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Ezaki O, Abe S. Medium-chain triglycerides (8:0 and 10:0) increase muscle mass and function in frail older adults: a combined data analysis of clinical trials. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1284497. [PMID: 38111605 PMCID: PMC10725933 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1284497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Three clinical trials have examined the chronic effects of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) on muscle mass and function in frail older adults (mean age 85 years old). However, significant increases in muscle mass and some muscle function relative to long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) have yet to be shown, possibly due to the small number of participants in each trial. Objective We re-analyzed these previous clinical trials to clarify whether MCT supplementation can increase muscle mass and function. Analysis After adding post hoc tests to the original report, we compared changes in measurement between the MCT and LCT groups in the first 2 trials and conducted a combined data analysis. Methods In a combined data analysis, changes from baseline in measurements at the 3 months intervention in the MCTs- and LCTs-containing groups were assessed by analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values of each measurement, age, sex, BMI, allocation to trial, habitual intakes in energy, protein, leucine, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and vitamin D during the baseline period. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze data on right and left knee extension times. Results MCT supplementation for 3 months increased muscle function relative to LCT supplementation with and without an L-leucine (1.2 g) and vitamin D (cholecalciferol, 20 μg)-enriched supplement. In a combined data analysis (n = 29 in MCTs, n = 27 in LCTs), relative to supplementation with 6 g LCTs/day, supplementation with 6 g MCTs/day at dinner for 3 months significantly increased body weight (adjusted mean change from baseline: MCTs 1.2 vs. LCTs 0.2 kg, p = 0.023), right arm muscle area (MCTs 1.4 vs. LCTs-0.7 cm2, p = 0.002), left calf circumference (p = 0.015), right-hand grip strength (MCTs 1.6 vs. LCTs 0.3 kg, p = 0.017), right knee extension time (p = 0.021), left knee extension time (p = 0.034), walking speed (p = 0.002), and number of iterations in leg open and close test (p < 0.001) and decreased right triceps skinfold thickness (p = 0.016). Conclusion In frail older adults, supplementation for 3 months with a low dose (6 g/day) of MCTs (C8:0 and C10:0) increased muscle mass and function. These findings indicate the potential for the practical use of MCTs in daily life in treating sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ezaki
- Institute of Women’s Health Science, Showa Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Abe
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Contemporary Human Life Science, Tezukayama University, Nara, Japan
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Schratter M, Lass A, Radner FPW. ABHD5-A Regulator of Lipid Metabolism Essential for Diverse Cellular Functions. Metabolites 2022; 12:1015. [PMID: 36355098 PMCID: PMC9694394 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The α/β-Hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5; also known as comparative gene identification-58, or CGI-58) is the causative gene of the Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), a disorder mainly characterized by systemic triacylglycerol accumulation and a severe defect in skin barrier function. The clinical phenotype of CDS patients and the characterization of global and tissue-specific ABHD5-deficient mouse strains have demonstrated that ABHD5 is a crucial regulator of lipid and energy homeostasis in various tissues. Although ABHD5 lacks intrinsic hydrolase activity, it functions as a co-activating enzyme of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing (PNPLA) protein family that is involved in triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipid, as well as sphingolipid and retinyl ester metabolism. Moreover, ABHD5 interacts with perilipins (PLINs) and fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), which are important regulators of lipid homeostasis in adipose and non-adipose tissues. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of ABHD5 in modulating the function of key enzymes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Schratter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P. W. Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Li M, Hirano KI, Ikeda Y, Higashi M, Hashimoto C, Zhang B, Kozawa J, Sugimura K, Miyauchi H, Suzuki A, Hara Y, Takagi A, Ikeda Y, Kobayashi K, Futsukaichi Y, Zaima N, Yamaguchi S, Shrestha R, Nakamura H, Kawaguchi K, Sai E, Hui SP, Nakano Y, Sawamura A, Inaba T, Sakata Y, Yasui Y, Nagasawa Y, Kinugawa S, Shimada K, Yamada S, Hao H, Nakatani D, Ide T, Amano T, Naito H, Nagasaka H, Kobayashi K. Triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy: a rare cardiovascular disorder. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:134. [PMID: 31186072 PMCID: PMC6560904 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy (TGCV) is a phenotype primarily reported in patients carrying genetic mutations in PNPLA2 encoding adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) which releases long chain fatty acid (LCFA) as a major energy source by the intracellular TG hydrolysis. These patients suffered from intractable heart failure requiring cardiac transplantation. Moreover, we identified TGCV patients without PNPLA2 mutations based on pathological and clinical studies. We provided the diagnostic criteria, in which TGCV with and without PNPLA2 mutations were designated as primary TGCV (P-TGCV) and idiopathic TGCV (I-TGCV), respectively. We hereby report clinical profiles of TGCV patients. Between 2014 and 2018, 7 P-TGCV and 18 I-TGCV Japanese patients have been registered in the International Registry. Patients with I-TGCV, of which etiologies and causes are not known yet, suffered from adult-onset severe heart disease, including heart failure and coronary artery disease, associated with a marked reduction in ATGL activity and myocardial washout rate of LCFA tracer, as similar to those with P-TGCV. The present first registry-based study showed that TGCV is an intractable, at least at the moment, and heterogeneous cardiovascular disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirano
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1, Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, 2-1-14, Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Chikako Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka University Medical School, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Junji Kozawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichiro Sugimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1, Inohara, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Atsuko Takagi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ikeda
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Futsukaichi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Rojeet Shrestha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, National Hospital Organization, 3-1, Aoyama-cho, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kawaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Komaki City Hospital, 1-20, Jobushi, Komaki, Aichi, 485-8520, Japan
| | - Eiryu Sai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakano
- Department of Cardiology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Akinori Sawamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tohru Inaba
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoko Yasui
- Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagasawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hao
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Daisaku Nakatani
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medical Innovation, Osaka University Hospital.4F Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 (A8) Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Amano
- Department of Cardiology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Naito
- Department of Radiology, Nippon Life Hospital, 2-1-54, Enokojima, Nishi-ku, Osaka, 550-0006, Japan
| | - Hironori Nagasaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Takarazuka City Hospital, 4-5-1, Obama, Takarazuka, Hyogo, 665-0827, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, 1-1-1, Zokumyoin, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8502, Japan
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Svolacchia F, Svolacchia L. Dermal regeneration with MilliGraft® Kit of nanofat: The micrograft of adipose tissue: A clinical assessment study. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed50-21881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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5
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Of mice and men: The physiological role of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:880-899. [PMID: 30367950 PMCID: PMC6439276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) has been discovered 14 years ago and revised our view on intracellular triglyceride (TG) mobilization – a process termed lipolysis. ATGL initiates the hydrolysis of TGs to release fatty acids (FAs) that are crucial energy substrates, precursors for the synthesis of membrane lipids, and ligands of nuclear receptors. Thus, ATGL is a key enzyme in whole-body energy homeostasis. In this review, we give an update on how ATGL is regulated on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level and how this affects the enzymes' activity in the context of neutral lipid catabolism. In depth, we highlight and discuss the numerous physiological functions of ATGL in lipid and energy metabolism. Over more than a decade, different genetic mouse models lacking or overexpressing ATGL in a cell- or tissue-specific manner have been generated and characterized. Moreover, pharmacological studies became available due to the development of a specific murine ATGL inhibitor (Atglistatin®). The identification of patients with mutations in the human gene encoding ATGL and their disease spectrum has underpinned the importance of ATGL in humans. Together, mouse models and human data have advanced our understanding of the physiological role of ATGL in lipid and energy metabolism in adipose and non-adipose tissues, and of the pathophysiological consequences of ATGL dysfunction in mice and men. Summary of mouse models with genetic or pharmacological manipulation of ATGL. Summary of patients with mutations in the human gene encoding ATGL. In depth discussion of the role of ATGL in numerous physiological processes in mice and men.
