1
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Zhang L, Zhou X, Zhao J, Wang X. Research hotspots and frontiers of preconditioning in cerebral ischemia: A bibliometric analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24757. [PMID: 38317957 PMCID: PMC10839892 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Preconditioning is a promising strategy against ischemic brain injury, and numerous studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects. However, at present there is no bibliometric analysis of preconditioning in cerebral ischemia. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of the current status, hot spots, and emerging trends in this research field is necessary. Materials and methods Studies on preconditioning in cerebral ischemia from January 1999-December 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. CiteSpace was used for data mining and visual analysis. Results A total of 1738 papers on preconditioning in cerebral ischemia were included in the study. The annual publications showed an upwards and then downwards trend but currently remain high in terms of annual publications. The US was the leading country, followed by China, the most active country in recent years. Capital Medical University published the largest number of articles. Perez-Pinzon, Miguel A contributed the most publications, while KITAGAWA K was the most cited author. The focus of the study covered three areas: (1) relevant diseases and experimental models, (2) types of preconditioning and stimuli, and (3) mechanisms of ischemic tolerance. Remote ischemic preconditioning, preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and inflammation are the frontiers of research in this field. Conclusion Our study provides a visual and scientific overview of research on preconditioning in cerebral ischemia, providing valuable information and new directions for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zibo TCM-Integrated Hospital, Zibo ,255026, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- Division of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China
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2
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Intracellular Signaling. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Sheng R, Chen JL, Qin ZH. Cerebral conditioning: Mechanisms and potential clinical implications. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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4
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Nitric oxide and the brain. Part 2: Effects following neonatal brain injury-friend or foe? Pediatr Res 2021; 89:746-752. [PMID: 32563184 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-1021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has critical roles in a wide variety of key biologic functions and has intricate transport mechanisms for delivery to key distal tissues under normal conditions. However, NO also plays important roles during disease processes, such as hypoxia-ischemia, asphyxia, neuro-inflammation, and retinopathy of prematurity. The effects of exogenous NO on the developing neonatal brain remain controversial. Inhaled NO (iNO) can be neuroprotective or toxic depending on a variety of factors, including cellular redox state, underlying disease processes, duration of treatment, and dose. This review identifies key gaps in knowledge that should prompt further investigation into the possible role of iNO as a therapeutic agent after injury to the brain. IMPACT: NO is a key signal mediator in the neonatal brain with neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties. iNO, a commonly used medication, has significant effects on the neonatal brain. Dosing, duration, and timing of administration of iNO can affect the developing brain. This review article summarizes the roles of NO in association with various disease processes that impact neonates, such as brain hypoxia-ischemia, asphyxia, retinopathy of prematurity, and neuroinflammation. The impact of this review is that it clearly describes gaps in knowledge, and makes the case for further, targeted studies in each of the identified areas.
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5
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Kang R, Gamdzyk M, Lenahan C, Tang J, Tan S, Zhang JH. The Dual Role of Microglia in Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction after Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1237-1249. [PMID: 32469699 PMCID: PMC7770642 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200529150907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability all over the world. After a stroke, the blood-brain barrier subsequently breaks down. The BBB consists of endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes. Microglia, considered the long-living resident immune cells of the brain, play a vital role in BBB function. M1 microglia worsen BBB disruption, while M2 microglia assist in repairing BBB damage. Microglia can also directly interact with endothelial cells and affect BBB permeability. In this review, we are going to discuss the mechanisms responsible for the dual role of microglia in BBB dysfunction after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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6
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Zhang J, Yang J, Wang H, Sherbini O, Keuss MJ, Umanah GK, Pai ELL, Chi Z, Paldanius KM, He W, Wang H, Andrabi SA, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. The AAA + ATPase Thorase is neuroprotective against ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1836-1848. [PMID: 29658368 PMCID: PMC6727130 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18769770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal preconditioning in vitro or in vivo with a stressful but non-lethal stimulus leads to new protein expression that mediates a profound neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity and experimental stroke. The proteins that mediate neuroprotection are relatively unknown and under discovery. Here we find that the expression of the AAA + ATPase Thorase is induced by preconditioning stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. Thorase provides neuroprotection in an ATP-dependent manner against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) neurotoxicity or glutamate N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in vitro. Knock-down of Thorase prevents the establishment of preconditioning induced neuroprotection against OGD or NMDA neurotoxicity. Transgenic overexpression of Thorase provides neuroprotection in vivo against middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced stroke in mice, while genetic deletion of Thorase results in increased injury in vivo following stroke. These results define Thorase as a neuroprotective protein and understanding Thorase signaling could offer a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zhang
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,3 Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yang
- 3 Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- 3 Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Omar Sherbini
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew J Keuss
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Ke Umanah
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Ling-Lin Pai
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhikai Chi
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kaisa Ma Paldanius
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei He
- 3 Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- 4 Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaida A Andrabi
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,4 Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA.,5 Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- 1 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,4 Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA.,6 Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Exposing immature hippocampal neurons to excitotoxins reveals distinct transcriptome and protein regulation with induction of common survival signaling pathways. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 98:54-69. [PMID: 31085233 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life traumas lead to neuroprotection by preconditioning mechanisms. To determine which genes and pathways are most likely involved in specific adaptive effects, immature hippocampal cultures were exposed to a single high dose of glutamate (250 μM), NMDA (100 μM), or KA (300 μM) for 48 h (5-7 DIV) based on our prior "two hit" in vitro model of preconditioning. Transcriptome profiling and immunocytochemistry of gene candidates were performed 7 days later when cultured neurons mature (14 DIV). Many genes were up- and down- regulated involving distinct Ca2+-binding protein families, G-coupled proteins, various growth factors, synaptic vesicle docking factors, certain neurotransmitter receptors, heat shock, oxidative stress, and certain anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene members that influence neuronal survival. Immunohistochemistry showed a marked decrease in the number of Calb1 and Calm2 positive neurons following NMDA but not after glutamate exposure whereas ryanodine and Cav1.2 voltage gated channel expression was less affected. Survivors had marked increases in Calm2 immunostaining; however, high-density neural clusters observed in controls, were depleted after NMDA and partly diminished after glutamate. While NR1 mRNA expression was decreased in the microarray, specific antibodies revealed selective loss of the NR1C1 splice variant. Calm2 which can inactivate NMDA receptors by binding to C1 but not C2 regions of its NR1 subunit suggests that loss of the C1 splice variant will reduce co-regulation with Calm2 and alter NR1 trafficking, phosphorylation, and NMDA currents following early life NMDA exposure. A dramatic reduction in the density of GABAAα5 and GABAB receptor expressing neurons was observed after NMDA exposure but immunodensity measurements were unchanged as was the expression of the GABA synthesizing enzyme, GAD, suggesting that fast inhibitory neurotransmission and response to benzodiazepines and GABAB-mediated IPSPs may be preserved in matured survivors. Selective upregulation of Chat and CNRIP was detected after glutamate treatment suggesting this condition would decrease cholinergic and excitatory neurotransmission by decreasing Ach content and CB1 interacting protein function. This decrease likely contributes to memory and attention tasks deficits that follow a single early neurological insult. Diverse changes that follow overactivation of excitatory networks of immature neurons appear long-lasting or permanent and are expected to have profound effects on network function and adaptive responses to further insult.
