1
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Longarini EJ, Matić I. Preserving ester-linked modifications reveals glutamate and aspartate mono-ADP-ribosylation by PARP1 and its reversal by PARG. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4239. [PMID: 38762517 PMCID: PMC11102441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ester-linked post-translational modifications, including serine and threonine ubiquitination, have gained recognition as important cellular signals. However, their detection remains a significant challenge due to the chemical lability of the ester bond. This is the case even for long-known modifications, such as ADP-ribosylation on aspartate and glutamate, whose role in PARP1 signaling has recently been questioned. Here, we present easily implementable methods for preserving ester-linked modifications. When combined with a specific and sensitive modular antibody and mass spectrometry, these approaches reveal DNA damage-induced aspartate/glutamate mono-ADP-ribosylation. This previously elusive signal represents an initial wave of PARP1 signaling, contrasting with the more enduring nature of serine mono-ADP-ribosylation. Unexpectedly, we show that the poly-ADP-ribose hydrolase PARG is capable of reversing ester-linked mono-ADP-ribosylation in cells. Our methodology enables broad investigations of various ADP-ribosylation writers and, as illustrated here for noncanonical ubiquitination, it paves the way for exploring other emerging ester-linked modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo José Longarini
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Ivan Matić
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Anagho HA, Elsborg JD, Hendriks IA, Buch-Larsen SC, Nielsen ML. Characterizing ADP-Ribosylation Sites Using Af1521 Enrichment Coupled to ETD-Based Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2609:251-270. [PMID: 36515840 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2891-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification (PTM) that has crucial functions in a wide range of cellular processes. Although mass spectrometry (MS) in recent years has emerged as a valuable tool for profiling ADP-ribosylation on a system level, the use of conventional MS methods to profile ADP-ribosylation sites in an unbiased way remains a challenge. Here, we describe a protocol for identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins in vivo on a proteome-wide level, and localization of the amino acid side chains modified with this PTM. The method relies on the enrichment of ADP-ribosylated peptides using the Af1521 macrodomain (Karras GI, Kustatscher G, Buhecha HR, Allen MD, Pugieux C, Sait F, Bycroft M, Ladurner AG, EMBO J 24:1911-1920, 2005), followed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) with electron transfer dissociation-based peptide fragmentation methods, resulting in accurate localization of ADP-ribosylation sites. This protocol explains the step-by-step enrichment and identification of ADP-ribosylated peptides from cell culture to data processing using the MaxQuant software suite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holda A Anagho
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas D Elsborg
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivo A Hendriks
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara C Buch-Larsen
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Ishiwata-Endo H, Kato J, Yamashita S, Chea C, Koike K, Lee DY, Moss J. ARH Family of ADP-Ribose-Acceptor Hydrolases. Cells 2022; 11:3853. [PMID: 36497109 PMCID: PMC9738213 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ARH family of ADP-ribose-acceptor hydrolases consists of three 39-kDa members (ARH1-3), with similarities in amino acid sequence. ARH1 was identified based on its ability to cleave ADP-ribosyl-arginine synthesized by cholera toxin. Mammalian ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTCs) mimicked the toxin reaction, with ARTC1 catalyzing the synthesis of ADP-ribosyl-arginine. ADP-ribosylation of arginine was stereospecific, with β-NAD+ as substrate and, α-anomeric ADP-ribose-arginine the reaction product. ARH1 hydrolyzed α-ADP-ribose-arginine, in addition to α-NAD+ and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Thus, ADP-ribose attached to oxygen-containing or nitrogen-containing functional groups was a substrate. Arh1 heterozygous and knockout (KO) mice developed tumors. Arh1-KO mice showed decreased cardiac contractility and developed myocardial fibrosis. In addition to Arh1-KO mice showed increased ADP-ribosylation of tripartite motif-containing protein 72 (TRIM72), a membrane-repair protein. ARH3 cleaved ADP-ribose from ends of the poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chain and released the terminal ADP-ribose attached to (serine)protein. ARH3 also hydrolyzed α-NAD+ and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Incubation of Arh3-KO cells with H2O2 resulted in activation of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)-1, followed by increased nuclear PAR, increased cytoplasmic PAR, leading to release of Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) from mitochondria. AIF, following nuclear translocation, stimulated endonucleases, resulting in cell death by Parthanatos. Human ARH3-deficiency is autosomal recessive, rare, and characterized by neurodegeneration and early death. Arh3-KO mice developed increased brain infarction following ischemia-reperfusion injury, which was reduced by PARP inhibitors. Similarly, PARP inhibitors improved survival of Arh3-KO cells treated with H2O2. ARH2 protein did not show activity in the in vitro assays described above for ARH1 and ARH3. ARH2 has a restricted tissue distribution, with primary involvement of cardiac and skeletal muscle. Overall, the ARH family has unique functions in biological processes and different enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ishiwata-Endo