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Suzuki A, Yamaguchi S, Li M, Hara Y, Miyauchi H, Ikeda Y, Zhang B, Higashi M, Ikeda Y, Takagi A, Nagasaka H, Kobayashi K, Magata Y, Aoyama T, Hirano KI. Tricaprin Rescues Myocardial Abnormality in a Mouse Model of Triglyceride Deposit Cardiomyovasculopathy. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:983-989. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Ming Li
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Yasuhiro Hara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Hideyuki Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihiko Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka University Medical School
| | | | - Yasuyuki Ikeda
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Atsuko Takagi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | | | - Kunihisa Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital
| | - Yasuhiro Magata
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | | | - Ken-ichi Hirano
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
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SHRESTHA R, HIRANO KI, SUZUKI A, YAMAGUCHI S, MIURA Y, CHEN YF, MIZUTA M, CHIBA H, HUI SP. Change in Plasma Total, Esterified and Non-esterified Capric Acid Concentrations during a Short-term Oral Administration of Synthetic Tricaprin in Dogs. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:1297-1303. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken-ichi HIRANO
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Akira SUZUKI
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Satoshi YAMAGUCHI
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | | | - Yi-Fan CHEN
- Laboratory of Advance Data Science, Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Masahiro MIZUTA
- Laboratory of Advance Data Science, Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University
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Shrestha R, Hui SP, Imai H, Hashimoto S, Uemura N, Takeda S, Fuda H, Suzuki A, Yamaguchi S, Hirano KI, Chiba H. Plasma capric acid concentrations in healthy subjects determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 52:588-96. [PMID: 25587197 DOI: 10.1177/0004563215569081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capric acid (FA10:0, decanoic acid) is a medium-chain fatty acid abundant in tropical oils such as coconut oil, whereas small amounts are present in milk of goat, cow, and human. Orally ingested FA10:0 is transported to the liver and quickly burnt within it. Only few reports are available for FA10:0 concentrations in human plasma. METHODS Fasting (n = 5, male/female = 3/2, age 31 ± 9.3 years old) and non-fasting (n = 106, male/female = 44/62, age 21.9 ± 3.2 years old) blood samples were collected from apparently healthy Japanese volunteers. The total FA10:0 in the plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with 2-nitrophenylhydrazine followed by UV detection. RESULTS Inter and intra-assay coefficient of variation of FA10:0 assay at three different concentrations ranged in 1.7-3.9 and 1.3-5.4%, respectively, with an analytical recovery of 95.2-104.0%. FA10:0 concentration was below detection limit (0.1 µmol/L) in each fasting human plasma. FA10:0 was not detected in 50 (47.2%) of 106 non-fasting blood samples, while 29 (27.4%) plasma samples contained FA10:0 less than or equal to 0.5 µmol/L (0.4 ± 0.1), and 27 (25.5%) contained it at more than 0.5 µmol/L (0.9 ± 0.3). CONCLUSION A half of the non-fasting plasma samples contained detectable FA10:0. This simple, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography method might be useful for monitoring plasma FA10:0 during medium-chain triglycerides therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojeet Shrestha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Imai
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Satoru Hashimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Naoto Uemura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Fuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirano
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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9
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Radner FPW, Fischer J. The important role of epidermal triacylglycerol metabolism for maintenance of the skin permeability barrier function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:409-15. [PMID: 23928127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Survival in a terrestrial, dry environment necessitates a permeability barrier for regulated permeation of water and electrolytes in the cornified layer of the skin (the stratum corneum) to minimize desiccation of the body. This barrier is formed during cornification and involves a cross-linking of corneocyte proteins as well as an extensive remodeling of lipids. The cleavage of precursor lipids from lamellar bodies by various hydrolytic enzymes generates ceramides, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acids for the extracellular lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum. However, the important role of epidermal triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism during formation of a functional permeability barrier in the skin was only recently discovered. Humans with mutations in the ABHD5/CGI-58 (α/β hydrolase domain containing protein 5, also known as comparative gene identification-58, CGI-58) gene suffer from a defect in TAG catabolism that causes neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. In addition, mice with deficiencies in genes involved in TAG catabolism (Abhd5/Cgi-58 knock-out mice) or TAG synthesis (acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2, Dgat2 knock-out mice) also develop severe skin permeability barrier dysfunctions and die soon after birth due to increased dehydration. As a result of these defects in epidermal TAG metabolism, humans and mice lack ω-(O)-acylceramides, which leads to malformation of the cornified lipid envelope of the skin. In healthy skin, this epidermal structure provides an interface for the linkage of lamellar membranes with corneocyte proteins to maintain permeability barrier homeostasis. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of biochemical mechanisms involved in epidermal neutral lipid metabolism and the generation of a functional skin permeability barrier. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz P W Radner
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany.
