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Becchimanzi A, Nicoletti R, Di Lelio I, Russo E. Immune Gene Repertoire of Soft Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4922. [PMID: 38732132 PMCID: PMC11084805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects possess an effective immune system, which has been extensively characterized in several model species, revealing a plethora of conserved genes involved in recognition, signaling, and responses to pathogens and parasites. However, some taxonomic groups, characterized by peculiar trophic niches, such as plant-sap feeders, which are often important pests of crops and forestry ecosystems, have been largely overlooked regarding their immune gene repertoire. Here we annotated the immune genes of soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) for which omics data are publicly available. By using immune genes of aphids and Drosophila to query the genome of Ericerus pela, as well as the transcriptomes of Ceroplastes cirripediformis and Coccus sp., we highlight the lack of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, galectins, thaumatins, and antimicrobial peptides in Coccidae. This work contributes to expanding our knowledge about the evolutionary trajectories of immune genes and offers a list of promising candidates for developing new control strategies based on the suppression of pests' immunity through RNAi technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elia Russo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
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2
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Leitão AB, Arunkumar R, Day JP, Hanna N, Devi A, Hayes MP, Jiggins FM. Recognition of nonself is necessary to activate Drosophila's immune response against an insect parasite. BMC Biol 2024; 22:89. [PMID: 38644510 PMCID: PMC11034056 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune responses can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger signals released by damaged tissues, or the absence of self-molecules that inhibit immunity. As PAMPs are typically conserved across broad groups of pathogens but absent from the host, it is unclear whether they allow hosts to recognize parasites that are phylogenetically similar to themselves, such as parasitoid wasps infecting insects. RESULTS Parasitoids must penetrate the cuticle of Drosophila larvae to inject their eggs. In line with previous results, we found that the danger signal of wounding triggers the differentiation of specialized immune cells called lamellocytes. However, using oil droplets to mimic infection by a parasitoid wasp egg, we found that this does not activate the melanization response. This aspect of the immune response also requires exposure to parasite molecules. The unidentified factor enhances the transcriptional response in hemocytes and induces a specific response in the fat body. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a combination of danger signals and the recognition of nonself molecules is required to activate Drosophila's immune response against parasitic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | - Jonathan P Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nancy Hanna
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aarathi Devi
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew P Hayes
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Li M, Zhou Y, Cheng J, Wang Y, Lan C, Shen Y. Response of the mosquito immune system and symbiotic bacteria to pathogen infection. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:69. [PMID: 38368353 PMCID: PMC10874582 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the deadliest animal in the word, transmitting a variety of insect-borne infectious diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and Zika, causing more deaths than any other vector-borne pathogen. Moreover, in the absence of effective drugs and vaccines to prevent and treat insect-borne diseases, mosquito control is particularly important as the primary measure. In recent decades, due to the gradual increase in mosquito resistance, increasing attention has fallen on the mechanisms and effects associated with pathogen infection. This review provides an overview of mosquito innate immune mechanisms in terms of physical and physiological barriers, pattern recognition receptors, signalling pathways, and cellular and humoral immunity, as well as the antipathogenic effects of mosquito symbiotic bacteria. This review contributes to an in-depth understanding of the interaction process between mosquitoes and pathogens and provides a theoretical basis for biological defence strategies against mosquito-borne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjin Li
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Cejie Lan
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
| | - Yuan Shen
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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4
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Zhou SO, Arunkumar R, Irfan A, Ding SD, Leitão AB, Jiggins FM. The evolution of constitutively active humoral immune defenses in Drosophila populations under high parasite pressure. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011729. [PMID: 38206983 PMCID: PMC10807768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Both constitutive and inducible immune mechanisms are employed by hosts for defense against infection. Constitutive immunity allows for a faster response, but it comes with an associated cost that is always present. This trade-off between speed and fitness costs leads to the theoretical prediction that constitutive immunity will be favored where parasite exposure is frequent. We selected populations of Drosophila melanogaster under high parasite pressure from the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi. With RNA sequencing, we found the evolution of resistance in these populations was associated with them developing constitutively active humoral immunity, mediated by the larval fat body. Furthermore, these evolved populations were also able to induce gene expression in response to infection to a greater level, which indicates an overall more activated humoral immune response to parasitization. The anti-parasitoid immune response also relies on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway being activated in muscles following infection, and this induced response was only seen in populations that had evolved under high parasite pressure. We found that the cytokine Upd3, which induces this JAK/STAT response, is being expressed by immature lamellocytes. Furthermore, these immune cells became constitutively present when populations evolved resistance, potentially explaining why they gained the ability to activate JAK/STAT signaling. Thus, under intense parasitism, populations evolved resistance by increasing both constitutive and induced immune defenses, and there is likely an interplay between these two forms of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Olivia Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Arunkumar
- Section of population genetics, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Amina Irfan
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandre B. Leitão
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre of the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francis M. Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Leitão AB, Geldman EM, Jiggins FM. Activation of immune defences against parasitoid wasps does not underlie the cost of infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275923. [PMID: 38130722 PMCID: PMC10733856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites reduce the fitness of their hosts, and different causes of this damage have fundamentally different consequences for the evolution of immune defences. Damage to the host may result from the parasite directly harming its host, often due to the production of virulence factors that manipulate host physiology. Alternatively, the host may be harmed by the activation of its own immune defences, as these can be energetically demanding or cause self-harm. A well-studied model of the cost of infection is Drosophila melanogaster and its common natural enemy, parasitoid wasps. Infected Drosophila larvae rely on humoral and cellular immune mechanisms to form a capsule around the parasitoid egg and kill it. Infection results in a developmental delay and reduced adult body size. To disentangle the effects of virulence factors and immune defences on these costs, we artificially activated anti-parasitoid immune defences in the absence of virulence factors. Despite immune activation triggering extensive differentiation and proliferation of immune cells together with hyperglycaemia, it did not result in a developmental delay or reduced body size. We conclude that the costs of infection do not result from these aspects of the immune response and may instead result from the parasite directly damaging the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B. Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Progamme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emma M. Geldman
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francis M. Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Bazzi W, Monticelli S, Delaporte C, Riet C, Giangrande A, Cattenoz PB. Gcm counteracts Toll-induced inflammation and impacts hemocyte number through cholinergic signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1293766. [PMID: 38035083 PMCID: PMC10684909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1293766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemocytes, the myeloid-like immune cells of Drosophila, fulfill a variety of functions that are not completely understood, ranging from phagocytosis to transduction of inflammatory signals. We here show that downregulating the hemocyte-specific Glial cell deficient/Glial cell missing (Glide/Gcm) transcription factor enhances the inflammatory response to the constitutive activation of the Toll pathway. This correlates with lower levels of glutathione S-transferase, suggesting an implication of Glide/Gcm in reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and calling for a widespread anti-inflammatory potential of Glide/Gcm. In addition, our data reveal the expression of acetylcholine receptors in hemocytes and that Toll activation affects their expressions, disclosing a novel aspect of the inflammatory response mediated by neurotransmitters. Finally, we provide evidence for acetylcholine receptor nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 6 (nAchRalpha6) regulating hemocyte proliferation in a cell autonomous fashion and for non-cell autonomous cholinergic signaling regulating the number of hemocytes. Altogether, this study provides new insights on the molecular pathways involved in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Bazzi
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Sara Monticelli
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Claude Delaporte
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Céline Riet
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Angela Giangrande
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre B. Cattenoz
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
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7