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiro Kato
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sachiko Yamashita
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chanbora Chea
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kazushige Koike
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel Moss
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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CagL from Helicobacter pylori has ADP-ribosylation activity and exerts partial protective efficacy in mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 635:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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5
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Lüscher B, Bütepage M, Eckei L, Krieg S, Verheugd P, Shilton BH. ADP-Ribosylation, a Multifaceted Posttranslational Modification Involved in the Control of Cell Physiology in Health and Disease. Chem Rev 2017; 118:1092-1136. [PMID: 29172462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein functions and interactions. ADP-ribosylation is a PTM, in which ADP-ribosyltransferases use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to modify target proteins with ADP-ribose. This modification can occur as mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation. The latter involves the synthesis of long ADP-ribose chains that have specific properties due to the nature of the polymer. ADP-Ribosylation is reversed by hydrolases that cleave the glycosidic bonds either between ADP-ribose units or between the protein proximal ADP-ribose and a given amino acid side chain. Here we discuss the properties of the different enzymes associated with ADP-ribosylation and the consequences of this PTM on substrates. Furthermore, the different domains that interpret either mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation and the implications for cellular processes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Bütepage
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Eckei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Krieg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Verheugd
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Brian H Shilton
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario , Medical Sciences Building Room 332, London, Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
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6
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Leidecker O, Bonfiglio JJ, Colby T, Zhang Q, Atanassov I, Zaja R, Palazzo L, Stockum A, Ahel I, Matic I. Serine is a new target residue for endogenous ADP-ribosylation on histones. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:998-1000. [PMID: 27723750 PMCID: PMC5113755 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation (ADPr) is a biologically and clinically important post-translational modification, but little is known about the amino acids it targets on cellular proteins. Here we present a proteomic approach for direct in vivo identification and quantification of ADPr sites on histones. We have identified 12 unique ADPr sites in human osteosarcoma cells and report serine ADPr as a new type of histone mark that responds to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Leidecker
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Juan José Bonfiglio
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Thomas Colby
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Qi Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Ilian Atanassov
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Roko Zaja
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Luca Palazzo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Anna Stockum
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ivan Matic
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
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7
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Tan Y, Xu Z, Tao J, Ni J, Zhao W, Lu J, Yao YF. A SIRT4-like auto ADP-ribosyltransferase is essential for the environmental growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:145-52. [PMID: 26685303 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT family proteins are highly conserved both in the structure and function among all the organisms, and are involved in gene silencing, DNA damage repair, cell growth and metabolism. Here, a SIRT4 homologue MSMEG_4620 was identified and characterized in Mycobacterium smegmatis. MSMEG_4620 exhibits deacetylase activity that can be activated by fatty acids. Interestingly, MSMEG_4620 also possesses auto ADP-ribosylation activity. MSMEG_4620 is modified on arginine residues as revealed by a chemical stability assay. Moreover, the auto ADP-ribosylation activity of MSMEG_4620 was found to be enhanced by ferric ion. Notably, the SIRT4 homologues are widely distributed in the genomes of environmental mycobacterial species instead of pathogenic mycobacterial species. When MSMEG_4620 was deleted in M. smegmatis, the mutant strain showed a growth defect in 7H9 minimal medium compared with the parental strain. Taken together, these results provided the characteristics of a SIRT4 homologue in prokaryotes and implicated its critical roles in the growth of environmental mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcong Tan
