1
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Ito M, Ishibashi Y, Watanabe T, Iwaki J, Kurita T, Okino N. Assays and Utilization of Enzymes Involved in Glycolipid Metabolism in Bacteria and Fungi. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2613:229-256. [PMID: 36587083 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2910-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial glycosphingolipid (GSL)-degrading enzymes with unique specificity are useful tools for GSL research. On the other hand, some microbial glycolipids, not only GSLs but also steryl glucosides, are closely related to pathogenicity, and, thus, the metabolism of microbial glycolipids is attracting attention as a target for antibiotics. This chapter describes the assays and utilization of microbial enzymes useful for glycolipid research and those involved in pathogenicity or host immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Iwaki
- Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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2
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Chen L, Chang Q, Yan Q, Yang G, Zhang Y, Feng Y. Structure of an endogalactosylceramidase from Rhodococcus hoagii 103S reveals the molecular basis of its substrate specificity. J Struct Biol 2019; 208:107393. [PMID: 31557527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endoglycoceramidases (EGCs) are family 5 glycoside hydrolases that catalyze hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages between the oligosaccharide and ceramide moieties of glycosphingolipids. Three orthologs of EGCs, each with distinct substrate specificity, have been identified to date, including EGC-I, EGC-II, and EGALC. Although the structures of EGC-I and EGC-II have been reported, the substrate preference mechanism of EGC enzymes remains unclear. Here, we determined the crystal structure of EGALC from Rhodococcus hoagii 103S at a resolution of 1.20 Å. Distinct from EGC-I and EGC-II, which both have a tunnel-like substrate binding site, the structure of EGALC accommodates substrates in a long groove. Further, the oligosaccharide-binding region of groove could be divided into two small pockets that separately bind to the Gal1 and to the Gal3/Gla3 present in 6-gala series substrates. Structural and sequence comparisons of EGC enzymes revealed that the conformation and length of their Nβ8-Lα1 regions are crucial in determining the architectures of their specific substrate binding sites. Importantly, molecular docking analyses indicate that the substrate specificity of each EGC is mainly derived from the complementarity of its active site groove/tunnel with substrates adopting particular conformations. Our study provide insights for understanding the catalytic mechanism of EGALC, which will help protein engineering for improving the substrate preference and catalytic efficiency of EGC enzymes toward important glycosphingolipid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Quande Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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3
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Hunter CD, Guo T, Daskhan G, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Synthetic Strategies for Modified Glycosphingolipids and Their Design as Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8188-8241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gour Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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4
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Han YB, Chen LQ, Li Z, Tan YM, Feng Y, Yang GY. Structural Insights into the Broad Substrate Specificity of a Novel Endoglycoceramidase I Belonging to a New Subfamily of GH5 Glycosidases. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4789-4800. [PMID: 28179425 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.763821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoglycoceramidases (EGCases) specifically hydrolyze the glycosidic linkage between the oligosaccharide and the ceramide moieties of various glycosphingolipids, and they have received substantial attention in the emerging field of glycosphingolipidology. However, the mechanism regulating the strict substrate specificity of these GH5 glycosidases has not been identified. In this study, we report a novel EGCase I from Rhodococcus equi 103S (103S_EGCase I) with remarkably broad substrate specificity. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the enzyme may represent a new subfamily of GH5 glycosidases. The X-ray crystal structures of 103S_EGCase I alone and in complex with its substrates monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3) and monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) enabled us to identify several structural features that may account for its broad specificity. Compared with EGCase II from Rhodococcus sp. M-777 (M777_EGCase II), which possesses strict substrate specificity, 103S_EGCase I possesses a longer α7-helix and a shorter loop 4, which forms a larger substrate-binding pocket that could accommodate more extended oligosaccharides. In addition, loop 2 and loop 8 of the enzyme adopt a more open conformation, which also enlarges the oligosaccharide-binding cavity. Based on this knowledge, a rationally designed experiment was performed to examine the substrate specificity of EGCase II. The truncation of loop 4 in M777_EGCase II increased its activity toward GM1 (163%). Remarkably, the S63G mutant of M777_EGCase II showed a broader substrate spectra and significantly increased activity toward bulky substrates (up to >1370-fold for fucosyl-GM1). Collectively, the results presented here reveal the exquisite substrate recognition mechanism of EGCases and provide an opportunity for further engineering of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Bin Han
