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Bergman ME, Kortbeek RWJ, Gutensohn M, Dudareva N. Plant terpenoid biosynthetic network and its multiple layers of regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101287. [PMID: 38906423 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most chemically diverse classes of primary and secondary metabolites in nature with an exceptional breadth of functional roles in plants. Biosynthesis of all terpenoids begins with the universal five‑carbon building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its allylic isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which in plants are derived from two compartmentally separated but metabolically crosstalking routes, the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge on the terpenoid precursor pathways and highlight the critical hidden constraints as well as multiple regulatory mechanisms that coordinate and homeostatically govern carbon flux through the terpenoid biosynthetic network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Zhao Q, Zhang M, Gu L, Yang Z, Li Y, Luo J, Zhang Y. Transcriptome and volatile compounds analyses of floral development provide insight into floral scent formation in Paeonia lactiflora 'Wu Hua Long Yu'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1303156. [PMID: 38434428 PMCID: PMC10904628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1303156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora) is a well-known ornamental plant in China, celebrated for its beautiful flowers that can emit fragrances. However, exact molecular mechanisms governing synthesis of floral volatiles within herbaceous peony remain unclear. To address this gap in knowledge, our study focused on analyzing the transcriptome and the levels of floral volatile compounds in P. lactiflora 'Wu Hua Long Yu' at different stages of flower development. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we obtained eighteen major volatile compounds, with monoterpenes being the dominant components among them. Our transcriptome analysis, based on pooled sequencing data, revealed the most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) existed between stages S1 and S3 of flower development. Among these DEGs, we identified 89 functional genes associated with the synthesis of volatile monoterpenes, with 28 of these genes showing a positive correlation with the release of monoterpenes. Specifically, key regulators of monoterpene synthesis in herbaceous peony appear to be 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS), and terpene synthase (TPS). Additionally, our study identified some transcription factors (TFs) that may be involved in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes. These discoveries offer invaluable illumination into the intricate molecular underpinnings orchestrating the generation of floral fragrances in herbaceous peonies, and they offer a foundation for further research to identify and utilize candidate gene resources for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lina Gu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jianrang Luo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Identification and Characterization of Transcription Factors Involved in Geraniol Biosynthesis in Rosa chinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314684. [PMID: 36499007 PMCID: PMC9739587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragrance is an important characteristic of rose flowers and is largely determined by the terpenes. Rose has a unique NUDX1 (NUDIX HYDROLASES 1)-dependent monoterpene geraniol biosynthesis pathway, but little is known about its transcriptional regulation. In this study, we characterized two China rose (Rosa chinensis) materials from the 'Old Blush' variety with contrasting aromas. We profiled the volatile metabolome of both materials, and the results revealed that geraniol was the main component that distinguishes the aroma of these two materials. We performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of the two rose materials, from which we identified the hydrolase RcNUDX1 as a key factor affecting geraniol content, as well as 17 transcription factor genes co-expressed with RcNUDX1. We also determined that the transcription factor RcWRKY70 binds to four W-box motifs in the promoter of RcNUDX1, repressing RcNUDX1 expression, based on yeast one-hybrid and transient dual-luciferase assays. These results provide important information concerning the transcriptional regulatory framework underlying the control of geraniol production in rose.
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Short-chain polyisoprenoids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae - New companions of the old guys. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1296-303. [PMID: 26143379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dolichols are, among others, obligatory cofactors of protein glycosylation in eukaryotic cells. It is well known that yeast cells accumulate a family of dolichols with Dol-15/16 dominating while upon certain physiological conditions a second family with Dol-21 dominating is noted. In this report we identified the presence of additional short-chain length polyprenols - all-trans Pren-7 in three yeast strains (SS328, BY4741 and L5366), Pren-7 was accompanied by traces of putative Pren-6 and -8. Moreover, in two of these strains a single polyprenol mainly-cis-Pren-11 was synthesized at the stationary phase of growth. Identity of polyprenols was confirmed by HR-HPLC/MS, NMR and metabolic labeling. Additionally, simvastatin inhibited their biosynthesis.