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinjing Ni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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8
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Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification where single units (mono-ADP-ribosylation) or polymeric chains (poly-ADP-ribosylation) of ADP-ribose are conjugated to proteins by ADP-ribosyltransferases. This post-translational modification and the ADP-ribosyltransferases (also known as PARPs) responsible for its synthesis have been found to play a role in nearly all major cellular processes, including DNA repair, transcription, translation, cell signaling, and cell death. Furthermore, dysregulation of ADP-ribosylation has been linked to diseases including cancers, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and heart failure, leading to the development of therapeutic PARP inhibitors, many of which are currently in clinical trials. The study of this therapeutically important modification has recently been bolstered by the application of mass spectrometry-based proteomics, arguably the most powerful tool for the unbiased analysis of protein modifications. Unfortunately, progress has been hampered by the inherent challenges that stem from the physicochemical properties of ADP-ribose, which as a post-translational modification is highly charged, heterogeneous (linear or branched polymers, as well as monomers), labile, and found on a wide range of amino acid acceptors. In this Perspective, we discuss the progress that has been made in addressing these challenges, including the recent breakthroughs in proteomics techniques to identify ADP-ribosylation sites, and future developments to provide a proteome-wide view of the many cellular processes regulated by ADP-ribosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Daniels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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9
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Sung VMH. Mechanistic overview of ADP-ribosylation reactions. Biochimie 2015; 113:35-46. [PMID: 25828806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation reactions consist of mono-ADP-ribosylation, poly-ADP-ribosylation and cyclic ADP-ribosylation. These reactions play essential roles in many important physiological and pathophysiological events. The types of chemical linkages, the evolutionarily conserved motif within the enzymes to determine the target specificity, stereochemistry of the ADP-ribosylated products, and the chemical reactions taking place among the enzymes and substrates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky M-H Sung
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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Uversky VN. The intrinsic disorder alphabet. III. Dual personality of serine. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2015; 3:e1027032. [PMID: 28232888 DOI: 10.1080/21690707.2015.1027032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are natural polypeptides consisting of 20 major amino acid residues, content and order of which in a given amino acid sequence defines the ability of a related protein to fold into unique functional state or to stay intrinsically disordered. Amino acid sequences code for both foldable (ordered) proteins/domains and for intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and IDP regions (IDPRs), but these sequence codes are dramatically different. This difference starts with a very general property of the corresponding amino acid sequences, namely, their compositions. IDPs/IDPRs are enriched in specific disorder-promoting residues, whereas amino acid sequences of ordered proteins/domains typically contain more order-promoting residues. Therefore, the relative abundances of various amino acids in ordered and disordered proteins can be used to scale amino acids according to their disorder promoting potentials. This review continues a series of publications on the roles of different amino acids in defining the phenomenon of protein intrinsic disorder and represents serine, which is the third most disorder-promoting residue. Similar to previous publications, this review represents some physico-chemical properties of serine and the roles of this residue in structures and functions of ordered proteins, describes major posttranslational modifications tailored to serine, and finally gives an overview of roles of serine in structure and functions of intrinsically disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer Research Institute; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA; Biology Department; Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Picchianti M, Russo C, Castagnini M, Biagini M, Soldaini E, Balducci E. NAD-dependent ADP-ribosylation of the human antimicrobial and immune-modulatory peptide LL-37 by ADP-ribosyltransferase-1. Innate Immun 2014; 21:314-21. [PMID: 25128692 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914536242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
