factors. We show in this study that, in contrast to its activating role in T cells, in macrophages the protein phosphatase calcineurin negatively regulates NF-kappaB, MAPKs, and IFN response factor activation by inhibiting the TLR-mediated signaling pathways. Evidence for this novel role for calcineurin was provided by the findings that these signaling pathways are activated when calcineurin is inhibited either by the inhibitors cyclosporin A or FK506 or by small interfering RNA-targeting calcineurin, and that activation of these pathways by TLR ligands is inhibited by the overexpression of a constitutively active form of calcineurin. We further found that IkappaB-alpha degradation, MAPK activation, and TNF-alpha production by FK506 were reduced in macrophages from mice deficient in MyD88, Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta (TRIF), TLR2, or TLR4, whereas macrophages from TLR3-deficient or TLR9 mutant mice showed the same responses to FK506 as those of wild-type cells. Biochemical studies indicate that calcineurin interacts with MyD88, TRIF, TLR2, and TLR4, but not with TLR3 or TLR9. Collectively, these results suggest that calcineurin negatively regulates TLR-mediated activation pathways in macrophages by inhibiting the adaptor proteins MyD88 and TRIF, and a subset of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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35
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Steinbach WJ, Reedy JL, Cramer RA, Perfect JR, Heitman J. Harnessing calcineurin as a novel anti-infective agent against invasive fungal infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5:418-30. [PMID: 17505522 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The number of immunocompromised patients with invasive fungal infections continues to increase and new antifungal therapies are not keeping pace with the growing incidence of these infections and their associated mortality. Calcineurin inhibition is currently used to exert effective immunosuppression following organ transplantation and in treating various other conditions. However, the calcineurin pathway is also intricately involved in the growth and pathogenesis of the three major fungal pathogens of humans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, and the exploitation of fungal calcineurin pathways holds great promise for the future development of novel antifungal agents. This Review summarizes our current understanding of calcineurin biology in these fungal species, and its exciting potential role in treating invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Steinbach
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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36
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Hong J, Nakano Y, Yokomakura A, Ishihara K, Kim S, Kang YS, Ohuchi K. Nitric Oxide Production by the Vacuolar-Type (H+)-ATPase Inhibitors Bafilomycin A1 and Concanamycin A and Its Possible Role in Apoptosis in RAW 264.7 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:672-81. [PMID: 16895977 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse leukemic monocyte cell line RAW 264.7, the vacuolar-type (H(+))-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitors bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A induced nitric oxide (NO) production through the expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase mRNA and its protein and decreased cell growth and survival as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl(thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A activated nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and activator protein-1 and decreased the level of IkappaB-alpha and increased that of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). NO production induced by these V-ATPase inhibitors was suppressed by the NF-kappaB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 [(E)3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl])-2-propenenitrile] and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 [anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one] in parallel with the partial alleviation of the V-ATPase inhibitor-induced decrease in MTT response. The Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor dibucaine and the F-ATPase inhibitor oligomycin did not induce NO production at which concentrations the MTT response was decreased. The NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine further lowered the V-ATPase inhibitor-induced decrease in the MTT response, and the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, sodium salt (carboxy-PTIO) alleviated it partially. Mitochondrial depolarization, an index of apoptosis, was induced by bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A. On treatment with the nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine acetate, the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A was alleviated partially in parallel with the decrease in NO production. Carboxy-PTIO also alleviated it partially. Our findings suggest that the V-ATPase inhibitors bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A similarly induce NO production and the newly produced NO participates partially in the V-ATPase inhibitor-induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangja Hong
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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37