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Cloning and characterisation of the gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase in Tripterygium wilfordii. Molecules 2014; 19:19696-707. [PMID: 25438080 PMCID: PMC6271793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191219696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii is a traditional Chinese medical plant used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. The main bioactive compounds of the plant are diterpenoids and triterpenoids. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) catalyses the reaction of acetoacetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, which is the first committed enzyme in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. The sequence information of HMGS in Tripterygium wilfordii is a basic resource necessary for studying the terpenoids in the plant. In this paper, full-length cDNA encoding HMGS was isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii (abbreviated TwHMGS, GenBank accession number: KM978213). The full length of TwHMGS is 1814 bp, and the gene encodes a protein with 465 amino acids. Sequence comparison revealed that TwHMGS exhibits high similarity to HMGSs of other plants. The tissue expression patterns revealed that the expression level of TwHMGS is highest in the stems and lowest in the roots. Induced expression of TwHMGS can be induced by MeJA, and the expression level is highest 4 h after induction. The functional complement assays in the YML126C knockout yeast demonstrated that TwHMGS participates in yeast terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Campos N, Arró M, Ferrer A, Boronat A. Determination of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in plants. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1153:21-40. [PMID: 24777788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase catalyzes the NADPH-mediated reductive deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, which is the first committed step of the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In agreement with its key regulatory role in the pathway, plant HMG-CoA reductase is modulated by many diverse external stimuli and endogenous factors and can be detected to variable levels in every plant tissue. A fine determination of HMG-CoA reductase activity levels is required to understand its contribution to plant development and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Here, we report a procedure to reliably determine HMG-CoA reductase activity in plants. The method includes the sample collection and homogenization strategies as well as the specific activity determination based on a classical radiochemical assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Campos
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,
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Hemmerlin A. Post-translational events and modifications regulating plant enzymes involved in isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 203-204:41-54. [PMID: 23415327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Identification of regulatory enzymes is fundamental for engineering metabolic pathways such as the isoprenoid one. All too often, investigation of gene expression remains the major trend in unraveling regulation mechanisms of the isoprenoid cytosolic mevalonate and the plastid-localized methylerythritol phosphate metabolic pathways. But such metabolic regulatory enzymes are frequently multilevel-regulated, especially at a post-translational level. A prominent example is the endoplasmic reticulum-bound 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase catalyzing the synthesis of mevalonic acid. Despite the discovery and the intense efforts made to understand regulation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, this enzyme remains a leading player in the regulation of the whole isoprenoid pathway. Strict correlation between this enzyme's gene expression, protein level and enzyme activity is not observed, thus confirming multilevel-regulation. In this context, besides post-translational modifications of proteins, we have to consider feedback of metabolic flow and allosteric regulation, alternative protein structures, targeted proteolysis and/or redox regulation. Such multilevel-regulation processes deliver a range of benefits including rapid response to environmental and physiological challenges or metabolic fluctuations. This review specially emphasizes essential functions of these post-translational events that permit the close regulation of key enzymes involved in plant isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Lange BM, Ahkami A. Metabolic engineering of plant monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes--current status and future opportunities. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:169-96. [PMID: 23171352 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids (a.k.a. isoprenoids) represent the most diverse class of natural products found in plants, with tens of thousands of reported structures. Plant-derived terpenoids have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial applications, but the natural resources for their extraction are often limited and, in many cases, synthetic routes are not commercially viable. Some of the most valuable terpenoids are not accumulated in model plants or crops, and genetic resources for breeding of terpenoid natural product traits are thus poorly developed. At present, metabolic engineering, either in the native producer or a heterologous host, is the only realistic alternative to improve yield and accessibility. In this review article, we will evaluate the state of the art of modulating the biosynthetic pathways for the production of mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and MJ Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Vranová