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Kurogi K, Rasool MI, Alherz FA, El Daibani AA, Bairam AF, Abunnaja MS, Yasuda S, Wilson LJ, Hui Y, Liu MC. SULT genetic polymorphisms: physiological, pharmacological and clinical implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:767-784. [PMID: 34107842 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1940952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs)-mediated sulfation is critically involved in the metabolism of key endogenous compounds, such as catecholamines and thyroid/steroid hormones, as well as a variety of drugs and other xenobiotics. Studies performed in the past three decades have yielded a good understanding about the enzymology of the SULTs and their structural biology, phylogenetic relationships, tissue/organ-specific/developmental expression, as well as the regulation of the SULT gene expression. An emerging area is related to the functional impact of the SULT genetic polymorphisms. AREAS COVERED The current review aims to summarize our current knowledge about the above-mentioned aspects of the SULT research. An emphasis is on the information concerning the effects of the polymorphisms of the SULT genes on the functional activity of the SULT allozymes and the associated physiological, pharmacological, and clinical implications. EXPERT OPINION Elucidation of how SULT SNPs may influence the drug-sulfating activity of SULT allozymes will help understand the differential drug metabolism and eventually aid in formulating personalized drug regimens. Moreover, the information concerning the differential sulfating activities of SULT allozymes toward endogenous compounds may allow for the development of strategies for mitigating anomalies in the metabolism of these endogenous compounds in individuals with certain SULT genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Shin Yasuda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Lauren J Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ying Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
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De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G, Millan MJ. Expanding the repertoire of L-DOPA's actions: A comprehensive review of its functional neurochemistry. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 151:57-100. [PMID: 27389773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Though a multi-facetted disorder, Parkinson's disease is prototypically characterized by neurodegeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to a severe disruption of motor function. Accordingly, L-DOPA, the metabolic precursor of dopamine (DA), is well-established as a treatment for the motor deficits of Parkinson's disease despite long-term complications such as dyskinesia and psychiatric side-effects. Paradoxically, however, despite the traditional assumption that L-DOPA is transformed in residual striatal dopaminergic neurons into DA, the mechanism of action of L-DOPA is neither simple nor entirely clear. Herein, focussing on its influence upon extracellular DA and other neuromodulators in intact animals and experimental models of Parkinson's disease, we highlight effects other than striatal generation of DA in the functional profile of L-DOPA. While not excluding a minor role for glial cells, L-DOPA is principally transformed into DA in neurons yet, interestingly, with a more important role for serotonergic than dopaminergic projections. Moreover, in addition to the striatum, L-DOPA evokes marked increases in extracellular DA in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, the subthalamic nucleus and additional extra-striatal regions. In considering its functional profile, it is also important to bear in mind the marked (probably indirect) influence of L-DOPA upon cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the basal ganglia and/or cortex, while anomalous serotonergic transmission is incriminated in the emergence of L-DOPA elicited dyskinesia and psychosis. Finally, L-DOPA may exert intrinsic receptor-mediated actions independently of DA neurotransmission and can be processed into bioactive metabolites. In conclusion, L-DOPA exerts a surprisingly complex pattern of neurochemical effects of much greater scope that mere striatal transformation into DA in spared dopaminergic neurons. Their further experimental and clinical clarification should help improve both L-DOPA-based and novel strategies for controlling the motor and other symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR CNRS 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherche Servier, Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, 78290 Croissy/Seine,Paris, France
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Vella KR, Ramadoss P, Lam FS, Harris JC, Ye FD, Same PD, O'Neill NF, Maratos-Flier E, Hollenberg AN. NPY and MC4R signaling regulate thyroid hormone levels during fasting through both central and peripheral pathways. Cell Metab 2011; 14:780-90. [PMID: 22100407 PMCID: PMC3261758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Fasting-induced suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is an adaptive response to decrease energy expenditure during food deprivation. Previous studies demonstrate that leptin communicates nutritional status to the HPT axis through thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Leptin targets TRH neurons either directly or indirectly via the arcuate nucleus through pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) neurons. To evaluate the role of these pathways in vivo, we developed double knockout mice that lack both the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) and NPY. We show that NPY is required for fasting-induced suppression of Trh expression in the PVN. However, both MC4R and NPY are required for activation of hepatic pathways that metabolize T(4) during the fasting response. Thus, these signaling pathways play a key role in the communication of fasting signals to reduce thyroid hormone levels both centrally and through a peripheral hepatic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Takahashi S, Sakakibara Y, Mishiro E, Kouriki H, Nobe R, Kurogi K, Yasuda S, Liu MC, Suiko M. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a novel mouse SULT6 cytosolic sulfotransferase. J Biochem 2009; 146:399-405. [PMID: 19505954 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By searching the mouse EST database, we identified a novel mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) cDNA (RIKEN cDNA 2410078J06). Sequence analysis revealed that this new SULT belongs to the cytosolic SULT6 gene family. The recombinant form of this newly identified SULT, designated SULT6B1, was expressed using the pGEX-4T-1 glutathione S-transferase fusion system and purified from transformed BL21 Escherichia coli cells. Purified mouse SULT6B1 exhibited sulfonating activity toward thyroxine and bithionol among a variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds tested as substrates. pH optimum of purified mouse SULT6B1 was determined to be 8.0. Tissue-specific expression of mouse and human SULT6B1 was examined by RT-PCR. While human SULT6B1 was specifically expressed in kidney and testis, mouse SULT6B1 was detected in brain, heart, kidney, thymus, lung, liver and testis. Further studies are needed in order to clarify the role of SULT6B1 in the metabolism of thyroxine and possibly some xenobiotics in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Takahashi S, Sakakibara Y, Mishiro E, Kouriki H, Nobe R, Kurogi K, Yasuda S, Liu MC, Suiko M. Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of mouse amine N-sulfotransferases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375:531-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gamage N, Barnett A, Hempel N, Duggleby RG, Windmill KF, Martin JL, McManus ME. Human Sulfotransferases and Their Role in Chemical Metabolism. Toxicol Sci 2005; 90:5-22. [PMID: 16322073 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonation is an important reaction in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics, drugs, and endogenous compounds. A supergene family of enzymes called sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze this reaction. In most cases, the addition of a sulfonate moiety to a compound increases its water solubility and decreases its biological activity. However, many of these enzymes are also capable of bioactivating procarcinogens to reactive electrophiles. In humans three SULT families, SULT1, SULT2, and SULT4, have been identified that contain at least thirteen distinct members. SULTs have a wide tissue distribution and act as a major detoxification enzyme system in adult and the developing human fetus. Nine crystal structures of human cytosolic SULTs have now been determined, and together with site-directed mutagenesis experiments and molecular modeling, we are now beginning to understand the factors that govern distinct but overlapping substrate specificities. These studies have also provided insight into the enzyme kinetics and inhibition characteristics of these enzymes. The regulation of human SULTs remains as one of the least explored areas of research in the field, though there have been some recent advances on the molecular transcription mechanism controlling the individual SULT promoters. Interindividual variation in sulfonation capacity may be important in determining an individual's response to xenobiotics, and recent studies have begun to suggest roles for SULT polymorphism in disease susceptibility. This review aims to provide a summary of our present understanding of the function of human cytosolic sulfotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjali Gamage
- School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Maglich JM, Watson J, McMillen PJ, Goodwin B, Willson TM, Moore JT. The Nuclear Receptor CAR Is a Regulator of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism during Caloric Restriction. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:19832-8. [PMID: 15004031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor CAR (NR1I3) has been characterized as a central component in the coordinate response to xenobiotic and endobiotic stress. In this study, we demonstrate that CAR plays a pivotal function in energy homeostasis and establish an unanticipated metabolic role for this nuclear receptor. Wild-type mice treated with the synthetic CAR agonist 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) exhibited decreased serum concentration of the thyroid hormone (TH) thyroxine (T(4)). However, treatment of Car(-/-) mice with TCPOBOP failed to elicit these changes. To examine whether CAR played a role in the regulation of TH levels under physiological conditions, wild-type and Car(-/-) mice were fasted for 24 h, a process known to alter TH metabolism in mammals. As expected, the serum triiodothyronine and T(4) concentrations decreased in wild-type mice. However, triiodothyronine and T(4) levels in fasted Car(-/-) mice remained significantly higher than those in fasted wild-type animals. Concomitant with the changes in serum TH levels, both CAR agonist treatment and fasting induced the expression of CAR target genes (notably, Cyp2b10, Ugt1a1, Sultn, Sult1a1, and Sult2a1) in a receptor-dependent manner. Importantly, the Ugt1a1, Sultn, Sult1a1, and Sult2a1 genes encode enzymes that are capable of metabolizing TH. An attenuated reduction in TH levels during fasting, as observed in Car(-/-) mice, would be predicted to increase weight loss during caloric restriction. Indeed, when Car(-/-) animals were placed on a 40% caloric restriction diet for 12 weeks, Car(-/-) animals lost over twice as much weight as their wild-type littermates. Thus, CAR participates in the molecular mechanisms contributing to homeostatic resistance to weight loss. These data imply that CAR represents a novel therapeutic target to uncouple metabolic rate from food intake and has implications in obesity and its associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi M Maglich