| | - Judith Fischer
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
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Lord CC, Betters JL, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Myers DS, Madenspacher J, Thomas G, Chung S, Liu M, Davis MA, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Parks JS, Brasaemle DL, Fessler MB, Brown HA, Brown JM. CGI-58/ABHD5-derived signaling lipids regulate systemic inflammation and insulin action. Diabetes 2012; 61:355-63. [PMID: 22228714 PMCID: PMC3266405 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58) in humans cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disease in which excess triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulates in multiple tissues. CGI-58 recently has been ascribed two distinct biochemical activities, including coactivation of adipose triglyceride lipase and acylation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). It is noteworthy that both the substrate (LPA) and the product (phosphatidic acid) of the LPA acyltransferase reaction are well-known signaling lipids. Therefore, we hypothesized that CGI-58 is involved in generating lipid mediators that regulate TAG metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Here, we show that CGI-58 is required for the generation of signaling lipids in response to inflammatory stimuli and that lipid second messengers generated by CGI-58 play a critical role in maintaining the balance between inflammation and insulin action. Furthermore, we show that CGI-58 is necessary for maximal TH1 cytokine signaling in the liver. This novel role for CGI-58 in cytokine signaling may explain why diminished CGI-58 expression causes severe hepatic lipid accumulation yet paradoxically improves hepatic insulin action. Collectively, these findings establish that CGI-58 provides a novel source of signaling lipids. These findings contribute insight into the basic mechanisms linking TH1 cytokine signaling to nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C. Lord
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jenna L. Betters
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephen B. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David S. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer Madenspacher
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Gwynneth Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dawn L. Brasaemle
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: J. Mark Brown,
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Oberer M, Boeszoermenyi A, Nagy HM, Zechner R. Recent insights into the structure and function of comparative gene identification-58. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011; 22:149-58. [PMID: 21494142 PMCID: PMC5808844 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328346230e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) is an important player in lipid metabolism. It acts as activator of triglyceride hydrolases and as acyl-CoA-dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. This review aims at establishing a structure-function relationship of this still rather enigmatic protein based on recent studies characterizing different functions of CGI-58. RECENT FINDINGS Novel studies confirm the important regulatory role of CGI-58 as activator of the triglyceride hydrolase adipose triglyceride lipase. New evidence, corroborated by the characterization of a CGI-58 knockout mouse model, also suggests the existence of yet unknown lipases that are activated by CGI-58. Additionally, CGI-58 was identified to exert acyl-CoA-dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity, which implies possible roles in triglyceride or phospholipid synthesis or signaling processes. Unlike mammalian CGI-58 proteins, orthologs from plants and yeast additionally act as weak triglyceride and phospholipid hydrolases. A first three-dimensional model was calculated and allows preliminary structural considerations for the functions of CGI-58. SUMMARY Despite important progress concerning the different biochemical functions of CGI-58, the physiological importance of these activities requires better characterization. Furthermore, three-dimensional structural data for CGI-58 are required to unveil the molecular mechanism of how CGI-58 acts as activator of lipases and exerts its enzymatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andras Boeszoermenyi
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Manuel Nagy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
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12
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Radner FP, Grond S, Haemmerle G, Lass A, Zechner R. Fat in the skin: Triacylglycerol metabolism in keratinocytes and its role in the development of neutral lipid storage disease. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:77-83. [PMID: 21695016 PMCID: PMC3117006 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.2.15472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte differentiation is essential for skin development and the formation of the skin permeability barrier. This process involves an orchestrated remodeling of lipids. The cleavage of precursor lipids from lamellar bodies by β-glucocerebrosidase, sphingomyelinase, phospholipases and sterol sulfatase generates ceramides, non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol for the lipid-containing extracellular matrix, the lamellar membranes in the stratum corneum. The importance of triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis for the formation of a functional permeability barrier was only recently appreciated. Mice with defects in TAG synthesis (acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2-knock-out) or TAG catabolism (comparative gene identification-58, -CGI-58-knock-out) develop severe permeability barrier defects and die soon after birth because of desiccation. In humans, mutations in the CGI-58 gene also cause (non-lethal) neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. As a result of defective TAG synthesis or catabolism, humans and mice lack ω-(O)-acylceramides, which are essential lipid precursors for the formation of the corneocyte lipid envelope. This structure plays an important role in linking the lipid-enriched lamellar membranes to highly cross-linked corneocyte proteins. This review focuses on the current knowledge of biochemical mechanisms that are essential for epidermal neutral lipid metabolism and the formation of a functional skin permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Pw Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz, Austria
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13
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Ersoy Ö, Alkım C, Onuk MD, Demirsoy H, Argon D. A rare cause of Fatty liver and elevated aminotransferase levels: chanarin-dorfman syndrome: a case report. Int J Hepatol 2011; 2011:341372. [PMID: 21994851 PMCID: PMC3170759 DOI: 10.4061/2011/341372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder of neutral lipid storage characterized by ichthyosis, lipid vacuoles in leukocytes, and involvement of several internal organs, mostly the liver. Since the initial case was reported by Dorfman in 1974, nearly 50 cases have been reported, and the majority were from Middle East countries. Here, we report a 20-year-old patient with ichthyosis from Turkey, diagnosed as Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome presented with asypmtomatic elevated transaminases and hepatosteatosis, and also briefly review the updated clinical implications and management of this rarely seen syndrome. Prompt diagnosis of this syndrome avoids further unnecessary investigations in patients with ichthyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özdal Ersoy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34377 Istanbul, Turkey,*Özdal Ersoy:
| | - Canan Alkım
- Department of Gastroenterology, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34377 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Derya Onuk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34377 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Demirsoy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34377 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Argon
