1
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Wang J, Zhou X, Han T, Zhang H. Epigenetic signatures of trophoblast lineage and their biological functions. Cells Dev 2024:203934. [PMID: 38942294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Trophoblasts play a crucial role in embryo implantation and in interacting with the maternal uterus. The trophoblast lineage develops into a substantial part of the placenta, a temporary extra-embryonic organ, capable of undergoing distinctive epigenetic events during development. The critical role of trophoblast-specific epigenetic signatures in regulating placental development has become known, significantly advancing our understanding of trophoblast identity and lineage development. Scientific efforts are revealing how trophoblast-specific epigenetic signatures mediate stage-specific gene regulatory programming during the development of the trophoblast lineage. These epigenetic signatures have a significant impact on blastocyst formation, placental development, as well as the growth and survival of embryos and fetuses. In evolution, DNA hypomethylation in the trophoblast lineage is conserved, and there is a significant disparity in the control of epigenetic dynamics and the landscape of genomic imprinting. Scientists have used murine and human multipotent trophoblast cells as in vitro models to recapitulate the essential epigenetic processes of placental development. Here, we review the epigenetic signatures of the trophoblast lineage and their biological functions to enhance our understanding of placental evolution, development, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Reproductive Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tingli Han
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, China; The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, China.
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2
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Calvo MJ, Parra H, Santeliz R, Bautista J, Luzardo E, Villasmil N, Martínez MS, Chacín M, Cano C, Checa-Ros A, D'Marco L, Bermúdez V, De Sanctis JB. The Placental Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Molecular Perspective. TOUCHREVIEWS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2024; 20:10-18. [PMID: 38812661 PMCID: PMC11132656 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2024.20.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
During pregnancy, women undergo several metabolic changes to guarantee an adequate supply of glucose to the foetus. These metabolic modifications develop what is known as physiological insulin resistance. When this process is altered, however, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs. GDM is a multifactorial disease, and genetic and environmental factors play a crucial role in its aetiopathogenesis. GDM has been linked to both macroscopic and molecular alterations in placental tissues that affect placental physiology. This review summarizes the role of the placenta in the development of GDM from a molecular perspective, including hormonal and pro-inflammatory changes. Inflammation and hormonal imbalance, the characteristics dominating the GDM microenvironment, are responsible for placental changes in size and vascularity, leading to dysregulation in maternal and foetal circulations and to complications in the newborn. In conclusion, since the hormonal mechanisms operating in GDM have not been fully elucidated, more research should be done to improve the quality of life of patients with GDM and their future children.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Calvo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Heliana Parra
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Raquel Santeliz
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Jordan Bautista
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Eliana Luzardo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Nelson Villasmil
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María Sofía Martínez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Maricamen Chacín
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Clímaco Cano
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Ana Checa-Ros
- Research Group on Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luis D'Marco
- Research Group on Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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3
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De Franco E, Owens NDL, Montaser H, Wakeling MN, Saarimäki-Vire J, Triantou A, Ibrahim H, Balboa D, Caswell RC, Jennings RE, Kvist JA, Johnson MB, Muralidharan S, Ellard S, Wright CF, Maddirevula S, Alkuraya FS, Hanley NA, Flanagan SE, Otonkoski T, Hattersley AT, Imbeault M. Primate-specific ZNF808 is essential for pancreatic development in humans. Nat Genet 2023; 55:2075-2081. [PMID: 37973953 PMCID: PMC10703691 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genes linked to extreme phenotypes in humans has the potential to highlight biological processes not shared with all other mammals. Here, we report the identification of homozygous loss-of-function variants in the primate-specific gene ZNF808 as a cause of pancreatic agenesis. ZNF808 is a member of the KRAB zinc finger protein family, a large and rapidly evolving group of epigenetic silencers which target transposable elements. We show that loss of ZNF808 in vitro results in aberrant activation of regulatory potential contained in the primate-specific transposable elements it represses during early pancreas development. This leads to inappropriate specification of cell fate with induction of genes associated with liver identity. Our results highlight the essential role of ZNF808 in pancreatic development in humans and the contribution of primate-specific regions of the human genome to congenital developmental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Nick D L Owens
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Hossam Montaser
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew N Wakeling
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Jonna Saarimäki-Vire
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Athina Triantou
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diego Balboa
- Regulatory Genomics and Diabetes, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard C Caswell
- Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachel E Jennings
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Endocrinology Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jouni A Kvist
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew B Johnson
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Sachin Muralidharan
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sian Ellard
- Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline F Wright
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Endocrinology Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter, UK.
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4
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Keighley LM, Lynch-Sutherland CF, Almomani SN, Eccles MR, Macaulay EC. Unveiling the hidden players: The crucial role of transposable elements in the placenta and their potential contribution to pre-eclampsia. Placenta 2023; 141:57-64. [PMID: 37301654 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The human placenta is a vital connection between maternal and fetal tissues, allowing for the exchange of molecules and modulation of immune interactions during pregnancy. Interestingly, some of the placenta's unique functions can be attributed to transposable elements (TEs), which are DNA sequences that have mobilised into the genome. Co-option throughout mammalian evolution has led to the generation of TE-derived regulators and TE-derived genes, some of which are expressed in the placenta but silenced in somatic tissues. TE genes encompass both TE-derived genes with a repeat element in the coding region and TE-derived regulatory regions such as alternative promoters and enhancers. Placental-specific TE genes are known to contribute to the placenta's unique functions, and interestingly, they are also expressed in some cancers and share similar functions. There is evidence to support that aberrant activity of TE genes may contribute to placental pathologies, cancer and autoimmunity. In this review, we highlight the crucial roles of TE genes in placental function, and how their dysregulation may lead to pre-eclampsia, a common and dangerous placental condition. We provide a summary of the functional TE genes in the placenta to offer insight into their significance in normal and abnormal human development. Ultimately, this review highlights an opportunity for future research to investigate the potential dysregulation of TE genes in the development of placental pathologies such as pre-eclampsia. Further understanding of TE genes and their role in the placenta could lead to significant improvements in maternal and fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Keighley
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Chiemi F Lynch-Sutherland
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suzan N Almomani
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael R Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erin C Macaulay
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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5
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Association of serum leptin at 24-28 weeks gestation with initiation and progression of labor in women. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16016. [PMID: 36163455 PMCID: PMC9512924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrations of the hormone leptin, which is produced by adipose tissue, increase with increasing BMI, whereas leptin sensitivity often declines with higher BMI. Thus, altered leptin signaling may play a role in reproductive health risks observed with increasing BMI, which include later onset and slow progression of labor. Conflicting evidence from clinical, animal and in vitro studies have suggested that leptin either promotes or inhibits labor. We hypothesized that serum leptin concentrations or serum leptin: body mass index (BMI) ratios in women may be associated with the initiation and progression of labor. Following informed consent, serum samples were collected from 90 women with singleton pregnancies at the time of routine glucose-challenge testing, for measurement of leptin. The potential influence of leptin on gestation length and cervical dilation timing were examined by multiple linear regression. Data were analyzed from 63 participants who met exclusion and inclusion criteria. Leptin concentrations (log-transformed) at 24–28 weeks gestation were not significantly correlated with first trimester BMI . Log serum leptin and leptin: BMI ratio each were significantly associated with shorter total gestation length in uncomplicated, term pregnancies. In contrast, the mid-pregnancy leptin concentrations were not associated with progression of labor, assessed by cervical dilation over time. The association between higher serum leptin and shorter gestation length is consistent with the hypothesis that leptin promotes, or is permissive for, the onset of labor.