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8
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Cai M, Zhu Y, Li Z, Josephs-Spaulding J, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Chen H, Liu Y, He W, Zhang J. Profiling the Gene Expression and DNA Methylation in the Mouse Brain after Ischemic Preconditioning. Neuroscience 2019; 406:249-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Liu N, Wang H, Han G, Cheng J, Hu W, Zhang J. Enhanced proliferation and differentiation of HO-1 gene-modified bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the acute injured kidney. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:946-956. [PMID: 29749549 PMCID: PMC6034926 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) overexpression on the survival and differentiation ability of bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the acute kidney injury (AKI) microenvironment. HO-1-BMSCs and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-BMSCs were constructed. Rat ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)‑AKI-kidney homogenate supernatant was prep-ared to treat the BMSCs, eGFP-BMSCs and HO-1-BMSCs in vitro. In the AKI microenvironment, the HO-1-BMSCs exhibited a smaller proportion of cells at the G0/G1 phase, and a larger proportion of cells expressing proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cytokeratin 18 (CK18). Phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) protein levels were observed to be increased in the HO-1-BMSCs compared with the BMSCs. LY294002 and PD98059 each inhibited the above effects. BMSCs, eGFP-BMSCs and HO-1-BMSCs were implanted into an I/R-AKI rat model. The proportions of PCNA+ BMSCs and CK18+ BMSCs were higher in the HO-1-BMSCs group compared with the BMSCs group, which resulted in a decreased acute tubular necrosis score and improved renal function for the AKI rats. In conclusion, the enhanced proliferation and differentiation of HO-1-BMSCs suggest the beneficial effects of such cells in the BMSC-based therapy of AKI. The mechanism underlying these effects may involve the stimulation of Akt and ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanmei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The 455th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The 455th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Han
- Department of Nephrology, The 455th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The 455th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The 455th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The 455th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
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10
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Choi YS, Horning P, Aten S, Karelina K, Alzate-Correa D, Arthur JSC, Hoyt KR, Obrietan K. Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Regulates Status Epilepticus-Evoked Cell Death in the Hippocampus. ASN Neuro 2018; 9:1759091417726607. [PMID: 28870089 PMCID: PMC5588809 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417726607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling has been implicated in a wide range of neuronal processes, including development, plasticity, and viability. One of the principal downstream targets of both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/MAPK pathway and the p38 MAPK pathway is Mitogen- and Stress-activated protein Kinase 1 (MSK1). Here, we sought to understand the role that MSK1 plays in neuroprotection against excitotoxic stimulation in the hippocampus. To this end, we utilized immunohistochemical labeling, a MSK1 null mouse line, cell viability assays, and array-based profiling approaches. Initially, we show that MSK1 is broadly expressed within the major neuronal cell layers of the hippocampus and that status epilepticus drives acute induction of MSK1 activation. In response to the status epilepticus paradigm, MSK1 KO mice exhibited a striking increase in vulnerability to pilocarpine-evoked cell death within the CA1 and CA3 cell layers. Further, cultured MSK1 null neurons exhibited a heighted level of N-methyl-D-aspartate-evoked excitotoxicity relative to wild-type neurons, as assessed using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Given these findings, we examined the hippocampal transcriptional profile of MSK1 null mice. Affymetrix array profiling revealed that MSK1 deletion led to the significant (>1.25-fold) downregulation of 130 genes and an upregulation of 145 genes. Notably, functional analysis indicated that a subset of these genes contribute to neuroprotective signaling networks. Together, these data provide important new insights into the mechanism by which the MAPK/MSK1 signaling cassette confers neuroprotection against excitotoxic insults. Approaches designed to upregulate or mimic the functional effects of MSK1 may prove beneficial against an array of degenerative processes resulting from excitotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sik Choi
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Horning
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sydney Aten
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kate Karelina
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - J Simon C Arthur
- 4 College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Kari R Hoyt
- 3 Division of Pharmacology, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karl Obrietan
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Sharma S, Puttachary S, Thippeswamy T. Glial source of nitric oxide in epileptogenesis: A target for disease modification in epilepsy. J Neurosci Res 2017; 97:1363-1377. [PMID: 29230865 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epileptogenesis is the process of developing an epileptic condition and/or its progression once it is established. The molecules that initiate, promote, and propagate remarkable changes in the brain during epileptogenesis are emerging as targets for prevention/treatment of epilepsy. Epileptogenesis is a continuous process that follows immediately after status epilepticus (SE) in animal models of acquired temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Both SE and epileptogenesis are potential therapeutic targets for the discovery of anticonvulsants and antiepileptogenic or disease-modifying agents. For translational studies, SE targets are appropriate for screening anticonvulsive drugs prior to their advancement as therapeutic agents, while targets of epileptogenesis are relevant for identification and development of therapeutic agents that can either prevent or modify the disease or its onset. The acute seizure models do not reveal antiepileptogenic properties of anticonvulsive drugs. This review highlights the important components of epileptogenesis and the long-term impact of intervening one of these components, nitric oxide (NO), in rat and mouse kainate models of TLE. NO is a putative pleotropic gaseous neurotransmitter and an important contributor of nitro-oxidative stress that coexists with neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis. The long-term impact of inhibiting the glial source of NO during early epileptogenesis in the rat model of TLE is reviewed. The importance of sex as a biological variable in disease modification strategies in epilepsy is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunik Sharma
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Messina S, Di Zazzo E, Moncharmont B. Early and Late Induction of KRAS and HRAS Proto-Oncogenes by Reactive Oxygen Species in Primary Astrocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6030048. [PMID: 28661467 PMCID: PMC5618076 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, one of the predominant types of glial cells, function as both supportive and metabolic cells for the brain. Among mammalian tissues, the highest levels of p21Ras protein are detected in the brain. Here, we investigated the expression of KRAS and HRAS proto-oncogenes in primary astrocytes following acute oxidative stimulation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) changed the expression of proto-oncogenes at both transcriptional and translational levels. De novo protein synthesis analysis measured approximate values of proteins half-life, ranging from 1–4 h, of the different H- and K- isoforms by western blot analysis. Quantitative gene expression analysis of KRAS and HRAS revealed an unexpected short-term induction of KRAS mRNA in primary astrocytes in response to acute stimulation. Indeed, cultured astrocytes responded to proteasomal inhibition by preventing the reduction of c-K-Ras. A fraction of K-Ras protein accumulated in the presence of ROS and cycloheximide, while a substantial proportion was continuously synthesized. These data indicate that ROS regulate in a complementary fashion p21Ras isoforms in primary astrocytes: K-Ras is rapidly and transiently induced by post-translational and post-transcriptional mechanisms, while H-Ras is stably induced by mRNA accumulation. We suggest that K-Ras and H-Ras are ROS sensors that adapt cells to metabolic needs and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Messina
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino 03043, Italy.
