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Liu R, Zeng LW, Li HF, Shi JG, Zhong B, Shu HB, Li S. PD-1 signaling negatively regulates the common cytokine receptor γ chain via MARCH5-mediated ubiquitination and degradation to suppress anti-tumor immunity. Cell Res 2023; 33:923-939. [PMID: 37932447 PMCID: PMC10709454 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy with PD-1 blockade and IL-2 substantially improves anti-tumor efficacy comparing to monotherapy. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the synergistic effects of the combination therapy remain enigmatic. Here we show that PD-1 ligation results in BATF-dependent transcriptional induction of the membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH5, which mediates K27-linked polyubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc). PD-1 ligation also activates SHP2, which dephosphorylates γcY357, leading to impairment of γc family cytokine-triggered signaling. Conversely, PD-1 blockade restores γc level and activity, thereby sensitizing CD8+ T cells to IL-2. We also identified Pitavastatin Calcium as an inhibitor of MARCH5, which combined with PD-1 blockade and IL-2 significantly improves the efficacy of anti-tumor immunotherapy in mice. Our findings uncover the mechanisms by which PD-1 signaling antagonizes γc family cytokine-triggered immune activation and demonstrate that the underlying mechanisms can be exploited for increased efficacy of combination immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Medical Research Institute; Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin-Wen Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Medical Research Institute; Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui-Fang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Medical Research Institute; Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Ge Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Medical Research Institute; Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Medical Research Institute; Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Medical Research Institute; Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Medical Research Institute; Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Liu B, Bashkin JK, Poon GMK, Wang S, Wang S, Wilson WD. Modulating DNA by polyamides to regulate transcription factor PU.1-DNA binding interactions. Biochimie 2019; 167:1-11. [PMID: 31445072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hairpin polyamides are synthetic small molecules that bind DNA minor groove sequence-selectively and, in many sequences, induce widening of the minor groove and compression of the major groove. The structural distortion of DNA caused by polyamides has enhanced our understanding of the regulation of DNA-binding proteins via polyamides. Polyamides have DNA binding affinities that are comparable to those proteins, therefore, can potentially be used as therapeutic agents to treat diseases caused by aberrant gene expression. In fact, many diseases are characterized by over- or under-expressed genes. PU.1 is a transcription factor that regulates many immune system genes. Aberrant expression of PU.1 has been associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We have, therefore, designed and synthesized ten hairpin polyamides to investigate their capacity in controlling the PU.1-DNA interaction. Our results showed that nine of the polyamides disrupt PU.1-DNA binding and the inhibition capacity strongly correlates with binding affinity. One molecule, FH1024, was observed forming a FH1024-PU.1-DNA ternary complex instead of inhibiting PU.1-DNA binding. This is the first report of a small molecule that is potentially a weak agonist that recruits PU.1 to DNA. This finding sheds light on the design of polyamides that exhibit novel regulatory mechanisms on protein-DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - James K Bashkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Gregory M K Poon
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Siming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - W David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Zhao J, Ren J, Wang N, Cheng Z, Yang R, Lin G, Guo Y, Cai D, Xie Y, Zhao X. Crystal structure of the second fibronectin type III (FN3) domain from human collagen α1 type XX. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:695-700. [PMID: 29199991 PMCID: PMC5713675 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1701648x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen α1 type XX, which contains fibronectin type III (FN3) repeats involving six FN3 domains (referred to as the FN#1-FN#6 domains), is an unusual member of the fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (FACIT) subfamily of collagens. The results of standard protein BLAST suggest that the FN3 repeats might contribute to collagen α1 type XX acting as a cytokine receptor. To date, solution NMR structures of the FN#3, FN#4 and FN#6 domains have been determined. To obtain further structural evidence to understand the relationship between the structure and function of the FN3 repeats from collagen α1 type XX, the crystal structure of the FN#2 domain from human collagen α1 type XX (residues Pro386-Pro466; referred to as FN2-HCXX) was solved at 2.5 Å resolution. The crystal structure of FN2-HCXX shows an immunoglobulin-like fold containing a β-sandwich structure, which is formed by a three-stranded β-sheet (β1, β2 and β5) packed onto a four-stranded β-sheet (β3, β4, β6 and β7). Two consensus domains, tencon and fibcon, are structural analogues of FN2-HCXX. Fn8, an FN3 domain from human oncofoetal fibronectin, is the closest structural analogue of FN2-HCXX derived from a naturally occurring sequence. Based solely on the structural similarity of FN2-HCXX to other FN3 domains, the detailed functions of FN2-HCXX and the FN3 repeats in collagen α1 type XX cannot be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jixia Ren