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Arch M, Vidal M, Fuentes E, Abat AS, Cardona PJ. The reproductive status determines tolerance and resistance to Mycobacterium marinum in Drosophila melanogaster. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:332-347. [PMID: 37868078 PMCID: PMC10590161 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex and reproductive status of the host have a major impact on the immune response against infection. Our aim was to understand their impact on host tolerance or resistance in the systemic Mycobacterium marinum infection of Drosophila melanogaster. We measured host survival and bacillary load at time of death, as well as expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of immune genes (diptericin and drosomycin). We also assessed the impact of metabolic and hormonal regulation in the protection against infection by measuring expression of upd3, impl2 and ecR. Our data showed increased resistance in actively mating flies and in mated females, while reducing their tolerance to infection. Data suggests that Toll and immune deficiency (Imd) pathways determine tolerance and resistance, respectively, while higher basal levels of ecR favours the stimulation of the Imd pathway. A dual role has been found for upd3 expression, linked to increased/decreased mycobacterial load at the beginning and later in infection, respectively. Finally, impl2 expression has been related to increased resistance in non-actively mating males. These results allow further assessment on the differences between sexes and highlights the role of the reproductive status in D. melanogaster to face infections, demonstrating their importance to determine resistance and tolerance against M. marinum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arch
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Fuentes
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anmaw Shite Abat
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Touré H, Durand N, Guénal I, Herrmann JL, Girard-Misguich F, Szuplewski S. Mycobacterium abscessus Opsonization Allows an Escape from the Defensin Bactericidal Action in Drosophila. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0077723. [PMID: 37260399 PMCID: PMC10434004 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00777-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus, an intracellular nontuberculous mycobacterium, is considered the most pathogenic species among the group of rapidly growing mycobacteria. The resistance of M. abscessus to the host innate response contributes to its pathogenicity in addition to several virulence factors. We have recently shown in Drosophila that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), whose production is induced by M. abscessus, are unable to control mycobacterial infection. This could be due to their inability to kill mycobacteria and/or the hidden location of the pathogen in phagocytic cells. Here, we demonstrate that the rapid internalization of M. abscessus by Drosophila macrophages allows it to escape the AMP-mediated humoral response. By depleting phagocytes in AMP-deficient flies, we found that several AMPs were required for the control of extracellular M. abscessus. This was confirmed in the Tep4 opsonin-deficient flies, which we show can better control M. abscessus growth and have increased survival through overproduction of some AMPs, including Defensin. Furthermore, Defensin alone was sufficient to kill extracellular M. abscessus both in vitro and in vivo and control its infection. Collectively, our data support that Tep4-mediated opsonization of M. abscessus allows its escape and resistance toward the Defensin bactericidal action in Drosophila. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium abscessus, an opportunistic pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients, is the most pathogenic species among the fast-growing mycobacteria. How M. abscessus resists the host innate response before establishing an infection remains unclear. Using Drosophila, we have recently demonstrated that M. abscessus resists the host innate response by surviving the cytotoxic lysis of the infected phagocytes and the induced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including Defensin. In this work, we demonstrate that M. abscessus resists the latter response by being rapidly internalized by Drosophila phagocytes. Indeed, by combining in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that Defensin is able to control extracellular M. abscessus infection through a direct bactericidal action. In conclusion, we report that M. abscessus escapes the host AMP-mediated humoral response by taking advantage of its internalization by the phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadoun Touré
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Nicolas Durand
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Ile-de-France Ouest, GHU Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
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9
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Prince BC, Walsh E, Torres TZB, Rückert C. Recognition of Arboviruses by the Mosquito Immune System. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1159. [PMID: 37509194 PMCID: PMC10376960 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health worldwide. These viruses are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, or biting midges to humans or animals. In humans, arbovirus infection often results in mild flu-like symptoms, but severe disease and death also occur. There are few vaccines available, so control efforts focus on the mosquito population and virus transmission control. One area of research that may enable the development of new strategies to control arbovirus transmission is the field of vector immunology. Arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, have coevolved with arboviruses, resulting in a balance of virus replication and vector immune responses. If this balance were disrupted, virus transmission would likely be reduced, either through reduced replication, or even through enhanced replication, resulting in mosquito mortality. The first step in mounting any immune response is to recognize the presence of an invading pathogen. Recent research advances have been made to tease apart the mechanisms of arbovirus detection by mosquitoes. Here, we summarize what is known about arbovirus recognition by the mosquito immune system, try to generate a comprehensive picture, and highlight where there are still gaps in our current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Prince
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Elizabeth Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tran Zen B Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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10
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Cottis S, Blisnick AA, Failloux AB, Vernick KD. Determinants of Chikungunya and O'nyong-Nyong Virus Specificity for Infection of Aedes and Anopheles Mosquito Vectors. Viruses 2023; 15:589. [PMID: 36992298 PMCID: PMC10051923 DOI: 10.3390/v15030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases caused by viruses and parasites are responsible for more than 700 million infections each year. Anopheles and Aedes are the two major vectors for, respectively, malaria and arboviruses. Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vector of just one known arbovirus, the alphavirus o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), which is closely related to the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. However, Anopheles harbor a complex natural virome of RNA viruses, and a number of pathogenic arboviruses have been isolated from Anopheles mosquitoes in nature. CHIKV and ONNV are in the same antigenic group, the Semliki Forest virus complex, are difficult to distinguish via immunodiagnostic assay, and symptomatically cause essentially the same human disease. The major difference between the arboviruses appears to be their differential use of mosquito vectors. The mechanisms governing this vector specificity are poorly understood. Here, we summarize intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could be associated with vector specificity by these viruses. We highlight the complexity and multifactorial aspect of vectorial specificity of the two alphaviruses, and evaluate the level of risk of vector shift by ONNV or CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Cottis
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, F-75015 Paris, France
- Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Université UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Adrien A. Blisnick
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Kenneth D. Vernick
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, F-75015 Paris, France
- Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Université UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France
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11
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Zhao BR, Wang XX, Liu PP, Wang XW. Complement-related proteins in crustacean immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104577. [PMID: 36265592 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As an important part of innate immune system, complement system is widely involved in defense response and immune regulation, and plays an important biological role. The complement system has been deeply studied. More than 30 complement-related molecules and three major complement-activation pathways have been identified in vertebrates. Crustacean animals do not have complement system. There are only some complement-related proteins in crustaceans which are important for host defense. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about complement-related proteins in crustaceans, and their functions in crustacean immunity. We also make a comparation of the crustacean pro-phenoloxidase activating system and the mammalian complement system. This review provides a better understanding of the evolution and function of complement-related proteins in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Rui Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, And State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, And State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ping-Ping Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, And State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, And State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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12
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Tafesh-Edwards G, Eleftherianos I. Functional role of thioester-containing proteins in the Drosophila anti-pathogen immune response. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104578. [PMID: 36270515 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are present in many animal species ranging from deuterostomes to protostomes, which emphasizes their evolutionary conservation and importance in animal physiology. Phylogenetically, insect TEPs share sequence similarity with mammalian α2-macroglobulin. Drosophila melanogaster is specifically considered a superb model for teasing apart innate immune processes. Here we review recent discoveries on the involvement of Drosophila TEPs in the immune response against bacterial pathogens, nematode parasites, and parasitoid wasps. This information generates novel insights into the role of TEPs as regulators of homeostasis in Drosophila and supports the complexity of immune recognition and specificity in insects and more generally in invertebrates. These developments together with recent advances in gene editing and multi-omics will enable the fly immunity community to appreciate the molecular and mechanistic contributions of TEPs to the modulation of the host defense against infectious disease and possibly to translate this information into tangible therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Tafesh-Edwards
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA.