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6
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Abstract
Leptin is a hormone primarily produced by the adipose tissue in proportion to the size of fat stores, with a primary function in the control of lipid reserves. Besides adipose tissue, leptin is also produced by other tissues, such as the stomach, placenta, and mammary gland. Altogether, leptin exerts a broad spectrum of short, medium, and long-term regulatory actions at the central and peripheral levels, including metabolic programming effects that condition the proper development and function of the adipose organ, which are relevant for its main role in energy homeostasis. Comprehending how leptin regulates adipose tissue may provide important clues to understand the pathophysiology of obesity and related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, as well as its prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the physiological and long-lasting regulatory effects of leptin on adipose tissue, the mechanisms and pathways involved, its main outcomes on whole-body physiological homeostasis, and its consequences on chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Catalina Amadora Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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7
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Kulski JK, Suzuki S, Shiina T. Haplotype Shuffling and Dimorphic Transposable Elements in the Human Extended Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Region. Front Genet 2021; 12:665899. [PMID: 34122517 PMCID: PMC8193847 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.665899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6p21 is one of the most single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-dense regions of the human genome and a prime model for the study and understanding of conserved sequence polymorphisms and structural diversity of ancestral haplotypes/conserved extended haplotypes. This study aimed to follow up on a previous analysis of the MHC class I region by using the same set of 95 MHC haplotype sequences downloaded from a publicly available BioProject database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information to identify and characterize the polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class II genes, the MTCO3P1 pseudogene alleles, the indels of transposable elements as haplotypic lineage markers, and SNP-density crossover (XO) loci at haplotype junctions in DNA sequence alignments of different haplotypes across the extended class II region (∼1 Mb) from the telomeric PRRT1 gene in class III to the COL11A2 gene at the centromeric end of class II. We identified 42 haplotypic indels (20 Alu, 7 SVA, 13 LTR or MERs, and 2 indels composed of a mosaic of different transposable elements) linked to particular HLA-class II alleles. Comparative sequence analyses of 136 haplotype pairs revealed 98 unique XO sites between SNP-poor and SNP-rich genomic segments with considerable haplotype shuffling located in the proximity of putative recombination hotspots. The majority of XO sites occurred across various regions including in the vicinity of MTCO3P1 between HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DQB3, between HLA-DQB2 and HLA-DOB, between DOB and TAP2, and between HLA-DOA and HLA-DPA1, where most XOs were within a HERVK22 sequence. We also determined the genomic positions of the PRDM9-recombination suppression sequence motif ATCCATG/CATGGAT and the PRDM9 recombination activation partial binding motif CCTCCCCT/AGGGGAG in the class II region of the human reference genome (NC_ 000006) relative to published meiotic recombination positions. Both the recombination and anti-recombination PRDM9 binding motifs were widely distributed throughout the class II genomic regions with 50% or more found within repeat elements; the anti-recombination motifs were found mostly in L1 fragmented repeats. This study shows substantial haplotype shuffling between different polymorphic blocks and confirms the presence of numerous putative ancestral recombination sites across the class II region between various HLA class II genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy K Kulski
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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8
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Etchegaray E, Naville M, Volff JN, Haftek-Terreau Z. Transposable element-derived sequences in vertebrate development. Mob DNA 2021; 12:1. [PMID: 33407840 PMCID: PMC7786948 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-020-00229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are major components of all vertebrate genomes that can cause deleterious insertions and genomic instability. However, depending on the specific genomic context of their insertion site, TE sequences can sometimes get positively selected, leading to what are called "exaptation" events. TE sequence exaptation constitutes an important source of novelties for gene, genome and organism evolution, giving rise to new regulatory sequences, protein-coding exons/genes and non-coding RNAs, which can play various roles beneficial to the host. In this review, we focus on the development of vertebrates, which present many derived traits such as bones, adaptive immunity and a complex brain. We illustrate how TE-derived sequences have given rise to developmental innovations in vertebrates and how they thereby contributed to the evolutionary success of this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Etchegaray
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d'Italie, F-69364, Lyon, France.