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Nakajima H, Shibata F, Fukuchi Y, Goto-Koshino Y, Ito M, Urano A, Nakahata T, Aburatani H, Kitamura T. Immune suppressor factor confers stromal cell line with enhanced supporting activity for hematopoietic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340:35-42. [PMID: 16343424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune suppressor factor (ISF) is a subunit of the vacuolar ATPase proton pump. We earlier identified a short form of ISF (ShIF) as a stroma-derived factor that supports cytokine-independent growth of mutant Ba/F3 cells. Here, we report that ISF/ShIF supports self-renewal and expansion of primary hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Co-culture of murine bone marrow cells with a stromal cell line overexpressing ISF or ShIF (MS10/ISF or MS10/ShIF) not only enhanced their colony-forming activity and the numbers of long-term culture initiating cells, but also maintained the competitive repopulating activity of HSC. This stem cell supporting activity depended on the proton-transfer function of ISF/ShIF. Gene expression analysis of ISF/ShIF-transfected cell lines revealed down-regulation of secreted frizzled-related protein-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3, and the restoration of their expressions in MS10/ISF cells partially reversed its enhanced LTC-IC supporting activity to a normal level. These results suggest that ISF/ShIF confers stromal cells with enhanced supporting activities for HSCs by modulating Wnt-activity and the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nakajima
- Center of Excellence, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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38
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Plekhova NG, Somova LM, Slonova RA, Companets GG, Luk'yanova VV, Yakubovich NV. Metabolic activity of macrophages infected with hantavirus, an agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 70:990-7. [PMID: 16266269 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are thought to play an important role in pathogenesis of viral infections. These cells are involved in distribution and persistence of viruses in the organism and also influence the regulation of immune reactions. The functional and enzymatic activities of macrophages infected with an agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome were analyzed for the first time. This disease is caused by a virus of the Hantavirus genus, the Bunyaviridae family. Activities of ectoenzymes 5 -nucleotidase and ATPase of the plasma membrane of the hantavirus-infected macrophages decreased along with the antigen accumulation in the infected cells. The contact of phagocytes with hantavirus resulted in activation in the cells of the oxygen-dependent metabolism and NO-synthase. The NO-synthase-dependent system of the infected macrophages was activated earlier than their oxygen-dependent system. The intracellular contents of acid and alkaline phosphatases increased within the first hours after the infection. The bactericidal activity of the hantavirus-infected macrophages relatively to Staphylococcus aureus increased during the specific antigen accumulation in the phagocytes. Thus, the infection of macrophages with hantavirus was associated with intracellular metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Plekhova
- Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, 690087, Russia.
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Shichi D, Kikkawa EF, Ota M, Katsuyama Y, Kimura A, Matsumori A, Kulski JK, Naruse TK, Inoko H. The haplotype block, NFKBIL1-ATP6V1G2-BAT1-MICB-MICA, within the class III-class I boundary region of the human major histocompatibility complex may control susceptibility to hepatitis C virus-associated dilated cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:200-8. [PMID: 16101831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a heart muscle disease with impaired stretch response that can result in severe heart failure and sudden death. A small proportion of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients may be predisposed to develop dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The molecular mechanisms involved in the predisposition remain unknown due in part to the lack of information on their genetic background. Because the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region has a pivotal role in controlling the susceptibility to HCV-induced liver disease, we hypothesized that particular HLA alleles and/or non-HLA gene alleles within the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genomic region might control the predisposition to HCV-associated DCM (HCV-DCM) and/or HCV-associated HCM (HCV-HCM). Here, we present mapping results of the MHC-related susceptibility gene locus for HCV-associated cardiomyopathy by analyzing microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism markers. To delineate the susceptibility locus, we genotyped 44 polymorphic markers scattered across the entire MHC region in a total of 59 patients (21 HCV-DCM and 38 HCV-HCM) and 120 controls. We mapped HCV-DCM susceptibility to a non-HLA gene locus spanning from NFKBIL1 to MICA gene loci within the MHC class III-class I boundary region. Our results showed that HCV-DCM was more strongly associated with alleles of the non-HLA genes rather than the HLA genes themselves. In addition, no significant association was found between the MHC markers and HCV-HCM. This marked difference in the MHC-related disease susceptibility for HCV- associated cardiomyopathy strongly suggests that the development of HCV- DCM and HCV-HCM is under the control of different pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shichi
- Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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40