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Bruno Moncharmont
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
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Abstract
Part I of this review discussed the similarities between embryogenesis, mammalian adaptions to hypoxia (primarily driven by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 [HIF-1]), ischemia-reperfusion injury (and its relationship with reactive oxygen species), hibernation, diving animals, cancer, and sepsis, and it focused on the common characteristics that allow cells and organisms to survive in these states. Part II of this review describes techniques by which researchers gain insight into subcellular energetics and identify potential future tools for clinicians. In particular, P nuclear magnetic resonance to measure high-energy phosphates, serum lactate measurements, the use of near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the oxidation state of cytochrome aa3, and the ability of the protoporphyrin IX-triplet state lifetime technique to measure mitochondrial oxygen tension are discussed. In addition, this review discusses novel treatment strategies such as hyperbaric oxygen, preconditioning, exercise training, therapeutic gases, as well as inhibitors of HIF-1, HIF prolyl hydroxylase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Thiele
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Donaubauer EM, Law NC, Hunzicker-Dunn ME. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)-dependent Regulation of Extracellular Regulated Kinase (ERK) Phosphorylation by the Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Phosphatase MKP3. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19701-12. [PMID: 27422819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the ovarian follicle, granulosa cells (GCs) surround and support immature oocytes. FSH promotes the differentiation and proliferation of GCs and is essential for fertility. We recently reported that ERK activation is necessary for FSH to induce key genes that define the preovulatory GC. This research focused on the phosphoregulation by FSH of ERK within GCs. FSH-stimulated ERK phosphorylation on Thr(202)/Tyr(204) was PKA-dependent, but MEK(Ser(217)/Ser(221)) phosphorylation was not regulated; rather, MEK was already active. However, treatment of GCs with the EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478, a dominant-negative RAS, an Src homology 2 domain-containing Tyr phosphatase inhibitor (NSC 87877), or the MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked FSH-dependent ERK(Thr(202)/Tyr(204)) phosphorylation, demonstrating the requirement for upstream pathway components. We hypothesized that FSH via PKA enhances ERK phosphorylation by inhibiting the activity of a protein phosphatase that constitutively dephosphorylates ERK in the absence of FSH, allowing MEK-phosphorylated ERK to accumulate in the presence of FSH because of inactivation of the phosphatase. GCs treated with different phosphatase inhibitors permitted elimination of both Ser/Thr and Tyr phosphatases and implicated dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) in the dephosphorylation of ERK. Treatment with MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP3, DUSP6) inhibitors increased ERK(Thr(202)/Tyr(204)) phosphorylation in the absence of FSH to levels comparable with ERK phosphorylated in the presence of FSH. ERK co-immunoprecipitated with Myc-FLAG-tagged MKP3(DUSP6). GCs treated with MKP3(DUSP6) inhibitors blocked and PKA inhibitors enhanced dephosphorylation of recombinant ERK2-GST in an in vitro phosphatase assay. Together, these results suggest that FSH-stimulated ERK activation in GCs requires the PKA-dependent inactivation of MKP3(DUSP6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse M Donaubauer
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Nathan C Law
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Mary E Hunzicker-Dunn
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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15
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Thompson JW, Dawson VL, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dawson TM. Intracellular Signaling. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim HJ, Yang JS, Yoon SH. Brief low [Mg(2+)]o-induced Ca(2+) spikes inhibit subsequent prolonged exposure-induced excitotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 20:101-9. [PMID: 26807029 PMCID: PMC4722183 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reducing [Mg2+]o to 0.1 mM can evoke repetitive [Ca2+]i spikes and seizure activity, which induces neuronal cell death in a process called excitotoxicity. We examined the issue of whether cultured rat hippocampal neurons preconditioned by a brief exposure to 0.1 mM [Mg2+]o are rendered resistant to excitotoxicity induced by a subsequent prolonged exposure and whether Ca2+ spikes are involved in this process. Preconditioning by an exposure to 0.1 mM [Mg2+]o for 5 min inhibited significantly subsequent 24 h exposure-induced cell death 24 h later (tolerance). Such tolerance was prevented by both the NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 and the L-type Ca2+ channel antagonist nimodipine, which blocked 0.1 mM [Mg2+]o-induced [Ca2+]i spikes. The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX significantly inhibited both the tolerance and the [Ca2+]i spikes. The intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM significantly prevented the tolerance. The nonspecific PKC inhibitor staurosporin inhibited the tolerance without affecting the [Ca2+]i spikes. While Gö6976, a specific inhibitor of PKCα had no effect on the tolerance, both the PKCε translocation inhibitor and the PKCζ pseudosubstrate inhibitor significantly inhibited the tolerance without affecting the [Ca2+]i spikes. Furthermore, JAK-2 inhibitor AG490, MAPK kinase inhibitor PD98059, and CaMKII inhibitor KN-62 inhibited the tolerance, but PI-3 kinase inhibitor LY294,002 did not. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide significantly inhibited the tolerance. Collectively, these results suggest that low [Mg2+]o preconditioning induced excitotoxic tolerance was directly or indirectly mediated through the [Ca2+]i spike-induced activation of PKCε and PKCξ, JAK-2, MAPK kinase, CaMKII and the de novo synthesis of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ji Seon Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Shin Hee Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Catholic Neuroscience Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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17
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Simon RP. Epigenetic modulation of gene expression governs the brain's response to injury. Neurosci Lett 2015; 625:16-9. [PMID: 26739198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mild stress from ischemia, seizure, hypothermia, or infection can produce a transient neuroprotected state in the brain. In the neuroprotected state, the brain responds differently to a severe stress and sustains less injury. At the genomic level, the response of the neuroprotected brain to a severe stress is characterized by widespread differential regulation of genes with diverse functions. This reprogramming of gene expression observed in the neuroprotected brain in response to a stress is consistent with an epigenetic model of regulation mediated by changes in DNA methylation and histone modification. Here, we summarize our evolving understanding of the molecular basis for endogenous neuroprotection and review recent findings that implicate DNA methylation and protein mediators of histone modification as epigenetic regulators of the brain's response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger P Simon
- Translational Stroke Program, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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18
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Guan J, Du S, Lv T, Qu S, Fu Q, Yuan Y. Oxygen-glucose deprivation preconditioning protects neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion induced injury via bone morphogenetic protein-7 mediated ERK, p38 and Smad signalling pathways. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 43:125-34. [PMID: 26385023 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Shaonan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shenyang Red Cross Hospital; Shenyang China
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Shengtao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
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Nichols M, Zhang J, Polster BM, Elustondo PA, Thirumaran A, Pavlov EV, Robertson GS. Synergistic neuroprotection by epicatechin and quercetin: Activation of convergent mitochondrial signaling pathways. Neuroscience 2015; 308:75-94. [PMID: 26363153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In view of evidence that increased consumption of epicatechin (E) and quercetin (Q) may reduce the risk of stroke, we have measured the effects of combining E and Q on mitochondrial function and neuronal survival following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Relative to mouse cortical neuron cultures pretreated (24h) with either E or Q (0.1-10μM), E+Q synergistically attenuated OGD-induced neuronal cell death. E, Q and E+Q (0.3μM) increased spare respiratory capacity but only E+Q (0.3μM) preserved this crucial parameter of neuronal mitochondrial function after OGD. These improvements were accompanied by corresponding increases in cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and the expression of CREB-target genes that promote neuronal survival (Bcl-2) and mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α). Consistent with these findings, E+Q (0.1 and 1.0μM) elevated mitochondrial gene expression (MT-ND2 and MT-ATP6) to a greater extent than E or Q after OGD. Q (0.3-3.0μM), but not E (3.0μM), elevated cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) spikes and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Conversely, E and E+Q (0.1 and 0.3μM), but not Q (0.1 and 0.3μM), activated protein kinase B (Akt). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition with L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (1.0μM) blocked neuroprotection by E (0.3μM) or Q (1.0μM). Oral administration of E+Q (75mg/kg; once daily for 5days) reduced hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. These findings suggest E and Q activate Akt- and Ca(2+)-mediated signaling pathways that converge on NOS and CREB resulting in synergistic improvements in neuronal mitochondrial performance which confer profound protection against ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - B M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - P A Elustondo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - A Thirumaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - E V Pavlov
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - G S Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada.