LL-37 is a cationic peptide belonging to the cathelicidin family that has antimicrobial and immune-modulatory properties. Here we show that the mammalian mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase-1 (ART1), which selectively transfers the ADP-ribose moiety from NAD to arginine residues, ADP-ribosylates LL-37 in vitro. The incorporation of ADP-ribose was first observed by Western blot analysis and then confirmed by MALDI-TOF. Mass-spectrometry showed that up to four of the five arginine residues present in LL-37 could be ADP-ribosylated on the same peptide when incubated at a high NAD concentration in the presence of ART1. The attachment of negatively charged ADP-ribose moieties considerably alters the positive charge of the arginine residues thus reducing the cationicity of LL-37. The cationic nature of LL-37 is key for its ability to interact with cell membranes or negatively charged biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, F-actin and glycosaminoglycans. Thus, the ADP-ribosylation of LL-37 is expected to have the potential to modulate LL-37 biological activities in several physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Picchianti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Russo
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Enrico Balducci
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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12
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Picchianti M, Del Vecchio M, Di Marcello F, Biagini M, Veggi D, Norais N, Rappuoli R, Pizza M, Balducci E. Auto ADP-ribosylation of NarE, a Neisseria meningitidis ADP-ribosyltransferase, regulates its catalytic activities. FASEB J 2013; 27:4723-30. [PMID: 23964075 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NarE is an arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase identified in Neisseria meningitidis that requires the presence of iron in a structured cluster for its enzymatic activities. In this study, we show that NarE can perform auto-ADP-ribosylation. This automodification occurred in a time- and NAD-concentration-dependent manner; was inhibited by novobiocin, an ADP-ribosyltransferase inhibitor; and did not occur when NarE was heat inactivated. No reduction in incorporation was evidenced in the presence of high concentrations of ATP, GTP, ADP-ribose, or nicotinamide, which inhibits NAD-glycohydrolase, impeding the formation of free ADP-ribose. Based on the electrophoretic profile of NarE on auto-ADP-ribosylation and on the results of mutagenesis and mass spectrometry analysis, the auto-ADP-ribosylation appeared to be restricted to the addition of a single ADP-ribose. Chemical stability experiments showed that the ADP-ribosyl linkage was sensitive to hydroxylamine, which breaks ADP-ribose-arginine bonds. Site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the auto-ADP-ribosylation site occurred preferentially on the R(7) residue, which is located in the region I of the ADP-ribosyltransferase family. After auto-ADP-ribosylation, NarE showed a reduction in ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, while NAD-glycohydrolase activity was increased. Overall, our findings provide evidence for a novel intramolecular mechanism used by NarE to regulate its enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Picchianti
- 1Centro Ricerche Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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13
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Owens K, Park JH, Schuh R, Kristian T. Mitochondrial dysfunction and NAD(+) metabolism alterations in the pathophysiology of acute brain injury. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:618-34. [PMID: 24323416 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is commonly believed to be one of the major players in mechanisms of brain injury. For several decades, pathologic mitochondrial calcium overload and associated opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore were considered a detrimental factor causing mitochondrial damage and bioenergetics failure. Mitochondrial and cellular bioenergetic metabolism depends on the enzymatic reactions that require NAD(+) or its reduced form NADH as cofactors. Recently, it was shown that NAD(+) also has an important function as a substrate for several NAD(+) glycohydrolases whose overactivation can contribute to cell death mechanisms. Furthermore, downstream metabolites of NAD(+) catabolism can also adversely affect cell viability. In contrast to the negative effects of NAD(+)-catabolizing enzymes, enzymes that constitute the NAD(+) biosynthesis pathway possess neuroprotective properties. In the first part of this review, we discuss the role of MPT in acute brain injury and its role in mitochondrial NAD(+) metabolism. Next, we focus on individual NAD(+) glycohydrolases, both cytosolic and mitochondrial, and their role in NAD(+) catabolism and brain damage. Finally, we discuss the potential effects of downstream products of NAD(+) degradation and associated enzymes as well as the role of NAD(+) resynthesis enzymes as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Owens