| | - Magali Naville
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d'Italie, F-69364, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d'Italie, F-69364, Lyon, France
| | - Zofia Haftek-Terreau
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d'Italie, F-69364, Lyon, France
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Kennedy EM, Hermetz K, Burt A, Everson TM, Deyssenroth M, Hao K, Chen J, Karagas MR, Pei D, Koestler DC, Marsit CJ. Placental microRNA expression associates with birthweight through control of adipokines: results from two independent cohorts. Epigenetics 2020; 16:770-782. [PMID: 33016211 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1827704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. In the placenta, the master regulator of foetal growth and development, microRNAs shape the basic processes of trophoblast biology and specific microRNA have been associated with foetal growth. To comprehensively assess the role of microRNAs in placental function and foetal development, we have performed small RNA sequencing to profile placental microRNAs from two independent mother-infant cohorts: the Rhode Island Child Health Study (n = 225) and the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (n = 317). We modelled microRNA counts on infant birthweight percentile (BWP) in each cohort, while accounting for race, sex, parity, and technical factors, using negative binomial generalized linear models. We identified microRNAs that were differentially expressed (DEmiRs) with BWP at false discovery rate (FDR) less than 0.05 in both cohorts. hsa-miR-532-5p (miR-532) was positively associated with BWP in both cohorts. By integrating parallel whole transcriptome and small RNA sequencing in the RICHS cohort, we identified putative targets of miR-532. These targets are enriched for pathways involved in adipogenesis, adipocytokine signalling, energy metabolism, and hypoxia response, and included Leptin, which we further demonstrated to have a decreasing expression with increasing BWP, particularly in male infants. Overall, we have shown a robust and reproducible association of miR-532 with BWP, which could influence BWP through regulation of adipocytokines Leptin and Adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kennedy
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen Hermetz
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Burt
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd M Everson
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maya Deyssenroth
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Dartmouth College, Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Dong Pei
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Devin C Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Kochhar P, Manikandan C, Ravikumar G, Dwarkanath P, Sheela CN, George S, Thomas A, Crasta J, Thomas T, Kurpad AV, Mukhopadhyay A. Placental expression of leptin: fetal sex-independent relation with human placental growth. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:1603-1612. [PMID: 32382074 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leptin (LEP) is a vital placental hormone that is known to affect different aspects of placental function and fetal development. The present study aimed to determine the association of placental LEP transcript abundance with maternal, placental, and newborn parameters. SUBJECTS/METHODS In this retrospective case-control study, placental samples (n = 105) were collected from small (SGA) and appropriate (AGA) for gestational age full-term singleton pregnancies (n = 44 SGA and n = 61 AGA). Placental transcript abundance of LEP was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR after normalization to a reference gene panel. LEP methylation was measured using a quantitative MethyLight assay in a subset of samples (n = 54). RESULTS Placental LEP transcript abundance was negatively and significantly associated with placental weight (β = -3.883, P = 0.015). This association continued to be significant in the SGA group (β = -10.332, P = 0.001), both in female (β = -15.423, P = 0.021) and male births (β = -10.029, P = 0.007). LEP transcript abundance was not associated with LEP methylation levels (Spearman's ρ = 0.148, P = 0.287). CONCLUSION We conclude that placental upregulation of LEP is an integral and fetal sex-independent component of placental growth restriction, which can be potentially targeted through maternal dietary modifications to improve fetoplacental growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kochhar
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - C Manikandan
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.,School of Biosciences and Technology; Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - G Ravikumar
- Department of Pathology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - P Dwarkanath
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - C N Sheela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - S George
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - A Thomas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - J Crasta
- Department of Pathology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - T Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - A V Kurpad
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - A Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.
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11
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Abstract
Worldwide obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in children and adolescents, with the consequent emergence of co-morbidities. Moreover, the maternal environment during pregnancy plays an important role in obesity, contributing to transgenerational transmission of the same and metabolic dysfunction. White adipose tissue represents a prime target of metabolic programming induced by maternal milieu. In this article, we review adipose tissue physiology and development, as well as maternal influences during the perinatal period that may lead to obesity in early postnatal life and adulthood. First, we describe the adipose tissue cell composition, distribution and hormonal action, together with the evidence of hormonal factors participating in fetal/postnatal programming. Subsequently, we describe the critical periods of adipose tissue development and the relationship of gestational and early postnatal life with healthy fetal adipose tissue expansion. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence showing that adipose tissue is an important target for nutritional, hormonal and epigenetic signals to modulate fetal growth. Finally, we describe nutritional, hormonal, epigenetic and microbiome changes observed in maternal obesity, and whether their disruption alters fetal growth and adiposity. The presented evidence supports the developmental origins of health and disease concept, which proposes that the homeostatic system is affected during gestational and postnatal development, impeding the ability to regulate body weight after birth, thereby resulting in adult obesity. Consequently, we anticipate that promoting a healthy early-life programming of adipose tissue and increasing the knowledge of the mechanisms by which maternal factors affect the health of future generations may offer novel strategies for explaining and addressing worldwide health problems such as obesity.
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12
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Arroyo-Jousse V, Jaramillo A, Castaño-Moreno E, Lépez M, Carrasco-Negüe K, Casanello P. Adipokines underlie the early origins of obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities in the offspring of women with pregestational obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165558. [PMID: 31654701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal pregestational obesity is a well-known risk factor for offspring obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms by which maternal obesity can induce alterations in fetal and later neonatal metabolism are not fully elucidated due to its complexity and multifactorial causes. Two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, are involved in fetal and postnatal growth trajectories, and both are altered in women with pregestational obesity. The placenta synthesizes leptin, which goes mainly to the maternal circulation and in lesser amount to the developing fetus. Maternal pregestational obesity and hyperleptinemia are associated with placental dysfunction and changes in nutrient transporters which directly affect fetal growth and development. By the other side, the embryo can produce its own leptin from early in development, which is associated to fetal weight and adiposity. Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, is downregulated in maternal obesity. High molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin is the most abundant form and with most biological actions. In maternal obesity lower total and HMW adiponectin levels have been described in the mother, paralleled with high levels in the umbilical cord. Several studies have found that cord blood adiponectin levels are related with postnatal growth trajectories, and it has been suggested that low adiponectin levels in women with pregestational obesity enhance placental insulin sensitivity and activation of placental amino acid transport systems, supporting fetal overgrowth. The possible mechanisms by which maternal pregestational obesity, focusing in the actions of leptin and adiponectin, affects the fetal development and postnatal growth trajectories in their offspring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M Lépez
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Carrasco-Negüe
- Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Casanello
- Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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13