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20
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Aune SE, Herr DJ, Kutz CJ, Menick DR. Histone Deacetylases Exert Class-Specific Roles in Conditioning the Brain and Heart Against Acute Ischemic Injury. Front Neurol 2015; 6:145. [PMID: 26175715 PMCID: PMC4485035 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury comprises a significant portion of morbidity and mortality from heart and brain diseases worldwide. This enduring clinical problem has inspired myriad reports in the scientific literature of experimental interventions seeking to elucidate the pathology of IR injury. Elective cardiac surgery presents perhaps the most viable scenario for protecting the heart and brain from IR injury due to the opportunity to condition the organs prior to insult. The physiological parameters for the preconditioning of vital organs prior to insult through mechanical and pharmacological maneuvers have been heavily examined. These investigations have revealed new insights into how preconditioning alters cellular responses to IR injury. However, the promise of preconditioning remains unfulfilled at the clinical level, and research seeking to implicate cell signals essential to this protection continues. Recent discoveries in molecular biology have revealed that gene expression can be controlled through posttranslational modifications, without altering the chemical structure of the genetic code. In this scenario, gene expression is repressed by enzymes that cause chromatin compaction through catalytic removal of acetyl moieties from lysine residues on histones. These enzymes, called histone deacetylases (HDACs), can be inhibited pharmacologically, leading to the de-repression of protective genes. The discovery that HDACs can also alter the function of non-histone proteins through posttranslational deacetylation has expanded the potential impact of HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of human disease. HDAC inhibitors have been applied in a very small number of experimental models of IR. However, the scientific literature contains an increasing number of reports demonstrating that HDACs converge on preconditioning signals in the cell. This review will describe the influence of HDACs on major preconditioning signaling pathways in the heart and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre E Aune
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Daniel J Herr
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Craig J Kutz
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Donald R Menick
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
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21
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Sisalli MJ, Annunziato L, Scorziello A. Novel Cellular Mechanisms for Neuroprotection in Ischemic Preconditioning: A View from Inside Organelles. Front Neurol 2015; 6:115. [PMID: 26074868 PMCID: PMC4443717 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning represents an important adaptation mechanism of CNS, which results in its increased tolerance to the lethal cerebral ischemia. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction and maintenance of ischemic tolerance in the brain are complex and not yet completely clarified. In the last 10 years, great attention has been devoted to unravel the intracellular pathways activated by preconditioning and responsible for the establishing of the tolerant phenotype. Indeed, recent papers have been published supporting the hypothesis that mitochondria might act as master regulators of preconditioning-triggered endogenous neuroprotection due to their ability to control cytosolic calcium homeostasis. More interestingly, the demonstration that functional alterations in the ability of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) managing calcium homeostasis during ischemia, opened a new line of research focused to the role played by mitochondria and ER cross-talk in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia in order to identify new molecular mechanisms involved in the ischemic tolerance. In line with these findings and considering that the expression of the three isoforms of the sodium calcium exchanger (NCX), NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3, mainly responsible for the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, was reduced during cerebral ischemia, it was investigated whether these proteins might play a role in neuroprotection induced by ischemic tolerance. In this review, evidence supporting the involvement of ER and mitochondria interaction within the preconditioning paradigm will be provided. In particular, the key role played by NCXs in the regulation of Ca2+-homeostasis at the different subcellular compartments will be discussed as new molecular mechanism proposed for the establishing of ischemic tolerant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Josè Sisalli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy ; Fondazione IRCSS SDN , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
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22
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Meller R, Simon RP. A critical review of mechanisms regulating remote preconditioning-induced brain protection. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:1135-42. [PMID: 25953834 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00169.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote preconditioning (rPC) is the phenomenon whereby brief organ ischemia evokes an endogenous response such that a different (remote) organ is protected against subsequent, normally injurious ischemia. Experiments show rPC to be effective at evoking cardioprotection against ischemic heart injury and, more recently, neuroprotection against brain ischemia. Such is the enthusiasm for rPC that human studies have been initiated. Clinical trials suggest rPC to be safe (phase II trial) and effective in reducing stroke incidence in a population with high stroke risk. However, despite the therapeutic potential of rPC, there is a large gap in knowledge regarding the effector mechanisms of rPC and how it might be orchestrated to improve outcome after stroke. Here we provide a critical review of mechanisms that are directly attributable to rPC-induced neuroprotection in preclinical trials of rPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meller
- Translational Stroke Program, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Roger P Simon
- Translational Stroke Program, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia
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23
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Chen Z, Hu B, Wang F, Du L, Huang B, Li L, Qi J, Wang X. Glycine bidirectionally regulates ischemic tolerance via different mechanisms including NR2A-dependent CREB phosphorylation. J Neurochem 2015; 133:397-408. [PMID: 25418841 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Division of Vascular Surgery, East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
- Department of Neurosurgery; First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Laboratory of Brain Diseases; College of Basic Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Bin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation; Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology; Affiliated Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Linlin Du
- Laboratory of Brain Diseases; College of Basic Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Baosheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery; First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Lixin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery; First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jia Qi
- Department of Pharmacy; Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
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24