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13
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Arch M, Vidal M, Koiffman R, Melkie ST, Cardona PJ. Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study innate immune memory. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:991678. [PMID: 36338030 PMCID: PMC9630750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, research regarding innate immune responses has gained increasing importance. A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the innate arm of the immune system could show memory traits. Such traits are thought to be conserved throughout evolution and provide a survival advantage. Several models are available to study these mechanisms. Among them, we find the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This non-mammalian model has been widely used for innate immune research since it naturally lacks an adaptive response. Here, we aim to review the latest advances in the study of the memory mechanisms of the innate immune response using this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arch
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Romina Koiffman
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- UCBL, UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Solomon Tibebu Melkie
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- UCBL, UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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14
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A balance between vector survival and virus transmission is achieved through JAK/STAT signaling inhibition by a plant virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122099119. [PMID: 36191206 PMCID: PMC9564230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122099119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose a great threat to animal and plant health worldwide, with many being dependent on insect vectors for transmission between hosts. While the virus-host arms race has been well established, how viruses and insect vectors adapt to each other remains poorly understood. Begomoviruses comprise the largest genus of plant-infecting DNA viruses and are exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Here, we show that the vector Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway plays an important role in mediating the adaptation between the begomovirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and whiteflies. We found that the JAK/STAT pathway in B. tabaci functions as an antiviral mechanism against TYLCV infection in whiteflies as evidenced by the increase in viral DNA and coat protein (CP) levels after inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling. Two STAT-activated effector genes, BtCD109-2 and BtCD109-3, mediate this anti-TYLCV activity. To counteract this vector immunity, TYLCV has evolved strategies that impair the whitefly JAK/STAT pathway. Infection of TYLCV is associated with a reduction of JAK/STAT pathway activity in whiteflies. Moreover, TYLCV CP binds to STAT and blocks its nuclear translocation, thus, abrogating the STAT-dependent transactivation of target genes. We further show that inhibition of the whitefly JAK/STAT pathway facilitates TYLCV transmission but reduces whitefly survival and fecundity, indicating that this JAK/STAT-dependent TYLCV-whitefly interaction plays an important role in keeping a balance between whitefly fitness and TYLCV transmission. This study reveals a mechanism of plant virus-insect vector coadaptation in relation to vector survival and virus transmission.
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15
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Marquez J, Dinguirard N, Gonzalez A, Kane A, Joffe N, Yoshino T, Castillo M. Molecular characterization of thioester-containing proteins in Biomphalaria glabrata and their differential gene expression upon Schistosoma mansoni exposure. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903158. [PMID: 35967434 PMCID: PMC9363628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by trematode parasites of the genus Schistosoma that affects approximately 200 million people worldwide. Schistosomiasis has been a persistent problem in endemic areas as there is no vaccine available, currently used anti-helmintic medications do not prevent reinfection, and most concerning, drug resistance has been documented in laboratory and field isolates. Thus, alternative approaches to curtail this human disease are warranted. Understanding the immunobiology of the obligate intermediate host of these parasites, which include the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, may facilitate the development of novel methods to stop or reduce transmission to humans. Molecules from the thioester-containing protein (TEP) superfamily have been shown to be involved in immunological functions in many animals including corals and humans. In this study we identified, characterized, and compared TEP transcripts and their expression upon S. mansoni exposure in resistant and susceptible strains of B. glabrata snails. Results showed the expression of 11 unique TEPs in B. glabrata snails. These transcripts present high sequence identity at the nucleotide and putative amino acid levels between susceptible and resistant strains. Further analysis revealed differences in several TEPs’ constitutive expression levels between resistant and susceptible snail strains, with C3-1, C3-3, and CD109 having higher constitutive expression levels in the resistant (BS90) strain, whereas C3-2 and TEP-1 showed higher constitutive expression levels in the susceptible (NMRI) strain. Furthermore, TEP-specific response to S. mansoni miracidia exposure reiterated their differential expression, with resistant snails upregulating the expression of both TEP-4 and TEP-3 at 2 h and 48 h post-exposure, respectively. Further understanding the diverse TEP genes and their functions in invertebrate animal vectors will not only expand our knowledge in regard to this ancient family of immune proteins, but also offer the opportunity to identify novel molecular targets that could aid in the efforts to develop control methods to reduce schistosomiasis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Marquez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - N. Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - A. Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - A.E. Kane
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - N.R. Joffe
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - T.P. Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - M.G. Castillo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
- *Correspondence: M.G. Castillo,
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16
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Sensing microbial infections in the Drosophila melanogaster genetic model organism. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:35-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Viglietta M, Bellone R, Blisnick AA, Failloux AB. Vector Specificity of Arbovirus Transmission. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:773211. [PMID: 34956136 PMCID: PMC8696169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.773211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 25% of human infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases (VBDs). These diseases, caused by pathogens shared between animals and humans, are a growing threat to global health with more than 2.5 million annual deaths. Mosquitoes and ticks are the main vectors of arboviruses including flaviviruses, which greatly affect humans. However, all tick or mosquito species are not able to transmit all viruses, suggesting important molecular mechanisms regulating viral infection, dissemination, and transmission by vectors. Despite the large distribution of arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks) and arboviruses, only a few pairings of arthropods (family, genus, and population) and viruses (family, genus, and genotype) successfully transmit. Here, we review the factors that might limit pathogen transmission: internal (vector genetics, immune responses, microbiome including insect-specific viruses, and coinfections) and external, either biotic (adult and larvae nutrition) or abiotic (temperature, chemicals, and altitude). This review will demonstrate the dynamic nature and complexity of virus–vector interactions to help in designing appropriate practices in surveillance and prevention to reduce VBD threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Viglietta
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Bellone
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Albert Blisnick
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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18
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Regulators and signalling in insect antimicrobial innate immunity: Functional molecules and cellular pathways. Cell Signal 2021; 83:110003. [PMID: 33836260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal directly with the pathogens by eliminating them from the host organism or disarm them by suppressing the synthesis of toxins and virulence factors that promote the invasion and destructive action of the intruder within the host. Insects have been established as outstanding models for studying immune system regulation because innate immunity can be explored as an integrated system at the level of the whole organism. Innate immunity in insects consists of basal immunity that controls the constitutive synthesis of effector molecules such as antimicrobial peptides, and inducible immunity that is activated after detection of a microbe or its product(s). Activation and coordination of innate immune defenses in insects involve evolutionary conserved immune factors. Previous research in insects has led to the identification and characterization of distinct immune signalling pathways that modulate the response to microbial infections. This work has not only advanced the field of insect immunology, but it has also rekindled interest in the innate immune system of mammals. Here we review the current knowledge on key molecular components of insect immunity and discuss the opportunities they present for confronting infectious diseases in humans.