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Ohmori I, Hayamizu K, Oishi K, Yoshimitsu M, Itamoto T, Asahara T. Inhibition of tumor growth in immunocompromised hosts by restoring type-2 immunity using infusion of G-CSF-treated allogeneic CD8+ leukocytes. Cytokine 2005; 32:255-62. [PMID: 16368244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF)-treated donor leukocyte infusion (G-DLI) has been shown to downregulate type-1 immunity in a heart transplant model, we examined influences of G-DLI on tumor growth in immunosuppressed hosts. F344 rats were treated with tacrolimus (8 mg/kg i.m.) and syngeneic colon adenocarcinoma RCN-9 cells (3 x 10(6)) were inoculated subcutaneously. For G-DLI, allogeneic DA rats were pretreated with rhG-CSF (250 microg/kg, days -5 to 0) and isolated leukocytes or sorted CD8(+) cells were injected intravenously to the hosts on day 0. Tumors in tacrolimus-treated hosts continuously grew over 5 weeks. G-DLI of 100 x 10(6) leukocytes attenuated tumor growth rate while direct host pretreatment with rhG-CSF did not. Notably, G-DLI of 10 x 10(6) CD8(+) cells blocked tumor expansion after day 14. Tacrolimus-induced inhibition of lymphocyte infiltration into tumors was recovered by the G-DLIs. Flow cytometry showed no detectable donor-type T cells in the tumor and circulation. Quantification of intratumor transcription levels using reverse transcription-real-time polymerase chain reaction showed recovery from tacrolimus-induced downregulation of interleukin-4 but not interferon-gamma levels. In vivo rhG-CSF-treated CD8(+) allogeneic cells demonstrate potent anti-tumor effects by restoring type-2 immunity of immunosuppressed hosts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Immunocompromised Host/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p35
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Leukocyte Count
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Recombinant Proteins
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/metabolism
- Tacrolimus/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Ohmori
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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41
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Lin CW, Tsai FJ, Wan L, Lai CC, Lin KH, Hsieh TH, Shiu SY, Li JY. Binding interaction of SARS coronavirus 3CL(pro) protease with vacuolar-H+ ATPase G1 subunit. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:6089-94. [PMID: 16226257 PMCID: PMC7094641 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 09/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is an important issue for treatment and prevention of SARS. Recently, SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) protease has been implied to be possible relevance to SARS-CoV pathogenesis. In this study, we intended to identify potential 3CL(pro)-interacting cellular protein(s) using the phage-displayed human lung cDNA library. The vacuolar-H+ ATPase (V-ATPase) G1 subunit that contained a 3CL(pro) cleavage site-like motif was identified as a 3CL(pro)-interacting protein, as confirmed using the co-immunoprecipitation assay and the relative affinity assay. In addition, our result also demonstrated the cleavage of the V-ATPase G1 fusion protein and the immunoprecipitation of cellular V-ATPase G1 by the 3CL(pro). Moreover, loading cells with SNARF-1 pH-sensitive dye showed that the intracellular pH in 3CL(pro)-expressing cells was significantly lower as compared to mock cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Donners MMPC, Bot I, De Windt LJ, van Berkel TJC, Daemen MJAP, Biessen EAL, Heeneman S. Low-dose FK506 blocks collar-induced atherosclerotic plaque development and stabilizes plaques in ApoE-/- mice. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:1204-15. [PMID: 15888024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, we tested the hypothesis that the immunosuppressive drug FK506 would attenuate the development of atherosclerosis using a mouse model of collar-induced atherosclerosis. ApoE-/- mice were treated for 4 weeks with the immunosuppressive drug FK506 (0.05 mg/kg/day), yielding sustained blood levels (approximately 0.2 ng/mL) without systemic side effects. Atherosclerotic plaque development of FK506-treated mice was significantly reduced (63%) while plaque cell density was increased (52%) compared to controls. Importantly, FK506 also blocked progression of pre-existing atherosclerotic plaques. Plaque area of pre-existing plaques was 35% reduced by FK506. Cell density (35%) and collagen content (51%) were significantly increased, whereas necrotic core content was decreased (42%), indicating a more stable plaque morphology. Similar results were found during spontaneous atherosclerotic plaque development in ApoE-/- mice (treatment 17-25 weeks of age). Flow-cytometric analysis showed no peripheral effects on blood cell count or T-cell activation after FK506-treatment. In vitro, FK506 decreased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis and inhibited nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-luciferase reporter activity at concentrations in the range of the in vivo concentration. Low-dose FK506 inhibits collar-induced atherosclerotic plaque development and progression and induces more stable plaque phenotypes in ApoE-/- mice without any peripheral side effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apolipoproteins E/physiology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Arteriosclerosis/prevention & control
- Blood Cell Count
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Plaque, Amyloid/pathology
- Tacrolimus/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo M P C Donners