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Kaesemann P, Thomalla G, Cheng B, Treszl A, Fiehler J, Forkert ND. Impact of Severe Extracranial ICA Stenosis on MRI Perfusion and Diffusion Parameters in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2014; 5:254. [PMID: 25538674 PMCID: PMC4257016 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a coexisting internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis on lesion volumes as well as diffusion and perfusion parameters in acute ischemic stroke resulting from middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Material and methods: Magnetic resonance imaging data of 32 patients with MCA occlusion with or without additional ICA stenosis imaged within 4.5 h of symptom onset were analyzed. Both groups consisted of 16 patients. Acute diffusion lesions were semi-automatically segmented in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) MRI datasets. Perfusion maps of cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow, mean transit time and Tmax were calculated using perfusion-weighted MRI datasets. Tissue-at-risk (TAR) volumes were generated by subtracting the ADC lesion from the hypoperfusion lesion defined by Tmax >6 s. Median ADC and perfusion parameter values were extracted separately for the diffusion lesion and TAR and used for statistical analysis. Results: No significant differences were found between the groups regarding the diffusion lesion and TAR volumes. Statistical analysis of diffusion and perfusion parameters revealed CBV as the only parameter with a significant difference (p = 0.009) contributing a small effect (η2 = 0.11) to the group comparison with higher CBV values for the patient group with a coexisting ICA stenosis, while no significant effects were found for the other diffusion and perfusion parameters analyzed. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that a coexisting ICA stenosis does not have a strong effect on tissue status or perfusion parameters in acute stroke patients except for a moderate elevation of CBV. This may reflect improved collateral circulation or ischemic preconditioning in patients with a pre-existing proximal stenosis balancing impaired perfusion from the stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kaesemann
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Bastian Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Andras Treszl
- Department of Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Nils Daniel Forkert
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany ; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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25
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An Immunological Approach to Increase the Brain's Resilience to Insults. ISRN NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 2014:103213. [PMID: 24967312 PMCID: PMC4045558 DOI: 10.1155/2014/103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the therapeutic potential of inducing a humoral response with autoantibodies to the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor using a genetic approach. In this study, we generated three recombinant proteins to different functional domains of the NMDA receptor, which is implicated in mediating brain tolerance, specifically NR1[21-375], NR1[313-619], NR1[654-800], and an intracellular scaffolding protein, Homer1a, with a similar anatomical expression pattern. All peptides showed similar antigenicity and antibody titers following systemic vaccination, and all animals thrived. Two months following vaccination, rats were administered the potent neurotoxin, kainic acid. NR1[21-375] animals showed an antiepileptic phenotype but no neuroprotection. Remarkably, despite ineffective antiepileptic activity, 6 of 7 seizing NR1[654-800] rats showed absolutely no injury with only minimal changes in the remaining animal, whereas the majority of persistently seizing rats in the other groups showed moderate to severe hippocampal injury. CREB, BDNF, and HSP70, proteins associated with preconditioning, were selectively upregulated in the hippocampus of NR1[654-800] animals, consistent with the observed neuroprotective phenotype. These results identify NR1 epitopes important in conferring anticonvulsive and neuroprotective effects and support the concept of an immunological strategy to induce a chronic state of tolerance in the brain.
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26
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Turovskaya MV, Turovsky EA, Kononov AV, Zinchenko VP. Short-term hypoxia induces a selective death of GABAergic neurons. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s199074781305019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Spinal neuronal NOS activation mediates intrathecal fentanyl preconditioning induced remote cardioprotection in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:127-31. [PMID: 24462544 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl has been widely used in anesthesia and analgesia, especially for cardiovascular surgeries. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether remote intrathecal fentanyl preconditioning (RFPC) provides cardioprotection and the role of spinal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) system in this effect. Fentanyl (0.3μg/kg) was administered intrathecally during RFPC by 3 cycles of 5-minute infusions interspersed with 5-minute infusion free periods. A non-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-nitro l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 30nmol) and a selective nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, 100nmol) were administered intrathecally 10min before RFPC, and were used to evaluate the involvement of the NOS system of the spinal cord. RFPC group markedly reduced the infarct size compared with control. However, the cardioprotection of RFPC could be abolished by pretreatment with l-NAME and 7-NI. RFPC merely increased the expression of nNOS and did not affect iNOS and eNOS expression. l-NAME reversed nNOS expression up-regulation induced by RFPC treatment. The present study demonstrated that RFPC effectively induced cardioprotection through activating the nNOS in the spinal cord.
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Lai TW, Zhang S, Wang YT. Excitotoxicity and stroke: identifying novel targets for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:157-88. [PMID: 24361499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead to excitotoxicity can prevent stroke damage. Interest in excitotoxicity began fifty years ago when monosodium glutamate was found to be neurotoxic. Evidence soon demonstrated that glutamate is not only the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, but also a critical transmitter for signaling neurons to degenerate following stroke. The finding led to a number of clinical trials that tested inhibitors of excitotoxicity in stroke patients. Glutamate exerts its function in large by activating the calcium-permeable ionotropic NMDA receptor (NMDAR), and different subpopulations of the NMDAR may generate different functional outputs, depending on the signaling proteins directly bound or indirectly coupled to its large cytoplasmic tail. Synaptic activity activates the GluN2A subunit-containing NMDAR, leading to activation of the pro-survival signaling proteins Akt, ERK, and CREB. During a brief episode of ischemia, the extracellular glutamate concentration rises abruptly, and stimulation of the GluN2B-containing NMDAR in the extrasynaptic sites triggers excitotoxic neuronal death via PTEN, cdk5, and DAPK1, which are directly bound to the NMDAR, nNOS, which is indirectly coupled to the NMDAR via PSD95, and calpain, p25, STEP, p38, JNK, and SREBP1, which are further downstream. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the literature on excitotoxicity and our perspectives on how the new generation of excitotoxicity inhibitors may succeed despite the failure of the previous generation of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Weita Lai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan; Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yu-De Road, 40447 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu Zhang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yu-De Road, 40447 Taichung, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2B5 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2B5 Vancouver, Canada.