E, Coman D, Gruissem W. Network analysis of the MVA and MEP pathways for isoprenoid synthesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:665-700. [PMID: 23451776 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential for all living organisms, and isoprenoids are also of industrial and agricultural interest. All isoprenoids are derived from prenyl diphosphate (prenyl-PP) precursors. Unlike isoprenoid biosynthesis in other living organisms, prenyl-PP, as the precursor of all isoprenoids in plants, is synthesized by two independent pathways: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids. This review focuses on progress in our understanding of how the precursors for isoprenoid biosynthesis are synthesized in the two subcellular compartments, how the underlying pathway gene networks are organized and regulated, and how network perturbations impact each pathway and plant development. Because of the wealth of data on isoprenoid biosynthesis, we emphasize research in Arabidopsis thaliana and compare the synthesis of isoprenoid precursor molecules in this model plant with their synthesis in other prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vranová
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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11
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Nagegowda DA. Plant volatile terpenoid metabolism: Biosynthetic genes, transcriptional regulation and subcellular compartmentation. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2965-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Cao X, Zong Z, Ju X, Sun Y, Dai C, Liu Q, Jiang J. Molecular cloning, characterization and function analysis of the gene encoding HMG-CoA reductase from Euphorbia Pekinensis Rupr. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1559-67. [PMID: 19437136 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new full-length cDNA encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutoryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMGR; EC1.1.1.34), which catalyzes the first committed step of isoprenoids biosynthesis in MVA pathway, was isolated from young leaves of Euphorbia Pekinensis Rupr. by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) for the first time. The full-length cDNA of HMGR (designated as EpHMGR, GenBank Accession NO. EF062569) was 2,200 bp containing a 1,752 bp ORF encoding 583 amino acids. Bioinformatic analyzes revealed that the deduced EpHMGR had extensive homology with other plant HMGRs and contained two transmembrane domains and a catalytic domain. The predicted 3-D model of EpHMGR had a typical spatial structure of HMGRs. Southern blot analysis indicated that at most two copies of EpHMGR gene existed in E. Pekinensis genome. Tissue expression analysis revealed that EpHMGR expressed strongly in roots, weakly in stems and leaves. The functional colour complementation assay indicated that EpHMGR could accelerate the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the Escherichia coli transformant, demonstrating that EpHMGR plays an influential role in isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Guo B, Zhang F, Yao H, Miao Z, Tang K. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase from hazel (Corylus avellana L. Gasaway). BMB Rep 2008; 40:861-9. [PMID: 18047779 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2007.40.6.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR; EC1.1.1.34) catalyzes the first committed step of isoprenoids biosynthesis in MVA pathway. Here we report for the first time the cloning and characterization of a full-length cDNA encoding HMGR (designated as CgHMGR, GenBank accession number EF206343) from hazel (Corylus avellana L. Gasaway), a taxol-producing plant species. The full-length cDNA of CgHMGR was 2064 bp containing a 1704-bp ORF encoding 567 amino acids. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that the deduced CgHMGR had extensive homology with other plant HMGRs and contained two transmembrane domains and a catalytic domain. The predicted 3-D model of CgHMGR had a typical spatial structure of HMGRs. Southern blot analysis indicated that CgHMGR belonged to a small gene family. Expression analysis revealed that CgHMGR expressed high in roots, and low in leaves and stems, and the expression of CgHMGR could be up-regulated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The functional color assay in Escherichia coli showed that CgHMGR could accelerate the biosynthesis of beta-carotene, indicating that CgHMGR encoded a functional protein. The cloning, characterization and functional analysis of CgHMGR gene will enable us to further understand the role of CgHMGR involved in taxol biosynthetic pathway in C. avellana at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechun Wang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
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Merret R, Cirioni JR, Bach TJ, Hemmerlin A. A serine involved in actin-dependent subcellular localization of a stress-induced tobacco BY-2 hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase isoform. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5295-99. [PMID: 18028913 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) is unique in the first part of the cytoplasmic isoprenoid pathway, as it contains a membrane domain that includes ER-specific retention motifs. When fused to GFP, this domain targets two tobacco BY-2 HMGR isoforms differentially. While the first isoform is ER-localized, a second stress-induced one forms globular structures connected by tubular structures. A serine positioned upstream of the ER retention motif seems to be implicated in this specific subcellular localization. Surprisingly, these structures are closely connected to F-actin, and their intactness is dependent upon the integrity of the filaments or the action of a calmodulin antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Merret