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Moon JM, Capra JA, Abbot P, Rokas A. Immune Regulation in Eutherian Pregnancy: Live Birth Coevolved with Novel Immune Genes and Gene Regulation. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900072. [PMID: 31373044 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Novel regulatory elements that enabled expression of pre-existing immune genes in reproductive tissues and novel immune genes with pregnancy-specific roles in eutherians have shaped the evolution of mammalian pregnancy by facilitating the emergence of novel mechanisms for immune regulation over its course. Trade-offs arising from conflicting fitness effects on reproduction and host defenses have further influenced the patterns of genetic variation of these genes. These three mechanisms (novel regulatory elements, novel immune genes, and trade-offs) played a pivotal role in refining the regulation of maternal immune systems during pregnancy in eutherians, likely facilitating the establishment of prolonged direct maternal-fetal contact in eutherians without causing immunological rejection of the genetically distinct fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun M Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - John A Capra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
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14
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Nesrine Z, Haithem H, Imen B, Fadoua N, Asma O, Fadhel NM, Ali B. Leptin and Leptin receptor polymorphisms, plasma Leptin levels and obesity in Tunisian volunteers. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:121-130. [PMID: 29893028 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ that secretes a number of adipokines, like Leptin (LEP). The aim this study was to investigate the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in LEP gene (LEP 3'UTR A/C, -2548 G/A) and LEPR (K109R and Q223R) and their association with Leptin level and obesity. We recruited 169 non-obese (body mass index [BMI] = 24.51-3.69 kg/m2 ) and 160 obese (BMI = 36-4.78 kg/m2 ) patients. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, BMI was calculated, and Leptin level was measured by ELISA. Statistical analyses were performed by spss19.0. According to LEP 3'UTR A/C polymorphism, AC and CC genotype carriers had higher Leptin levels than AA genotype carriers, respectively, 31[0.05-148.8] (P = .008) vs 41[0.05-111.6] (P = .003). The K109R polymorphism was associated with obesity (P = .025) and seems to significantly decrease the LEP levels (P < .001). Concerning LEP G2548A polymorphism, our results showed that the OR of obesity associated with 2548 AA/GG was 1.87[1.106-2.78] P = .028 vs 1.41[1.035-1.85] P = .045 for 223AA/GG polymorphism. In our haplotype analysis, one haplotype seems to be the more protective and one other seems to be the highest risk to obesity. LEP 3'UTR A/C and LEPR K109R polymorphisms were associated with Leptin level and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayani Nesrine
- Biochemistry Department, LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hamdouni Haithem
- Biochemistry Department, LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Boumaiza Imen
- Biochemistry Department, LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Neffati Fadoua
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Monastir's University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Omezzine Asma
- Biochemistry Department, LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Najjar Mohamed Fadhel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Monastir's University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bouslama Ali
- Biochemistry Department, LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
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15
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Effects of maternal and fetal LEP common variants on maternal glycemic traits in pregnancy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17710. [PMID: 29255202 PMCID: PMC5735190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that leptin (LEP) has an important role in glucose metabolism in the nonpregnant state. During pregnancy, circulating maternal concentrations of leptin rise significantly, mainly due to increased secretion of leptin from maternal adipose tissue and placenta. This study aimed to analyze the impact of maternal and fetal common LEP variants on glucose homeostasis in the pregnant state. Several glycemic traits, including fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin (FPI), and plasma glucose 1 hour after a 50-g oral glucose load, were measured in 1,112 unrelated Chinese Han pregnant women at 24–28 weeks gestation. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) was used to assess beta cell function (HOMA1-β and HOMA2-β) and insulin resistance (HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR).The relationships between glycemic traits and 12 LEP variants were determined. After applying the Bonferroni correction, we detected that (1) maternal rs10954173 and fetal rs10244329 were associated with maternal FPI although the effect of fetal rs10244329 may be not independent of maternal rs10244329, and (2) maternal rs12537573 was associated with maternal FPI and HOMA2-IR. This study provides genetic evidence that both maternal and fetal LEP polymorphisms may affect maternal glucose metabolism in pregnancy.
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16
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Schanton M, Maymó JL, Pérez-Pérez A, Sánchez-Margalet V, Varone CL. Involvement of leptin in the molecular physiology of the placenta. Reproduction 2017; 155:R1-R12. [PMID: 29018059 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a homeostatic regulator in the placenta where it promotes proliferation, protein synthesis and the expression of tolerogenic maternal response molecules such as HLA-G. Leptin also exerts an anti-apoptotic action in placenta controlling the expression of p53 master cell cycle regulator under different stress conditions. On the other hand, leptin is an integrative target of different placental stimuli. The expression of leptin in placenta is regulated by hCG, insulin, steroids, hypoxia and many other growth hormones, suggesting that it might have an important endocrine function in the trophoblastic cells. The leptin expression is induced involving the cAMP/PKA or cAMP/Epac pathways which have profound actions upon human trophoblast function. The activation of PI3K and MAPK pathways also participates in the leptin expression. Estrogens play a central role during pregnancy, particularly 17β-estradiol upregulates the leptin expression in placental cells through genomic and non-genomic actions. The leptin promoter analysis reveals specific elements that are active in placental cells. The transcription factors CREB, AP1, Sp1, NFκB and the coactivator CBP are involved in the placental leptin expression. Moreover, placental leptin promoter is a target of epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation that regulates not only the leptin expression in placenta during pregnancy but also determines the predisposition of acquiring adult metabolism diseases. Taken together, all these results allow a better understanding of leptin function and regulatory mechanisms of leptin expression in human placental trophoblasts, and support the importance of leptin during pregnancy and in programming adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Schanton
- Departamento de Química BiológicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos AiresCONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta L Maymó
- Departamento de Química BiológicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos AiresCONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología MolecularHospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología MolecularHospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Cecilia L Varone
- Departamento de Química BiológicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina .,Universidad de Buenos AiresCONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Polymorphisms in the leptin (rs7799039) gene are associated with an increased risk of excessive gestational weight gain but not with leptin concentration during pregnancy. Nutr Res 2017; 47:53-62. [PMID: 29241578 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR) have been shown to be linked to obesity-related metabolic markers and phenotype. Therefore, we hypothesized that the LEP-rs7799039 and LEPR-rs1137101 SNPs are related to the risk of pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) as well as to excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and high concentrations of leptin throughout pregnancy. We investigated a prospective cohort of 147 Brazilian pregnant women through weeks 5-13, 20-26, and 30-36 of gestation. Genetic variants of LEP and LEPR were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and leptin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analyses included multiple linear regression, linear mixed effects, and Poisson regression models. Genotype AA carriers for the LEP-rs7799039 gene maintained a lower body weight throughout pregnancy compared with those with genotypes GG or GA + GG (βAAvsGG = -7.91 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], -14.21 to -1.61; P = .01; and βAAvsGA + GG = -7.66 kg; 95% CI, -14.07 to -1.25; P = .02). The A allele was significantly associated with an increased risk for excessive GWG (relative riskLEP-GAvsGG, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.23-3.80; and relative riskLEP-AAvsGG, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.04-5.39). Neither the LEP-rs7799039 nor LEPR-rs1137101 SNP was significantly associated with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity risk and leptin concentrations during pregnancy. In conclusion, our results indicate that women who had the AA genotype for LEP-rs7799039 displayed a lower body weight throughout pregnancy compared with GG or GA + GG carriers. LEP-rs7799039 was significantly associated with an increased risk for excessive GWG, but the results do not support significant associations of the LEP-rs7799039 and LEPR-rs1137101 polymorphisms with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity risk and leptin concentrations throughout pregnancy.