- High Throughput Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Venture116-1b, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Blanchard RL, Freimuth RR, Buck J, Weinshilboum RM, Coughtrie MWH. A proposed nomenclature system for the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) superfamily. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 14:199-211. [PMID: 15167709 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200403000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A nomenclature system for the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) superfamily has been developed. The nomenclature guidelines were applied to 65 SULT cDNAs and 18 SULT genes that were characterized from eukaryotic organisms. SULT cDNA and gene sequences were identified by querying the GenBank databases and from published reports of their identification and characterization. These sequences were evaluated and named on the basis of encoded amino acid sequence identity and, in a few cases, a necessity to maintain historical naming convention. Family members share at least 45% amino acid sequence identity whereas subfamily members are at least 60% identical. cDNAs which encode amino acid sequences of at least 97% identity to each other were assigned identical isoform names. We also attempted to categorize orthologous enzymes between various species, where these have been identified, and the nomenclature includes a species descriptor. We present recommendations for the naming of allelic variants of SULT genes and their derived allozymes arising from single nucleotide polymorphisms and other genetic variation. The superfamily currently comprises 47 mammalian SULT isoforms, one insect isoform and eight plant enzymes, and collectively these sequences represent nine separate SULT families and 14 subfamilies. It is hoped that this nomenclature system will be widely adopted and that, as novel SULTs are identified and characterized, investigators will name their discoveries according to these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Blanchard
- Department of Pharmacology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Kester MHA, Kaptein E, Roest TJ, van Dijk CH, Tibboel D, Meinl W, Glatt H, Coughtrie MWH, Visser TJ. Characterization of rat iodothyronine sulfotransferases. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E592-8. [PMID: 12773305 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00046.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation appears to be an important pathway for the reversible inactivation of thyroid hormone during fetal development. The rat is an often used animal model to study the regulation of fetal thyroid hormone status. The present study was done to determine which sulfotransferases (SULTs) are important for iodothyronine sulfation in the rat, using radioactive T4, T3, rT3, and 3,3'-T2 as substrates, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as cofactor, and rat liver, kidney and brain cytosol, and recombinant rat SULT1A1, -1B1, -1C1, -1E1, -2A1, -2A2, and -2A3 as enzymes. Recombinant rat SULT1A1, -1E1, -2A1, -2A2, and -2A3 failed to catalyze iodothyronine sulfation. For all tissue SULTs and for rSULT1B1 and rSULT1C1, 3,3'-T2 was by far the preferred substrate. Apparent Km values for 3,3'-T2 amounted to 1.9 microM in male liver, 4.4 microM in female liver, 0.76 microM in male kidney, 0.23 microM in male brain, 7.7 microM for SULT1B1, and 0.62 microM for SULT1C1, whereas apparent Km values for PAPS showed less variation (2.0-6.9 microM). Sulfation of 3,3'-T2 was inhibited dose dependently by other iodothyronines, with similar structure-activity relationships for most enzymes except for the SULT activity in rat brain. The apparent Km values of 3,3'-T2 in liver cytosol were between those determined for SULT1B1 and -1C1, supporting the importance of these enzymes for the sulfation of iodothyronines in rat liver, with a greater contribution of SULT1C1 in male than in female rat liver. The results further suggest that rSULT1C1 also contributes to iodothyronine sulfation in rat kidney, whereas other, yet-unidentified forms appear more important for the sulfation of thyroid hormone in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique H A Kester
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Matsui T, Yukiyoshi A, Doi S, Sugimoto H, Yamada H, Matsumoto K. Gastrointestinal enzyme production of bioactive peptides from royal jelly protein and their antihypertensive ability in SHR. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13:80-86. [PMID: 11834223 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the potential physiological function of royal jelly (RJ), we report here the gastrointestinal enzyme production of antihypertensive peptides from RJ. Intact RJ and its protein fraction did not retard the action of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity at all. However, development of ACE inhibition power of RJ was newly observed by pepsin hydrolysis (IC(50)=0.358 mg protein/mL), and the subsequent trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolyses (IC(50)=0.099 mg protein/mL). Single oral administration of this gastrointestinal RJ hydrolysate (1 g/kg dose) in 10-week spontaneously hypertensive rat resulted in a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure of 22.7 plus minus 3.6 mmHg at 2 hr (P<0.05 vs. 0 hr by one-way ANOVA, n=7). Then, the RJ hydrolysate was fractionated with gel permeation chromatography to obtain the di- and tri-peptides (DTP) fraction. As a result of isolation from the DTP fraction by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography, eleven ACE inhibitory peptides were isolated from the DTP-RJ hydrolysate. Some of the ACE inhibitors were derived from the RJ-glycoprotein; eight peptides with the IC(50) value of <10 &mgr;M were identified from natural resources for the first time. Consequently, RJ protein was thought to be a good resource of ACE inhibitory peptides produced by the gastrointestinal enzyme hydrolyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Matsui