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Harada N, Shimada M, Okano S, Suehiro T, Soejima Y, Tomita Y, Maehara Y. IL-12 gene therapy is an effective therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma in immunosuppressed mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:6635-44. [PMID: 15557154 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation is essential for controlling rejection. When liver transplantation is performed as a therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), recurrent HCC is one of the most fatal complications. In this study, we show that intratumoral murine IL-12 (mIL-12) gene therapy has the potential to be an effective treatment for malignancies under immunosuppression. C3H mice (H-2(k)), injected with FK506 (3 mg/kg) i.p., were s.c. implanted with 2.5 x 10(6) MH134 cells (H-2(k)) and we treated the established HCC with electroporation-mediated gene therapy using mIL-12 plasmid DNA. Intratumoral gene transfer of mIL-12 elevated intratumoral mIL-12, IFN-gamma, and IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10, significantly reduced the number of microvessels and inhibited the growth of HCC, compared with HCC-transferred control pCAGGS plasmid. The inhibition of tumor growth in immunosuppressed mice was comparable with that of mIL-12 gene therapy in immunocompetent mice. Intratumoral mIL-12 gene therapy enhanced lymphocytic infiltration into the tumor and elicited the MH134-specific CTL response even under FK506. The dose of FK506 was sufficient to prevent the rejection of distant allogenic skin grafts (BALB/c mice, H-2(d)) and tumors, B7-p815 (H-2(d)) used as transplants, during mIL-12 gene therapy against MH134. Ab-mediated depletion studies suggested that the inhibition of tumor growth, neovascularization, and spontaneous lung metastasis by mIL-12 was dependent almost entirely on NK cells and partially on T cells. These results suggest that intratumoral mIL-12 gene therapy is a potent effective strategy not only to treat recurrences of HCC in liver transplantation, but also to treat solid malignant tumors in immunosuppressed patients with transplanted organ.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Electroporation
- Female
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Growth Inhibitors/biosynthesis
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Neoplasm Metastasis/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tacrolimus/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Harada
- Department of, Surgery and Science, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Dragomir E, Manduteanu I, Voinea M, Costache G, Manea A, Simionescu M. Aspirin rectifies calcium homeostasis, decreases reactive oxygen species, and increases NO production in high glucose-exposed human endothelial cells. J Diabetes Complications 2004; 18:289-99. [PMID: 15337503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin's pharmacological action is mainly related to its property to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis; apart from this, aspirin has some beneficial side effects that are not completely understood, yet. Since aspirin possesses antioxidant properties and antioxidants prevent high d-glucose enhanced endothelial [Ca(2+)](i), we questioned whether aspirin also has an effect on this process as well as on high-glucose-impaired nitric oxide (NO) production. For these purposes, human endothelial cells (HECs) were cultured in normal concentration (5 mM) glucose (NG) or high concentration (33 mM) glucose (HG) and after confluence, exposed for 48 h to HG in the absence or presence of 1 mM aspirin. Then, the [Ca(2+)](i) was measured fluorimetrically using fura-2, NO production was determined by Griess reaction, superoxide anions (O(2)) was evaluated by ferricytochrome c reduction, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated by fluorimetry, and the levels of protein kinase C (PKC) by Western blot. The results showed that HECs exposed to HG displayed: (i) increased [Ca(2+)](i); (ii) enhanced O(2) release; (iii) augmented level of intracellular ROS; and (iv) PKC translocation to the membrane fraction. By comparison, exposure to cells grown in HG to 1 mM aspirin resulted in: (i) a reduction of histamine stimulated [Ca(2+)](i) release to control level and of [Ca(2+)](i) entry by 30%; (ii) a twofold increase in NO production; (iii) a decrease of O(2)(-) accumulation in both culture medium and cell homogenate (by 60.4% and 70%, respectively); (iv) a decline of ROS to the control levels; and (v) a reduction of PKC translocation to the control levels. These data indicate that aspirin corrects the high-glucose-induced changes in cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and NO production, via a mechanism involving the reduction of the O(2)(-) levels possible by acting on PKC-induced NADPH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dragomir
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 8, BP Hasdeu Street, PO Box 35-14, 79691 Bucharest, Romania
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45