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19
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Chen D, Roychowdhury-Sinha A, Prakash P, Lan X, Fan W, Goto A, Hoffmann JA. A time course transcriptomic analysis of host and injected oncogenic cells reveals new aspects of Drosophila immune defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100825118. [PMID: 33737397 PMCID: PMC8000351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100825118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic RasV12 cells [A. Simcox et al., PLoS Genet 4, e1000142 (2008)] injected into adult males proliferated massively after a lag period of several days, and led to the demise of the flies after 2 to 3 wk. The injection induced an early massive transcriptomic response that, unexpectedly, included more than 100 genes encoding chemoreceptors of various families. The kinetics of induction and the identities of the induced genes differed markedly from the responses generated by injections of microbes. Subsequently, hundreds of genes were up-regulated, attesting to intense catabolic activities in the flies, active tracheogenesis, and cuticulogenesis, as well as stress and inflammation-type responses. At 11 d after the injections, GFP-positive oncogenic cells isolated from the host flies exhibited a markedly different transcriptomic profile from that of the host and distinct from that at the time of their injection, including in particular up-regulated expression of genes typical for cells engaged in the classical antimicrobial response of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China;
- Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), CNRS, University of Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Pragya Prakash
- Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), CNRS, University of Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiao Lan
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Fan
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China
| | - Akira Goto
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China;
- Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), CNRS, University of Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jules A Hoffmann
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China;
- Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), CNRS, University of Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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20
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Rodrigues D, Renaud Y, VijayRaghavan K, Waltzer L, Inamdar MS. Differential activation of JAK-STAT signaling reveals functional compartmentalization in Drosophila blood progenitors. eLife 2021; 10:61409. [PMID: 33594977 PMCID: PMC7920551 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood cells arise from diverse pools of stem and progenitor cells. Understanding progenitor heterogeneity is a major challenge. The Drosophila larval lymph gland is a well-studied model to understand blood progenitor maintenance and recapitulates several aspects of vertebrate hematopoiesis. However in-depth analysis has focused on the anterior lobe progenitors (AP), ignoring the posterior progenitors (PP) from the posterior lobes. Using in situ expression mapping and developmental and transcriptome analysis, we reveal PP heterogeneity and identify molecular-genetic tools to study this abundant progenitor population. Functional analysis shows that PP resist differentiation upon immune challenge, in a JAK-STAT-dependent manner. Upon wasp parasitism, AP downregulate JAK-STAT signaling and form lamellocytes. In contrast, we show that PP activate STAT92E and remain undifferentiated, promoting survival. Stat92E knockdown or genetically reducing JAK-STAT signaling permits PP lamellocyte differentiation. We discuss how heterogeneity and compartmentalization allow functional segregation in response to systemic cues and could be widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India.,National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yoan Renaud
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lucas Waltzer
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maneesha S Inamdar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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21
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Huot L, Bigourdan A, Pagès S, Ogier JC, Girard PA, Nègre N, Duvic B. Partner-specific induction of Spodoptera frugiperda immune genes in response to the entomopathogenic nematobacterial complex Steinernema carpocapsae-Xenorhabdus nematophila. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103676. [PMID: 32184079 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Steinernema carpocapsae-Xenorhabdus nematophila association is a nematobacterial complex used in biological control of insect crop pests. The infection success of this dual pathogen strongly depends on its interactions with the host's immune system. Here, we used the lepidopteran pest Spodoptera frugiperda to analyze the respective impact of each partner in the induction of its immune responses. First, we used previously obtained RNAseq data to construct the immunome of S. frugiperda and analyze its induction. We then selected representative genes to study by RT-qPCR their induction kinetics and specificity after independent injections of each partner. We showed that both X. nematophila and S. carpocapsae participate in the induction of stable immune responses to the complex. While X. nematophila mainly induces genes classically involved in antibacterial responses, S. carpocapsae induces lectins and genes involved in melanization and encapsulation. We discuss putative relationships between these differential inductions and the pathogen immunosuppressive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Huot
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sylvie Pagès
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Nègre
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Bernard Duvic
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
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22
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Huang Y, Ren Q. Research progress in innate immunity of freshwater crustaceans. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103569. [PMID: 31830502 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates lack adaptive immunity and innate immunity plays important roles in combating foreign invasive pathogens. Freshwater crustaceans, which are invertebrates, depend completely on their innate immune system. In recent years, many immune-related molecules in freshwater crustaceans, as well as their functions, have been identified. Three main immune signaling pathways, namely, Toll, immune deficiency (IMD), and Janus kinase-signal transducer activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways, were found in freshwater crustaceans. A series of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll receptors, lectins, lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein, scavenger receptors, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules, and thioester-containing proteins, were reported. Prophenoloxidase activation system and antimicrobial peptide synthesis are two important immune effector systems. These components are involved in the innate immunity of freshwater crustaceans, and they function in the innate immune defense against invading pathogens. This review mainly summarizes innate immune signaling pathways, PRRs, and effector molecules in freshwater crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China; Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Jiangsu Shuixian Industrial Company Limited, 40 Tonghu Road, Baoying, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225800, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222005, China; College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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23
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A New Assessment of Thioester-Containing Proteins Diversity of the Freshwater Snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010069. [PMID: 31936127 PMCID: PMC7016707 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) superfamily is known to play important innate immune functions in a wide range of animal phyla. TEPs are involved in recognition, and in the direct or mediated killing of several invading organisms or pathogens. While several TEPs have been identified in many invertebrates, only one TEP (named BgTEP) has been previously characterized in the freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. As the presence of a single member of that family is particularly intriguing, transcriptomic data and the recently published genome were used to explore the presence of other BgTEP related genes in B. glabrata. Ten other TEP members have been reported and classified into different subfamilies: Three complement-like factors (BgC3-1 to BgC3-3), one α-2-macroblobulin (BgA2M), two macroglobulin complement-related proteins (BgMCR1, BgMCR2), one CD109 (BgCD109), and three insect TEP (BgTEP2 to BgTEP4) in addition to the previously characterized BgTEP that we renamed BgTEP1. This is the first report on such a level of TEP diversity and of the presence of macroglobulin complement-related proteins (MCR) in mollusks. Gene structure analysis revealed alternative splicing in the highly variable region of three members (BgA2M, BgCD109, and BgTEP2) with a particularly unexpected diversity for BgTEP2. Finally, different gene expression profiles tend to indicate specific functions for such novel family members.
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24
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Abstract
Insects possess powerful immune systems that have evolved to defend against wounding and environmental pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and parasitoids. This surprising sophistication is accomplished through the activation of multiple immune pathways comprised of a large array of components, many of which have been identified and studied in detail using both genetic manipulations and traditional biochemical techniques. Recent advances indicate that certain pathways activate arrays of proteins that interact to form large functional complexes. Here we discuss three examples from multiple insects that exemplify such processes, including pathogen recognition, melanization, and coagulation. The functionality of each depends on integrating recognition with the recruitment of immune effectors capable of healing wounds and destroying pathogens. In both melanization and coagulation, protein interactions also appear to be essential for enzymatic activities tied to the formation of melanin and for the recruitment of hemocytes. The importance of these immune complexes is highlighted by the evolution of mechanisms in pathogens to disrupt their formation, an example of which is provided. While technically difficult to study, and not always readily amenable to dissection through genetics, modern mass spectrometry has become an indispensable tool in the study of these higher-order protein interactions. The formation of immune complexes should be viewed as an essential and emerging frontier in the study of insect immunity.
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25
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Lu Y, Su F, Li Q, Zhang J, Li Y, Tang T, Hu Q, Yu XQ. Pattern recognition receptors in Drosophila immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103468. [PMID: 31430488 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects, which lack the adaptive immune system, have developed sophisticated innate immune system consisting of humoral and cellular immune responses to defend against invading microorganisms. Non-self recognition of microbes is the front line of the innate immune system. Repertoires of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and β-1, 3-glucans, and induce innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the structure, classification and roles of PRRs in innate immunity of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, focusing mainly on the peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs), scavenger receptors (SRs), thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), and lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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Melcarne C, Lemaitre B, Kurant E. Phagocytosis in Drosophila: From molecules and cellular machinery to physiology. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:1-12. [PMID: 30953686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that plays a key role in both host defence and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. A range of surface receptors expressed on different cell types allow discriminating between self and non-self (or altered) material, thus enabling phagocytosis of pathogens and apoptotic cells. The phagocytosis process can be divided into four main steps: 1) binding of the phagocyte to the target particle, 2) particle internalization and phagosome formation, through remodelling of the plasma membrane, 3) phagosome maturation, and 4) particle destruction in the phagolysosome. In this review, we describe our present knowledge on phagocytosis in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, assessing each of the key steps involved in engulfment of both apoptotic cells and bacteria. We also assess the physiological role of phagocytosis in host defence, development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Melcarne
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - B Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - E Kurant
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 34988, Israel.