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes CNRS-UPR 2357, Université Louis Pasteur, Département Isoprénoïdes, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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15
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Hills MJ, Roscoe TJ. Synthesis of Structural and Storage Lipids by the ER. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7089_056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Leivar P, González VM, Castel S, Trelease RN, López-Iglesias C, Arró M, Boronat A, Campos N, Ferrer A, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Subcellular localization of Arabidopsis 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:57-69. [PMID: 15618432 PMCID: PMC548838 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce diverse isoprenoids, which are synthesized in plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the nonorganellar cytoplasm. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the synthesis of mevalonate, a rate-limiting step in the cytoplasmic pathway. Several branches of the pathway lead to the synthesis of structurally and functionally varied, yet essential, isoprenoids. Several HMGR isoforms have been identified in all plants examined. Studies based on gene expression and on fractionation of enzyme activity suggested that subcellular compartmentalization of HMGR is an important intracellular channeling mechanism for the production of the specific classes of isoprenoids. Plant HMGR has been shown previously to insert in vitro into the membrane of microsomal vesicles, but the final in vivo subcellular localization(s) remains controversial. To address the latter in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cells, we conducted a multipronged microscopy and cell fractionation approach that included imaging of chimeric HMGR green fluorescent protein localizations in transiently transformed cell leaves, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy in wild-type and stably transformed seedlings, immunogold electron microscopy examinations of endogenous HMGR in seedling cotyledons, and sucrose density gradient analyses of HMGR-containing organelles. Taken together, the results reveal that endogenous Arabidopsis HMGR is localized at steady state within ER as expected, but surprisingly also predominantly within spherical, vesicular structures that range from 0.2- to 0.6-microm diameter, located in the cytoplasm and within the central vacuole in differentiated cotyledon cells. The N-terminal region, including the transmembrane domain of HMGR, was found to be necessary and sufficient for directing HMGR to ER and the spherical structures. It is believed, although not directly demonstrated, that these vesicle-like structures are derived from segments of HMGR-ER. Nevertheless, they represent a previously undescribed subcellular compartment likely capable of synthesizing mevalonate, which provides new evidence for multiorganelle compartmentalization of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Leivar
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Química, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Hanawa H, Watanabe R, Hayashi M, Yoshida T, Abe S, Komura S, Liu H, Elnaggar R, Chang H, Okura Y, Kato K, Kodama M, Maruyama H, Miyazaki J, Aizawa Y. A novel method to assay proteins in blood plasma after intravenous injection of plasmid DNA. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2004; 202:155-61. [PMID: 15065641 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.202.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is expected to lead to new and useful methods to treat diseases. The development of assays to quantitate gene-therapy-derived proteins circulating in blood will be essential to investigate the effects and side effects of the introduced proteins. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a protein circulating at trace concentrations in blood can be measured by tagging a peptide corresponding to glucagon residues 19-29 onto its C-terminal end. We constructed plasmids encoding chimeric proteins and transferred them into rats by hydrodynamics-based delivery. When plasmids encoding human IL8-glucagon 19-29 chimeric protein were injected into rats to evaluate the accuracy of this method, there was a high correlation between chimeric proteins measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human IL8 and one by a radioimmunoassay for glucagon. Furthermore, when plasmids coding rat IFN gamma receptor IgG-Fc glucagon 19-29 chimeric protein were injected to evaluate the time course of chimeric proteins in blood plasma, we could calculate the concentrations in blood from 10 microl plasma samples using glucagon 19-29 tag as follows: 2815+/-2318 ng/ml after 4 hours (mean+/-s.D.), 6061+/-2789 ng/ml after 8 hours, 5752+/-2270 ng/ml after 12 hours, 2870+/-1062 ng/ml after one day, 1440+/-334 ng/ml after three days, 1120+/-433 ng/ml after seven days, and 281+/-162 ng/ml after 16 days. Blood sugar levels which might have been increased by glucagon did not increase even at peak chime- ric protein concentrations. These results demonstrate a useful and convenient method to assay gene therapy products circulating in blood using a glucagon 19-29 tagging vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Hanawa