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Sun AQ, Balasubramaniyan N, Liu CJ, Shahid M, Suchy FJ. Association of the 16-kDa subunit c of vacuolar proton pump with the ileal Na+-dependent bile acid transporter: protein-protein interaction and intracellular trafficking. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:16295-300. [PMID: 14752118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312838200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) transports conjugated bile acids in a Na+-dependent fashion and localizes specifically to the apical surface of ileal enterocytes. The mechanisms that target organic anion transporters to different domains of the ileal enterocyte plasma membrane have not been well defined. Previous studies (Sung, A.-Q., Arresa, M. A., Zeng, L., Swaby, I'K., Zhou, M. M., and Suchy, F. J. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 6825-6833) from our laboratory demonstrated that rat Asbt follows an apical sorting pathway that is brefeldin A-sensitive and insensitive to protein glycosylation, monensin treatment, and low temperature shift. Furthermore, a 14-mer signal sequence that adopts a beta-turn conformation is required for apical localization of rat Asbt. In this study, a vacuolar proton pump subunit (VPP-c, the 16-kDa subunit c of vacuolar H+-ATPase) has been identified as an interacting partner of Asbt by a bacterial two-hybrid screen. A direct protein-protein interaction between Asbt and VPP-c was confirmed in an in vitro pull-down assay and in an in vivo mammalian two-hybrid analysis. Indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrated that the Asbt and VPP-c colocalized in transfected COS-7 and MDCK cells. Moreover, bafilomycin A1 (a specific inhibitor of VPP) interrupted the colocalization of Asbt and VPP-c. A taurocholate influx assay and membrane biotinylation analysis showed that treatment with bafilomycin A1 resulted in a significant decrease in bile acid transport activity and the apical membrane localization of Asbt in transfected cells. Thus, these results suggest that the apical membrane localization of Asbt is mediated in part by the vacuolar proton pump associated apical sorting machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Qiang Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Zhu C, Rao K, Xiong H, Gagnidze K, Li F, Horvath C, Plevy S. Activation of the murine interleukin-12 p40 promoter by functional interactions between NFAT and ICSBP. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:39372-82. [PMID: 12876285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306441200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine that is critical for the development of a T-helper-1 immune response and immunity against intracellular pathogens. The IL-12 p40 gene product, expressed specifically in macrophages and dendritic cells, heterodimerizes with p35 to form bioactive IL-12, and heterodimerizes with p19 to comprise the cytokine IL-23. Regulation of the murine IL-12 p40 promoter is complex. Multiple cis-acting elements have been characterized that are involved in activation by bacterial products. However, molecular mechanisms through which interferon (IFN)-gamma and bacterial products synergistically activate IL-12 p40 gene expression are less clear. In this study, a composite NFAT/ICSBP binding site at -68 to -54 is identified that is functionally important for p40 promoter activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS plus IFN-gamma. DNA binding of NFAT and ICSBP is demonstrated on the endogenous promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation. NFAT is required for ICSBP binding to this region. Overexpression of NFAT and ICSBP synergistically activates the p40 promoter. A dominant negative NFAT molecule attenuates LPS- and IFN-gamma-activated endogenous IL-12 p40 mRNA expression. A physical association between NFAT and ICSBP in the absence of DNA is detected by co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins. Three NFAT domains are required for ICSBP interaction. Finally, in LPS- and IFN-gamma-activated RAW-264.7 cells, the association between NFAT and ICSBP is abrogated by IL-10 priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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47
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Sakuma K, Nishikawa J, Nakao R, Watanabe K, Totsuka T, Nakano H, Sano M, Yasuhara M. Calcineurin is a potent regulator for skeletal muscle regeneration by association with NFATc1 and GATA-2. Acta Neuropathol 2003; 105:271-80. [PMID: 12557015 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-002-0647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2002] [Revised: 10/22/2002] [Accepted: 10/22/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The molecular signaling pathways involved in regeneration after muscle damage have not been identified. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that calcineurin, a calcium-regulated phosphatase recently implicated in the signaling of fiber-type conversion and muscle hypertrophy, is required to induce skeletal muscle remodeling. The amount of calcineurin and dephosphorylated nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) proteins was markedly increased in the regenerating muscle of rats. The amount of calcineurin co-precipitating with NFATc1 and GATA-2, and NFATc1 co-precipitating with GATA-2 gradually increased in the tibialis anterior muscle after bupivacaine injection. Calcineurin protein was present in the proliferating satellite cells labeled with BrdU in the damaged muscle after 4 days. In contrast, calcineurin was not detected in the quiescent nonactivating satellite cells expressing Myf-5. At 4 days post injection, many macrophages detected in the damaged and regenerating area did not possess calcineurin protein. Calcineurin protein was abundant in many myoblasts and myotubes that expressed MyoD and myogenin at 4 and 6 days post injection. In the intact muscle, no immunoreactivity of calcineurin or BrdU was detected in the cell membrane, cytosol or the extracellular connective tissue. In mice, intraperitoneal injection of cyclosporin A, a potent inhibitor of calcineurin, induced extensive inflammation, marked fiber atrophy, the appearance of immature myotubes, and calcification in the regenerating muscle compared with phosphate-buffered saline-administered mice. Thus, calcineurin may have an important role in muscle regeneration in association with NFATc1 and GATA-2.