- Department of Hematology, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34377 Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Redaelli C, Coleman RA, Moro L, Dacou-Voutetakis C, Elsayed SM, Prati D, Colli A, Mela D, Colombo R, Tavian D. Clinical and genetic characterization of Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome patients: first report of large deletions in the ABHD5 gene. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2010; 5:33. [PMID: 21122093 PMCID: PMC3019207 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE) and an intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol (TG) droplets in most tissues. The clinical phenotype involves multiple organs and systems, including liver, eyes, ears, skeletal muscle and central nervous system (CNS). Mutations in ABHD5/CGI58 gene are associated with CDS. Methods Eight CDS patients belonging to six different families from Mediterranean countries were enrolled for genetic study. Molecular analysis of the ABHD5 gene included the sequencing of the 7 coding exons and of the putative 5' regulatory regions, as well as reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction analysis and sequencing of normal and aberrant ABHD5 cDNAs. Results Five different mutations were identified, four of which were novel, including two splice-site mutations (c.47+1G>A and c.960+5G>A) and two large deletions (c.898_*320del and c.662-1330_773+46del). All the reported mutations are predicted to be pathogenic because they lead to an early stop codon or a frameshift producing a premature termination of translation. While nonsense, missense, frameshift and splice-site mutations have been identified in CDS patients, large genomic deletions have not previously been described. Conclusions These results emphasize the need for an efficient approach for genomic deletion screening to ensure an accurate molecular diagnosis of CDS. Moreover, in spite of intensive molecular screening, no mutations were identified in one patient with a confirmed clinical diagnosis of CDS, appointing to genetic heterogeneity of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Redaelli
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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15
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Lass A, Zimmermann R, Oberer M, Zechner R. Lipolysis - a highly regulated multi-enzyme complex mediates the catabolism of cellular fat stores. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:14-27. [PMID: 21087632 PMCID: PMC3031774 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis is the biochemical pathway responsible for the catabolism of triacylglycerol (TAG) stored in cellular lipid droplets. The hydrolytic cleavage of TAG generates non-esterified fatty acids, which are subsequently used as energy substrates, essential precursors for lipid and membrane synthesis, or mediators in cell signaling processes. Consistent with its central importance in lipid and energy homeostasis, lipolysis occurs in essentially all tissues and cell types, it is most abundant, however, in white and brown adipose tissue. Over the last 5years, important enzymes and regulatory protein factors involved in lipolysis have been identified. These include an essential TAG hydrolase named adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) [annotated as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein A2], the ATGL activator comparative gene identification-58 [annotated as α/β hydrolase containing protein 5], and the ATGL inhibitor G0/G1 switch gene 2. Together with the established hormone-sensitive lipase [annotated as lipase E] and monoglyceride lipase, these proteins constitute the basic "lipolytic machinery". Additionally, a large number of hormonal signaling pathways and lipid droplet-associated protein factors regulate substrate access and the activity of the "lipolysome". This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the enzymes and regulatory processes governing lipolysis of fat stores in adipose and non-adipose tissues. Special emphasis will be given to ATGL, its regulation, and physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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16
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Brown JM, Betters JL, Lord C, Ma Y, Han X, Yang K, Alger HM, Melchior J, Sawyer J, Shah R, Wilson MD, Liu X, Graham MJ, Lee R, Crooke R, Shulman GI, Xue B, Shi H, Yu L. CGI-58 knockdown in mice causes hepatic steatosis but prevents diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3306-15. [PMID: 20802159 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58) in humans cause triglyceride (TG) accumulation in multiple tissues. Mice genetically lacking CGI-58 die shortly after birth due to a skin barrier defect. To study the role of CGI-58 in integrated lipid and energy metabolism, we utilized antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to inhibit CGI-58 expression in adult mice. Treatment with two distinct CGI-58-targeting ASOs resulted in ∼80-95% knockdown of CGI-58 protein expression in both liver and white adipose tissue. In chow-fed mice, ASO-mediated depletion of CGI-58 did not alter weight gain, plasma TG, or plasma glucose, yet raised hepatic TG levels ∼4-fold. When challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD), CGI-58 ASO-treated mice were protected against diet-induced obesity, but their hepatic contents of TG, diacylglycerols, and ceramides were all elevated, and intriguingly, their hepatic phosphatidylglycerol content was increased by 10-fold. These hepatic lipid alterations were associated with significant decreases in hepatic TG hydrolase activity, hepatic lipoprotein-TG secretion, and plasma concentrations of ketones, nonesterified fatty acids, and insulin. Additionally, HFD-fed CGI-58 ASO-treated mice were more glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive. Collectively, this work demonstrates that CGI-58 plays a critical role in limiting hepatic steatosis and maintaining hepatic glycerophospholipid homeostasis and has unmasked an unexpected role for CGI-58 in promoting HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Brown
- Departments of Pathology Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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17
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Radner FPW, Streith IE, Schoiswohl G, Schweiger M, Kumari M, Eichmann TO, Rechberger G, Koefeler HC, Eder S, Schauer S, Theussl HC, Preiss-Landl K, Lass A, Zimmermann R, Hoefler G, Zechner R, Haemmerle G. Growth retardation, impaired triacylglycerol catabolism, hepatic steatosis, and lethal skin barrier defect in mice lacking comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7300-11. [PMID: 20023287 PMCID: PMC2844178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), also designated as alpha/beta-hydrolase domain containing-5 (ABHD-5), is a lipid droplet-associated protein that activates adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and acylates lysophosphatidic acid. Activation of ATGL initiates the hydrolytic catabolism of cellular triacylglycerol (TG) stores to glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids. Mutations in both ATGL and CGI-58 cause "neutral lipid storage disease" characterized by massive accumulation of TG in various tissues. The analysis of CGI-58-deficient (Cgi-58(-/-)) mice, presented in this study, reveals a dual function of CGI-58 in lipid metabolism. First, systemic TG accumulation and severe hepatic steatosis in newborn Cgi-58(-/-) mice establish a limiting role for CGI-58 in ATGL-mediated TG hydrolysis and supply of nonesterified fatty acids as energy substrate. Second, a severe skin permeability barrier defect uncovers an essential ATGL-independent role of CGI-58 in skin lipid metabolism. The neonatal lethal skin barrier defect is linked to an impaired hydrolysis of epidermal TG. As a consequence, sequestration of fatty acids in TG prevents the synthesis of acylceramides, which are essential lipid precursors for the formation of a functional skin permeability barrier. This mechanism may also underlie the pathogenesis of ichthyosis in neutral lipid storage disease patients lacking functional CGI-58.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz P. W. Radner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Ingo E. Streith
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Gabriele Schoiswohl
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Martina Schweiger
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Manju Kumari
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Thomas O. Eichmann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Gerald Rechberger
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | | | - Sandra Eder
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Silvia Schauer
- the Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, and
| | | | - Karina Preiss-Landl
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Achim Lass
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- the Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, and
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
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18
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Identification of a novel splicing isoform of murine CGI-58. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:903-10. [PMID: 20083112 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) gene, mutations of which are linked to Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, encodes a protein of the alpha/beta hydrolase domain subfamily. We report here a new alternative splicing isoform of the murine CGI-58 gene, termed mCGI-58S. Sequence comparison indicates the lack of second and third exons in this cDNA variant. While the full-length protein displayed perilipin-dependent localization to lipid droplets, mCGI-58S showed a predominant cytoplasmic staining when expressed in cells. mCGI-58S was incapable of activating adipose triglyceride lipase but retained the capacity to acylate lysophosphatidic acid. Overexpression of mCGI-58S failed to promote lipid droplet turnover and loss of intracellular triacylglycerols. These results suggest that this splicing event may be involved in the regulation of lipid homeostasis.