- Division of Bioresources and Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, 812-8581, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Duffel MW, Marshal AD, McPhie P, Sharma V, Jakoby WB. Enzymatic aspects of the phenol (aryl) sulfotransferases. Drug Metab Rev 2001; 33:369-95. [PMID: 11768773 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120001394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The sulfotransferases that are active in the metabolism of xenobiotics represent a large family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the sulfuryl group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to phenols, to primary and secondary alcohols, to several additional oxygen-containing functional groups, and to amines. Restriction of this review to the catalytic processes of phenol or aryl sulfotransferases does not really narrow the field, because these enzymes have overlapping specificity, not only for specific compounds, but also for multiple functional groups. The presentation aims to provide an overview of the wealth of phenol sulfotransferases that are available for study but concentrates on the enzymology of rat and human enzymes, particularly on the predominant phenol sulfotransferase from rat liver. The kinetics and catalytic mechanism of the rat enzyme is extensively reviewed and is compared with observations from other sulfotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Duffel
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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12
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The Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolism. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Davie JR, Spencer VA. Signal transduction pathways and the modification of chromatin structure. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 65:299-340. [PMID: 11008491 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(00)65008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical and chemical signaling pathways are involved in transmitting information from the exterior of a cell to its chromatin. The mechanical signaling pathway consists of a tissue matrix system that links together the three-dimensional skeletal networks, the extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and karyoskeleton. The tissue matrix system governs cell and nuclear shape and forms a structural and functional connection between the cell periphery and chromatin. Further, this mechanical signaling pathway has a role in controlling cell cycle progression and gene expression. Chemical signaling pathways such as the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway can stimulate the activity of kinases that modify transcription factors, nonhistone chromosomal proteins, and histones. Activation of the Ras/MAPK pathway results in the alteration of chromatin structure and gene expression. The tissue matrix and chemical signaling pathways are not independent and one signaling pathway can affect the other. In this chapter, we will review chromatin organization, histone variants and modifications, and the impact that signaling pathways have on chromatin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Davie
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferase catalyzes sulfoconjugation of relatively small lipophilic endobiotics and xenobiotics. At least 44 cytosolic sulfotransferases have been identified from mammals, and based on their amino acid sequences, these forms are shown to constitute five different families. In humans, 10 sulfotransferase genes have been identified and shown to localize on at least five different chromosomes. The enzymatic properties characterized in the recombinant forms indicate the association of their substrate specificity with metabolisms of such nonpeptide hormones as estrogen, corticoid, and thyroxine, although most forms are also active on the sulfation of various xenobiotics. Genetic polymorphisms are observed on such human sulfotransferases as ST1A2, ST1A3, and ST2A3.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagata
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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15
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Xiangrong L, Jöhnk C, Hartmann D, Schestag F, Krömer W, Gieselmann V. Enzymatic properties, tissue-specific expression, and lysosomal location of two highly homologous rat SULT1C2 sulfotransferases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 272:242-50. [PMID: 10872834 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated two highly homologous but distinct rat sulfotransferase cDNAs termed ratSULT1C2 and ratSULT1C2A encoding polypeptides of 297 amino acids each. The amino acid sequence of ratSULT1C2 is 84% identical to the human SULT1C2 and 81% identical to a rabbit SULT1C2 sulfotransferase. ratSULT1C2 and ratSULT1C2A are 92% identical but differ in 22 amino acids. The majority of these amino acid substitutions in ratSULT1C2A is not found in the human and rabbit SULT1C2, which identifies ratSULT1C2 as the orthologue of these sulfotransferases, whereas SULT1C2A is a closely related but distinct enzyme. ratSULT1C2 and 2A sulfotransferases do not sulfonate steroids, dopamine, acetaminophen, or alpha-naphthol, but only p-nitrophenol. Prokaryotically expressed ratSULT1C2A is less active than ratSULT1C2. ratSULT1C2/2A mRNAs are abundant in kidney and less abundant in stomach and liver. The enzymes are expressed as 34-kDa polypeptides in rat kidney, liver, and stomach. In addition, a 28-kDa cross-reacting polypeptide is found in kidney only. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of ratSULT1C2/2A in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules of the kidney, bile duct epithelia, hepatocytes, and the epithelium of the gastric mucosal glands. Although the cDNA predicted amino acid sequence identifies both sulfotransferases as cytosolic enzymes, in tissue sections, in the kidney cell line NRK 52, and in transiently transfected BHK cells a considerable fraction of the enzyme was found in a granular perinuclear compartment. Costaining with a lysosomal marker in gastric mucosa tissue sections and cultured cells identifies these structures as lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xiangrong
- Physiologisch Chemisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
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Duanmu Z, Dunbar J, Falany CN, Runge-Morris M. Induction of rat hepatic aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) gene expression by triamcinolone acetonide: impact on minoxidil-mediated hypotension. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 164:312-20. [PMID: 10799342 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.8911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypotensive agent minoxidil (6-imino-1, 2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-imino-4-piperidinopyrimidine) depends upon aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1)-catalyzed sulfation for its bioactivation. Previous reports suggest that glucocorticoids induce class-specific SULT1 and isoform-specific SULT1A1 gene expression in rat liver. In the present study, rats were treated with the glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide (TA, 5 mg/kg/day i.p. x 3 days) or its vehicle, 2% Tween-20, prior to minoxidil, and subsequent effects on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and hepatic SULT1 gene expression were characterized. Minoxidil treatment (1.5 mg/kg) resulted in a steady decline in MAP values of 16.3 to 18.6% relative to basal control levels at 35 to 60 min following minoxidil injection. Pentachlorophenol (PCP, 40 micromol/kg i.p.), an inhibitor of SULT1 enzyme activity, effectively ablated the hypotensive effects of minoxidil. By contrast, pretreatment with TA significantly enhanced minoxidil-induced hypotension. Relative to vehicle-treated controls, TA-treated rats displayed a steeper rate of decline in MAP and more profound levels of hypotension with decreases in MAP following minoxidil administration of 27.8%. TA also produced significant increases in hepatic SULT1 mRNA expression (of 271%) and SULT1A1 immunoreactive protein levels (of 273%), relative to vehicle-treated controls. These results provide physiological evidence to support the biological relevance of SULT1A1 induction by glucocorticoids. The data indicate that steroid treatment induces SULT1A1 gene expression and, as a consequence, accentuates the hypotensive effects of minoxidil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Duanmu
- Institute of Chemical Toxicology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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17
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Takami Y, Nishi R, Nakayama T. Histone H1 variants play individual roles in transcription regulation in the DT40 chicken B cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:501-8. [PMID: 10679234 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-nine of the 44 chicken histone genes are located in a major gene cluster of 110 kb, the others being distributed in four separate regions. All 6 H1 genes, which are present in the cluster and encode different variants, are expressed in the DT40 chicken B cell line, at levels ranging from about 5 to 40%. To clarify differences in the natures of these H1 variants, using gene-targeting techniques, we generated a series of DT40 mutants, which are devoid of each of the 5 H1 genes, respectively. Analyses of six H1-deficient mutants, comprising the latter five and a previously generated H1-deficient mutant, revealed that the protein patterns on 2D-PAGE were definitely different from each other, indicating that each H1 variant plays an individual role in the transcription regulation of specific genes in DT40 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takami
- Department of Biochemistry, Miyazaki Medical College, Kihara, Miyazaki, Kiyotake, 889-1692, Japan
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18
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Huynh QK, Shailubhai K, Boddupalli H, Yu HH, Broschat KO, Jacob GS. Isolation and characterization from porcine serum of a soluble sulfotransferase responsible for 6-O-sulfation of the galactose residue in 2'-fucosyllactose: implications in the synthesis of the ligand for L-selectin. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:357-63. [PMID: 10619708 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007052228230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A soluble sulfotransferase from porcine serum which catalyzes the transfer of sulfate from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS) to 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) was purified 36,333-fold using a combination of conventional and affinity chromatographic steps. The purified enzyme preparation after non-denaturing discontinuous-PAGE exhibited a molecular mass of about 80 kDa by reducing SDS-PAGE. However, when a partially purified enzyme preparation was subjected to gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300, the enzyme activity eluted in the void volume, which indicated that the native enzyme existed as an oligomer. The purified enzyme showed Km values of 9.15 microM for PAPS and 15.38 mM for 2'-FL at the optimum pH value of 7.4. The substrate specificity of the purified enzyme was evaluated with various sugars that are structurally similar to sialyl LewisX (sLeX). Results indicated that 3'-sialyllactose and lactose were efficient acceptors of sulfation, whereas 6'-sialyllactose and 6'-sialyllactosamine were poor substrates for this sulfotransferase. Further, the reaction product analysis revealed that the sulfate substitution, when using 2'-FL as the substrate, was at the C-6 position of the galactose residue. Coincidentally, a similar enzyme activity was also found in porcine lymphoid tissues such as, lymph nodes (peripheral and mesenteric) and spleen. Collectively, these findings suggest that this enzyme might be involved in the synthesis of the ligand for L-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q K Huynh
- Discovery Research, G. D. Searle and Company, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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19
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Kester MH, Kaptein E, Roest TJ, van Dijk CH, Tibboel D, Meinl W, Glatt H, Coughtrie MW, Visser TJ. Characterization of human iodothyronine sulfotransferases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:1357-64. [PMID: 10199779 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.4.5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation is an important pathway of thyroid hormone metabolism that facilitates the degradation of the hormone by the type I iodothyronine deiodinase, but little is known about which human sulfotransferase isoenzymes are involved. We have investigated the sulfation of the prohormone T4, the active hormone T3, and the metabolites rT3 and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) by human liver and kidney cytosol as well as by recombinant human SULT1A1 and SULT1A3, previously known as phenol-preferring and monoamine-preferring phenol sulfotransferase, respectively. In all cases, the substrate preference was 3,3'-T2 >> rT3 > T3 > T4. The apparent Km values of 3,3'-T2 and T3 [at 50 micromol/L 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)] were 1.02 and 54.9 micromol/L for liver cytosol, 0.64 and 27.8 micromol/L for kidney cytosol, 0.14 and 29.1 micromol/L for SULT1A1, and 33 and 112 micromol/L for SULT1A3, respectively. The apparent Km of PAPS (at 0.1 micromol/L 3,3'-T2) was 6.0 micromol/L for liver cytosol, 9.0 micromol/L for kidney cytosol, 0.65 micromol/L for SULT1A1, and 2.7 micromol/L for SULT1A3. The sulfation of 3,3'-T2 was inhibited by the other iodothyronines in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition profiles of the 3,3'-T2 sulfotransferase activities of liver and kidney cytosol obtained by addition of 10 micromol/L of the various analogs were better correlated with the inhibition profile of SULT1A1 than with that of SULT1A3. These results indicate similar substrate specificities for iodothyronine sulfation by native human liver and kidney sulfotransferases and recombinant SULT1A1 and SULT1A3. Of the latter, SULT1A1 clearly shows the highest affinity for both iodothyronines and PAPS, but it remains to be established whether it is the prominent isoenzyme for sulfation of thyroid hormone in human liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kester
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Erasmus University Medical School, and Sophia Children Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Shailubhai K, Khai Huynh Q, Boddupalli H, Yu HH, Jacob GS. Purification and characterization of a lymph node sulfotransferase responsible for 6-O-sulfation of the galactose residues in 2'-fucosyllactose and other sialyl LewisX-related sugars. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256:170-6. [PMID: 10066442 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A microsomal galactose-6-O-sulfotransferase (Gal-6-O-Stase) from porcine lymph nodes, able to transfer the sulfate group from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS) onto 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and other sialyl LewisX (sLex)-related sugars, has been purified and characterized. The enzyme was purified to about 35,000-fold by a combination of conventional and affinity chromatographic steps. The purified enzyme preparation exhibited two protein bands at around 80-90 and 170 kDa on 7.5% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Both of these protein bands always comigrated in the gel when peak fractions containing Gal-6-O-Stase activity from the 3',5'-ADP-agarose column were subjected to 6% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. These protein bands also showed similar binding patterns to WGA (wheat germ agglutinin), Con A (concanvalin A), and EBA (elderberry agglutinin). Similarly, when the enzyme preparation after the hydroxylapatite step was photolabeled with 8-azido-[32P]-PAPS, both 80-90 and 170 kDa protein bands were labeled in a specific manner. These results suggest a possible association of these two protein bands with the enzyme activity. The carbohydrate substrate specificity of this enzyme suggests that it is well suited to catalyze the sulphonation at the C-6 position of the galactose residues of oligosaccharides that are structurally similar to sLex. Furthermore, a survey of several porcine organs revealed that this enzyme was selectively expressed in lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes (peripheral and mesenteric) and spleen. These findings suggest that this enzyme may be involved in the assembly of 3'-sialyl-6'-sulfo Lewisx, the major capping group of HEV-ligands for L-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shailubhai
- Searle Discovery Research, Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63167, USA.