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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14
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Admiraal SJ, O'Brien PJ. DNA-N-glycosylases process novel O-glycosidic sites in DNA. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4066-74. [PMID: 23688261 DOI: 10.1021/bi400218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
After the hydrolysis of the N-glycosyl bond between a damaged base and C1' of a deoxyribosyl moiety of DNA, human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) and Escherichia coli 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II (AlkA) bind tightly to their abasic DNA products, potentially protecting these reactive species. Here we show that both AAG and AlkA catalyze reactions between bound abasic DNA and small, primary alcohols to form novel DNA-O-glycosides. The synthesis reactions are reversible, as the DNA-O-glycosides are converted back into abasic DNA upon being incubated with AAG or AlkA in the absence of alcohol. AAG and AlkA are therefore able to hydrolyze O-glycosidic bonds in addition to N-glycosyl bonds. The newly discovered DNA-O-glycosidase activities of both enzymes compare favorably with their known DNA-N-glycosylase activities: AAG removes both methanol and 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (εA) from DNA with single-turnover rate constants that are 2.9 × 10(5)-fold greater than the corresponding uncatalyzed rates, whereas the rate enhancement of 3.7 × 10(7) for removal of methanol from DNA by AlkA is 300-fold greater than its rate enhancement for removal of εA from DNA. Although the biological significance of the DNA-O-glycosidase reactions is not known, the evolution of new DNA repair pathways may be aided by enzymes that practice catalytic promiscuity, such as these two unrelated DNA glycosylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Admiraal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0600, USA
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15
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Feijs KLH, Verheugd P, Lüscher B. Expanding functions of intracellular resident mono-ADP-ribosylation in cell physiology. FEBS J 2013; 280:3519-29. [PMID: 23639026 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribosylation functions in diverse signaling pathways, such as Wnt signaling and DNA damage repair, where its role is relatively well characterized. Contrarily, mono-ADP-ribosylation by for example ARTD10/PARP10 is much less understood. Recent developments hint at the involvement of mono-ADP-ribosylation in transcriptional regulation, the unfolded protein response, DNA repair, insulin secretion and immunity. Additionally, macrodomain-containing hydrolases, MacroD1, MacroD2 and C6orf130/TARG1, have been identified that make mono-ADP-ribosylation reversible. Complicating further progress is the lack of tools such as mono-ADP-ribose-specific antibodies. The currently known functions of mono-ADP-ribosylation are summarized here, as well as the available tools such as mass spectrometry to study this modification in vitro and in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla L H Feijs
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Kistemaker HAV, van Noort GJVDH, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV. Stereoselective ribosylation of amino acids. Org Lett 2013; 15:2306-9. [PMID: 23614697 DOI: 10.1021/ol400929c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The glycosylation properties of ribofuranosyl N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidates toward carboxamide side chains of asparagine and glutamine were investigated. Conditions were found that promote nearly exclusive formation of the α-anomerically configured N-glycosides. The strategy allows for the synthesis of Fmoc-amino acids suitably modified for the preparation of ADP-ribosylated peptides. Furthermore, ribosylation of serine with these donors proved to be completely α-selective, and for the first time, α-ribosylated glutamic and aspartic acid, the naturally occurring sites for poly-ADP-ribosylation, were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans A V Kistemaker
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Di Paola S, Micaroni M, Di Tullio G, Buccione R, Di Girolamo M. PARP16/ARTD15 is a novel endoplasmic-reticulum-associated mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that interacts with, and modifies karyopherin-ß1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37352. [PMID: 22701565 PMCID: PMC3372510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein mono-ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification that modulates the function of target proteins. The enzymes that catalyze this reaction in mammalian cells are either bacterial pathogenic toxins or endogenous cellular ADP-ribosyltransferases. The latter include members of three different families of proteins: the well characterized arginine-specific ecto-enzymes ARTCs, two sirtuins and, more recently, novel members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP/ARTD) family that have been suggested to act as cellular mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases. Here, we report on the characterisation of human ARTD15, the only known ARTD family member with a putative C-terminal transmembrane domain. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were performed to characterise the sub-cellular localisation of ARTD15, which was found to be associated with membranes of the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. The orientation of ARTD15 was determined using protease protection assay, and is shown to be a tail-anchored protein with a cytosolic catalytic domain. Importantly, by combining immunoprecipitation with mass spectrometry and using cell lysates from cells over-expressing FLAG-ARTD15, we have identified karyopherin-ß1, a component of the nuclear trafficking machinery, as a molecular partner of ARTD15. Finally, we demonstrate that ARTD15 is a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase able to induce the ADP-ribosylation of karyopherin-ß1, thus defining the first substrate for this enzyme. Conclusions/Significance Our data reveal that ARTD15 is a novel ADP-ribosyltransferase enzyme with a new intracellular location. Finally, the identification of karyopherin-ß1 as a target of ARTD15-mediated ADP-ribosylation, hints at a novel regulatory mechanism of karyopherin-ß1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Paola
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Di Girolamo
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
- * E-mail:
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18
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Wang H, Liang Q, Cao K, Ge X. Endogenous protein mono-ADP-ribosylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2011; 233:1287-1292. [PMID: 21519881 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein mono-ADP-ribosylation post-translationally transfers the ADP-ribose moiety from the β-NAD+ donor to various protein acceptors. This type of modification has been widely characterized and shown to regulate protein activities in animals, yeast and prokaryotes, but has never been reported in plants. In this study, using [³²P]NAD+ as the substrate, ADP-ribosylated proteins in Arabidopsis were investigated. One protein substrate of 32 kDa in adult rosette leaves was found to be radiolabeled. Heat treatment, protease sensitivity and nucleotide derivative competition assays suggested a covalent reaction of NAD+ with the 32 kDa protein. [carbonyl-¹⁴C]NAD+ could not label the 32 kDa protein, confirming that the modification was ADP-ribosylation. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor failed to suppress the reaction, but chemicals that destroy mono-ADP-ribosylation on specific amino acid residues could break up the linkage, suggesting that the reaction was not a poly-ADP-ribosylation but rather a mono-ADP-ribosylation. This modification mainly existed in leaves and was enhanced by oxidative stresses. In young seedlings, two more protein substrates with the size of 45 kDa and over 130 kDa, respectively, were observed in addition to the 32 kDa protein, indicating that different proteins were modified at different developmental stages. Although the substrate proteins remain to be identified, this is the first report on the characterization of endogenously mono-ADP-ribosylated proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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19
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Abbott DW, Chadwick BP, Thambirajah AA, Ausió J. Beyond the Xi: macroH2A chromatin distribution and post-translational modification in an avian system. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:16437-45. [PMID: 15718235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500170200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MacroH2A (mH2A) is a histone variant that is enriched in the inactivated X-chromosomes of mammalian females. To characterize the role of this protein in other nuclear processes we isolated chromatin particles from chicken liver, a vertebrate system that does not undergo X-inactivation. Chromatin digestion and fractionation studies determined that mH2A is evenly distributed at several levels of chromatin structure and stabilizes the nucleosome core particle in solution. However, at the level of the chromatosome, selective salt precipitation showed the existence of a mutually exclusive relationship between mH2A and H1, which may reveal functional redundancy between these proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of one major population of mH2A containing nucleosomes, which may become ADP-ribosylated. This report provides new clues into how mH2A distribution and a previously unidentified post-translational modification may help regulate the repression of autosomal chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade Abbott
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
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20