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19
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Schweiger M, Lass A, Zimmermann R, Eichmann TO, Zechner R. Neutral lipid storage disease: genetic disorders caused by mutations in adipose triglyceride lipase/PNPLA2 or CGI-58/ABHD5. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E289-96. [PMID: 19401457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00099.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease (NLSD) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the excessive accumulation of neutral lipids in multiple tissues. Recently, two genes, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2) and comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58/ABHD5), have been shown to cause NLSD. ATGL specifically hydrolyzes the first fatty acid from triacylglycerols (TG) and CGI-58/ABHD5 stimulates ATGL activity by a currently unknown mechanism. Mutations in both the ATGL and the CGI-58 genes are associated with systemic TG accumulation, yet the resulting clinical manifestations are not identical. Patients with defective ATGL function suffer from more severe myopathy (NLSDM) than patients with defective CGI-58 function. On the other hand, CGI-58 mutations are always associated with ichthyosis (NLSDI), which was not observed in patients with defective ATGL function. These observations indicate an ATGL-independent function of CGI-58. This review summarizes recent findings with the goal of relating structural variants of ATGL and CGI-58 to functional consequences in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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20
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Yamaguchi T, Osumi T. Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome: Deficiency in CGI-58, a lipid droplet-bound coactivator of lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:519-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Akiyama M, Sakai K, Takayama C, Yanagi T, Yamanaka Y, McMillan JR, Shimizu H. CGI-58 is an alpha/beta-hydrolase within lipid transporting lamellar granules of differentiated keratinocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1349-60. [PMID: 18832586 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CGI-58 is the causative molecule underlying Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome, a neutral lipid storage disease exhibiting apparent clinical features of ichthyosis. CGI-58, associated with triacylglycerol hydrolysis, has an alpha/beta-hydrolase fold and is also known as the alpha/beta-hydrolase domain-containing protein 5. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the function of CGI-58 and the pathogenic mechanisms of ichthyosis in Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome. Using an anti-CGI-58 antibody, we found CGI-58 to be expressed in the upper epidermis, predominantly in the granular layer cells, as well as in neurons and hepatocytes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that CGI-58 was also localized to the lamellar granules (LGs), which are lipid transport and secretion granules found in keratinocytes. CGI-58 expression was markedly reduced in the epidermis of patients with harlequin ichthyosis, demonstrating defective LG formation. In cultured keratinocytes, CGI-58 expression was mildly up-regulated under high Ca(2+) conditions and markedly up-regulated in three-dimensional, organotypic cultures. In the developing human epidermis, CGI-58 immunostaining was observed at an estimated gestational age of 49 days, and CGI-58 mRNA expression was up-regulated concomitantly with both epidermal stratification and keratinocyte differentiation. CGI-58 knockdown reduced expression of keratinocyte differentiation/keratinization markers in cultured human keratinocytes. Our results indicate that CGI-58 is expressed and packaged into LGs during keratinization and likely plays crucial role(s) in keratinocyte differentiation and LG lipid metabolism, contributing to skin lipid barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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22
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Aksu G, Kalkan Ucar S, Bulut Y, Aydinok Y, Sen S, Anal O, Simsek Gosen D, Darcan S, Coker M, Kutukculer N. Renal involvement as a rare complication of Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome: a case report. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25:326-31. [PMID: 18577036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited lipid storage disease with congenital ichthyotic erythroderma due to an acylglycerol recycling defect. It is characterized by accumulation of neutral lipids in different tissues. Liver, muscle, ear, eye, and central nervous system are generally involved, so we presented a patient with severe ichthyosis, lipid vacuoles in neutrophils, and multiorgan involvement including a very rare complication, renal involvement. A 7-month-old girl was presented with frequent respiratory infection, congenital ichthyotic erithroderma and suspicion for immune deficiency. On her physical examination hepatomegaly, developmental delay, palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis and increased deep tendon reflexes with clonus and high tonus were found. Laboratory investigations revealed elevation at transaminases levels, hypoalbuminemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, presence of autoantibodies and eosinophilia. Vacuolization in leukocytes confirmed Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome, whereas no mutation at RAG1-2 and ARTEMIS genes ruled-out immune deficient status of the patient. At the age of eight months the patient died from severe renal failure. Her necropsies demonstrated microvesicular lipid accumulation not only at the liver but also at the renal species. The variability of involvement of different systems in Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome is well described, however the renal findings has not been reported previously at the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aksu
- Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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23
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Brasaemle DL. Thematic review series: Adipocyte Biology. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins: stabilization of lipid droplets and control of lipolysis. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2547-59. [PMID: 17878492 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r700014-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of eukaryotic cells synthesize neutral lipids and package them into cytosolic lipid droplets. In vertebrates, triacylglycerol-rich lipid droplets of adipocytes provide a major energy storage depot for the body, whereas cholesteryl ester-rich droplets of many other cells provide building materials for local membrane synthesis and repair. These lipid droplets are coated with one or more of five members of the perilipin family of proteins: adipophilin, TIP47, OXPAT/MLDP, S3-12, and perilipin. Members of this family share varying levels of sequence similarity, lipid droplet association, and functions in stabilizing lipid droplets. The most highly studied member of the family, perilipin, is the most abundant protein on the surfaces of adipocyte lipid droplets, and the major substrate for cAMP-dependent protein kinase [protein kinase A (PKA)] in lipolytically stimulated adipocytes. Perilipin serves important functions in the regulation of basal and hormonally stimulated lipolysis. Under basal conditions, perilipin restricts the access of cytosolic lipases to lipid droplets and thus promotes triacylglycerol storage. In times of energy deficit, perilipin is phosphorylated by PKA and facilitates maximal lipolysis by hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase. A model is discussed whereby perilipin serves as a dynamic scaffold to coordinate the access of enzymes to the lipid droplet in a manner that is responsive to the metabolic status of the adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn L Brasaemle