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18
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Schanton M, Maymó J, Pérez-Pérez A, Gambino Y, Maskin B, Dueñas JL, Sánchez-Margalet V, Varone C. Sp1 transcription factor is a modulator of estradiol leptin induction in placental cells. Placenta 2017; 57:152-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Yeboah FA, Ngala RA, Bawah AT, Asare-Anane H, Alidu H, Hamid AWM, Wumbee JDK. Adiposity and hyperleptinemia during the first trimester among pregnant women with preeclampsia. Int J Womens Health 2017; 9:449-454. [PMID: 28670144 PMCID: PMC5481409 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s134088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin levels start increasing from the early stages of pregnancy, irrespective of the maternal body mass index. Leptin levels are increased in pregnant women with preeclampsia (PE) and may precede the clinical onset of the disease, with peaks occurring around 28 weeks of gestation. This study was aimed at determining whether serum leptin concentration and body fat percentage are significantly altered during the first trimester in pregnancies that subsequently develop PE and whether such changes are useful in predicting the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective longitudinal study conducted among pregnant women in Ho municipality. A cohort of 314 pregnant women was monitored from the first antenatal visit to delivery period at the Volta Regional Hospital, Ho, Ghana. Maternal serum leptin and lipid profile were analyzed and body fat percentage determined during first trimester. Body mass index was also calculated. RESULTS First trimester serum leptin level (P<0.0001) and body fat percentage (P<0.0001) were significantly higher in those who developed PE than those who did not; while triglycerides (P=0.8600), total cholesterol (P=0.5620), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.5880), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.4870) and very low-density lipoprotein (P=0.6540) did not show any significant difference between those with PE and those without PE. CONCLUSION Leptin levels are increased significantly during the first trimester of pregnancy in obese women with PE, and these increases precede the onset of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Agyemang Yeboah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
| | - Robert Amadu Ngala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
| | - Ahmed Tijani Bawah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho
| | - Henry Asare-Anane
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra
| | - Huseini Alidu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho
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20
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Zayani N, Omezzine A, Boumaiza I, Achour O, Rebhi L, Rejeb J, Ben Rejeb N, Ben Abdelaziz A, Bouslama A. Association of ADIPOQ, leptin, LEPR, and resistin polymorphisms with obesity parameters in Hammam Sousse Sahloul Heart Study. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 31. [PMID: 28195351 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ that secretes a number of adipokines, such as adiponectin (ADIPOQ), leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), and resistin (RETN) which may be implicated in obesity. Some adipokines' polymorphisms of genes might influence their concentrations and/or activities. Our aim was to study the relationship between seven SNPs in ADIPOQ (+45T<G (rs2241766); +276G<T (rs1501299); -4255C<T (rs822393); -395G<T (rs17366568)), LEP (2548G<A (rs7799039)), LEPR (223Q<R (rs1137101)), and RETN (-420C<G (rs1862513)) and obesity in Hammam Sousse Sahloul Heart Study (HSHS). METHODS The study, carried out between February and June 2009, is mainly focused on 1121 respondents in HSHS which is a population-based epidemiological study of type "community-based" on cardiovascular risk. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Serum lipids and anthropometric parameters were measured. Statistic analysis was performed on SPSSv19. RESULTS The polymorphisms of ADIPOQ 4522C<T and 276G<T, LEP 2548G<A, and RETN 420C<G seem to contribute to obesity. In fact, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of obesity associated with mutated genotypes of each polymorphism were respectively OR=1.38, P=.037; OR=0.608, P<.001; OR=2.23, P=.034; and OR=2.18, P<.001. The 276G<T, 4522C<T, and 420C<G were associated with increased BMI (P=.010, P=.028, and P<.001). A significant association was found between the 276G<T; 4522C<T, LEP 2548G<A and 420C<G, and the waist circumference and hip measurements. CONCLUSION ADIPOQ, LEP, and RETN gene polymorphisms were associated with obesity parameters in HSHS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Zayani
- Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Asma Omezzine
- Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imen Boumaiza
- Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ons Achour
- Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Rebhi
- Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jihen Rejeb
- Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabila Ben Rejeb
- Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Ali Bouslama
- Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
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21
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Chrelias G, Makris GM, Papanota AM, Spathis A, Salamalekis G, Sergentanis TN, Rizos D, Karakitsos P, Chrelias C. Serum inhibin and leptin: Risk factors for pre-eclampsia? Clin Chim Acta 2016; 463:84-87. [PMID: 27737735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are parts of the broader spectrum of hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy. This study aims to examine the association between serum inhibin and leptin levels and pre-eclampsia. METHODS This study included 98 consecutive cases of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia, together with their 98 pregnant controls, matched for age, gestational week and time period of delivery. Maternal venous blood samples were obtained within 24h before delivery. In addition to serum inhibin and leptin, birth order, multiple pregnancy, maternal age, maternal overweight/obesity, maternal education, maternal smoking and family history of diabetes/hypertension, were examined as risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS At the univariate analysis, serum inhibin and leptin levels were significantly higher in cases vs. CONTROLS Pre-eclampsia occurred more frequently in primiparous women, whereas overweight and obesity were also associated with pre-eclampsia. At the multivariate analysis, higher serum inhibin levels were associated with pre-eclampsia (multivariate OR=1.09, 95%CI: 1.03-1.17, p=0.004, increase per 0.1ng/mL). On the other hand, leptin was not independently associated with the occurrence of pre-eclampsia (multivariate OR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.95-1.09, p=0.631, increase per 10ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum inhibin levels seem to be associated with pre-eclampsia, reflecting placental dysfunction. Increased serum leptin levels may merely reflect an elevated maternal body mass index, which is a well-known risk factor for pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Chrelias
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital "Attikon", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios-Marios Makris
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital "Attikon", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Aristea-Maria Papanota
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital "Attikon", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Spathis
- Department of Cytopathology, General Hospital "Attikon", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Salamalekis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital "Attikon", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros N Sergentanis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios Rizos
- Hormonal and Biochemical Laboratory, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Karakitsos
- Department of Cytopathology, General Hospital "Attikon", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Chrelias
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital "Attikon", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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22