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Schirmer J, Wieden HJ, Rodnina MV, Aktories K. Inactivation of the elongation factor Tu by mosquitocidal toxin-catalyzed mono-ADP-ribosylation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4894-9. [PMID: 12324336 PMCID: PMC126424 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.10.4894-4899.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquitocidal toxin (MTX) produced by Bacillus sphaericus strain SSII-1 is an approximately 97-kDa single-chain toxin which contains a 27-kDa enzyme domain harboring ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and a 70-kDa putative binding domain. Due to cytotoxicity toward bacterial cells, the 27-kDa enzyme fragment cannot be produced in Escherichia coli expression systems. However, a nontoxic 32-kDa N-terminal truncation of MTX can be expressed in E. coli and subsequently cleaved to an active 27-kDa enzyme fragment. In vitro the 27-kDa enzyme fragment of MTX ADP-ribosylated numerous proteins in E. coli lysates, with dominant labeling of an approximately 45-kDa protein. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with peptide mapping identified this protein as the E. coli elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). ADP ribosylation of purified EF-Tu prevented the formation of the stable ternary EF-Tuaminoacyl-tRNAGTP complex, whereas the binding of GTP to EF-Tu was not altered. The inactivation of EF-Tu by MTX-mediated ADP-ribosylation and the resulting inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis are likely to play important roles in the cytotoxicity of the 27-kDa enzyme fragment of MTX toward E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schirmer
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Herrero-Yraola A, Bakhit SM, Franke P, Weise C, Schweiger M, Jorcke D, Ziegler M. Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase by reversible ADP-ribosylation in mitochondria. EMBO J 2001; 20:2404-12. [PMID: 11350929 PMCID: PMC125451 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.10.2404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial ADP-ribosylation leads to modification of two proteins of approximately 26 and 53 kDA: The nature of these proteins and, hence, the physiological consequences of their modification have remained unknown. Here, a 55 kDa protein, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), was established as a specific acceptor for enzymatic, cysteine-specific ADP-ribosylation in mitochondria. The modified protein was isolated from the mitochondrial preparation and identified as GDH by N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometric analyses of tryptic digests. Incubation of human hepatoma cells with [14C]adenine demonstrated the occurrence of the modification in vivo. Purified GDH was ADP-ribosylated in a cysteine residue in the presence of the mitochondrial activity that transferred the ADP-ribose from NAD+ onto the acceptor site. ADP- ribosylation of GDH led to substantial inhibition of its catalytic activity. The stoichiometry between incorporated ADP-ribose and GDH subunits suggests that modification of one subunit per catalytically active homohexamer causes the inactivation of the enzyme. Isolated, ADP-ribosylated GDH was reactivated by an Mg2+-dependent mitochondrial ADP-ribosylcysteine hydrolase. GDH, a highly regulated enzyme, is the first mitochondrial protein identified whose activity may be modulated by ADP-ribosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathias Ziegler
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
Corresponding author e-mail:
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22
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Ziegler M. New functions of a long-known molecule. Emerging roles of NAD in cellular signaling. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:1550-64. [PMID: 10712584 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the pyridine nucleotides have been established as important molecules in signaling pathways, besides their well known function in energy transduction. Similarly to another molecule carrying such dual functions, ATP, NAD(P)+ may serve as substrate for covalent protein modification or as precursor of biologically active compounds. Protein modification is catalyzed by ADP-ribosyl transferases that attach the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+ to specific amino-acid residues of the acceptor proteins. For a number of ADP ribosylation reactions the specific transferases and their target proteins have been identified. As a result of the modification, the biological activity of the acceptor proteins may be severely changed. The cell nucleus contains enzymes catalyzing the transfer of ADP-ribose polymers (polyADP-ribose) onto the acceptor proteins. The best known enzyme of this type is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which has been implicated in the regulation of several important processes including DNA repair, transcription, apoptosis, neoplastic transformation and others. The second group of reactions leads to the synthesis of an unusual cyclic nucleotide, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). Moreover, the enzymes catalyzing this reaction may also replace the nicotinamide of NADP+ by nicotinic acid resulting in the synthesis of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP+). Both cADPR and NAADP+ have been reported to be potent intracellular calcium-mobilizing agents. In concert with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, they participate in cytosolic calcium regulation by releasing calcium from intracellular stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ziegler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Jorcke D, Ziegler M, Herrero-Yraola A, Schweiger M. Enzymic, cysteine-specific ADP-ribosylation in bovine liver mitochondria. Biochem J 1998; 332 ( Pt 1):189-93. [PMID: 9576867 PMCID: PMC1219467 DOI: 10.1042/bj3320189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase) and non-enzymic ADP-ribosylation have been thought to be involved in the regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ fluxes. In this study it was found that several conditions (5 mM nicotinamide, 5 mM 3-aminobenzamide, 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM ATP, 10 mM dithiothreitol) known to strongly inhibit the NADase decreased ADP-ribosylation in bovine liver mitochondrial membranes with [32P]NAD+ as substrate to only a limited extent, if at all. The reaction led to the specific modification of two proteins with apparent molecular masses of approx. 