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Brown JM, Chung S, Das A, Shelness GS, Rudel LL, Yu L. CGI-58 facilitates the mobilization of cytoplasmic triglyceride for lipoprotein secretion in hepatoma cells. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2295-305. [PMID: 17664529 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700279-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58) is a member of the alpha/beta-hydrolase family of proteins. Mutations in the human CGI-58 gene are associated with Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease in which excessive triglyceride (TG) accumulation occurs in multiple tissues. In this study, we investigated the role of CGI-58 in cellular lipid metabolism in several cell models and discovered a role for CGI-58 in promoting the packaging of cytoplasmic TG into secreted lipoprotein particles in hepatoma cells. Using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that CGI-58 facilitates the depletion of cellular TG stores without altering cellular cholesterol or phospholipid accumulation. This depletion of cellular TG is attributable solely to augmented hydrolysis, whereas TG synthesis was not affected by CGI-58. Furthermore, CGI-58-mediated TG hydrolysis can be completely inhibited by the known lipase inhibitors diethylumbelliferyl phosphate and diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, but not by p-chloro-mercuribenzoate. Intriguingly, CGI-58-driven TG hydrolysis was coupled to increases in both fatty acid oxidation and secretion of TG. Collectively, this study reveals a role for CGI-58 in coupling lipolytic degradation of cytoplasmic TG to oxidation and packaging into TG-rich lipoproteins for secretion in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA
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Pujol RM, Gilaberte M, Toll A, Florensa L, Lloreta J, González-Enseñat MA, Fischer J, Azon A. Erythrokeratoderma variabilis-like ichthyosis in Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:838-41. [PMID: 16181472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease (Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder associated with congenital ichthyosis and a multisystemic accumulation of neutral lipids (lipid droplets) in various types of cells. The clinical presentation has been reported to correspond to that of nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. We report a 4-year-old boy presenting a generalized ichthyosiform disorder manifested by migrating scaly plaques alternating with areas of normal-looking skin, showing erythematous borders with sharp margins, clinically suggestive of erythrokeratoderma variabilis (EKV). A peripheral blood smear revealed cytoplasmic vacuoles in most granulocytes. Genetic studies from the patient and his parents revealed that the patient carried two different and novel mutations of the ABHD5 gene: a nonsense mutation in exon 6 (transmitted by the father) and an insertion/deletion in exon 4 (transmitted by the mother). Our observation demonstrates the clinical heterogeneity of the ichthyosiform dermatoses observed in Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome and widens the clinical range of conditions presenting migrating scaly plaques mimicking EKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pujol
- Pathology, Hospital del Mar, IMAS, Passeig Maritim 25-29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Chen JS, Chen YL, Greenberg AS, Chen YJ, Wang SM. Magnolol stimulates lipolysis in lipid-laden RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:1028-37. [PMID: 15597343 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of magnolol, a compound isolated from Magnolia officinalis, on lipolysis in lipid-laden RAW 264.7 macrophages. Treatment of macrophages with magnolol led to dissolution of lipid droplets. This phenomenon was accompanied by a dose-dependent release of glycerol and cholesterol and a concomitant reduction in intracellular levels of glycerol and cholesterol. Furthermore, adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipid droplet-associated protein, was down-regulated by magnolol in a dose- and time-dependent manner by Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence studies also showed that ADRP became detached from the surface of lipid droplets after magnolol treatment. The lipolytic effect of magnolol was not mediated through the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) system, an authentic lipolytic pathway for macrophages, since magnolol did not induce an increase of intracellular cAMP levels, and pretreatment with either of PKA inhibitors, PKI and KT5720, did not abrogate the lipolytic response to magnolol. We conclude that magnolol induce-lipolysis of lipid-laden macrophages by down-regulation of ADRP expression and detachment of ADRP from the lipid droplet surface by a cAMP-independent mechanism. Lipolysis of lipid-laden macrophages may occur when the amount of ADRP on the surface of lipid droplets is not enough to stabilize the lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Subramanian V, Rothenberg A, Gomez C, Cohen AW, Garcia A, Bhattacharyya S, Shapiro L, Dolios G, Wang R, Lisanti MP, Brasaemle DL. Perilipin A mediates the reversible binding of CGI-58 to lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:42062-71. [PMID: 15292255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407462200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilipins, the major structural proteins coating the surfaces of mature lipid droplets of adipocytes, play an important role in the regulation of triacylglycerol storage and hydrolysis. We have used proteomic analysis to identify CGI-58, a member of the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold family of enzymes, as a component of lipid droplets of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CGI-58 mRNA is highly expressed in adipose tissue and testes, tissues that also express perilipins, and at lower levels in liver, skin, kidney, and heart. Both endogenous CGI-58 and an ectopic CGI-58-GFP chimera show diffuse cytoplasmic localization in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, but localize almost exclusively to the surfaces of lipid droplets in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The localization of endogenous CGI-58 was investigated in 3T3-L1 cells stably expressing mutated forms of perilipin using microscopy. CGI-58 binds to lipid droplets coated with perilipin A or mutated forms of perilipin with an intact C-terminal sequence from amino acid 382 to 429, but not to lipid droplets coated with perilipin B or mutated perilipin A lacking this sequence. Immunoprecipitation studies confirmed these findings, but also showed co-precipitation of perilipin B and CGI-58. Remarkably, activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by the incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with isoproterenol and isobutylmethylxanthine disperses CGI-58 from the surfaces of lipid droplets to a cytoplasmic distribution. This shift in subcellular localization can be reversed by the addition of propanolol to the culture medium. Thus, CGI-58 binds to perilipin A-coated lipid droplets in a manner that is dependent upon the metabolic status of the adipocyte and the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Subramanian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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Caux F, Selma ZB, Laroche L, Prud'homme JF, Fischer J. CGI-58/ABHD5 gene is mutated in Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 129A:214. [PMID: 15316960 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Athenstaedt K, Daum G. YMR313c/TGL3 encodes a novel triacylglycerol lipase located in lipid particles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23317-23. [PMID: 12682047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302577200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory (Athenstaedt, K., Zweytick, D., Jandrositz, A., Kohlwein, S. D., and Daum, G. (1999) J. Bacteriol. 