- College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Runmei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dayong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
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Munde M, Wang S, Kumar A, Stephens CE, Farahat AA, Boykin DW, Wilson WD, Poon GMK. Structure-dependent inhibition of the ETS-family transcription factor PU.1 by novel heterocyclic diamidines. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:1379-90. [PMID: 24157839 PMCID: PMC3902942 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ETS transcription factors mediate a wide array of cellular functions and are attractive targets for pharmacological control of gene regulation. We report the inhibition of the ETS-family member PU.1 with a panel of novel heterocyclic diamidines. These diamidines are derivatives of furamidine (DB75) in which the central furan has been replaced with selenophene and/or one or both of the bridging phenyl has been replaced with benzimidazole. Like all ETS proteins, PU.1 binds sequence specifically to 10-bp sites by inserting a recognition helix into the major groove of a 5′-GGAA-3′ consensus, accompanied by contacts with the flanking minor groove. We showed that diamidines target the minor groove of AT-rich sequences on one or both sides of the consensus and disrupt PU.1 binding. Although all of the diamidines bind to one or both of the expected sequences within the binding site, considerable heterogeneity exists in terms of stoichiometry, site–site interactions and induced DNA conformation. We also showed that these compounds accumulate in live cell nuclei and inhibit PU.1-dependent gene transactivation. This study demonstrates that heterocyclic diamidines are capable of inhibiting PU.1 by targeting the flanking sequences and supports future efforts to develop agents for inhibiting specific members of the ETS family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Munde
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6534, USA
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Mizuguchi M, Asao H, Hara T, Higuchi M, Fujii M, Nakamura M. Transcriptional activation of the interleukin-21 gene and its receptor gene by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax in human T-cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25501-11. [PMID: 19617351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
At the incipient stages of the development of adult T-cell leukemia, T-cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) suffer disregulation in cell growth caused by aberrant expression of host genes by the HTLV-1 transactivator protein Tax (Tax1). Tax1-mediated growth promotion is thought to result from, at least in part, up-regulation of genes for growth factors and their receptors that induce T-cell growth. In the present study, we demonstrate that Tax1 transactivates the interleukin-21 (IL-21) and its receptor (IL-21R) genes in human T-cells. Introduction of Tax1 via recombinant adenoviruses induced expression of endogenous IL-21 and IL-21R. Isolated promoters of the IL-21 and IL-21R genes were activated by Tax1 in reporter assays, which further revealed that there were at least two Tax1-responsive elements in either the IL-21 promoter or the IL-21R promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and gel mobility shift assay exhibited that the IL-21 promoter elements bound transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB, and the IL-21R promoter elements were associated with AP-1 and interferon regulatory factor. Collectively, Tax1-dependent activation of these transcriptional factors presumably contributes to expression of the IL-21 gene and its receptor gene. The related virus HTLV-2 with Tax2 similar to Tax1 is known not to be pathogenic. Tax2 exhibited little, if any, or no induction of the IL-21 transcription in CD4+ T-cells, in contrast to Tax1. The study suggests insights into cytokine-dependent aberrant growth of HTLV-1-infected T-cells and the molecular basis of different pathogenicity between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Mizuguchi
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Singh AP, Kumar S, Gupta T. PCR-RFLP analysis of IL-2Rγ and IL-15Rα genes in Specialized Layer Chicken Lines. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2008.9706891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Kim HP, Imbert J, Leonard WJ. Both integrated and differential regulation of components of the IL-2/IL-2 receptor system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2006; 17:349-66. [PMID: 16911870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 was discovered in 1976 as a T-cell growth factor. It was the first type I cytokine cloned and the first for which a receptor component was cloned. Its importance includes its multiple actions, therapeutic potential, and lessons for receptor biology, with three components differentially combining to form high, intermediate, and low-affinity receptors. IL-2Ralpha and IL-2Rbeta, respectively, are markers for double-negative thymocytes and regulatory T-cells versus memory cells. gamma(c), which is shared by six cytokines, is mutated in patients with X-linked severe-combined immunodeficiency. We now cover an under-reviewed area-the regulation of genes encoding IL-2 and IL-2R components, with an effort to integrate/explain this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Pyo Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, United States.