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,the Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunological Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China, and
| | - Liu-Qing Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu-Meng Tan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Feng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,the Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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5
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Durand J, Biarnés X, Watterlot L, Bonzom C, Borsenberger V, Planas A, Bozonnet S, O’Donohue MJ, Fauré R. A Single Point Mutation Alters the Transglycosylation/Hydrolysis Partition, Significantly Enhancing the Synthetic Capability of an endo-Glycoceramidase. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Durand
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Xevi Biarnés
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurie Watterlot
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Cyrielle Bonzom
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Régis Fauré
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
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6
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Kallemeijn WW, Scheij S, Voorn-Brouwer TM, Witte MD, Verhoek M, Overkleeft HS, Boot RG, Aerts JMFG. Endo-β-Glucosidase Tag Allows Dual Detection of Fusion Proteins by Fluorescent Mechanism-Based Probes and Activity Measurement. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1698-704. [PMID: 27383447 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucoside-configured cyclophellitols are activity-based probes (ABPs) that allow sensitive detection of β-glucosidases. Their applicability to detect proteins fused with β-glucosidase was investigated in the cellular context. The tag was Rhodococcus sp. M-777 endoglycoceramidase II (EGCaseII), based on its lack of glycans and ability to hydrolyze fluorogenic 4-methylumbelliferyl β-d-lactoside (an activity absent in mammalian cells). Specific dual detection of fusion proteins was possible in vitro and in situ by using fluorescent ABPs and a fluorogenic substrate. Pre-blocking with conduritol β-epoxide (a poor inhibitor of EGCaseII) eliminated ABP labeling of endogenous β-glucosidases. ABPs equipped with biotin allowed convenient purification of the fusion proteins. Diversification of ABPs (distinct fluorophores, fluorogenic high-resolution detection moieties) should assist further research in living cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Saskia Scheij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Tineke M Voorn-Brouwer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Martin D Witte
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, NL.,Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Marri Verhoek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL.
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7
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Watanabe T, Ishibashi Y, Ito M. Physiological Significance of Glycolipid Catabolism in Cryptococcus neoformans. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1504.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
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8
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Watanabe T, Ishibashi Y, Ito M. Physiological Significance of Glycolipid Catabolism in Cryptococcus neoformans (Jpn. Ed.). TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1504.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
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9
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Watanabe T, Ito T, Goda HM, Ishibashi Y, Miyamoto T, Ikeda K, Taguchi R, Okino N, Ito M. Sterylglucoside catabolism in Cryptococcus neoformans with endoglycoceramidase-related protein 2 (EGCrP2), the first steryl-β-glucosidase identified in fungi. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1005-19. [PMID: 25361768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.616300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic fungi, such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. The ceramide structure (methyl-d18:2/h18:0) of C. neoformans glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is characteristic and strongly related to its pathogenicity. We recently identified endoglycoceramidase-related protein 1 (EGCrP1) as a glucocerebrosidase in C. neoformans and showed that it was involved in the quality control of GlcCer by eliminating immature GlcCer during the synthesis of GlcCer (Ishibashi, Y., Ikeda, K., Sakaguchi, K., Okino, N., Taguchi, R., and Ito, M. (2012) Quality control of fungus-specific glucosylceramide in Cryptococcus neoformans by endoglycoceramidase-related protein 1 (EGCrP1). J. Biol. Chem. 