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21
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Ranasinghe JG, Sakakibara Y, Harada M, Nishiyama K, Liu MC, Suiko M. Structural identification of sulfated tyrosine in human urine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999; 63:229-31. [PMID: 10052149 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.63.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A reliable HPLC method was used for the identification of positional isomerism and stereoisomerism of sulfated tyrosine residues in human urine. Upon separation of human urine by ion-pair HPLC on a reverse-phase column, p-tyrosine-O-sulfate (p-TyrS) was identified. Differentiation of the L and D forms was done by using a column with a chiral stationary phase. It was concluded that L-p-tyrosine (L-p-Tyr) which is the predominant tyrosine isomer in the human body, was sulfated and excreted in human urine as a normal constituent. The sulfated forms of D-p-Tyr and m-Tyr could not be detected under these analytical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Ranasinghe
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Miyazaki University, Japan
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22
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Vakiani E, Luz JG, Buck J. Substrate specificity and kinetic mechanism of the insect sulfotransferase, retinol dehydratase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:35381-7. [PMID: 9857081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.52.35381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda retinol dehydratase catalyzes the conversion of retinol to the retro-retinoid anhydroretinol. It shares sequence homology with the family of mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases and provides the first link between sulfotransferases and retinol metabolism. In this study the enzymatic properties of retinol dehydratase were examined using bacterially expressed protein. We show that retinol dehydratase can catalyze the transfer of the sulfonate moiety to small phenolic compounds and exhibits many functional similarities to the mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases. The bisubstrate reaction that it catalyzes between retinol and the universal sulfonate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate seems to involve ternary complex formation and to proceed via a Random Bi Bi mechanism. In addition to the low nanomolar Km value for free retinol, retinol dehydratase is strongly inhibited by retinol metabolites, suggesting a preference for retinoids. Conversely, a number of tested mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases do not utilize retinol, indicating that retinol is not a general substrate for sulfotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vakiani
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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23
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Coughtrie MW, Sharp S, Maxwell K, Innes NP. Biology and function of the reversible sulfation pathway catalysed by human sulfotransferases and sulfatases. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 109:3-27. [PMID: 9566730 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfation and sulfate conjugate hydrolysis play an important role in metabolism, and are catalysed by members of the sulfotransferase and sulfatase enzyme super-families. In general, sulfation is a deactivating, detoxication pathway, but for some chemicals the sulfate conjugates are much more reactive than the parent compound. The range of compounds which are sulfated is enormous, yet we still understand relatively little of the function of this pathway. This review summarises current knowledge of the sulfation system and the enzymes involved, and illustrates how heterologous expression of sulfotransferases (SULTs) and sulfatases is aiding our appreciation of the properties of these important proteins. The role of sulfation in the bioactivation of procarcinogens and promutagens is discussed, and new data on the inhibition of the sulfotransferase(s) involved by common dietary components such as tea and coffee are presented. The genetic and environmental factors which are known to influence the activity and expression of human SULTs and sulfatases are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Coughtrie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, UK.
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24
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Visser TJ, Kaptein E, Glatt H, Bartsch I, Hagen M, Coughtrie MW. Characterization of thyroid hormone sulfotransferases. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 109:279-91. [PMID: 9566752 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfation is an intriguing pathway of thyroid hormone metabolism since it facilitates the degradation of the hormone by the type I deiodinase (D1). This study reports the preliminary characterization of iodothyronine sulfotransferase activities of rat and human liver cytosol and recombinant rSULT1C1 and hSULT1A1 isoenzymes. All these enzyme preparations catalyzed the sulfation of--in decreasing order of efficiency--3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) > 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) approximately 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) > thyroxine (T4). 3,3'-T2 sulfotransferase activity was found to be higher in male than in female rat liver, which has also been shown by others for the expression of rSULT1A1 and rSULT1C1. No sulfation of iodothyronines was observed with rSULT1A1. Different phenol derivatives were found to be potent inhibitors of the sulfation of 3,3'-T2 by native and recombinant sulfotransferases, with pentachlorophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol being the most potent. The inhibitions exerted by the different phenols on 3,3'-T2 sulfation by rSULT1C1 correlated better with the effects observed in male than with those in female liver. A strong correlation was also observed between the inhibition profiles of human liver cytosol and hSUL1T1A1. These results suggest that: (1) rSULT1C1 is an important isoenzyme for the sulfation of thyroid hormone in male rat liver; (2) another isoenzyme with similar properties, perhaps rSULT1B1, is responsible for thyroid hormone sulfation in female rat liver and may also contribute to this process in male rat liver; and (3) hSULT1A1 is an important isoenzyme for thyroid hormone sulfation