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Warren IA, Naville M, Chalopin D, Levin P, Berger CS, Galiana D, Volff JN. Evolutionary impact of transposable elements on genomic diversity and lineage-specific innovation in vertebrates. Chromosome Res 2016; 23:505-31. [PMID: 26395902 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-015-9493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, a growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that transposable elements are important drivers of species diversity. These mobile elements exhibit a great variety in structure, size and mechanisms of transposition, making them important putative actors in organism evolution. The vertebrates represent a highly diverse and successful lineage that has adapted to a wide range of different environments. These animals also possess a rich repertoire of transposable elements, with highly diverse content between lineages and even between species. Here, we review how transposable elements are driving genomic diversity and lineage-specific innovation within vertebrates. We discuss the large differences in TE content between different vertebrate groups and then go on to look at how they affect organisms at a variety of levels: from the structure of chromosomes to their involvement in the regulation of gene expression, as well as in the formation and evolution of non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes. In the process of doing this, we highlight how transposable elements have been involved in the evolution of some of the key innovations observed within the vertebrate lineage, driving the group's diversity and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Warren
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Magali Naville
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Domitille Chalopin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Perrine Levin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Suzanne Berger
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Galiana
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Song Y, Gao J, Qu Y, Wang S, Wang X, Liu J. Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in relation to clinical characteristics in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 458:133-7. [PMID: 27154800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in serum adipokines in preeclampsia remain vague. We investigated the roles of leptin, adiponectin and resistin and their relationships with clinical characteristics in normotensive and preeclamptic patients. METHODS A case-control study was carried out in a cohort of 74 preeclampsia(PE) and 79 healthy pregnant women. Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The mean body mass index(BMI), the serum leptin and resistin levels were significantly higher in the PE group than in the control group (p<0.001). The resistin/creatinine ratio was also higher in the PE group than in the control group (p=0.018). No significant difference was observed in the serum adiponectin level between both groups. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with BMI (r=0.301, p<0.001) and negatively correlated with newborn birth weight (r=-0.435, p<0.001). Serum resistin levels were also negatively correlated with birth weight (r=-0.229, p=0.005) but were unrelated to BMI. Logistic regression showed that BMI≥28 and serum leptin levels were independent factors of PE. Leptin was a potential mediator between BMI and PE (p<0.001), and the mediating effect accounted for 22.54% of the total effect. CONCLUSIONS Leptin, resistin, and obesity play important roles in the onset of PE. Leptin and resistin may have some impacts on the fetal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Song
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinsong Gao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yimin Qu
- School of Public Health, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juntao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, PR China.
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Denner J. Expression and function of endogenous retroviruses in the placenta. APMIS 2016; 124:31-43. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Joy J, Armstrong L, Ardill J, Mcclure N, Cooke I. Biochemical markers of placental dysfunction in assisted conception. HUM FERTIL 2015; 18:282-90. [PMID: 26560488 DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2015.1083620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A possible mechanism for poor perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies conceived following assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and those conceived naturally following a period of infertility (>12 months) is thought to be placental dysfunction. This was investigated by measuring plasma concentrations of biochemical markers: (i) soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase1 (sFlt1); (ii) placental growth factor (PlGF); (iii) leptin; and (iv) plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2), serially at four antenatal time points. Baseline concentrations of each marker after delivery were also measured. The control group was naturally conceived singleton pregnancies with no history of infertility. Non-smoking, age-matched nulliparous women with no significant medical history were recruited to all groups. The ART group had significantly lower mean plasma concentrations of PlGF at all antenatal time points compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The subfertility (SF) group had significantly higher mean serum concentrations of leptin than the other groups at all time points (p < 0.001), even after correction for body mass index. There were no significant differences in sFlt1 and PAI-2 concentrations between the groups. Low plasma PlGF concentrations in the ART group might suggest abnormal placentation and/or abnormal function in ART pregnancies with relevance to pathogenesis of pregnancy complications in these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolly Joy
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK and
| | - Lee Armstrong
- b Regional Regulatory Peptide Laboratory , Royal Victoria Hospital , Belfast , UK
| | - Joy Ardill
- b Regional Regulatory Peptide Laboratory , Royal Victoria Hospital , Belfast , UK
| | - Neil Mcclure
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK and
| | - Inez Cooke
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK and
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Orthologous endogenous retroviruses exhibit directional selection since the chimp-human split. Retrovirology 2015; 12:52. [PMID: 26088204 PMCID: PMC4477479 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are often viewed as selfish DNA that do not contribute to host phenotype. Yet ERVs have also been co-opted to play important roles in the maintenance of stem cell identity and placentation, amongst other things. This has led to debate over whether the typical ERV confers a cost or benefit upon the host. We studied the divergence of orthologous ERVs since the chimp-human split with the aim of assessing whether ERVs exert detectable fitness effects. Results ERVs have evolved faster than other selfish DNA in human and chimpanzee. The divergence of ERVs relative to neighbouring selfish DNA is positively correlated with the length of the long terminal repeat of an ERV and with the percentage of neighbouring DNA that is not selfish. ERVs from the HERV-H family have diverged particularly quickly and in a manner that correlates with their level of transcription in human stem cells. A substitution into a highly transcribed HERV-H has a selective coefficient of the order of 10−4. This is large enough to suggest these substitutions are not dominated by drift. Conclusions ERVs differ from other selfish DNA in the extent to which they diverge and appear to have measurable effects on hosts, even after fixation. The effects are strongest for HERV-H and suggest that the HERV-H transcriptome has recently evolved under the influence of directional selection. As there are many HERV-H loci distributed across the ape lineage, our results suggest that in future this family can be used to model the evolutionary consequences of ERV exaptation in primates and other mammals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0172-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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27
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Acute Wnt pathway activation positively regulates leptin gene expression in mature adipocytes. Cell Signal 2015; 27:587-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Placental miR-1301 is dysregulated in early-onset preeclampsia and inversely correlated with maternal circulating leptin. Placenta 2014; 35:709-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Maternal circulating concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin, and adiponectin in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:926932. [PMID: 25202741 PMCID: PMC4151523 DOI: 10.1155/2014/926932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of GDM. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether maternal serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), leptin, and adiponectin were associated with GDM. A systematic search of PubMed and Medline was undertaken. In total, 27 trials were evaluated by meta-analyses using the software Review Manager 5.0. The results showed that maternal TNF-α (P = 0.0003) and leptin (P < 0.00001) concentrations were significantly higher in GDM patients versus controls. However, maternal adiponectin (P < 0.00001) concentration was significantly lower in GDM patients compared with controls. Subgroup analysis taking in consideration the effect of obesity on maternal adipokine levels showed that circulating levels of TNF-α and leptin remained elevated in GDM patients compared to their body mass index (BMI) matched controls, and adiponectin level remained depressed in GDM individuals. Our findings strengthen the clinical evidence that GDM is accompanied by exaggerated inflammatory responses.