287, 368-381). We herein identified and characterized EGCrP2, a homologue of EGCrP1, as the enzyme responsible for sterylglucoside catabolism in C. neoformans. In contrast to EGCrP1, which is specific to GlcCer, EGCrP2 hydrolyzed various β-glucosides, including GlcCer, cholesteryl-β-glucoside, ergosteryl-β-glucoside, sitosteryl-β-glucoside, and para-nitrophenyl-β-glucoside, but not α-glucosides or β-galactosides, under acidic conditions. Disruption of the EGCrP2 gene (egcrp2) resulted in the accumulation of a glycolipid, the structure of which was determined following purification to ergosteryl-3β-glucoside, a major sterylglucoside in fungi, by mass spectrometric and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. This glycolipid accumulated in vacuoles and EGCrP2 was detected in vacuole-enriched fraction. These results indicated that EGCrP2 was involved in the catabolism of ergosteryl-β-glucoside in the vacuoles of C. neoformans. Distinct growth arrest, a dysfunction in cell budding, and an abnormal vacuole morphology were detected in the egcrp2-disrupted mutants, suggesting that EGCrP2 may be a promising target for anti-cryptococcal drugs. EGCrP2, classified into glycohydrolase family 5, is the first steryl-β-glucosidase identified as well as a missing link in sterylglucoside metabolism in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Ito
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hatsumi M Goda
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- the Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan, and
| | - Ryo Taguchi
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan,
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10
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Ishibashi Y, Kohyama-Koganeya A, Hirabayashi Y. New insights on glucosylated lipids: metabolism and functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1475-85. [PMID: 23770033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide, cholesterol, and phosphatidic acid are major basic structures for cell membrane lipids. These lipids are modified with glucose to generate glucosylceramide (GlcCer), cholesterylglucoside (ChlGlc), and phosphatidylglucoside (PtdGlc), respectively. Glucosylation dramatically changes the functional properties of lipids. For instance, ceramide acts as a strong tumor suppressor that causes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, while GlcCer has an opposite effect, downregulating ceramide activities. All glucosylated lipids are enriched in lipid rafts or microdomains and play fundamental roles in a variety of cellular processes. In this review, we discuss the biological functions and metabolism of these three glucosylated lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- Laboratory for Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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11
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Rich JR, Withers SG. A Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of the Neurogenic Starfish Ganglioside LLG‐3 Using an Engineered and Evolved Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. Rich
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z1 (Canada)
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z1 (Canada)
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12
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Rich JR, Withers SG. A Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of the Neurogenic Starfish Ganglioside LLG‐3 Using an Engineered and Evolved Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8640-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. Rich
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z1 (Canada)
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z1 (Canada)
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13
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Ishibashi Y, Kobayashi U, Hijikata A, Sakaguchi K, Goda HM, Tamura T, Okino N, Ito M. Preparation and characterization of EGCase I, applicable to the comprehensive analysis of GSLs, using a rhodococcal expression system. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2242-2251. [PMID: 22798689 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d028951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglycoceramidase (EGCase) is a glycosidase capable of hydrolyzing the β -glycosidic linkage between the oligosaccharides and ceramides of glycosphingolipids (GSLs). Three molecular species of EGCase differing in specificity were found in the culture fluid of Rhodococcus equi (formerly Rhodococcus sp. M-750) and designated EGCase I, II, and III. This study describes the molecular cloning of EGCase I and characterization of the recombinant enzyme, which was highly expressed in a rhodococcal expression system using Rhodococcus erythropolis. Kinetic analysis revealed the turnover number (k(cat)) (k(cat)) of the recombinant EGCase I to be 22- and 1,200-fold higher than that of EGCase II toward GM1a and Gb3Cer, respectively, although the K(m) of both enzymes was almost the same for these substrates. Comparison of the three-dimensional structure of EGCase I (model) and EGCase II (crystal) indicated that a flexible loop hangs over the catalytic cleft of EGCase II but not EGCase I. Deletion of the loop from EGCase II increased the k(cat) of the mutant enzyme, suggesting that the loop is a critical factor affecting the turnover of substrates and products in the catalytic region. Recombinant EGCase I exhibited broad specificity and good reaction efficiency compared with EGCase II, making EGCase I well-suited to a comprehensive analysis of GSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Utaro Kobayashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hijikata