in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Takami Y, Nakayama T. One allele of the major histone gene cluster is enough for cell proliferation of the DT40 chicken B cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1354:105-15. [PMID: 9396627 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-nine of the 44 chicken histone genes are located in a major histone gene cluster of 110 kb, the others residing in four separate regions. We generated a heterozygous chicken DT40 mutant, 1/2 delta110 kb, devoid of one allele of the cluster, using gene targeting techniques. Analyses of the mutant revealed that the growth rate of DT40 cells was unchanged even in the absence of one allele of the cluster. Moreover, analyses involving a RNase protection assay, SDS-PAGE or Triton-acid-urea-PAGE revealed not only that in the 1/2 delta110 kb mutant the steady-state levels of total mRNAs of gene families H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 remained constant, but also that the amounts of histones H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 were not changed. A comparison by 2D-PAGE revealed no changes in total cellular protein patterns of the mutant. These observations demonstrate that all the histone gene families have the inherent ability to compensate for the disruption of one allele of the gene cluster, with no influence on cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takami
- Department of Biochemistry, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Japan
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26
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Araki Y, Sakakibara Y, Boggaram V, Katafuchi J, Suiko M, Nakajima H, Liu MC. Tissue-specific and developmental stage-dependent expression of a novel rat Dopa/tyrosine sulfotransferase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 29:801-6. [PMID: 9251247 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(97)00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific and developmental stage-dependent expression of a novel Dopa/tyrosine sulfotransferase in Sprague-Dawley rats was examined. Both immunoblot and Northern blot analyses showed that the enzyme was expressed predominantly in liver and to a lesser extent in kidney. Its expression could not be detected in nine other organs tested. Livers from different age groups of male or female rats were examined for the developmental regulation of the expression of the Dopa/tyrosine sulfotransferase. Results from immunoblot and Northern blot analyses revealed that the enzyme was present at a very low level in livers of 1-day-old to 2-week-old rats, and gradually increased to a maximum level in rats older than 2 months. Data from the enzymatic assays also showed a similar trend of expression in both male and female rats. The Dopa/tyrosine sulfotransferase activities detected in liver samples of the 8-week-old male and female rats were, respectively, 8.6 and 6.6 times that of the activities detected in liver samples of the 1-day-old male and female rats. These data provide a foundation for the future investigation of the cis- and trans-acting factors involved in the regulation of the tissue-specific and developmental stage-dependent expression of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Araki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler 75710, USA
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27
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Homma H, Tada M, Nakamura T, Yamagata S, Matsui M. Heterogeneous zonal distribution of sulfotransferase isoenzymes in rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 339:235-41. [PMID: 9056254 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1996.9836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
By employing dual-digitonin-pulse perfusion technique, the cytosolic fractions were prepared from periportal (PP) and perivenous (PV) hepatocytes of male and female rat livers. Sulfotransferase (ST) activities toward 2-naphthol (2NAP) (at pH 5.5 and 7.4), 4-nitrophenol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and cortisol were measured in each fraction. DHEA-ST activity was mainly localized in PP fraction in males, while in females it was slightly higher in PP fraction than in PV samples. In contrast, phenol ST activities were higher in PV fraction in both sexes. With anti-HS-ST and anti-P-ST antisera, the levels of immunoreactive ST polypeptides were compatible with the levels of ST activities except that in female PP fraction the level of immunoreactive P-ST polypeptide was low in spite of comparatively high levels of P-ST activities. Chromatofocusing of PP and PV fractions separated P-ST activities into three major fractions (I-III), which have distinct catalytic and electrochemical properties. Fraction I was localized only in the PP samples in both sexes and revealed ST activities toward 2NAP at pH 5.5 and 7.4, while fraction II was localized in the PP and PV samples in both sexes with 2NAP-ST activity only at pH 7.4. Fraction III which had ST activities at pH 5.5 and 7.4 was present only in the PV samples in female rats, whereas in male rats it was present in both PP and PV samples. With anti-P-ST antiserum, the immunoreactive polypeptide was present in fraction III, but no immunoreactive band was detected in fractions I and II, suggesting the presence of immunochemically and electrochemically different P-ST(s) in these fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Homma
- Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Sakakibara Y, Katafuchi J, Takami Y, Nakayama T, Suiko M, Nakajima H, Liu MC. Manganese-dependent Dopa/tyrosine sulfation in HepG2 human hepatoma cells: novel Dopa/tyrosine sulfotransferase activities associated with the human monoamine-form phenol sulfotransferase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1355:102-6. [PMID: 9042329 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(96)00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human monoamine (M)-form phenol sulfotransferase (PST) was PCR-cloned and transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. The recombinant enzyme was demonstrated to display not only the previously reported sulfotransferase activity toward dopamine, but also novel manganese-dependent Dopa/tyrosine sulfotransferase activities. These results imply a new functional role of the human M-form PST in the homeostatic regulation of Dopa and tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler 75710, USA
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