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30
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Different profile of serum leptin between early onset and late onset preeclampsia. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:628476. [PMID: 24591763 PMCID: PMC3925616 DOI: 10.1155/2014/628476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim. This study was designed to clarify the role of leptin and adiponectin in preeclampsia (PE) pathogenesis and different subtypes of preeclampsia. Method. This case control study was performed in 45 PE patients and 45 healthy controls matched for age, BMI, and ethnicity. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. Maternal serum leptin and adiponectin were significantly higher in PE women than controls. Serum leptin was elevated in early onset preeclampsia (EOPE) and late onset preeclampsia (LOPE) compared to controls. Among PE patients, serum leptin was higher in EOPE than LOPE women. However, serum adiponectin was not different between EOPE and LOPE women. The serum leptin was significantly higher in severe PE than mild PE. The serum adiponectin was significantly elevated in severe PE compared to controls. Significant positive correlation was observed between leptin and adiponectin and also between leptin and BMI in controls. Moreover significant positive correlation was observed between adiponectin and BMI in PE patients and controls. Conclusion. The present study showed that serum leptin level may play a significant role as a biomarker to differentiate early and late onset PE and also its relation to BMI and severity of disease.
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Abstract
The mammalian placenta exhibits elevated expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), but the evolutionary significance of this feature remains unclear. I propose that ERV-mediated regulatory evolution was, and continues to be, an important mechanism underlying the evolution of placental development. Many recent studies have focused on the co-option of ERV-derived genes for specific functional adaptations in the placenta. However, the co-option of ERV-derived regulatory elements could potentially lead to the incorporation of entire gene regulatory networks, which, I argue, would facilitate relatively rapid developmental evolution of the placenta. I suggest a model in which an ancient retroviral infection led to the establishment of the ancestral placental developmental gene network through the co-option of ERV-derived regulatory elements. Consequently, placental development would require elevated tolerance to ERV activity. This in turn would expose a continuous stream of novel ERV mutations that may have catalyzed the developmental diversification of the mammalian placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Chuong
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Pérez-Pérez A, Maymó J, Gambino Y, Guadix P, Dueñas JL, Varone C, Sánchez-Margalet V. Insulin enhances leptin expression in human trophoblastic cells. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:20. [PMID: 23718986 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.109348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, one of the adipokines that controls energy metabolism via the central nervous system, also has pleiotropic peripheral effects, acting as a proinflammatory cytokine. Leptin is also produced by trophoblastic cells in the placenta, where leptin seems to function as a trophic autocrine hormone. Leptin expression is regulated by various tissue-specific factors, such as insulin, in the adipocyte. However, the complete regulation of leptin production in the placenta is still poorly understood. That is why we investigated the regulation of leptin expression by insulin in JEG-3 trophoblastic cells and human placental explants from normal pregnancies. Western blot analysis and quantitative real time RT-PCR was performed to determine the leptin expression level after treatment of cells or trophoblast explants with different concentrations of insulin (0.1-100 nM). Leptin promoter activity was evaluated by transient transfection with a plasmid construct containing different promoter regions and the reporter luciferase gene. We found a stimulatory, dose-dependent effect of insulin on endogenous leptin expression in human placental explants. Maximal effect was achieved at 10 nM insulin, and this effect can be totally prevented both by blocking phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathways and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Moreover, insulin treatment significantly enhanced leptin promoter activity up to 40% in JEG-3 trophoblastic cells. Deletion analysis demonstrated that a minimal promoter region between -1951 and -1546 bp is necessary to achieve insulin effects. In conclusion, we provide evidence suggesting that insulin induces leptin expression in trophoblastic cells, enhancing the activity of leptin promoter region between -1951 and -1546 bp, via both PI3K- and MAPK-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Av. Dr. Fedriani 3, Seville, Spain
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Cold-induced changes in gene expression in brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue and liver. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68933. [PMID: 23894377 PMCID: PMC3718809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure imposes a metabolic challenge to mammals that is met by a coordinated response in different tissues to prevent hypothermia. This study reports a transcriptomic analysis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), white adipose (WAT) and liver of mice in response to 24 h cold exposure at 8°C. Expression of 1895 genes were significantly (P<0.05) up- or down-regulated more than two fold by cold exposure in all tissues but only 5 of these genes were shared by all three tissues, and only 19, 14 and 134 genes were common between WAT and BAT, WAT and liver, and BAT and liver, respectively. We confirmed using qRT-PCR, the increased expression of a number of characteristic BAT genes during cold exposure. In both BAT and the liver, the most common direction of change in gene expression was suppression (496 genes in BAT and 590 genes in liver). Gene ontology analysis revealed for the first time significant (P<0.05) down regulation in response to cold, of genes involved in oxidoreductase activity, lipid metabolic processes and protease inhibitor activity, in both BAT and liver, but not WAT. The results reveal an unexpected importance of down regulation of cytochrome P450 gene expression and apolipoprotein, in both BAT and liver, but not WAT, in response to cold exposure. Pathway analysis suggests a model in which down regulation of the nuclear transcription factors HNF4α and PPARα in both BAT and liver may orchestrate the down regulation of genes involved in lipoprotein and steroid metabolism as well as Phase I enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 group in response to cold stress in mice. We propose that the response to cold stress involves decreased gene expression in a range of cellular processes in order to maximise pathways involved in heat production.