- Laboratory for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; and
| | - Keishi Sakaguchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hatsumi M Goda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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14
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Ishibashi Y, Ikeda K, Sakaguchi K, Okino N, Taguchi R, Ito M. Quality control of fungus-specific glucosylceramide in Cryptococcus neoformans by endoglycoceramidase-related protein 1 (EGCrP1). J Biol Chem 2011; 287:368-381. [PMID: 22072709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.311340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A fungus-specific glucosylceramide (GlcCer), which contains a unique sphingoid base possessing two double bonds and a methyl substitution, is essential for pathogenicity in fungi. Although the biosynthetic pathway of the GlcCer has been well elucidated, little is known about GlcCer catabolism because a GlcCer-degrading enzyme (glucocerebrosidase) has yet to be identified in fungi. We found a homologue of endoglycoceramidase tentatively designated endoglycoceramidase-related protein 1 (EGCrP1) in several fungal genomic databases. The recombinant EGCrP1 hydrolyzed GlcCer but not other glycosphingolipids, whereas endoglycoceramidase hydrolyzed oligosaccharide-linked glycosphingolipids but not GlcCer. Disruption of egcrp1 in Cryptococcus neoformans, a typical pathogenic fungus causing cryptococcosis, resulted in the accumulation of fungus-specific GlcCer and immature GlcCer that possess sphingoid bases without a methyl substitution concomitant with a dysfunction of polysaccharide capsule formation. These results indicated that EGCrP1 participates in the catabolism of GlcCer and especially functions to eliminate immature GlcCer in vivo that are generated as by-products due to the broad specificity of GlcCer synthase. We conclude that EGCrP1, a glucocerebrosidase identified for the first time in fungi, controls the quality of GlcCer by eliminating immature GlcCer incorrectly generated in C. neoformans, leading to accurate processing of fungus-specific GlcCer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Department of Metabolome, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Keishi Sakaguchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Ryo Taguchi
- Department of Metabolome, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), MUZA, Saiwai-ku, Kanagawa 212-8554, Japan.
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15
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Fujitani N, Takegawa Y, Ishibashi Y, Araki K, Furukawa JI, Mitsutake S, Igarashi Y, Ito M, Shinohara Y. Qualitative and quantitative cellular glycomics of glycosphingolipids based on rhodococcal endoglycosylceramidase-assisted glycan cleavage, glycoblotting-assisted sample preparation, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41669-41679. [PMID: 21965662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.301796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are crucially important components of the cellular membrane, where they comprise microdomains with many critical biological functions. Despite this fact, qualitative and quantitative techniques for the analysis of GSLs still lag behind the needs of researchers. In this study, a reliable procedure for the elucidation of cellular GSL-glycomes was established based on (a) enzymatic glycan cleavage by endoglycosylceramidases derived from Rhodococcus sp. in combination with (b) glycoblotting-assisted sample preparation. The mixture of endoglycosylceramidase I and II was employed to maximize the release of glycan moieties from the major classes of GSLs (i.e. ganglio-, (neo)lacto- and globo-series GSLs). The glycoblotting technique enabled the quantitative detection of GSL-glycans using as few as 2 × 10(5) cells. Thirty-seven different kinds of cellular GSL glycans were successfully observed in 11 kinds of cells, including Chinese hamster ovary cells and their lectin-resistant mutants as well as murine and human embryonic carcinoma cells. Furthermore, in-depth structural clarification in terms of discrimination of isomers was achieved by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry analysis and/or linkage-specific glycosidase digestion. These novel analytical techniques were shown to be capable of delineating cell-specific GSL-glycomes. Thus, they are anticipated to have a broad range of applications for the characterization, description, and comparison of various cellular/tissue samples in the fields of drug discovery and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Fujitani
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takegawa
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kayo Araki
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Susumu Mitsutake
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yasuro Shinohara
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