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Ke F, Zhang QY. Aquatic animal viruses mediated immune evasion in their host. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1096-1105. [PMID: 30557608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are important and lethal pathogens that hamper aquatic animals. The result of the battle between host and virus would determine the occurrence of diseases. The host will fight against virus infection with various responses such as innate immunity, adaptive immunity, apoptosis, and so on. On the other hand, the virus also develops numerous strategies such as immune evasion to antagonize host antiviral responses. Here, We review the research advances on virus mediated immune evasions to host responses containing interferon response, NF-κB signaling, apoptosis, and adaptive response, which are executed by viral genes, proteins, and miRNAs from different aquatic animal viruses including Alloherpesviridae, Iridoviridae, Nimaviridae, Birnaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Thus, it will facilitate the understanding of aquatic animal virus mediated immune evasion and potentially benefit the development of novel antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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28
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Banerjee U, Girard JR, Goins LM, Spratford CM. Drosophila as a Genetic Model for Hematopoiesis. Genetics 2019; 211:367-417. [PMID: 30733377 PMCID: PMC6366919 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this FlyBook chapter, we present a survey of the current literature on the development of the hematopoietic system in Drosophila The Drosophila blood system consists entirely of cells that function in innate immunity, tissue integrity, wound healing, and various forms of stress response, and are therefore functionally similar to myeloid cells in mammals. The primary cell types are specialized for phagocytic, melanization, and encapsulation functions. As in mammalian systems, multiple sites of hematopoiesis are evident in Drosophila and the mechanisms involved in this process employ many of the same molecular strategies that exemplify blood development in humans. Drosophila blood progenitors respond to internal and external stress by coopting developmental pathways that involve both local and systemic signals. An important goal of these Drosophila studies is to develop the tools and mechanisms critical to further our understanding of human hematopoiesis during homeostasis and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Juliet R Girard
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Lauren M Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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29
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Behrman EL, Howick VM, Kapun M, Staubach F, Bergland AO, Petrov DA, Lazzaro BP, Schmidt PS. Rapid seasonal evolution in innate immunity of wild Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2599. [PMID: 29321302 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the rate of evolutionary change and the genetic architecture that facilitates rapid adaptation is a current challenge in evolutionary biology. Comparative studies show that genes with immune function are among the most rapidly evolving genes across a range of taxa. Here, we use immune defence in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster to understand the rate of evolution in natural populations and the genetics underlying rapid change. We probed the immune system using the natural pathogens Enterococcus faecalis and Providencia rettgeri to measure post-infection survival and bacterial load of wild D. melanogaster populations collected across seasonal time along a latitudinal transect along eastern North America (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia). There are pronounced and repeatable changes in the immune response over the approximately 10 generations between spring and autumn collections, with a significant but less distinct difference observed among geographical locations. Genes with known immune function are not enriched among alleles that cycle with seasonal time, but the immune function of a subset of seasonally cycling alleles in immune genes was tested using reconstructed outbred populations. We find that flies containing seasonal alleles in Thioester-containing protein 3 (Tep3) have different functional responses to infection and that epistatic interactions among seasonal Tep3 and Drosomycin-like 6 (Dro6) alleles underlie the immune phenotypes observed in natural populations. This rapid, cyclic response to seasonal environmental pressure broadens our understanding of the complex ecological and genetic interactions determining the evolution of immune defence in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Behrman
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M Howick
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 3125 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Staubach
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra St, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.,Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alan O Bergland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra St, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 409 McCormic Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra St, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 3125 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Paul S Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kumar A, Srivastava P, Sirisena P, Dubey SK, Kumar R, Shrinet J, Sunil S. Mosquito Innate Immunity. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030095. [PMID: 30096752 PMCID: PMC6165528 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes live under the endless threat of infections from different kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The mosquito defends itself by employing both physical and physiological barriers that resist the entry of the pathogen and the subsequent establishment of the pathogen within the mosquito. However, if the pathogen does gain entry into the insect, the insect mounts a vigorous innate cellular and humoral immune response against the pathogen, thereby limiting the pathogen's propagation to nonpathogenic levels. This happens through three major mechanisms: phagocytosis, melanization, and lysis. During these processes, various signaling pathways that engage intense mosquito⁻pathogen interactions are activated. A critical overview of the mosquito immune system and latest information about the interaction between mosquitoes and pathogens are provided in this review. The conserved, innate immune pathways and specific anti-pathogenic strategies in mosquito midgut, hemolymph, salivary gland, and neural tissues for the control of pathogen propagation are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Priyanshu Srivastava
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Pdnn Sirisena
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
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Liao H, Wang J, Xun X, Zhao L, Yang Z, Zhu X, Xing Q, Huang X, Bao Z. Identification and characterization of TEP family genes in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and their diverse expression patterns in response to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:327-339. [PMID: 29803664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thioester-containing protein (TEP) family members are characterized by their unique intrachain β-cysteinyl-γ-glutamyl thioesters, and they play important roles in innate immune responses. Although significant effects of TEP members on immunity have been reported in most vertebrates, as well as certain invertebrates, the complete TEP family has not been systematically characterized in scallops. In this study, five TEP family genes (PyC3, PyA2M, PyTEP1, PyTEP2 and PyCD109) were identified from Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) through whole-genome scanning, including one pair of tandem duplications located on the same scaffold. Phylogenetic and protein structural analyses were performed to determine the identities and evolutionary relationships of the five genes (PyTEPs). The vast distribution of PyTEPs in TEP subfamilies confirmed that the Yesso scallop contains relatively comprehensive types of TEP members in evolution. The expression profiles of PyTEPs were determined in hemocytes after bacterial infection with gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus) and gram-negative (Vibrio anguillarum) using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Expression analysis revealed that the PyTEP genes exhibited disparate expression patterns in response to the infection by gram bacteria. A majority of PyTEP genes were overexpressed after bacterial stimulation at most time points, especially the notable elevation displayed by duplicated genes after V. anguillarum challenge. Interestingly, at different infection times, PyTEP1 and PyTEP2 shared analogous expression patterns, as did PyC3 and PyCD109. Taken together, these results help to characterize gene duplication and the evolutionary origin of PyTEPs and supplied valuable resources for elucidating their versatile roles in bivalve innate immune responses to bacterial pathogen challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaogang Xun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zujing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xinghai Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Gorbushin AM. Immune repertoire in the transcriptome of Littorina littorea reveals new trends in lophotrochozoan proto-complement evolution. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:250-263. [PMID: 29501422 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of complement system in invertebrates is poorly investigated. While the repertoire of complement genes in several Ecdysozoa lineages is found substantially different from that of Deuterostomia, the composition and function of the complement in the second protostome lineage, Lophotrochozoa, remains unclear. Here we report the general description of new transcriptomic data on the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea, and trace the evolutionary trajectories of the ancestral proto-complement repertoire. The repertoire is defined as immune cascade providing the minimum set of C3-associated molecules required for C3b amplification, opsonization of the targets and their phagocytosis: thioester protein (TEP) C3, serine protease C2/factor B (Bf) and complement receptors (CR). The reference transcriptome of L. littorea was built from the dual-species RNA-seq experiment with the periwinkle and its tissue digenean parasite Himasthla elongata. Five TEPs, including the ortholog of the C3, are found expressed in the in the mollusk's inflamed tissues. The homolog of the complement receptors CR1/CR2 is also expressed, however the ortholog of Bf is not. The extensive phylogenetic analysis showed that the C3 ortholog and the complement receptors are retained in all key lophotrochozoan taxa: Mollusca, Annelida and Brachiopoda. However, the Bf ortholog was lost at least three times independently in different lineages: i) Cephalopoda, ii) a common ancestor of all Gastropoda and iii) one of the Annelida lineage, Clitellata. Both C3 and Bf molecules were retained in bivalve species, brachiopods and annelid worms from the Polychaeta lineage. Hypothetically, the function of the lost Bf in these animals can be compensated by Factor L (Lf) - the serine protease first found in L. littorea and homologous to both, the Bf and the arthropod factor C (Cf). The contrast differences in proto-complement repertoire between the sister mollusk' taxa, Bivalvia and Gastropoda (the conserved and modified sets, respectively), can underlie differences in their susceptibility to digenean infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gorbushin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (IEPhB RAS), Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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Matetovici I, Van Den Abbeele J. Thioester-containing proteins in the tsetse fly (Glossina) and their response to trypanosome infection. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27. [PMID: 29528164 PMCID: PMC5969219 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are conserved proteins with a role in innate immune immunity. In the current study, we characterized the TEP family in the genome of six tsetse fly species (Glossina spp.). Tsetse flies are the biological vectors of several African trypanosomes, which cause sleeping sickness in humans or nagana in livestock. The analysis of the tsetse TEP sequences revealed information about their structure, evolutionary relationships and expression profiles under both normal and trypanosome infection conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of the family showed that tsetse flies harbour a genomic expansion of specific TEPs that are not found in other dipterans. We found a general expression of all TEP genes in the alimentary tract, mouthparts and salivary glands. Glossina morsitans and Glossina palpalis TEP genes display a tissue-specific expression pattern with some that are markedly up-regulated when the fly is infected with the trypanosome parasite. A different TEP response was observed to infection with Trypanosoma brucei compared to Trypanosoma congolense, indicating that the tsetse TEP response is trypanosome-specific. These findings are suggestive for the involvement of the TEP family in tsetse innate immunity, with a possible role in the control of the trypanosome parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Matetovici
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM)AntwerpBelgium
| | - J. Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM)AntwerpBelgium
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35
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Portet A, Galinier R, Pinaud S, Portela J, Nowacki F, Gourbal B, Duval D. BgTEP: An Antiprotease Involved in Innate Immune Sensing in Biomphalaria glabrata. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1206. [PMID: 29899746 PMCID: PMC5989330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect thioester-containing protein (iTEP) is the most recently defined group among the thioester-containing protein (TEP) superfamily. TEPs are key components of the immune system, and iTEPs from flies and mosquitoes were shown to be major immune weapons. Initially characterized from insects, TEP genes homologous to iTEP were further described from several other invertebrates including arthropods, cniderians, and mollusks albeit with few functional characterizations. In the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, a vector of the schistosomiasis disease, the presence of a TEP protein (BgTEP) was previously described in a well-defined immune complex involving snail lectins (fibrinogen-related proteins) and schistosome parasite mucins (SmPoMuc). To investigate the potential role of BgTEP in the immune response of the snail, we first characterized its genomic organization and its predicted protein structure. A phylogenetic analysis clustered BgTEP in a well-conserved subgroup of mollusk TEP. We then investigated the BgTEP expression profile in different snail tissues and followed immune challenges using different kinds of intruders during infection kinetics. Results revealed that BgTEP is particularly expressed in hemocytes, the immune-specialized cells in invertebrates, and is secreted into the hemolymph. Transcriptomic results further evidenced an intruder-dependent differential expression pattern of BgTEP, while interactome experiments showed that BgTEP is capable of binding to the surface of different microbes and parasite either in its full length form or in processed forms. An immunolocalization approach during snail infection by the Schistosoma mansoni parasite revealed that BgTEP is solely expressed by a subtype of hemocytes, the blast-like cells. This hemocyte subtype is present in the hemocytic capsule surrounding the parasite, suggesting a potential role in the parasite clearance by encapsulation. Through this work, we report the first characterization of a snail TEP. Our study also reveals that BgTEP may display an unexpected functional dual role. In addition to its previously characterized anti-protease activity, we demonstrate that BgTEP can bind to the intruder surface membrane, which supports a likely opsonin role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Portet
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Julien Portela
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Fanny Nowacki
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
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Wang J, Lin G, Batool K, Zhang S, Chen M, Xu J, Wu J, Jin L, Gelbic I, Xu L, Zhang L, Guan X. Alimentary Tract Transcriptome Analysis of the Tea Geometrid, Ectropis oblique (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:1411-1419. [PMID: 29546335 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ectropis oblique Prout (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is one of the main pests that damages the tea crop in Southeast Asia. To understand the molecular mechanisms of its feeding biology, transcriptomes of the alimentary tract (AT) and of the body minus the AT of E. oblique were successfully sequenced and analyzed in this study. A total of 36,950 unigenes from de novo sequences were assembled. After analysis using six annotation databases (e.g., Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome, and NCBI nr), a series of putative genes were found for this insect species that were related to digestion, detoxification, the immune system, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) receptors. From this series of genes, 21 were randomly selected to verify the relative expression levels of transcripts using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. These results will provide an invaluable genomic resource for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of E. oblique, which will be useful in developing biological control strategies for this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Khadija Batool
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Gelbic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Science, Branišovská, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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37
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Thioester-Containing Proteins 2 and 4 Affect the Metabolic Activity and Inflammation Response in Drosophila. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00810-17. [PMID: 29463615 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00810-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is an outstanding model for studying host antipathogen defense. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding how metabolism and immunity are interrelated in flies, little information has been obtained on the molecular players that regulate metabolism and inflammation in Drosophila during pathogenic infection. Recently, we reported that the inactivation of thioester-containing protein 2 (Tep2) and Tep4 promotes survival and decreases the bacterial burden in flies upon infection with the virulent pathogens Photorhabdus luminescens and Photorhabdus asymbiotica Here, we investigated physiological and pathological defects in tep mutant flies in response to Photorhabdus challenge. We find that tep2 and tep4 loss-of-function mutant flies contain increased levels of carbohydrates and triglycerides in the presence or absence of Photorhabdus infection. We also report that Photorhabdus infection leads to higher levels of nitric oxide and reduced transcript levels of the apical caspase-encoding gene Dronc in tep2 and tep4 mutants. We show that Tep2 and Tep4 are upregulated mainly in the fat body rather than the gut in Photorhabdus-infected wild-type flies and that tep mutants contain decreased numbers of Photorhabdus bacteria in both tissue types. We propose that the inactivation of Tep2 or Tep4 in adult Drosophila flies results in lower levels of inflammation and increased energy reserves in response to Photorhabdus, which could confer a survival-protective effect during the initial hours of infection.