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29
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(S)-ZJM-289 Preconditioning Induces a Late Phase Protection Against Nervous Injury Induced by Transient Cerebral Ischemia and Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation. Neurotox Res 2013; 26:16-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Mohammadi E, Bigdeli M. Effects of preconditioning with normobaric hyperoxia on Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in the rat brain. Neuroscience 2013; 237:277-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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31
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STC1 induction by PACAP is mediated through cAMP and ERK1/2 but not PKA in cultured cortical neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 46:75-87. [PMID: 21975601 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective actions of PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) in vitro and in vivo suggest that activation of its cognate G protein coupled receptor PAC1 or downstream signaling molecules,and thus activation of PACAP target genes, could be of therapeutic benefit. Here, we show that cultured rat cortical neurons predominantly expressed the PAC1hop and null variants. PACAP receptor activation resulted in the elevation of the two second messengers cAMP and Ca(2+) and expression of the putative neuroprotectant stanniocalcin 1(STC1). PACAP signaling to the STC1 gene proceeded through the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2(ERK1/2), but not through the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and was mimicked by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. PACAP- and forskolin-mediated activation of ERK1/2 occurred through cAMP, but not PKA.These results suggest that STC1 gene induction proceeds through cAMP and ERK1/2, independently of PKA, the canonical cAMP effector. In contrast, PACAP signaling to the BDNF gene proceeded through PKA, suggesting that two different neuroprotective cAMP pathways co-exist in differentiated cortical neurons. The selective activation of a potentially neuroprotective cAMP-dependent pathway different from the canonical cAMP pathway used in many physiological processes, such as memory storage, has implications for pharmacological activation of neuroprotection in vivo.
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Pignataro G, Cuomo O, Vinciguerra A, Sirabella R, Esposito E, Boscia F, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. NCX as a Key Player in the Neuroprotection Exerted by Ischemic Preconditioning and Postconditioning. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 961:223-40. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4756-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Glutathione peroxidase overexpression causes aberrant ERK activation in neonatal mouse cortex after hypoxic preconditioning. Pediatr Res 2012; 72:568-75. [PMID: 23007029 PMCID: PMC3529181 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preconditioning of neonatal mice with nonlethal hypoxia (HPC) protects the brain from hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury. Overexpression of human glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), which normally protects the developing murine brain from HI injury, reverses HPC protection, suggesting that a certain threshold of hydrogen peroxide concentration is required for activation of HPC signaling. METHODS Activation (phosphorylation) of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and Akt, and induction of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α were assessed in the cortex, one of the main structures affected by HI and protected by HPC, at different time points after reoxygenation in wild-type (WT) and GPx1-overexpressing animals. RESULTS GPx1 overexpression prevented both the global and nuclear increase in activated ERK at 0.5 h after HPC and caused a significant decrease in phospho-ERK (pERK)/ERK levels at 24 h after HPC. In contrast, HIF-1α induction at the end of hypoxia was unaffected by GPx1 overexpression. In the cortex of preconditioned WT animals, enhanced pERK staining was primarily observed in neurons and to a lower extent in astrocytes and endothelial cells, with a nuclear prominence. CONCLUSION Aberrant activation of ERK probably explains the paradoxical reversal of HPC protection by GPx1 overexpression. The results identify hydrogen peroxide as an important mediator of neuroprotective ERK signaling.
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Oxidative stress posttranslationally regulates the expression of Ha-Ras and Ki-Ras in cultured astrocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:792705. [PMID: 23213349 PMCID: PMC3504475 DOI: 10.1155/2012/792705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Addition of hydrogen peroxide to cultured astrocytes induced a rapid and transient increase in the expression of Ha-Ras and Ki-Ras. Pull-down experiments with the GTP-Ras-binding domain of Raf-1 showed that oxidative stress substantially increased the activation of Ha-Ras, whereas a putative farnesylated activated form of Ki-Ras was only slightly increased. The increase in both Ha-Ras and Ki-Ras was insensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and was occluded by the proteasomal inhibitor, MG-132. In addition, exposure to hydrogen peroxide reduced the levels of ubiquitinated Ras protein, indicating that oxidative stress leads to a reduced degradation of both isoforms through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Indeed, the late reduction in Ha-Ras and Ki-Ras was due to a recovery of proteasomal degradation because it was sensitive to MG-132. The late reduction of Ha-Ras levels was abrogated by compound PD98059, which inhibits the MAP kinase pathway, whereas the late reduction of Ki-Ras was unaffected by PD98059. We conclude that oxidative stress differentially regulates the expression of Ha-Ras and Ki-Ras in cultured astrocytes, and that activation of the MAP kinase pathway by oxidative stress itself or by additional factors may act as a fail-safe mechanism limiting a sustained expression of the potentially detrimental Ha-Ras.
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Effect of different mild hypoxia manipulations on kainic acid-induced seizures in the hippocampus of rats. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:123-32. [PMID: 23065181 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of the mild hypoxia to the epilepsy has been widely tested. Although it is found that the hypoxia protects the brain by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, few focused on systematic comparisons between different mild hypoxia manipulations and their effects. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were observed following exposure to hypoxia before and after epilepsy for 3 days with 90 min per day. The effects of different mild hypoxia manipulations on kainic acid-induced epilepsy were compared from the perspective of morphology, molecular biology and behavioral test. Results showed that different mild hypoxia manipulations could inhibit the cell apoptosis of kainic acid-induced rat hippocampus and improve their physiological functions. The effect of preconditioning group was better than that of postconditioning group and that of preconditioning and postconditioning with mild hypoxia group was the best among all the groups. The result showed that the preconditioning and postconditioning of mild hypoxia was recommended pre- and post-epilepsy and exposure to mild hypoxia should be prolonged. These findings might provide new ideas and methods for the clinical treatment of epilepsy.
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PKA and GAB2 play central roles in the FSH signaling pathway to PI3K and AKT in ovarian granulosa cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2979-88. [PMID: 23045700 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205661109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled maturation of ovarian follicles is necessary for fertility. Follicles are restrained at an immature stage until stimulated by FSH secreted by pituitary gonadotropes. FSH acts on granulosa cells within the immature follicle to inhibit apoptosis, promote proliferation, stimulate production of steroid and protein hormones, and induce ligand receptors and signaling intermediates. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B) pathway is a pivotal signaling corridor necessary for transducing the FSH signal. We report that protein kinase A (PKA) mediates the actions of FSH by signaling through multiple targets to activate PI3K/AKT. PKA uses a route that promotes phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) on Tyr(989), a canonical binding site for the 85-kDa regulatory subunit of PI3K that allosterically activates the catalytic subunit. PI3K activation leads to activation of AKT through phosphorylation of AKT on Thr(308) and Ser(473). The adaptor growth factor receptor bound protein 2-associated binding protein 2 (GAB2) is present in a preformed complex with PI3K heterodimer and IRS-1, it is an A-kinase anchoring protein that binds the type I regulatory subunit of PKA, and it is phosphorylated by PKA on Ser(159). Overexpression of GAB2 enhances FSH-stimulated AKT phosphorylation. GAB2, thus, seems to coordinate signals from the FSH-stimulated rise in cAMP that leads to activation of PI3K/AKT. The ability of PKA to commandeer IRS-1 and GAB2, adaptors that normally integrate receptor/nonreceptor tyrosine kinase signaling into PI3K/AKT, reveals a previously unrecognized route for PKA to activate a pathway that promotes proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, enhances translation, and initiates differentiation of granulosa cells.