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16
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Rich JR, Cunningham AM, Gilbert M, Withers SG. Glycosphingolipid synthesis employing a combination of recombinant glycosyltransferases and an endoglycoceramidase glycosynthase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10806-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Li YT, Chou CW, Li SC, Kobayashi U, Ishibashi YH, Ito M. Preparation of homogenous oligosaccharide chains from glycosphingolipids. Glycoconj J 2010; 26:929-33. [PMID: 18415015 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
After the discovery of glycosphingolipid (GSL) glycan detaching enzymes, Rhodococcal endoglycoceramidase (EGCase) and leech ceramide glycanase (CGase), the method for enzymatically releasing glycans from GSLs has become the method of choice for preparing intact ceramide-free oligosaccharide chains from GSLs. This paper describes (1) the preparation of the intact oligosaccharides from GM1 (II(3)NeuAcGgOse(4)Cer) and GbOse(4)Cer as examples to show the use of CGase to prepare intact glycan chains from GSLs, and (2) the specificity and detergent requirements of Rhodococcal EGCases for the release of glycan chains from different GSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Teh Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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18
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Xu X, Horibata Y, Inagaki M, Hama Y, Sakaguchi K, Goda HM, Okino N, Ito M. A novel fucosyl glycosphingolipid of brine shrimp that is highly sensitive to endoglycoceramidase. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1446-51. [PMID: 19700487 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglycoceramidase (EGCase; EC 3.2.1.123) is a glycohydrolase that hydrolyzes the glycosidic linkage between the oligosaccharide and ceramide of various glycosphingolipids. We previously reported that hydra produced EGCase to digest glycosphingolipids of brine shrimp (Artemia salina), a type of aquatic crustacean used as a diet for the culture of hydra (Horibata Y, Sakaguchi K, Okino N, Iida H, Inagaki M, Fujisawa T, Hama Y, Ito M. 2004. J Biol Chem. 279:33379-33389). We report here that a major glycosphingolipid of brine shrimp is unique in structure and highly sensitive to EGCase. The glycosphingolipid was extracted from freshly hatched brine shrimp by Folch's partition, followed by mild alkaline hydrolysis and purification with a Sep-Pak plus silica cartridge. The structure of brine shrimp glycosphingolipid was determined by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and (1)H-NMR spectrometry to be GlcNAcalpha1-2Fucalpha1-3Manbeta1-4Glcbeta1-1'Cer. Two major molecular species of the glycosphingolipid were identified; the sugar and sphingoid base of each were the same but the major fatty acid was C22:0 and 2-hydroxy C22:0, respectively. This is the first report describing the glycosphingolipid that has an internal fucosyl residue substituted with alpha1-2 N-acetylglucosaminyl residue. This study also suggests the biological relevance of the glycosphingolipid as a dietary source of hydra which possesses EGCase as a digestion enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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19
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Chisada SI, Yoshimura Y, Sakaguchi K, Uemura S, Go S, Ikeda K, Uchima H, Matsunaga N, Ogura K, Tai T, Okino N, Taguchi R, Inokuchi J, Ito M. Zebrafish and mouse alpha2,3-sialyltransferases responsible for synthesizing GM4 ganglioside. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30534-46. [PMID: 19542236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that fish pathogens causing vibriosis specifically adhere to GM4 on the epithelial cells of fish intestinal tracts (Chisada, S., Horibata, Y., Hama, Y., Inagaki, M., Furuya, N., Okino, N., and Ito, M. (2005) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 333, 367-373). To identify the gene encoding the enzyme for GM4 synthesis in the fish intestinal tract, a phylogenetic tree of vertebrate ST3GalVs, including Danio rerio and Oryzias latipes, was generated in which two putative subfamilies of fish ST3GalVs were found. Two putative ST3GalVs of zebrafish (zST3GalV-1 and -2), each belonging to different subfamilies, were cloned from the zebrafish cDNA library. Interestingly, zST3GalV-1 synthesized GM3 (NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4Glcbeta1-1'Cer) but not GM4, whereas zSTGalV-2 synthesized both gangliosides in vitro when expressed in CHO-K1 and RPMI1846 cells. Flow cytometric analysis using anti-GM4 antibody revealed that the transformation of RPMI1846 cells with zST3GalV-2 but not zST3GalV-1 cDNA increased the cell-surface expression of GM4. Whole mount in situ hybridization showed that the zST3GalV-2 transcript was strongly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas zST3GalV-1 was expressed in the brain and esophagus but not gastrointestinal tract in 3-day post-fertilization embryos. It has long been a matter of controversy which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of GM4 in mammals. We found that three isoforms of mouse ST3GalV (mST3GalV) having different N-terminal sequences can synthesize GM4 as well as GM3 when expressed in RPMI1846 and CHO-K1 cells. Furthermore, mST3GalV knock-out mice were found to lack GM4 synthase activity and GM4 in contrast to wild-type mice. These results clearly indicate that zST3GalV-2 and mST3GalV are the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of GM4 in zebrafish and mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Chisada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Shaikh FA, Withers SG. Teaching old enzymes new tricks: engineering and evolution of glycosidases and glycosyl transferases for improved glycoside synthesis. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:169-77. [PMID: 18443630 DOI: 10.1139/o07-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of glycosides has made them an attractive target for drug development. The biological extraction and chemical synthesis of these molecules is often challenging and low yielding, thus alternative methods for the synthesis of polysaccharides are being pursued. A new class of enzymes, glycosynthases, which are nucleophile mutants of glycosidases, can perform the transglycosylation reaction without hydrolyzing the product, and thus provide a valuable resource for polysaccharide and glycan synthesis. Directed evolution of glycosynthases has expanded the repertoire of glycosidic linkages formed and the donors and acceptors (both sugar and nonsugar) that can be used by the glycosynthase. The application of new screening methods, such as FACS, to the directed evolution of glycosynthases will aid in the development of enzymes that are able to efficiently synthesize new, and therapeutically relevant glycosidic linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima Aidha Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
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21
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Ishibashi Y, Nakasone T, Kiyohara M, Horibata Y, Sakaguchi K, Hijikata A, Ichinose S, Omori A, Yasui Y, Imamura A, Ishida H, Kiso M, Okino N, Ito M. A Novel Endoglycoceramidase Hydrolyzes Oligogalactosylceramides to Produce Galactooligosaccharides and Ceramides. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11386-96. [PMID: 17244618 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608445200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the beta-glycosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides in various glycosphingolipids has been found in microorganisms and invertebrates and designated endoglycoceramidase (EC 3.2.1.123) or ceramide glycanase. Here we report the molecular cloning, characterization, and homology modeling of a novel endoglycoceramidase that hydrolyzes oligogalactosylceramides to produce galactooligosaccharides and ceramides. The novel enzyme was purified from a culture supernatant of Rhodococcus equi, and the gene encoding 488 deduced amino acids was cloned using peptide sequences of the purified enzyme. Eight residues essential for the catalytic reaction in microbial and animal endoglycoceramidases were all conserved in the deduced amino acid sequence of the novel enzyme. Homology modeling of the enzyme using endocellulase E1 as a template revealed that the enzyme displays a (beta/alpha)8 barrel structure in which Glu234 at the end of beta-strand 4 and Glu341 at the end of beta-strand 7 could function as an acid/base catalyst and a nucleophile, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis of these glutamates resulted in a complete loss of the activity without a change in their CD spectra. The recombinant enzyme hydrolyzed the beta-galactosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides of 6-gala series glycosphingolipids that were completely resistant to hydrolysis by the enzymes reported so far. In contrast, the novel enzyme did not hydrolyze ganglio-, globo-, or lactoseries glycosphingolipids. The enzyme is therefore systematically named "oligogalactosyl-N-acylsphingosine 1,1'-beta-galactohydrolase" or tentatively designated "endogalactosylceramidase."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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22
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Caines MEC, Vaughan MD, Tarling CA, Hancock SM, Warren RAJ, Withers SG, Strynadka NCJ. Structural and mechanistic analyses of endo-glycoceramidase II, a membrane-associated family 5 glycosidase in the Apo and GM3 ganglioside-bound forms. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14300-8. [PMID: 17329247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611455200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