26 and 53 kDa. An excess of added free ADP-ribose diminished the incorporation of label from [32P]NAD+ only slightly. Dithiothreitol inactivated the NADase, whereas ADP-ribosylation was unaffected. At low concentrations (25 microM) ADP-ribosylation was efficient with NAD+, but not ADP-ribose, as substrate. Under these conditions mitochondrial ADP-ribosylation seems to occur as an enzymic reaction rather than a non-enzymic transfer of ADP-ribose previously liberated from NAD+ by NAD+ glycohydrolase. The chemical stability of the protein-ADP-ribose bonds in the mitochondrial membranes indicated that cysteine residues are the predominant acceptors. Moreover, yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase, known to be a substrate for thiol-associated ADP-ribosylation, was efficiently ADP-ribosylated by using the mitochondrial activity and NAD+ as substrate. The modification of a cysteine residue in the aldehyde dehydrogenase was verified by the observation that pretreatment of this acceptor protein with N-ethylmaleimide substantially decreased its modification. It is therefore concluded that bovine liver mitochondria contain a cysteine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jorcke
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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24
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Moss J, Zolkiewska A, Okazaki I. ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases and ADP-ribosyltransferases. Partners in ADP-ribosylation cycles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 419:25-33. [PMID: 9193633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8632-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a reversible modification of arginine residues in proteins, with NAD:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferases and ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases constituting opposing arms of a putative ADP-ribosylation cycle. The enzymatic components of an ADP-ribosylation cycle have been identified in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. The regulatory significance of the cycle has been best documented in prokaryotes. As shown by Ludden and coworkers, ADP-ribosylation controls the activity of dinitrogenase reductase in the phototropic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. ADP-ribosylation of other amino acids, such as cysteine, has also been demonstrated, lending credence to the hypothesis that this modification is heterogeneous. In eukaryotes, the functional relationship between ADP-ribosyltransferases and ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases is less well documented. The transferase-catalyzed reaction results in sterospecific formation of alpha-ADP-ribosylarginine from beta-NAD; ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases specifically cleave the alpha-anomer, leading to release of ADP-ribose and regeneration of the free guanidino group of arginine. The two reactions can thus be coupled in vitro. Coupling in vivo is dependent on cellular localization. The deduced amino acid sequences of ADP-ribosyltransferases from avian and mammalian tissues have common consensus sequences involved in catalytic activity but, in some instances, enzyme-specific cellular localization signals. The presence of amino- and carboxy-terminal signal sequences is consistent with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchoring to the cell surface. The muscle and lymphocyte transferases ADP-ribosylate integrins. Some transferases lack the carboxy- terminal signal sequence needed for GPI-anchoring. Most ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity is cytosolic, although perhaps some is located at the cell surface. Deduced amino acid sequences of hydrolases from a number of mammalian species are consistent with their cytoplasmic localization. Katada and coworkers have determined, however, that auto-ADP-ribosylated RT6, a GPI-linked protein, is metabolized by a hydrolase-like activity, consistent with the existence of an ADP-ribosylation cycle. ADP-ribosyl RT6 may be internalized, thereby coming in contact with the cytosolic hydrolase; alternatively, a novel form of the hydrolase may be located at the surface. The mechanism of coupling of ADP-ribosyltransferases and hydrolases in eukaryotic ADP-ribosylation cycles has yet to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moss
- Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Cervantes-Laurean D, Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK. Preparation of low molecular weight model conjugates for ADP-ribose linkages to protein. Methods Enzymol 1997; 280:275-87. [PMID: 9211323 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)80119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Cervantes-Laurean
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA
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