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8
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Ishikawa Y, Tanaka N, Murakami K, Uchiyama T, Kumaki S, Tsuchiya S, Kugoh H, Oshimura M, Calos MP, Sugamura K. Phage phiC31 integrase-mediated genomic integration of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain in human T-cell lines. J Gene Med 2006; 8:646-53. [PMID: 16508910 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1, X-SCID) is a life-threatening disease caused by a mutated common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammac) gene. Although ex vivo gene therapy, i.e., transduction of the gammac gene into autologous CD34(+) cells, has been successful for treating SCID-X1, the retrovirus vector-mediated transfer allowed dysregulated integration, causing leukemias. Here, to explore an alternative gene transfer methodology that may offer less risk of insertional mutagenesis, we employed the phiC31 integrase-based integration system using human T-cell lines, including the gammac-deficient ED40515(-). METHODS A phiC31 integrase and a neo(r) gene expression plasmid containing the phiC31 attB sequence were co-delivered by electroporation into Jurkat cells. After G418 selection, integration site analyses were performed using linear amplification mediated-polymerase chain reaction (LAM-PCR). ED40515(-) cells were also transfected with a gammac expression plasmid containing attB, and the integration sites were determined. IL-2 stimulation was used to assess the functionality of the transduced gammac in an ED40515(-)-derived clone. RESULTS Following co-introduction of the phiC31 integrase expression plasmid and the plasmid carrying attB, the efficiency of integration into the unmodified human genome was assessed. Several integration sites were characterized, including new integration sites in intergenic regions on chromosomes 13 and 18 that may be preferred in hematopoietic cells. An ED40515(-) line bearing the integrated gammac gene exhibited stable expression of the gammac protein, with normal IL-2 signaling, as assessed by STAT5 activation. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the possible future use of this phiC31 integrase-mediated genomic integration strategy as an alternative gene therapy approach for treating SCID-X1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Lafreniere JF, Mills P, Bouchentouf M, Tremblay JP. Interleukin-4 improves the migration of human myogenic precursor cells in vitro and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1127-41. [PMID: 16466711 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Different molecules are available to recruit new neighboring myogenic cells to the site of regeneration. Formerly called B cell stimulatory factor-1, IL-4 can now be included in the list of motogenic factors. The present report demonstrates that human IL-4 is not required for fusion between mononucleated myoblasts but is required for myotube maturation. In identifying IL-4 as a pro-migratory agent for myogenic cells, these results provide a mechanism which partly explains IL-4 demonstrated activity during differentiation. Among the different mechanisms by which IL-4 might enhance myoblast migration processes, our results indicate that there are implications of some integrins and of three major components of the fibrinolytic system. Indeed, increases in the amount of active urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor were observed following an IL-4 treatment, while the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 decreased. Finally, IL-4 did not modify the amount of cell surface alpha5 integrin but increased the presence of beta3 and beta1 integrins. This integrin modulation might favor myogenic cell migration and its interaction with newly formed myotubes. Therefore, IL-4 co-injection with transplanted myoblasts might be an approach to enhance the migration of transplanted cells for the treatment of a damaged myocardium or of a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Lafreniere
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, 2705, boul. Laurier, RC-9300, Sainte-Foy (Québec), Canada G1V 4G2
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Rodriguez-Melendez R, Griffin JB, Sarath G, Zempleni J. High-throughput immunoblotting identifies biotin-dependent signaling proteins in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. J Nutr 2005; 135:1659-66. [PMID: 15987846 PMCID: PMC1224750 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.7.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotin affects the abundance of mRNA coding for approximately 10% of genes expressed in human-derived hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. Here, we determined whether effects of biotin on gene expression are associated with changes in the abundance of distinct proteins in cell signaling and structure. HepG2 cells were cultured in media containing the following concentrations of biotin: 0.025 nmol/L (denoted "deficient"), 0.25 nmol/L ("physiological" = control), and 10 nmol/L ("pharmacological") for 10 d before harvesting. The abundance of 1009 proteins from whole-cell extracts was quantified by using high-throughput immunoblots. The abundance of 44 proteins changed by at least 25% in biotin-deficient and biotin-supplemented cells compared with physiological controls. One third of these proteins participate in cell signaling. Specifically, proteins associated with receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling were identified as targets of biotin; the abundance of these proteins was greater in biotin-deficient cells than in controls. This was associated with increased DNA-binding activities of the transcription factors Fos and Jun, and increased expression of a reporter gene driven by activator protein (AP)1-binding elements in biotin-deficient cells compared with physiological controls. The abundance of selected signaling proteins was not paralleled by the abundance of mRNA, suggesting that biotin affects expression of these genes at a post-transcriptional step. Additional clusters of biotin-responsive proteins were identified that play roles in cytoskeleton homeostasis, nuclear structure and transport, and neuroscience. This study is consistent with the existence of clusters of biotin-responsive proteins in distinct biological processes, including signaling by Fos/Jun; the latter might mediate the proinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of biotin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences
- Departments of Biochemistry and Animal Science, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Zhou H, Lamont SJ. Associations of six candidate genes with antibody response kinetics in hens. Poult Sci 2003; 82:1118-26. [PMID: 12872968 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.7.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken B-cell marker (ChB6), caspase-1, inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 (IAP-1), interleukin-15 receptor alpha-chain (IL-15Ralpha), interleukin-2 receptor gamma-chain (IL-2Rgamma), and immunoglobulin supfamily gene (ZOV3), as physiological candidate genes for chicken immune response, were selected to investigate associations with antibody kinetics to SRBC and killed B. abortus. An F2 population was derived from mating highly inbred (>99%) males of two MHC-congenic Fayoumi lines (named M5.1 and M15.2) with G-B1 Leghorn hens. Antibody response to SRBC and B. abortus after immunization at 19 and 22 wk were measured. Secondary phase parameters of maximum titers (Ymax) and time required to achieve Ymax (Tmax) were estimated from postsecondary titers by using a nonlinear regression model. The DNA polymorphisms of six genes were identified, and associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the six genes with antibody response parameters were analyzed. Significant main effects of the gene polymorphisms were mostly found in the lineage of the M5.1 grandsire and primarily on antibody response to B. abortus. There was general agreement of allelic effect within antibody parameters among genes. These results suggest that the SNP characterized in the study may serve as markers for genetic enhancement of humoral immune capacity in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3150, USA
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12
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Rodriguez-Melendez R, Lewis B, McMahon RJ, Zempleni J. Diaminobiotin and desthiobiotin have biotin-like activities in Jurkat cells. J Nutr 2003; 133:1259-64. [PMID: 12730407 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.5.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, biotin serves as a coenzyme for carboxylases such as propionyl-CoA carboxylase. The expression of genes encoding interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R)gamma also depends on biotin. Biotin metabolites are structurally similar to biotin, and their concentrations in tissues are quantitatively important. Here, the hypothesis was tested that biotin metabolites can mimic the effects of biotin on gene expression and thus have biotin-like activities. A human T-cell line (Jurkat cells) was used to model effects of biotin and synthetic metabolites (diaminobiotin and desthiobiotin) on the expression of genes encoding IL-2 and IL-2Rgamma. Cells were cultured in biotin-deficient medium (0.025 nmol/L biotin) for 35 d; controls were cultured in medium containing 10 nmol/L biotin. The biotin-deficient medium was supplemented with 10 nmol/L of diaminobiotin, desthiobiotin, biotin or no biotin 24 h before gene expression analyses. Transcriptional activities of genes encoding IL-2 and IL-2Rgamma were increased up to 43% in cells supplemented with diaminobiotin, desthiobiotin or biotin compared with biotin-deficient cells, as judged by luciferase activities after transfection with reporter-gene constructs. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that diaminobiotin and desthiobiotin mimic the effects of biotin on gene expression and thus have biotin-like activities. Supplementation of cells with diaminobiotin and desthiobiotin did not affect abundances of holocarboxylases and activities of propionyl-CoA carboxylase, suggesting that effects of synthetic biotin metabolites on gene expression are not mediated by carboxylase-dependent pathways. It is not known whether naturally occurring biotin metabolites also have biotin-like activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Rodriguez-Melendez
- Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Rodriguez-Melendez R, Camporeale G, Griffin JB, Zempleni J. Interleukin-2 receptor-gamma -dependent endocytosis depends on biotin in Jurkat cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284:C415-21. [PMID: 12388078 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00365.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biotin has been credited with having beneficial effects on immune function despite observations that biotin supplementation causes decreased secretion of interleukin-2. Here this paradox was addressed by determining whether receptor-dependent internalization of interleukin-2 by immune cells depends on biotin. Theoretically, this would be consistent with both decreased net secretion of interleukin-2 by biotin-supplemented cells (causing increased endocytosis) and beneficial effects of biotin on immune function (causing increased receptor signaling). Jurkat cells were cultured in biotin-defined media (25, 250, or 10,000 pM). Secretion of interleukin-2 correlated negatively with biotin supply, but transcriptional activity of the interleukin-2 gene correlated positively with biotin supply, suggesting that decreased secretion of interleukin-2 by biotin-supplemented cells was not caused by decreased gene expression. Expression of the interleukin-2 receptor-gamma gene was greater at 10,000 pM than 25 pM biotin, mediating increased endocytosis of interleukin-2 in biotin-supplemented medium. Inhibition of endocytosis by genistein and overexpression of interleukin-2 receptor-gamma abolished the effect of biotin. These findings suggest that endocytosis of interleukin-2 depends on biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Rodriguez-Melendez
- Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