endo-Glycoceramidase, a membrane-associated family 5 glycosidase, deviates from the typical polysaccharide substrate specificity of other soluble members of the family, preferentially hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages between the oligosaccharide and ceramide moieties of gangliosides. Here we report the first x-ray crystal structures of an endo-glycoceramidase from Rhodococcus sp., in the apo form, in complex with the ganglioside G(M3) (Svennerholm ganglioside nomenclature (Svennerholm, L. (1964) J. Lipid Res. 5, 145-155)), and trapped as a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate. These snapshots provide the first molecular insight into enzyme recognition and association with gangliosides, revealing the structural adaptations necessary for glycosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis and detailing a novel ganglioside binding topology. Consistent with the chemical duality of the substrate, the active site of endo-glycoceramidase is split into a wide, polar cavity to bind the polyhydroxylated oligosaccharide moiety and a narrow, hydrophobic tunnel to bind the ceramide lipid chains. The specific interactions with the ceramide polar head group manifest a surprising aglycone specificity, an observation substantiated by our kinetic analyses. Collectively, the reported structural and kinetic data provide insight toward rational redesign of the synthetic glycosynthase mutant of endo-glycoceramidase to enable facile synthesis of nonnatural, therapeutically useful gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E C Caines
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry, and Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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23
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Horibata Y, Sakaguchi K, Okino N, Iida H, Inagaki M, Fujisawa T, Hama Y, Ito M. Unique Catabolic Pathway of Glycosphingolipids in a Hydrozoan, Hydra magnipapillata, Involving Endoglycoceramidase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:33379-89. [PMID: 15320336 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401460200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglycoceramidase (EGCase; EC 3.2.1.123) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the glycosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides of various glycosphingolipids. We detected strong EGCase activity in animals belonging to Cnidaria, Mollusca, and Annelida and cloned the enzyme from a hydra, Hydra magnipapillata. The hydra EGCase, consisting of 517 amino acid residues, showed 19.2% and 50.2% identity to the Rhodcoccus and jellyfish EGCases, respectively. The recombinant hydra enzyme, expressed in CHOP (Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing polyoma LT antigen) cells, hydrolyzed [14C]GM1a to produce [14C]ceramide with a pH optimum at 3.0-3.5. Whole mount in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that EGCase was widely expressed in the endodermal layer, especially in digestive cells. GM1a injected into the gastric cavity was incorporated and then directly catabolized by EGCase to produce GM1a-oligosaccharide and ceramide, which were further degraded by exoglycosidases and ceramidase, respectively. However, hydra exoglycosidases did not hydrolyze GM1a directly. These results indicate that the EGCase is indispensable for the catabolic processing of dietary glycosphingolipids in hydra, demonstrating the unique catabolic pathway for glyosphingolipids in the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Horibata
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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24
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Furusato M, Sueyoshi N, Mitsutake S, Sakaguchi K, Kita K, Okino N, Ichinose S, Omori A, Ito M. Molecular cloning and characterization of sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase from a marine bacterium, Shewanella alga G8. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17300-7. [PMID: 11827965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110688200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, lyso-sphingolipids have been identified as ligands for several orphan G protein-coupled receptors, although the molecular mechanism for their generation has yet to be clarified. Here, we report the molecular cloning of the enzyme, which catalyzes the generation of lyso-sphingolipids from various sphingolipids (sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase). The 75-kDa enzyme was purified from the marine bacterium, Shewanella alga G8, and its gene was cloned from a G8 genomic library using sequences of the purified enzyme. The cloned enzyme was composed of 992 amino acids, including a signal sequence of 35 residues, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 109,843. Significant sequence similarities were found with an unknown protein of Streptomyces fradiae Y59 and a Lumbricus terrestris lectin but not other known functional proteins. The 106-kDa recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli hydrolyzed various glycosphingolipids and sphingomyelin, although it seems to be much less active than the native 75-kDa enzyme. In vitro translation using wheat germ extract revealed the activity of a 75-kDa deletion mutant lacking a C terminus to be much stronger than that of the full-length enzyme, suggesting that C-terminal processing is necessary for full activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Furusato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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25