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Haller S, Franchet A, Hakkim A, Chen J, Drenkard E, Yu S, Schirmeier S, Li Z, Martins N, Ausubel FM, Liégeois S, Ferrandon D. Quorum-sensing regulator RhlR but not its autoinducer RhlI enables Pseudomonas to evade opsonization. EMBO Rep 2018. [PMID: 29523648 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When Drosophila melanogaster feeds on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, some bacteria cross the intestinal barrier and eventually proliferate in the hemocoel. This process is limited by hemocytes through phagocytosis. P. aeruginosa requires the quorum-sensing regulator RhlR to elude the cellular immune response of the fly. RhlI synthesizes the autoinducer signal that activates RhlR. Here, we show that rhlI mutants are unexpectedly more virulent than rhlR mutants, both in fly and in nematode intestinal infection models, suggesting that RhlR has RhlI-independent functions. We also report that RhlR protects P. aeruginosa from opsonization mediated by the Drosophila thioester-containing protein 4 (Tep4). RhlR mutant bacteria show higher levels of Tep4-mediated opsonization, as compared to rhlI mutants, which prevents lethal bacteremia in the Drosophila hemocoel. In contrast, in a septic model of infection, in which bacteria are introduced directly into the hemocoel, Tep4 mutant flies are more resistant to wild-type P. aeruginosa, but not to the rhlR mutant. Thus, depending on the infection route, the Tep4 opsonin can either be protective or detrimental to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Haller
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Franchet
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdul Hakkim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eliana Drenkard
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shen Yu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zi Li
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nelson Martins
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frederick M Ausubel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Liégeois
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Ferrandon
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France .,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zumaya-Estrada FA, Martínez-Barnetche J, Lavore A, Rivera-Pomar R, Rodríguez MH. Comparative genomics analysis of triatomines reveals common first line and inducible immunity-related genes and the absence of Imd canonical components among hemimetabolous arthropods. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:48. [PMID: 29357911 PMCID: PMC5778769 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insects operate complex humoral and cellular immune strategies to fend against invading microorganisms. The majority of these have been characterized in Drosophila and other dipterans. Information on hemipterans, including Triatominae vectors of Chagas disease remains incomplete and fractionated. Results We identified putative immune-related homologs of three Triatominae vectors of Chagas disease, Triatoma pallidipennis, T. dimidiata and T. infestans (TTTs), using comparative transcriptomics based on established immune response gene references, in conjunction with the predicted proteomes of Rhodnius prolixus, Cimex lecticularis and Acyrthosiphon pisum hemimetabolous. We present a compressive description of the humoral and cellular innate immune components of these TTTs and extend the immune information of other related hemipterans. Key homologs of the constitutive and induced immunity genes were identified in all the studied hemipterans. Conclusions Our results in the TTTs extend previous observations in other hemipterans lacking several components of the Imd signaling pathway. Comparison with other hexapods, using published data, revealed that the absence of various Imd canonical components is common in several hemimetabolous species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2561-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Martínez-Barnetche
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Andrés Lavore
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (CeBio) and Centro de Investigación y Transferencia del Noroeste de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Rolando Rivera-Pomar
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (CeBio) and Centro de Investigación y Transferencia del Noroeste de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Funcional. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mario Henry Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.
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Dostálová A, Rommelaere S, Poidevin M, Lemaitre B. Thioester-containing proteins regulate the Toll pathway and play a role in Drosophila defence against microbial pathogens and parasitoid wasps. BMC Biol 2017; 15:79. [PMID: 28874153 PMCID: PMC5584532 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the thioester-containing protein (TEP) family contribute to host defence in both insects and mammals. However, their role in the immune response of Drosophila is elusive. In this study, we address the role of TEPs in Drosophila immunity by generating a mutant fly line, referred to as TEPq Δ , lacking the four immune-inducible TEPs, TEP1, 2, 3 and 4. RESULTS Survival analyses with TEPq Δ flies reveal the importance of these proteins in defence against entomopathogenic fungi, Gram-positive bacteria and parasitoid wasps. Our results confirm that TEPs are required for efficient phagocytosis of bacteria, notably for the two Gram-positive species tested, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Furthermore, we show that TEPq Δ flies have reduced Toll pathway activation upon microbial infection, resulting in lower expression of antimicrobial peptide genes. Epistatic analyses suggest that TEPs function upstream or independently of the serine protease ModSP at an initial stage of Toll pathway activation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study brings new insights into the role of TEPs in insect immunity. It reveals that TEPs participate in both humoral and cellular arms of immune response in Drosophila. In particular, it shows the importance of TEPs in defence against Gram-positive bacteria and entomopathogenic fungi, notably by promoting Toll pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dostálová
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Rommelaere
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mickael Poidevin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sun JJ, Lan JF, Zhao XF, Vasta GR, Wang JX. Binding of a C-type lectin's coiled-coil domain to the Domeless receptor directly activates the JAK/STAT pathway in the shrimp immune response to bacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006626. [PMID: 28931061 PMCID: PMC5645147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are characterized by the presence of a C-type carbohydrate recognition domain (CTLD) that by recognizing microbial glycans, is responsible for their roles as pattern recognition receptors in the immune response to bacterial infection. In addition to the CTLD, however, some CTLs display additional domains that can carry out effector functions, such as the collagenous domain of the mannose-binding lectin. While in vertebrates, the mechanisms involved in these effector functions have been characterized in considerable detail, in invertebrates they remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified in the kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) a structurally novel CTL (MjCC-CL) that in addition to the canonical CTLD, contains a coiled-coil domain (CCD) responsible for the effector functions that are key to the shrimp's antibacterial response mediated by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). By the use of in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches we elucidated the mechanism by which the recognition of bacterial glycans by the CTLD of MjCC-CL leads to activation of the JAK/STAT pathway via interaction of the CCD with the surface receptor Domeless, and upregulation of AMP expression. Thus, our study of the shrimp MjCC-CL revealed a striking functional difference with vertebrates, in which the JAK/STAT pathway is indirectly activated by cell death and stress signals through cytokines or growth factors. Instead, by cross-linking microbial pathogens with the cell surface receptor Domeless, a lectin directly activates the JAK/STAT pathway, which plays a central role in the shrimp antibacterial immune responses by upregulating expression of selected AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gerardo R. Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Theopold U, Schmid M. Thioester-containing proteins: At the crossroads of immune effector mechanisms. Virulence 2017; 8:1468-1470. [PMID: 28704162 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1355662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Theopold
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Martin Schmid
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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Shokal U, Eleftherianos I. Evolution and Function of Thioester-Containing Proteins and the Complement System in the Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:759. [PMID: 28706521 PMCID: PMC5489563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is evolutionary conserved among organisms. The complement system forms an important and efficient immune defense mechanism. It consists of plasma proteins that participate in microbial detection, which ultimately results in the production of various molecules with antimicrobial activity. Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are a superfamily of secreted effector proteins. In vertebrates, certain TEPs act in the innate immune response by promoting recruitment of immune cells, phagocytosis, and direct lysis of microbial invaders. Insects are excellent models for dissecting the molecular basis of innate immune recognition and response to a wide range of microbial infections. Impressive progress in recent years has generated crucial information on the role of TEPs in the antibacterial and antiparasite response of the tractable model insect Drosophila melanogaster and the mosquito malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. This knowledge is critical for better understanding the evolution of TEPs and their involvement in the regulation of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Shokal