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Honma D, Uenishi H, Hiraiwa H, Watanabe S, Tang W, Kiyokawa N, Fujimoto J, Yasue H, Sakimura K. Cloning and characterization of porcine common gamma chain gene. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003; 23:101-11. [PMID: 12744775 DOI: 10.1089/107999003321455499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The common gamma chain, which was originally identified as a component of interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R), plays a key role in differentiation of T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. In the present study, cDNA of the porcine common gamma chain gene and its genomic DNA were molecularly cloned and characterized. The porcine common gamma chain gene was found to consist of 8 exons, spanning approximately 3.7 kb, and to encode a 368-amino acid polypeptide. The amino acid sequence showed 82.4%, 71.1%, 86.1%, and 84.8% similarities with that of human, murine, bovine, and canine chains, respectively. The common gamma chain gene was assigned to swine chromosome Xq13 by FISH analysis and was consistent with the result of radiation hybrid (RH) mapping. When various porcine tissues were examined for the expression of this gene, the expression was observed in lymphocytes and lymphocyte-related tissues. Since GATA, T cell factor-1 (TCF-1), Ets-1, activated protein2 (AP-2), and Ikaros2 binding motifs were demonstrated in the 5' upstream region of this gene, promoter activity was investigated using luciferase gene as a reporter. The results indicate that the Ets-1 binding motif in the segment from -95 to -59 (major transcription initiation site: +1) was an essential cis-acting regulatory element for the common gamma chain gene in lymphoid cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Exons
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Genome
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Swine
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Honma
- Genome Research Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Ets is a family of transcription factors present in species ranging from sponges to human. All family members contain an approximately 85 amino acid DNA binding domain, designated the Ets domain. Ets proteins bind to specific purine-rich DNA sequences with a core motif of GGAA/T, and transcriptionally regulate a number of viral and cellular genes. Thus, Ets proteins are an important family of transcription factors that control the expression of genes that are critical for several biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, and apoptosis. Here, we tabulate genes that are regulated by Ets factors and describe past, present and future strategies for the identification and validation of Ets target genes. Through definition of authentic target genes, we will begin to understand the mechanisms by which Ets factors control normal and abnormal cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Sementchenko
- Center for Molecular and Structural Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, SC 29403, USA
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16
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Ohtani K, Iwanaga R, Arai M, Huang Y, Matsumura Y, Nakamura M. Cell type-specific E2F activation and cell cycle progression induced by the oncogene product Tax of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:11154-63. [PMID: 10753922 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.15.11154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transactivator protein Tax of human T-cell leukemia virus type I plays an important role in the development of adult T-cell leukemia probably through modulation of growth regulatory molecules including p16(INK4a). The molecular mechanism of leukemogenesis induced by Tax has yet to be elucidated. We analyzed Tax function in the cell cycle using an interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent human T-cell line (Kit 225) that can undergo cell cycle arrest at G(0)/G(1) phase by deprivation of IL-2. Tax activated endogenous E2F activity in IL-2-starved Kit 225 cells, resulting in activation of E2F site-carrying promoters of genes involved in G(1) to S phase transition in a cell type-dependent and p16(INK4a)-independent manner. The ability of Tax mutants to activate E2F coincided with that to activate nuclear factors kappaB and AT, sole expression of which, however, did not activate E2F, suggesting involvement of another pathway in activation of E2F. Introduction of Tax by a recombinant adenovirus induced cell cycle progression to G(2)/M phase in resting Kit 225 cells accompanied by endogenous cyclin D2 gene expression. Similarly, Tax-induced cell cycle progression was seen with peripheral blood lymphocytes prestimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Analyses with Tax mutants did not allow Tax-induced cell cycle progression to be differentiated from Tax-dependent activation of E2F, suggesting that Tax induces cell cycle progression presumably through activation of E2F. Nevertheless, infection with an E2F1-expressing virus, which is sufficient for induction of S phase in serum-starved fibroblasts, was not sufficient for either E2F activation or cell cycle progression in IL-2-starved Kit 225 cells, implying differential regulation of E2F activation and cell cycle progression in T-cells that is activated by Tax.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohtani
- Human Gene Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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17
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Dai Z, Arakelov A, Wagener M, Konieczny BT, Lakkis FG. The Role of the Common Cytokine Receptor γ-Chain in Regulating IL-2-Dependent, Activation-Induced CD8+ T Cell Death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.6.3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-2-dependent, activation-induced T cell death (AICD) plays an important role in peripheral tolerance. Using CD8+ TCR-transgenic lymphocytes (2C), we investigated the mechanisms by which IL-2 prepares CD8+ T cells for AICD. We found that both Fas and TNFR death pathways mediate the AICD of 2C cells. Neutralizing IL-2, IL-2Rα, or IL-2Rβ inhibited AICD. In contrast, blocking the common cytokine receptor γ-chain (γc) prevented Bcl-2 induction and augmented AICD. IL-2 up-regulated Fas ligand (FasL) and down-regulated γc expression on activated 2C cells in vitro and in vivo. Adult IL-2 gene-knockout mice displayed exaggerated γc expression on their CD8+, but not on their CD4+, T cells. IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15, which do not promote AICD, did not influence FasL or γc expression. These data provide evidence that IL-2 prepares CD8+ T lymphocytes for AICD by at least two mechanisms: 1) by up-regulating a pro-apoptotic molecule, FasL, and 2) by down-regulating a survival molecule, γc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Dai
- The Carlos and Marguerite Mason Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30033
| | - Alexandr Arakelov