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Terpolilli NA, Moskowitz MA, Plesnila N. Nitric oxide: considerations for the treatment of ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1332-46. [PMID: 22333622 PMCID: PMC3390820 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some 40 years ago it was recognized by Furchgott and colleagues that the endothelium releases a vasodilator, endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Later on, several groups identified EDRF to be a gas, nitric oxide (NO). Since then, NO was identified as one of the most versatile and unique molecules in animal and human biology. Nitric oxide mediates a plethora of physiological functions, for example, maintenance of vascular tone and inflammation. Apart from these physiological functions, NO is also involved in the pathophysiology of various disorders, specifically those in which regulation of blood flow and inflammation has a key role. The aim of the current review is to summarize the role of NO in cerebral ischemia, the most common cause of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Terpolilli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of
Munich Medical School, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research,
University of Munich Medical School, Munich, Germany
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Shi GX, Andres DA, Cai W. Ras family small GTPase-mediated neuroprotective signaling in stroke. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2012; 11:114-37. [PMID: 21521171 DOI: 10.2174/187152411796011349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selective neuronal cell death is one of the major causes of neuronal damage following stroke, and cerebral cells naturally mobilize diverse survival signaling pathways to protect against ischemia. Importantly, therapeutic strategies designed to improve endogenous anti-apoptotic signaling appear to hold great promise in stroke treatment. While a variety of complex mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke, the overall mechanisms governing the balance between cell survival and death are not well-defined. Ras family small GTPases are activated following ischemic insults, and in turn, serve as intrinsic switches to regulate neuronal survival and regeneration. Their ability to integrate diverse intracellular signal transduction pathways makes them critical regulators and potential therapeutic targets for neuronal recovery after stroke. This article highlights the contribution of Ras family GTPases to neuroprotective signaling cascades, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family protein kinase- and AKT/PKB-dependent signaling pathways as well as the regulation of cAMP response element binding (CREB), Forkhead box O (FoxO) and hypoxiainducible factor 1(HIF1) transcription factors, in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Xian Shi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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Salvinorin A pretreatment preserves cerebrovascular autoregulation after brain hypoxic/ischemic injury via extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase in piglets. Anesth Analg 2011; 114:200-4. [PMID: 22075021 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31823a5d36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral hypoxia/ischemia during infant congenital heart surgery is not uncommon and may induce devastating neurologic disabilities persistent over the lifespan. Hypoxia/ischemia-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction is thought to be an important contributor to neurological damage. No pharmacological agents have been found to prevent this. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), including extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, and p38, is thought to contribute to ischemic preconditioning. We investigated whether pretreatment with salvinorin A, the only natural nonopioid κ receptor agonist, could preserve autoregulation of the pial artery via MAPK. METHODS The response of the pial artery to hypotension and hypercapnia was monitored in piglets equipped with a closed cranial window before and after hypoxia and ischemia in the presence or absence of U0126, an inhibitor for the protein kinase upstream of ERK, sp600125, an inhibitor of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase or sb203580, an inhibitor of p38. Salvinorin A (10 μg/kg IV) was administered 30 minutes before hypoxia/ischemia in salvinorin-treated animals. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected before and 30 minutes after salvinorin A administration for the measurement of MAPK. Data (n = 5) were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Pial artery dilation to hypercapnia and hypotension was blunted after hypoxia/ ischemia but preserved well by pretreatment with salvinorin A. U0126, but not sp600125 or sb203580, abolished the preservative effects of salvinorin A on cerebral vascular autoregulation to hypotension and hypercapnia. The ratio of pERK/ERK in cerebrospinal fluid increased significantly in salvinorin-treated animals, which was inhibited by U0126. CONCLUSIONS Salvinorin A pretreatment preserves autoregulation of the pial artery to hypotension and hypercapnia after hypoxia/ischemia via ERK in a piglet model.
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Aras MA, Aizenman E. Redox regulation of intracellular zinc: molecular signaling in the life and death of neurons. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2249-63. [PMID: 20849376 PMCID: PMC3166180 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Zn(2+) has emerged as a major regulator of neuronal physiology, as well as an important signaling agent in neural injury. The intracellular concentration of this metal is tightly regulated through the actions of Zn(2+) transporters and the thiol-rich metal binding protein metallothionein, closely linking the redox status of the cell to cellular availability of Zn(2+). Accordingly, oxidative and nitrosative stress during ischemic injury leads to an accumulation of neuronal free Zn(2+) and the activation of several downstream cell death processes. While this Zn(2+) rise is an established signaling event in neuronal cell death, recent evidence suggests that a transient, sublethal accumulation of free Zn(2+) can also play a critical role in neuroprotective pathways activated during ischemic preconditioning. Thus, redox-sensitive proteins, like metallothioneins, may play a critical role in determining neuronal cell fate by regulating the localization and concentration of intracellular free Zn(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar A Aras
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Puerta E, Barros-Miñones L, Hervias I, Gomez-Rodriguez V, Orejana L, Pizarro N, de la Torre R, Jordán J, Aguirre N. Long-lasting neuroprotective effect of sildenafil against 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine- induced 5-hydroxytryptamine deficits in the rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:518-28. [PMID: 21948520 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil, given shortly before 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), affords protection against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) depletions caused by this amphetamine derivative by an acute preconditioning-like mechanism. Because acute and delayed preconditionings do not share the same mechanisms, we investigated whether sildenafil would also protect the 5-HT system of the rat if given 24 hr before MDMA. For this, MDMA (3 × 5 mg/kg i.p., every 2 hr) was administered to rats previously treated with sildenafil (8 mg/kg p.o.). One week later, 5-HT content and 5-HT transporter density were measured in the striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus of the rats. Our findings indicate that sildenafil afforded significant protection against MDMA-induced 5-HT deficits without altering the acute hyperthermic response to MDMA or its metabolic disposition. Sildenafil promoted ERK1/2 activation an effect that was paralleled by an increase in MnSOD expression that persisted 24 hr later. In addition, superoxide and superoxide-derived oxidants, shown by ethidium fluorescence, increased after the last MDMA injection, an effect that was prevented by sildenafil pretreatment. Similarly, MDMA increased nitrotyrosine concentration in the hippocampus, an effect not shown by sildenafil-pretreated rats. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that sildenafil produces a significant, long-lasting neuroprotective effect against MDMA-induced 5-HT deficits. This effect is apparently mediated by an increased expression of MnSOD and a subsequent reduced susceptibility to the oxidative stress caused by MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Bhuiyan MIH, Jung SY, Kim HJ, Lee YS, Jin C. Major role of the PI3K/Akt pathway in ischemic tolerance induced by sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation in cortical neurons in vitro. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1023-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Andrabi SA, Kang HC, Haince JF, Lee YI, Zhang J, Chi Z, West AB, Koehler RC, Poirier GG, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Iduna protects the brain from glutamate excitotoxicity and stroke by interfering with poly(ADP-ribose) polymer-induced cell death. Nat Med 2011; 17:692-9. [PMID: 21602803 PMCID: PMC3709257 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate acting on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors induces neuronal injury following stroke, through activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and generation of the death molecule poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer. Here we identify Iduna, a previously undescribed NMDA receptor-induced survival protein that is neuroprotective against glutamate NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo and against stroke through interfering with PAR polymer-induced cell death (parthanatos). Iduna's protective effects are independent and downstream of PARP-1 activity. Iduna is a PAR polymer-binding protein, and mutation at the PAR polymer binding site abolishes the PAR binding activity of Iduna and attenuates its protective actions. Iduna is protective in vivo against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity and middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced stroke in mice. To our knowledge, these results define Iduna as the first known endogenous inhibitor of parthanatos. Interfering with PAR polymer signaling could be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaida A. Andrabi