181, 6441-6448) showed that the gene product of YMR313c (named Tgl3p) is a component of yeast lipid particles, and deletion of this gene led to an increase in the cellular level of triacylglycerols (TAG). These observations suggested that TGL3 may encode a TAG lipase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we demonstrate by cell fractionation and by microscopic inspection of a strain bearing a Tgl3p-GFP hybrid that this polypeptide is highly enriched in the lipid particle fraction but virtually absent from other organelles. The entire TAG lipase activity of lipid particles is attributed to Tgl3p, because the activity in this organelle is completely absent in a Deltatgl3 deletion mutant, whereas it is significantly enhanced in a strain overexpressing Tgl3p. A His6-tagged Tgl3p hybrid purified close to homogeneity from a yeast strain overexpressing this fusion protein exhibited high TAG lipase activity. Most importantly, experiments in vivo using the fatty acid synthesis inhibitor cerulenin demonstrated that deletion of TGL3 resulted in a decreased mobilization of TAG from lipid particles. The amino acid sequence deduced from the open reading frame YMR313c contains the consensus sequence motif GXSXG typical for lipolytic enzymes. Otherwise, Tgl3p has no significant sequence homology to other lipases identified so far. In summary, our data identified Tgl3p as a novel yeast TAG lipase at the molecular level and by function in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Athenstaedt
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Terman A, Neuzil J, Kågedal K, Ollinger K, Brunk UT. Decreased apoptotic response of inclusion-cell disease fibroblasts: a consequence of lysosomal enzyme missorting? Exp Cell Res 2002; 274:9-15. [PMID: 11855852 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the role of lysosomes in apoptosis, we compared the responses to apoptotic stimuli of normal fibroblasts with those of inclusion cells (I-cells), i.e., fibroblasts with impaired function of lysosomal enzymes due to their missorting and ensuing nonlysosomal localization. Although both cell types did undergo apoptosis when exposed to the lysosomotropic detergent MSDH, the redox-cycling quinone naphthazarin, or the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine, I-cells exerted a markedly decreased response to these agonists than did normal fibroblasts. Furthermore, leupeptin and pepstatin A (inhibitors of cysteine and aspartic proteases, respectively) suppressed staurosporine-induced apoptosis of normal fibroblasts, whereas survival of I-cells was unaffected. These findings give further support for the involvement of lysosomal enzymes in apoptosis and suggest I-cells as a suitable model for studying the role of lysosomes in programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Terman
- Division of Pathology II, Linköping University, Linköping, 58185, Sweden.
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Souza SC, Muliro KV, Liscum L, Lien P, Yamamoto MT, Schaffer JE, Dallal GE, Wang X, Kraemer FB, Obin M, Greenberg AS. Modulation of hormone-sensitive lipase and protein kinase A-mediated lipolysis by perilipin A in an adenoviral reconstituted system. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:8267-72. [PMID: 11751901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108329200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilipin (Peri) A is a phosphoprotein located at the surface of intracellular lipid droplets in adipocytes. Activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) results in the phosphorylation of Peri A and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), the predominant lipase in adipocytes, with concurrent stimulation of adipocyte lipolysis. To investigate the relative contributions of Peri A and HSL in basal and PKA-mediated lipolysis, we utilized NIH 3T3 fibroblasts lacking Peri A and HSL but stably overexpressing acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACS1) and fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). When incubated with exogenous fatty acids, ACS1/FATP1 cells accumulated 5 times more triacylglycerol (TG) as compared with NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Adenoviral-mediated expression of Peri A in ACS1/FATP1 cells enhanced TG accumulation and inhibited lipolysis, whereas expression of HSL fused to green fluorescent protein (GFPHSL) reduced TG accumulation and enhanced lipolysis. Forskolin treatment induced Peri A hyperphosphorylation and abrogated the inhibitory effect of Peri A on lipolysis. Expression of a mutated Peri A Delta 3 (Ser to Ala substitutions at PKA consensus sites Ser-81, Ser-222, and Ser-276) reduced Peri A hyperphosphorylation and blocked constitutive and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis. Thus, perilipin expression and phosphorylation state are critical regulators of lipid storage and hydrolysis in ACS1/FATP1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Souza
- Jean Meyer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Lefèvre C, Jobard F, Caux F, Bouadjar B, Karaduman A, Heilig R, Lakhdar H, Wollenberg A, Verret JL, Weissenbach J, Özgüc M, Lathrop M, Prud'homme JF, Fischer J. Mutations in CGI-58, the gene encoding a new protein of the esterase/lipase/thioesterase subfamily, in Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:1002-12. [PMID: 11590543 PMCID: PMC1274347 DOI: 10.1086/324121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2001] [Accepted: 08/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS) is a rare autosomal recessive form of nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE) that is characterized by the presence of intracellular lipid droplets in most tissues. We previously localized a gene for a subset of NCIE to chromosome 3 (designated "the NCIE2 locus"), in six families. Lipid droplets were found in five of these six families, suggesting a diagnosis of CDS. Four additional families selected on the basis of a confirmed diagnosis of CDS also showed linkage to the NCIE2 locus. Linkage-disequilibrium analysis of these families, all from the Mediterranean basin, allowed us to refine the NCIE2 locus to an approximately 1.3-Mb region. Candidate genes from the interval were screened, and eight distinct mutations in the recently identified CGI-58 gene were found in 13 patients from these nine families. The spectrum of gene variants included insertion, deletion, splice-site, and point mutations. The CGI-58 protein belongs to a large family of proteins characterized by an alpha/beta hydrolase fold. CGI-58 contains three sequence motifs that correspond to a catalytic triad found in the esterase/lipase/thioesterase subfamily. Interestingly, CGI-58 differs from other members of the esterase/lipase/thioesterase subfamily in that its putative catalytic triad contains an asparagine in place of the usual serine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lefèvre