- The Carlos and Marguerite Mason Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30033
| | - Maylene Wagener
- The Carlos and Marguerite Mason Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30033
| | - Bogumila T. Konieczny
- The Carlos and Marguerite Mason Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30033
| | - Fadi G. Lakkis
- The Carlos and Marguerite Mason Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30033
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18
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Asada H, Ishii N, Sasaki Y, Endo K, Kasai H, Tanaka N, Takeshita T, Tsuchiya S, Konno T, Sugamura K. Grf40, A novel Grb2 family member, is involved in T cell signaling through interaction with SLP-76 and LAT. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1383-90. [PMID: 10224278 PMCID: PMC2193052 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.9.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We molecularly cloned a new Grb2 family member, named Grf40, containing the common SH3-SH2-SH3 motif. Expression of Grf40 is predominant in hematopoietic cells, particularly T cells. Grf40 binds to the SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD (SLP-76) via its SH3 domain more tightly than Grb2. Incidentally, Grf40 binds to linker for activation of T cells (LAT) possibly via its SH2 domain. Overexpression of wild-type Grf40 in Jurkat cells induced a significant increase of SLP-76-dependent interleukin (IL)-2 promoter and nuclear factor of activated T cell (NF-AT) activation upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, whereas the COOH-terminal SH3-deleted Grf40 mutant lacked any recognizable increase in IL-2 promoter activity. Furthermore, the SH2-deleted Grf40 mutant led to a marked inhibition of these regulatory activities, the effect of which is apparently stronger than that of the SH2-deleted Grb2 mutant. Our data suggest that Grf40 is an adaptor molecule involved in TCR-mediated signaling through a more efficient interaction than Grb2 with SLP-76 and LAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Asada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Studies of the biology of the IL-2 receptor have played a major part in establishing several of the fundamental principles that govern our current understanding of immunology. Chief among these is the contribution made by lymphokines to regulation of the interactions among vast numbers of lymphocytes, comprising a number of functionally distinct lineages. These soluble mediators likely act locally, within the context of the microanatomic organization of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs, where, in combination with signals generated by direct membrane-membrane interactions, a wide spectrum of cell fate decisions is influenced. The properties of IL-2 as a T-cell growth factor spawned the view that IL-2 worked in vivo to promote clonal T-cell expansion during immune responses. Over time, this singular view has suffered from increasing appreciation that the biologic effects of IL-2R signals are much more complex than simply mediating T-cell growth: depending on the set of conditions, IL-2R signals may also promote cell survival, effector function, and apoptosis. These sometimes contradictory effects underscore the fact that a diversity of intracellular signaling pathways are potentially activated by IL-2R. Furthermore, cell fate decisions are based on the integration of multiple signals received by a lymphocyte from the environment; IL-2R signals can thus be regarded as one input to this integration process. In part because IL-2 was first identified as a T-cell growth factor, the major focus of investigation in IL-R2 signaling has been on the mechanism of mitogenic effects in cultured cell lines. Three critical events have been identified in the generation of the IL-2R signal for cell cycle progression, including heterodimerization of the cytoplasmic domains of the IL-2R beta and gamma(c) chains, activation of the tyrosine kinase Jak3, and phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the IL-2R beta chain. These proximal events led to the creation of an activated receptor complex, to which various cytoplasmic signaling molecules are recruited and become substrates for regulatory enzymes (especially tyrosine kinases) that are associated with the receptor. One intriguing outcome of the IL-2R signaling studies performed in cell lines is the apparent functional redundancy of the A and H regions of IL-2R beta, and their corresponding downstream pathways, with respect to the proliferative response. Why should the receptor complex induce cell proliferation through more than one mechanism or pathway? One possibility is that this redundancy is an unusual property of cultured cell lines and that primary lymphocytes require signals from both the A and the H regions of IL-2R beta for optimal proliferative responses in vivo. An alternative possibility is that the A and H regions of IL-2R beta are only redundant with respect to proliferation and that each region plays a unique and essential role in regulating other aspects of lymphocyte physiology. As examples, the A or H region could prove to be important for regulating the sensitivity of lymphocytes to AICD or for promoting the development of NK cells. These issues may be resolved by reconstituting IL-2R beta-/-mice with A-and H-deleted forms of the receptor chain and analyzing the effect on lymphocyte development and function in vivo. In addition to the redundant nature of the A and H regions, there remains a large number of biochemical activities mediated by the IL-2R for which no clear physiological role has been identified. Therefore, the circumstances are ripe for discovering new connections between molecular signaling events activated by the IL-2R and the regulation of immune physiology. Translating biochemical studies of Il-2R function into an understanding of how these signals regulate the immune system has been facilitated by the identification of natural mutations in IL-2R components in humans with immunodeficiency and by the generation of mice with targeted mutations in these gen
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Nelson
- Virginia Mason Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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20