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Shokal U, Kopydlowski H, Eleftherianos I. The distinct function of Tep2 and Tep6 in the immune defense of Drosophila melanogaster against the pathogen Photorhabdus. Virulence 2017; 8:1668-1682. [PMID: 28498729 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1330240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous and recent investigations on the innate immune response of Drosophila have identified certain mechanisms that promote pathogen elimination. However, the function of Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) in the fly still remains elusive. Recently we have shown the contribution of TEP4 in the antibacterial immune defense of Drosophila against non-pathogenic E. coli, and the pathogens Photorhabdus luminescens and P. asymbiotica. Here we studied the function of Tep genes in both humoral and cellular immunity upon E. coli and Photorhabdus infection. We found that while Tep2 is induced after Photorhabdus and E. coli infection; Tep6 is induced by P. asymbiotica only. Moreover, functional ablation of hemocytes results in significantly low transcript levels of Tep2 and Tep6 in response to Photorhabdus. We show that Tep2 and Tep6 loss-of-function mutants have prolonged survival against P. asymbiotica, Tep6 mutants survive better the infection of P. luminescens, and both tep mutants are resistant to E. coli and Photorhabdus. We also find a distinct pattern of immune signaling pathway induction in E. coli or Photorhabdus infected Tep2 and Tep6 mutants. We further show that Tep2 and Tep6 participate in the activation of hemocytes in Drosophila responding to Photorhabdus. Finally, inactivation of Tep2 or Tep6 affects phagocytosis and melanization in flies infected with Photorhabdus. Our results indicate that distinct Tep genes might be involved in different yet crucial functions in the Drosophila antibacterial immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Shokal
- a Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences , Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington DC , USA
| | - Hannah Kopydlowski
- a Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences , Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington DC , USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- a Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences , Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington DC , USA
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45
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Blaum BS. The lectin self of complement factor H. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Li C, Li H, Xiao B, Chen Y, Wang S, Lǚ K, Yin B, Li S, He J. Identification and functional analysis of a TEP gene from a crustacean reveals its transcriptional regulation mediated by NF-κB and JNK pathways and its broad protective roles against multiple pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:45-58. [PMID: 28069434 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are present in a wide range of species from deuterostomes to protostomes and are thought to be involved in innate immunity. In the current study, a TEP gene homologous to insect TEPs (iTEP) from the crustacean Litopenaeus vannamei, named LvTEP1, is cloned and functionally characterized. The open reading frame (ORF) of LvTEP1 is 4383 bp in length, encoding a polypeptide of 1460 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 161.1 kDa LvTEP1, which is most similar to other TEPs from insects, contains some conserved sequence features, including a N-terminal signal peptide, a canonical thioester (TE) motif, and a C-terminal distinctive cysteine signature. LvTEP1 is expressed in most immune-related tissues, such as intestine, epithelium, and hemocytes, and the mRNA level of LvTEP1 is upregulated in hemocytes after bacterial and viral challenges, indicating its involvement in the shrimp innate immune response. An expression assay in Drosophila S2 cells shows LvTEP1 to be a full-length secretory protein, and processed forms are present in the supernatant. Of note, only the processed form of LvTEP1 protein can bind to both the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, and its abundance can be induced after bacterial treatment. Moreover, knockdown of LvTEP1 renders shrimps more susceptible to both V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus, as well as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, suggesting its essential defensive role against these invading microbes. We also observe that the expression of LvTEP1 is regulated in a manner dependent on both NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors in naive shrimps and in vitro, suggesting that LvTEP1 could be poised in the body cavity prior to infection and thus play an important role in basal immunity. Taken together, our findings provide some in vitro and in vivo evidence for the involvement of LvTEP1 in shrimp innate immunity and provide some insight into its expression regulation mediated by multiple transcription factors or signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China.
| | - Haoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Bang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Yonggui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Kai Lǚ
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Sedong Li
- Fisheries Research Institute of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China.
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Barletta ABF, Nascimento-Silva MCL, Talyuli OAC, Oliveira JHM, Pereira LOR, Oliveira PL, Sorgine MHF. Microbiota activates IMD pathway and limits Sindbis infection in Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:103. [PMID: 28231846 PMCID: PMC5324288 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is the main vector of important arboviruses such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya. During infections mosquitoes can activate the immune pathways Toll, IMD and JAK/STAT to limit pathogen replication. RESULTS Here, we evaluate the immune response profile of Ae. aegypti against Sindbis virus (SINV). We analyzed gene expression of components of Toll, IMD and JAK/STAT pathways and showed that a blood meal and virus infection upregulated aaREL2 in a microbiota-dependent fashion, since this induction was prevented by antibiotic. The presence of the microbiota activates IMD and impaired the replication of SINV in the midgut. Constitutive activation of the IMD pathway, by Caspar depletion, leads to a decrease in microbiota levels and an increase in SINV loads. CONCLUSION Together, these results suggest that a blood meal is able to activate innate immune pathways, through a nutrient induced growth of microbiota, leading to upregulation of aaREL2 and IMD activation. Microbiota levels seemed to have a reciprocal interaction, where the proliferation of the microbiota activates IMD pathway that in turn controls bacterial levels, allowing SINV replication in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The activation of the IMD pathway seems to have an indirect effect in SINV levels that is induced by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Ferreira Barletta
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Octávio A C Talyuli
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Henrique M Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Henrique F Sorgine
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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48
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Baxter RHG, Contet A, Krueger K. Arthropod Innate Immune Systems and Vector-Borne Diseases. Biochemistry 2017; 56:907-918. [PMID: 28072517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods, especially ticks and mosquitoes, are the vectors for a number of parasitic and viral human diseases, including malaria, sleeping sickness, Dengue, and Zika, yet arthropods show tremendous individual variation in their capacity to transmit disease. A key factor in this capacity is the group of genetically encoded immune factors that counteract infection by the pathogen. Arthropod-specific pattern recognition receptors and protease cascades detect and respond to infection. Proteins such as antimicrobial peptides, thioester-containing proteins, and transglutaminases effect responses such as lysis, phagocytosis, melanization, and agglutination. Effector responses are initiated by damage signals such as reactive oxygen species signaling from epithelial cells and recognized by cell surface receptors on hemocytes. Antiviral immunity is primarily mediated by siRNA pathways but coupled with interferon-like signaling, antimicrobial peptides, and thioester-containing proteins. Molecular mechanisms of immunity are closely linked to related traits of longevity and fertility, and arthropods have the capacity for innate immunological memory. Advances in understanding vector immunity can be leveraged to develop novel control strategies for reducing the rate of transmission of both ancient and emerging threats to global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H G Baxter
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Alicia Contet
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Kathryn Krueger
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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49
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Advances in Myeloid-Like Cell Origins and Functions in the Model Organism Drosophila melanogaster. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5. [PMID: 28102122 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0038-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila has long served as a valuable model for deciphering many biological processes, including immune responses. Indeed, the genetic tractability of this organism is particularly suited for large-scale analyses. Studies performed during the last 3 decades have proven that the signaling pathways that regulate the innate immune response are conserved between Drosophila and mammals. This review summarizes the recent advances on Drosophila hematopoiesis and immune cellular responses, with a particular emphasis on phagocytosis.
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Arp AP, Hunter WB, Pelz-Stelinski KS. Annotation of the Asian Citrus Psyllid Genome Reveals a Reduced Innate Immune System. Front Physiol 2016; 7:570. [PMID: 27965582 PMCID: PMC5126049 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus production worldwide is currently facing significant losses due to citrus greening disease, also known as Huanglongbing. The citrus greening bacteria, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is a persistent propagative pathogen transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Hemipterans characterized to date lack a number of insect immune genes, including those associated with the Imd pathway targeting Gram-negative bacteria. The D. citri draft genome was used to characterize the immune defense genes present in D. citri. Predicted mRNAs identified by screening the published D. citri annotated draft genome were manually searched using a custom database of immune genes from previously annotated insect genomes. Toll and JAK/STAT pathways, general defense genes Dual oxidase, Nitric oxide synthase, prophenoloxidase, and cellular immune defense genes were present in D. citri. In contrast, D. citri lacked genes for the Imd pathway, most antimicrobial peptides, 1,3-β-glucan recognition proteins (GNBPs), and complete peptidoglycan recognition proteins. These data suggest that D. citri has a reduced immune capability similar to that observed in A. pisum, P. humanus, and R. prolixus. The absence of immune system genes from the D. citri genome may facilitate CLas infections, and is possibly compensated for by their relationship with their microbial endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Arp
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- U.S. Horticultural Research Lab, Agricultural Research Service, United State Department of Agriculture Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Kirsten S Pelz-Stelinski
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida Fort Pierce, FL, USA
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