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ho Chul Kang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jean-François Haince
- Cancer Axis, Laval University Medical Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Ste-Foy, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhikai Chi
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew B. West
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Raymond C. Koehler
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guy G. Poirier
- Cancer Axis, Laval University Medical Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Ste-Foy, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Adaptation to moderate hypoxia protects cortical neurons against ischemia-reperfusion injury and excitotoxicity independently of HIF-1α. Exp Neurol 2011; 230:302-10. [PMID: 21619879 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Continuous exposure of cultured cortical neurons to moderate hypoxia (1% O(2)) elevates cellular accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and improves basal survival of cultured cortical neurons. We examined the effects of adaptation to moderate hypoxia on the vulnerability of cultured neurons to the acute injury of simulated ischemia-reperfusion. Cortical neurons cultured continuously in 1% O(2) were markedly protected against simulated ischemia-reperfusion, with protection persisting through 72h after ischemia. Neurons from 1% O(2) conditions were also highly resistant to glutamate-induced NMDA receptor-dependent excitotoxic injury, despite expression of NMDA receptors at levels not significantly changed from controls. Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase, mimicking cellular signaling effects of hypoxia including HIF-1α stabilization, also protected neurons against simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury. Nevertheless, genetic deletion of HIF-1α expression did not diminish the protection of neurons adapted to 1% O(2) from excitotoxicity or ischemia-reperfusion injury, nor did it prevent the protective effect of prolyl hydroxylase inhibition. We conclude that chronic exposure to moderate hypoxia, through HIF-1α-independent mechanisms, produces strong protective effects against excitotoxic and ischemia-reperfusion related injury.
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Stankowski JN, Zeiger SLH, Cohen EL, DeFranco DB, Cai J, McLaughlin B. C-terminus of heat shock cognate 70 interacting protein increases following stroke and impairs survival against acute oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1787-801. [PMID: 20677910 PMCID: PMC3078511 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The decision to remove or refold oxidized, denatured, or misfolded proteins by heat shock protein 70 and its binding partners is critical to determine cell fate under pathophysiological conditions. Overexpression of the ubiquitin ligase C-terminus of HSC70 interacting protein (CHIP) can compensate for failure of other ubiquitin ligases and enhance protein turnover and survival under chronic neurological stress. The ability of CHIP to alter cell fate after acute neurological injury has not been assessed. Using postmortem human tissue samples, we provide the first evidence that cortical CHIP expression is increased after ischemic stroke. Oxygen glucose deprivation in vitro led to rapid protein oxidation, antioxidant depletion, proteasome dysfunction, and a significant increase in CHIP expression. To determine if CHIP upregulation enhances neural survival, we overexpressed CHIP in vitro and evaluated cell fate 24 h after acute oxidative stress. Surprisingly, CHIP overexpressing cells fared worse against oxidative injury, accumulated more ubiquitinated and oxidized proteins, and experienced decreased proteasome activity. Conversely, using small interfering RNA to decrease CHIP expression in primary neuronal cultures improved survival after oxidative stress, suggesting that increases in CHIP observed after stroke like injuries are likely correlated with diminished survival and may negatively impact the neuroprotective potential of heat shock protein 70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette N Stankowski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8548, USA
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Effect of CIPC and intervention of Ca2+-regulated factors on CaN, cbl-b and p-AKT expression in neurons. Brain Res 2011; 1389:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Heo J. Redox control of GTPases: from molecular mechanisms to functional significance in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:689-724. [PMID: 20649471 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPases, including the proto-oncoprotein Ras and Rho GTPases, are involved in various cellular signaling events. Some of these small GTPases are redox sensitive, including Ras, Rho, Ran, Dexras1, and Rhes GTPases. Thus, the redox-mediated regulation of these GTPases often determines the course of their cellular signaling cascades. This article takes into consideration the application of Marcus theory to potential redox-based molecular mechanisms in the regulation of these redox-sensitive GTPases and the relevance of such mechanisms to a specific redox-sensitive motif. The discussion also takes into account various diseases, including cancers, heart, and neuronal disorders, that are often linked with the dysregulation of the redox signaling cascades associated with these redox-sensitive GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Heo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
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48
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Intracellular Signaling: Mediators and Protective Responses. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Thrombin Preconditioning Attenuates Iron-Induced Neuronal Death. INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE RESEARCH 2011; 111:259-63. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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50
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Bhuiyan MIH, Kim YJ. Mechanisms and prospects of ischemic tolerance induced by cerebral preconditioning. Int Neurourol J 2010; 14:203-12. [PMID: 21253330 PMCID: PMC3021810 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2010.14.4.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, brief episodes of ischemia induce tolerance against a subsequent severe episode of ischemia. This phenomenon of endogenous neuroprotection is known as preconditioning-induced ischemic tolerance. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge about mechanisms and potential applications of cerebral preconditioning and ischemic tolerance. Articles related to the terms ischemic preconditioning and ischemic tolerance were systematically searched via MEDLINE/PubMed, and articles published in English related to the nervous system were selected and analyzed. The past two decades have provided interesting insights into the molecular mechanisms of this neuroprotective phenomenon. Although both rapid and delayed types of tolerance have been documented in experimental settings, the delayed type has been found to be more prominent in the case of neuronal ischemic tolerance. Many intracellular signaling pathways have been implicated regarding ischemic preconditioning. Most of these are associated with membrane receptors, kinase cascades, and transcription factors. Moreover, ischemic tolerance can be induced by exposing animals or cells to diverse types of endogenous and exogenous stimuli that are not necessarily hypoxic or ischemic in nature. These cross-tolerances raise the hope that, in the future, it will be possible to pharmacologically activate or mimic ischemic tolerance in the human brain. Another promising approach is remote preconditioning in which preconditioning of one organ or system leads to the protection of a different (remote) organ that is difficult to target, such as the brain. The preconditioning strategy and related interventions can confer neuroprotection in experimental ischemia, and, thus, have promise for practical applications in cases of vascular neurosurgery and endo-vascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youn Jung Kim
- Kyung Hee University College of Nursing Science, Seoul, Korea
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