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MESH Headings
- Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage
- Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Bupivacaine/administration & dosage
- Bupivacaine/pharmacology
- Calcineurin/drug effects
- Calcineurin/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- GATA2 Transcription Factor
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- MyoD Protein/drug effects
- MyoD Protein/metabolism
- NFATC Transcription Factors
- Nuclear Proteins
- Precipitin Tests
- Rats
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Regeneration/physiology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/drug effects
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/pathology
- Transcription Factors/drug effects
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Sakuma
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 456 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Japan.
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48
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Olivetta E, Percario Z, Fiorucci G, Mattia G, Schiavoni I, Dennis C, Jäger J, Harris M, Romeo G, Affabris E, Federico M. HIV-1 Nef induces the release of inflammatory factors from human monocyte/macrophages: involvement of Nef endocytotic signals and NF-kappa B activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1716-27. [PMID: 12574335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently reported that the endogenous expression of HIV-1 Nef in human monocyte/macrophages induces the release of chemokines and other as yet unidentified soluble factors leading to multiple effects of pathogenic significance, such as the recruitment and activation of quiescent lymphocytes. However, the description of underlying molecular mechanisms remained elusive. We recently demonstrated that human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) efficiently internalize soluble rNef, thereby inducing effects largely resembling those observed in cells endogenously expressing Nef. By exploiting the rNef/MDM model, we sought to gain more insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of MDM to Nef. Array analysis for the detection of transcripts from a large number of monokines, chemokines, cytokines, and receptors thereof showed that MDM promptly responded to rNef treatment by increasing the transcription of genes for several inflammatory factors. Analysis of supernatants revealed that rNef treatment induced the release of macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. Conversely, rNefs mutated in domains critical for the interaction with the endocytotic machinery (i.e., EE155-156QQ, and DD174-175AA) were ineffective. Interestingly, we found that the Nef-dependent release of inflammatory factors correlated with the activation of the NF-kappaB transcription factor, mainly in its p50/p50 homodimeric form, and in a de novo protein synthesis-independent manner. Our data add new hints supporting the idea that the presence of Nef is per se heavily detrimental for monocyte/macrophages and relative cross-talking cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Olivetta
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161-Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The effect of meliacine (MAS) and two fractions MAB 1 and MAB 2 obtained from it on the in vitro production of TNF-alpha of murine macrophages induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (from Escherichia coli) was tested. Simultaneous administration of the above fractions (ranging from 14 to 56 microg/ml) and LPS (10 microg/ml) to a macrophage culture significantly increased the amount of TNF-alpha released at 24 h of induction in a dose-dependent manner. Meliacine alone, at a concentration of 56 microg/ml, is a weak inducer of TNF-alpha production.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Petrera
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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50
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Ohmori I, Hayamizu K, Kitayama T, Egi H, Aihaiti X, Asahara T. Downregulation of interleukin-12p35 and upregulation of interleukin-12p40 mRNA expression in heart allografts by blood transfusion from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-treated donors. Cytokine 2003; 21:27-31. [PMID: 12668156 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4666(02)00492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pretransplant treatment of recipients with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF, 250 microg/kg/day s.c. for 5 days) facilitates heart allograft acceptance in tacrolimus-treated rat recipients. We examined effectiveness of transfusion of in vivo rhG-CSF-treated blood since rhG-CSF induces immunoregulatory cells in human blood. DA heart grafts were transplanted into tacrolimus (2 mg/kg i.m. on day 0)-treated Lewis recipients. Although graft survival prolongation by blood transfusion on day 0 from rhG-CSF-treated syngeneic Lewis was comparable to that in directly rhG-CSF-pretreated recipients (p = 0.22), transfusion of rhG-CSF-treated allogeneic DA blood was much more effective (p = 0.0016). Intragraft cytokine mRNA levels were measured by reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction at 24 h after transplantation. IL-12p35 expression was downregulated by both treatments. Notably, IL-12p40 was upregulated by rhG-CSF-treated DA blood transfusion but downregulated by transfusion of rhG-CSF-treated isogeneic blood. Differential expression of IL-12 subunits was associated with facilitation of graft acceptance by rhG-CSF-treated donor blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Ohmori
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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