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Ohtani K, Tsujimoto A, Tsukahara T, Numata N, Miura S, Sugamura K, Nakamura M. Molecular mechanisms of promoter regulation of the gp34 gene that is trans-activated by an oncoprotein Tax of human T cell leukemia virus type I. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:14119-29. [PMID: 9603911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.23.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the molecular mechanism of transcriptional activation of the gp34 gene by the Tax oncoprotein of human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). gp34 is a type II transmembrane molecule belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family and is constitutively expressed on HTLV-I-producing cells but not normal resting T cells. The transcriptional regulatory region of the gp34 gene was activated by HTLV-I Tax in the human T cell line Jurkat, in which endogenous gp34 is induced by Tax. Sequence analysis demonstrated that two NF-kappaB-like elements (1 and 2) were present in the regulatory region. Both NF-kappaB-like elements were able to bind to NF-kappaB or its related factor(s) in a Tax-dependent manner. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays indicated that NF-kappaB-like element 1 was Tax-responsive, although the activity was lower than that the native promoter. NF-kappaB-like element 2 elevated promoter activity when combined with NF-kappaB-like element 1, indicating cooperative function of the elements for maximum promoter function. Unlike typical NF-kappaB elements, the NF-kappaB-like elements in gp34 were not activated by treatment of Jurkat cells with phorbol ester despite induction of the NF-kappaB-like binding activity. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter assays using the region upstream of the NF-kappaB-like elements identified an upstream region that reduced transcription from cognate and noncognate core promoters in a Tax-independent manner. Our results imply complex regulation of expression of the gp34 gene and suggest implication of gp34 in proliferation of HTLV-I infected T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohtani
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Japan
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21
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gp130, The Cytokine Common Signal-Transducer of Interleukin-6 Cytokine Family, Is Downregulated in T Cells In Vivo by Interleukin-6. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.9.3308.3308_3308_3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
gp130 is a common signal-transducing receptor component for the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. To investigate the expression of gp130 in T-cell subsets and its regulation, anti-murine gp130 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) was used for flow cytometric analysis. In normal mice, gp130 was differentially expressed in thymocyte and splenic T-cell subpopulations defined by CD4/CD8 expression. In aged MRL/lpr mice, although gp130 expression was detectable in splenic CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, gp130 expression was significantly downregulated. Because serum levels of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) are elevated in these mice, we examined the possibility that the downregulation of gp130 expression on splenic T cells might be produced in response to continuous activation of gp130 by high levels of serum IL-6. In transgenic mice overexpressing IL-6, gp130 expression in the splenic T cells was significantly decreased. After stimulation with IL-6 in vitro, the level of gp130 on CD4+ or CD8+ splenic T cells from normal mice was significantly decreased. These results suggest that the expression of gp130 in splenic T cells could be downregulated by the IL-6 stimulation under physiological or pathological circumstances.
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22
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gp130, The Cytokine Common Signal-Transducer of Interleukin-6 Cytokine Family, Is Downregulated in T Cells In Vivo by Interleukin-6. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.9.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstractgp130 is a common signal-transducing receptor component for the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. To investigate the expression of gp130 in T-cell subsets and its regulation, anti-murine gp130 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) was used for flow cytometric analysis. In normal mice, gp130 was differentially expressed in thymocyte and splenic T-cell subpopulations defined by CD4/CD8 expression. In aged MRL/lpr mice, although gp130 expression was detectable in splenic CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, gp130 expression was significantly downregulated. Because serum levels of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) are elevated in these mice, we examined the possibility that the downregulation of gp130 expression on splenic T cells might be produced in response to continuous activation of gp130 by high levels of serum IL-6. In transgenic mice overexpressing IL-6, gp130 expression in the splenic T cells was significantly decreased. After stimulation with IL-6 in vitro, the level of gp130 on CD4+ or CD8+ splenic T cells from normal mice was significantly decreased. These results suggest that the expression of gp130 in splenic T cells could be downregulated by the IL-6 stimulation under physiological or pathological circumstances.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Smith
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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24
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 has pleiotropic actions on the immune system and plays a vital role in the modulation of immune responses. Our current understanding of IL-2 signaling has resulted from in vitro studies that have identified the signaling pathways activated by IL-2, including the Jak-STAT pathways, and from in vivo studies that have analyzed mice in which IL-2, each chain of the receptor, as well a number of signaling molecules have been individually targeted by homologous recombination. Moreover, mutations in IL-2Ralpha, gamma(c) and Jak3 have been found in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. In addition, with the discovery that two components of the receptor, IL-2Rbeta and gamma(c), are shared by other cytokine receptors, we have an enhanced appreciation of the contributions of these molecules towards cytokine specificity, pleiotropy and redundancy.