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Kasahara K, Watanabe K, Takeuchi K, Kaneko H, Oohira A, Yamamoto T, Sanai Y. Involvement of gangliosides in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored neuronal cell adhesion molecule TAG-1 signaling in lipid rafts. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:34701-9. [PMID: 10944523 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003163200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of ganglioside GD3 with TAG-1, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored neuronal cell adhesion molecule, was examined by coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Previously, we have shown that the anti-ganglioside GD3 antibody (R24) immunoprecipitated the Src family kinase Lyn from the rat cerebellum, and R24 treatment of primary cerebellar cultures induced Lyn activation and rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of an 80-kDa protein (p80). We now report that R24 coimmunoprecipitates a 135-kDa protein (p135) from primary cerebellar cultures. Treatment with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C revealed that p135 was glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the membrane. It was identified as TAG-1 by sequential immunoprecipitation with an anti-TAG-1 antibody. Antibody-mediated cross-linking of TAG-1 induced Lyn activation and rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of p80. Selective inhibitor for Src family kinases reduced the tyrosine phosphorylation of p80. Sucrose density gradient analysis revealed that the TAG-1 and tyrosine-phosphorylated p80 in cerebellar cultures were present in the lipid raft fraction. These data show that TAG-1 transduces signals via Lyn to p80 in the lipid rafts of the cerebellum. Furthermore, degradation of cell-surface glycosphingolipids by endoglycoceramidase induced an alteration of TAG-1 distribution on an OptiPrep gradient and reduced the TAG-1-mediated Lyn activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of p80. These observations suggest that glycosphingolipids are involved in TAG-1-mediated signaling in lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kasahara
- Department of Biochemical Cell Research, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan.
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26
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Horibata Y, Okino N, Ichinose S, Omori A, Ito M. Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of a novel acidic endoglycoceramidase from the jellyfish, Cyanea nozakii. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31297-304. [PMID: 10882727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003575200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglycoceramidase (EC ) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the glycosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides in various glycosphingolipids. We report here the purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of a novel endoglycoceramidase from the jellyfish, Cyanea nozakii. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band estimated to be 51 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme showed a pH optimum of 3.0 and was activated by Triton X-100 and Lubrol PX but not by sodium taurodeoxycholate. This enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed gangliosides, especially GT1b and GQ1b, whereas neutral glycosphingolipids were somewhat resistant to hydrolysis by the enzyme. A full-length cDNA encoding the enzyme was cloned by 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends using a partial amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme. The open reading frame of 1509 nucleotides encoded a polypeptide of 503 amino acids including a signal sequence of 25 residues and six potential N-glycosylation sites. Interestingly, the Asn-Glu-Pro sequence, which is the putative active site of Rhodococcus endoglycoceramidase, was conserved in the deduced amino acid sequences. This is the first report of the cloning of an endoglycoceramidase from a eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Horibata
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
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27
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Sakaguchi K, Okino N, Izu H, Ito M. The Glu residue in the conserved Asn-Glu-Pro sequence of endoglycoceramidase is essential for enzymatic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 260:89-93. [PMID: 10381348 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endoglycoceramidase (EGCase) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the glycosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides of various glycosphingolipids. We previously cloned the gene encoding EGCase II of Rhodococcus sp. M-777 and reported that the deduced amino acid sequence contained the Asn-Glu-Pro (NEP) sequence, conserved as part of the active site of family A cellulases (endo-1,4-beta-glucanases) (J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19846, 1997). The NEP sequence was also found in the deduced amino acid sequence of the newly cloned EGCase gene of Rhodococcus sp. C9. Replacement of the Glu residue in the NEP sequence with Gln or Asp by site-directed mutagenesis caused marked loss of enzymatic activity in both the M-777 and C9 EGCases but did not affect the expression of EGCase protein. This result clearly indicated that the NEP sequence is part of the active site of EGCase, in which the Glu residue plays an important role in the catalytic reaction, possibly in the same manner as in endo-1,4-beta-glucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakaguchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Graduate School Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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