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Florence Jobard
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Frédéric Caux
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Bakar Bouadjar
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Aysen Karaduman
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Roland Heilig
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Hakima Lakhdar
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Andreas Wollenberg
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Luc Verret
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean Weissenbach
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Meral Özgüc
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-François Prud'homme
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Judith Fischer
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
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Brasaemle DL, Rubin B, Harten IA, Gruia-Gray J, Kimmel AR, Londos C. Perilipin A increases triacylglycerol storage by decreasing the rate of triacylglycerol hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:38486-93. [PMID: 10948207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007322200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The perilipins are the most abundant proteins at the surfaces of lipid droplets in adipocytes and are also found in steroidogenic cells. To investigate perilipin function, perilipin A, the predominant isoform, was ectopically expressed in fibroblastic 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes that normally lack the perilipins. In control cells, fluorescent staining of neutral lipids with Bodipy 493/503 showed a few minute and widely dispersed lipid droplets, while in cells stably expressing perilipin A, the lipid droplets were more numerous and tightly clustered in one or two regions of the cytoplasm. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the ectopic perilipin A localized to the surfaces of the tiny clustered lipid droplets; subcellular fractionation of the cells using sucrose gradients confirmed that the perilipin A localized exclusively to lipid droplets. Cells expressing perilipin A stored 6-30-fold more triacylglycerol than control cells due to reduced lipolysis of triacylglycerol stores. The lipolysis of stored triacylglycerol was 5 times slower in lipid-loaded cells expressing perilipin A than in lipid-loaded control cells, when triacylglycerol synthesis was blocked with 6 microm triacsin C. This stabilization of triacylglycerol was not due to the suppression of triacylglycerol lipase activity by the expression of perilipin A. We conclude that perilipin A increases the triacylglycerol content of cells by forming a barrier that reduces the access of soluble lipases to stored lipids, thus inhibiting triacylglycerol hydrolysis. These studies suggest that perilipin A plays a major role in the regulation of triacylglycerol storage and lipolysis in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Brasaemle
- Department of Biochemistry, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA.
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34
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Gibbons GF, Islam K, Pease RJ. Mobilisation of triacylglycerol stores. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1483:37-57. [PMID: 10601694 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is an energy dense substance which is stored by several body tissues, principally adipose tissue and the liver. Utilisation of stored TAG as an energy source requires its mobilisation from these depots and transfer into the blood plasma. The means by which TAG is mobilised differs in adipose tissue and liver although the regulation of lipid metabolism in each of these organs is interdependent and synchronised in an integrated manner. This review deals principally with the mechanism of hepatic TAG mobilisation since this is a rapidly expanding area of research and may have important implications for the regulation of plasma very-low-density lipoprotein metabolism. TAG mobilisation plays an important role in fuel selection in non-hepatic tissues such as cardiac muscle and pancreatic islets and these aspects are also reviewed briefly. Finally, studies of certain rare inherited disorders of neutral lipid storage and mobilisation may provide useful information about the normal enzymology of TAG mobilisation in healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Gibbons
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Lipid Metabolism Group, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK.
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Igal RA, Coleman RA. Neutral lipid storage disease: a genetic disorder with abnormalities in the regulation of phospholipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Igal
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Igal RA, Coleman RA. Acylglycerol recycling from triacylglycerol to phospholipid, not lipase activity, is defective in neutral lipid storage disease fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:16644-51. [PMID: 8663220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.28.16644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease (NLSD) is an autosomal recessive disorder in which excess triacylglycerol (TG) accumulates in most cells. Although it has been hypothesized that the TG accumulation is caused by a functional defect in cytosolic lipase activity, we were able to expose TG hydrolysis in NLSD cells by using triacsin C, an inhibitor of acyl-CoA synthetase that blocks the reincorporation of hydrolyzed fatty acids into glycerolipids. Our data suggest that TG lipolysis in NLSD cells is masked by rapid TG resynthesis, occurring because released acylglycerols cannot be used for phospholipid synthesis. In uptake studies, triacsin C blocked the incorporation of [3H]glycerol into glycerolipids, incorporation of [14C]oleate into TG, but not incorporation of [14C]oleate into phospholipid. Thus, the drug inhibited both de novo synthesis of glycerolipids via the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway and the synthesis of TG from diacylglycerol. The drug did not appear to block reacylation of lysophospholipids. Triacsin C caused a loss of about 60% of the TG mass from both NLSD and oleate-loaded control cells. Rates of TG lipolysis were similar in NLSD cells and oleate-loaded control cells labeled with [6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-amino]hexanoic acid or labeled with [14C]oleate or [3H]glycerol and chased in the presence of triacsin C. During a 96-h chase, [14C]oleate reincorporation into the different phospholipid species increased only in control cells. Similar results were observed when NLSD, and control cells were chased after labeling with [3H]glycerol. These data strongly suggest that normal human fibroblasts mobilize stored TG for phospholipid synthesis and that recycling to PC occurs via a TG-derived mono- or diacylglycerol intermediate. Normal recycling to phosphatidylethanolamine may primarily involve TG-derived acyl groups rather than an acylglycerol precursor. NLSD cells appear to have a block in this recycling pathway with the result that both hydrolyzed fatty acids and the acylglycerol backbone are re-esterified to form TG. Because the NLSD phenotype includes ichthyosis, fatty liver, myopathy, cardiomyopathy, and mental retardation, the recycling pathway appears to be critical for the normal function of skin, liver, muscle, heart, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Igal
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, USA
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