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25
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Bassuk AG, Leiden JM. The role of Ets transcription factors in the development and function of the mammalian immune system. Adv Immunol 1997; 64:65-104. [PMID: 9100980 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A G Bassuk
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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26
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Markiewicz S, Bosselut R, Le Deist F, de Villartay JP, Hivroz C, Ghysdael J, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G. Tissue-specific activity of the gammac chain gene promoter depends upon an Ets binding site and is regulated by GA-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:14849-55. [PMID: 8663060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.25.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gammac chain is a subunit of multiple cytokine receptors (interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15), the expression of which is restricted to hematopoietic lineages. A defect in gammac leads to the X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by a block in T cell differentiation. In order to better characterize the human gammac promoter and define the minimal tissue-specific promoter region, progressive 5'-deletion constructs of a segment extending 1053 base pairs upstream of the major transcription start site were generated and tested for promoter activity in various hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell types. The -1053/+34 construct allowed promoter activity only in cells of hematopoietic origin, and tissue specificity was conserved in all other constructs tested. The region downstream of -90 appeared critical for basal promoter activity. It contains two potential Ets binding sites conserved in the murine gammac promoter gene, one of which was found essential for functional promoter activity as determined by mutational analysis. The functional Ets binding site was found to bind Ets family proteins, principally GA-binding protein and Elf-1 and could be transactivated by GABPalpha and -beta synergistically. These results indicate that, as already reported for the IL2Rbeta promoter, GA-binding protein is an essential component of gammac basal promoter activity. Although GABP expression is not restricted to the hematopoietic lineage, its interaction with other specific factors may contribute to the tissue-specific expression of the gammac gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Markiewicz
- INSERM U429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
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27
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Yoo J, Stone RT, Solinas-Toldo S, Fries R, Beattie CW. Cloning and chromosomal mapping of bovine interleukin-2 receptor gamma gene. DNA Cell Biol 1996; 15:453-9. [PMID: 8672241 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1996.15.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) gamma chain, a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, forms a high-affinity receptor with IL-2R alpha and beta chains that plays an important role in interleukin-2 (IL-2) signal transduction. We have cloned and characterized the bovine IL-2Rgamma gene and corresponding cDNA. Bovine IL-2Rgamma is a single-copy gene that contains 8 exons and spans approximately 3.8 kb. The promoter region lacks conventional TATA and CCAAT consensus sites, but contains several regulatory elements that are recognition sites for the GATA binding proteins, AP-1 and AP-2. Physical assignment by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) placed the bovine IL-2Rgamma gene on chromosome Xq23.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yoo
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC), Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
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28
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Sugamura K, Asao H, Kondo M, Tanaka N, Ishii N, Ohbo K, Nakamura M, Takeshita T. The interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain: its role in the multiple cytokine receptor complexes and T cell development in XSCID. Annu Rev Immunol 1996; 14:179-205. [PMID: 8717512 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a T cell-derived cytokine, targets a variety of cells to induce their growth, differentiation, and functional activation. IL-2 inserts signals into the cells through IL-2 receptors expressed on cell surfaces to induce such actions. In humans, the functional IL-2 receptor consists of the subunit complexes of the alpha, beta and gamma chains, or the beta and gamma chains. The third component, the gamma chain, of IL-2 receptor plays a pivotal role in formation of the full-fledged IL-2 receptor, together with the beta chain, the gamma chain participates in increasing the IL-2 binding affinity and intracellular signal transduction. Moreover, the cytokine receptors for at least IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 utilize the same gamma chain as an essential subunit. Interestingly, mutations of the gamma chain gene cause human X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) characterized by a complete or profound T cell defect. Among the cytokines sharing the gamma chain, at least IL-7 is essentially involved in early T cell development in the mouse organ culture system. The molecular identification of the gamma chain brought a grasp of the structures and functions of the cytokine receptor and an in-depth understanding of the cause of human XSCID. To investigate the mechanism of XSCID and development of gene therapy for XSCID, knockout mice for the gamma chain gene were produced that showed similar but not exactly the same phenotypes as human XSCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugamura
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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29
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Higashimura N, Takasawa N, Tanaka Y, Nakamura M, Sugamura K. Induction of OX40, a receptor of gp34, on T cells by trans-acting transcriptional activator, Tax, of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87:227-31. [PMID: 8613423 PMCID: PMC5921092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1996.tb00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
gp34, which we had identified as a target molecule of the trans-activation by Tax of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), has been found to bind OX40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, resulting in growth stimulation of activated T cells. We here demonstrate that not only gp34 (OX40L), but also OX40 can be transcriptionally activated by Tax. Three Tax-producing human T-cell lines carrying the HTLV-I genome expressed OX40 on their surfaces. Furthermore, Tax-induced transcriptional activation of OX40 was shown in Tax-inducible JPX-9 cells. These results demonstrate that both OX40 and its ligand (gp34) are constitutively expressed on the surfaces of Tax-expressing T lymphocytes, suggesting that the OX40L/OX40 system contributes to growth stimulation of the virus-infected T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Cadmium/pharmacology
- Cadmium Chloride
- Chlorides/pharmacology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Gene Products, tax/physiology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Transcriptional Activation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- N Higashimura
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai
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30
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Sugamura K, Asao H, Kondo M, Tanaka N, Ishii N, Nakamura M, Takeshita T. The common gamma-chain for multiple cytokine receptors. Adv Immunol 1995; 59:225-77. [PMID: 7484461 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Sugamura
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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