- Division of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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Harker M, Holmberg N, Clayton JC, Gibbard CL, Wallace AD, Rawlins S, Hellyer SA, Lanot A, Safford R. Enhancement of seed phytosterol levels by expression of an N-terminal truncated Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2003; 1:113-21. [PMID: 17147748 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake of phytosterols (plant sterols) has been shown to be effective in reducing blood cholesterol levels, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Phytosterols are most commonly sourced from vegetable oils, where they are present as minor components. We report here the generation of transgenic tobacco seeds substantially enhanced in phytosterol content by the expression of a modified form of one of the key sterol biosynthetic enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR). The constitutive expression of an N-terminal truncated Hevea brasiliensis HMGR (t-HMGR), lacking the membrane binding domain, enhanced seed HMGR activities by 11-fold, leading to increases in total seed sterol of 2.4-fold. Seed-specific expression of t-HMGR enhanced total seed sterol levels by 3.2-fold, to 1.36% dry weight or 3.25% of oil. 4-desmethylsterols were increased by 2.2-fold, whilst certain sterol biosynthetic intermediates, in particular cycloartenol and 24-ethylidene lophenol, also accumulated. The additional sterol in seed tissue was present in the form of fatty acid esters. Constitutive expression of t-HMGR increased leaf phytosterol sterol levels by 10-fold, representing 1.8% dry weight, and the sterol was sequestered, in acyl ester form, as cytoplasmic 'oil droplets'. These studies establish HMGR as a key enzyme controlling overall flux into the sterol biosynthesis pathway in seed tissue, but the accumulation of certain intermediates suggests additional slow steps in the pathway. The expression of an N-truncated HMGR activity has generated novel phytosterol-enriched raw materials that may provide the basis of new sourcing opportunities for this important class of cholesterol-lowering actives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Harker
- Unilever Research, Plant Sciences, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Polyprenyl (Isoprenoid) Compounds. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Profant DA, Roberts CJ, Koning AJ, Wright RL. The role of the 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase cytosolic domain in karmellae biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:3409-23. [PMID: 10512876 PMCID: PMC25610 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.10.10.3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In all cells examined, specific endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane arrays are induced in response to increased levels of the ER membrane protein 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. In yeast, expression of Hmg1p, one of two yeast HMG-CoA reductase isozymes, induces assembly of nuclear-associated ER stacks called karmellae. Understanding the features of HMG-CoA reductase that signal karmellae biogenesis would provide useful insights into the regulation of membrane biogenesis. The HMG-CoA reductase protein consists of two domains, a multitopic membrane domain and a cytosolic catalytic domain. Previous studies had indicated that the HMG-CoA reductase membrane domain was exclusively responsible for generation of ER membrane proliferations. Surprisingly, we discovered that this conclusion was incorrect: sequences at the carboxyl terminus of HMG-CoA reductase can profoundly affect karmellae biogenesis. Specifically, truncations of Hmg1p that removed or shortened the carboxyl terminus were unable to induce karmellae assembly. This result indicated that the membrane domain of Hmg1p was not sufficient to signal for karmellae assembly. Using beta-galactosidase fusions, we demonstrated that the carboxyl terminus was unlikely to simply serve as an oligomerization domain. Our working hypothesis is that a truncated or misfolded cytosolic domain prevents proper signaling for karmellae by interfering with the required tertiary structure of the membrane domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Profant
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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21
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Lozoya-Gloria E. Biochemical and molecular tools for the production of useful terpene products from pepper (Capsicum annuum). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 464:63-76. [PMID: 10335386 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4729-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Among other natural products such as colorants and flavorants, natural fungicides like the pepper phytoalexin capsidiol, and the related biochemical pathways, may be used for practical approaches. Key enzymes such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A: reductase, the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and and farnesyl pyrophosphate cyclases are known and some related genes have been isolated. However, specific enzymes for important and final modifications as methylation and others, are still to be studied. Construction of chimeric enzymes allowed already the synthesis of different products and the possibilities of designing new enzymes by gene manipulation to produce unknown and useful chemicals are open.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lozoya-Gloria
- Genetic Engineering Department, CINVESTAV-IPN/Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Gto., México
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Bach TJ, Benveniste P. Cloning of cDNAs or genes encoding enzymes of sterol biosynthesis from plants and other eukaryotes: heterologous expression and complementation analysis of mutations for functional characterization. Prog Lipid Res 1997; 36:197-226. [PMID: 9624427 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7827(97)00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Bach
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (C.N.R.S., UPR 0406), Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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