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34
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Song Y, Ahn J, Suh Y, Davis ME, Lee K. Identification of novel tissue-specific genes by analysis of microarray databases: a human and mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64483. [PMID: 23741331 PMCID: PMC3669334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the tissue-specific pattern of gene expression is critical in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of tissue development, gene function, and transcriptional regulations of biological processes. Although tissue-specific gene expression information is available in several databases, follow-up strategies to integrate and use these data are limited. The objective of the current study was to identify and evaluate novel tissue-specific genes in human and mouse tissues by performing comparative microarray database analysis and semi-quantitative PCR analysis. We developed a powerful approach to predict tissue-specific genes by analyzing existing microarray data from the NCBI′s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public repository. We investigated and confirmed tissue-specific gene expression in the human and mouse kidney, liver, lung, heart, muscle, and adipose tissue. Applying our novel comparative microarray approach, we confirmed 10 kidney, 11 liver, 11 lung, 11 heart, 8 muscle, and 8 adipose specific genes. The accuracy of this approach was further verified by employing semi-quantitative PCR reaction and by searching for gene function information in existing publications. Three novel tissue-specific genes were discovered by this approach including AMDHD1 (amidohydrolase domain containing 1) in the liver, PRUNE2 (prune homolog 2) in the heart, and ACVR1C (activin A receptor, type IC) in adipose tissue. We further confirmed the tissue-specific expression of these 3 novel genes by real-time PCR. Among them, ACVR1C is adipose tissue-specific and adipocyte-specific in adipose tissue, and can be used as an adipocyte developmental marker. From GEO profiles, we predicted the processes in which AMDHD1 and PRUNE2 may participate. Our approach provides a novel way to identify new sets of tissue-specific genes and to predict functions in which they may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition (OSUN), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition (OSUN), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bartel C, Tichy A, Walter I. Characterization of foamy epithelial surface cells in the canine endometrium. Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:165-81. [PMID: 23617756 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In mature bitches, endometrial epithelial surface cells modify function and corresponding morphology during the oestrous cycle. During late metoestrous, endometrial epithelial surface cells frequently accumulate fat and thereby adopt a foamy morphology. This cyclic appearance of foamy endometrial epithelial cells (fEECs) seems to be physiological in the dog, whereas in other species, it indicates pathological changes. Function of these fEECs has not been identified until now. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the fEECs by means of transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Different manifestations of fEECs were observed and analysed with regard to proliferative activity and presence of different epithelial adhesion molecules including PLEKHA7, β-catenin and E-cadherin. PLEKHA7 was restricted to the apical regions of the fEECs, whereas E-cadherin and β-catenin were demonstrated basolateral. The immunohistochemical detection of steroid hormone receptors demonstrated the responsiveness of the fEECs to steroid hormones. Intense progesterone receptor expression was observed in the fEECs indicating a high responsiveness to this hormone. Considering a potential function of the fEECs, we hypothesized that leptin, a hormone produced by other lipid-accumulating cells and described to be involved in reproduction, in particular during implantation, might also originate from the fEECs which was confirmed by immunohistochemical methods. Moreover, leptin receptor was found in fEECs indicating the fEECs as both, source and target for leptin. Therefore, we conclude that fEECs in the canine uterus have a potential role in early pregnancy events and that the different observed manifestations might simply reflect the variations of signs of pseudopregnancy among bitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bartel
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A - 1210, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Tessier D, Ferraro Z, Gruslin A. Role of leptin in pregnancy: Consequences of maternal obesity. Placenta 2013; 34:205-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Maymó JL, Pérez Pérez A, Maskin B, Dueñas JL, Calvo JC, Sánchez Margalet V, Varone CL. The alternative Epac/cAMP pathway and the MAPK pathway mediate hCG induction of leptin in placental cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46216. [PMID: 23056265 PMCID: PMC3462743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropic effects of leptin have been identified in reproduction and pregnancy, particularly in the placenta, where it works as an autocrine hormone. In this work, we demonstrated that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) added to JEG-3 cell line or to placental explants induces endogenous leptin expression. We also found that hCG increased cAMP intracellular levels in BeWo cells in a dose-dependent manner, stimulated cAMP response element (CRE) activity and the cotransfection with an expression plasmid of a dominant negative mutant of CREB caused a significant inhibition of hCG stimulation of leptin promoter activity. These results demonstrate that hCG indeed activates cAMP/PKA pathway, and that this pathway is involved in leptin expression. Nevertheless, we found leptin induction by hCG is dependent on cAMP levels. Treatment with (Bu)2cAMP in combination with low and non stimulatory hCG concentrations led to an increase in leptin expression, whereas stimulatory concentrations showed the opposite effect. We found that specific PKA inhibition by H89 caused a significant increase of hCG leptin induction, suggesting that probably high cAMP levels might inhibit hCG effect. It was found that hCG enhancement of leptin mRNA expression involved the MAPK pathway. In this work, we demonstrated that hCG leptin induction through the MAPK signaling pathway is inhibited by PKA. We observed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased when hCG treatment was combined with H89. In view of these results, the involvement of the alternative cAMP/Epac signaling pathway was studied. We observed that a cAMP analogue that specifically activates Epac (CPT-OMe) stimulated leptin expression by hCG. In addition, the overexpression of Epac and Rap1 proteins increased leptin promoter activity and enhanced hCG. In conclusion, we provide evidence suggesting that hCG induction of leptin gene expression in placenta is mediated not only by activation of the MAPK signaling pathway but also by the alternative cAMP/Epac signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Lorena Maymó
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Pérez Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular. Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Bernardo Maskin
- Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Luis Dueñas
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, España
| | - Juan Carlos Calvo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Víctor Sánchez Margalet
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular. Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Cecilia Laura Varone
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Lowe CB, Haussler D. 29 mammalian genomes reveal novel exaptations of mobile elements for likely regulatory functions in the human genome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43128. [PMID: 22952639 PMCID: PMC3428314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research supports the view that changes in gene regulation, as opposed to changes in the genes themselves, play a significant role in morphological evolution. Gene regulation is largely dependent on transcription factor binding sites. Researchers are now able to use the available 29 mammalian genomes to measure selective constraint at the level of binding sites. This detailed map of constraint suggests that mammalian genomes co-opt fragments of mobile elements to act as gene regulatory sequence on a large scale. In the human genome we detect over 280,000 putative regulatory elements, totaling approximately 7 Mb of sequence, that originated as mobile element insertions. These putative regulatory regions are conserved non-exonic elements (CNEEs), which show considerable cross-species constraint and signatures of continued negative selection in humans, yet do not appear in a known mature transcript. These putative regulatory elements were co-opted from SINE, LINE, LTR and DNA transposon insertions. We demonstrate that at least 11%, and an estimated 20%, of gene regulatory sequence in the human genome showing cross-species conservation was co-opted from mobile elements. The location in the genome of CNEEs co-opted from mobile elements closely resembles that of CNEEs in general, except in the centers of the largest gene deserts where recognizable co-option events are relatively rare. We find that regions of certain mobile element insertions are more likely to be held under purifying selection than others. In particular, we show 6 examples where paralogous instances of an often co-opted mobile element region define a sequence motif that closely matches a transcription factor's binding profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig B. Lowe
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David Haussler
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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Emera D, Wagner GP. Transposable element recruitments in the mammalian placenta: impacts and mechanisms. Brief Funct Genomics 2012; 11:267-76. [PMID: 22753775 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/els013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA elements found at high frequency in mammalian genomes. Although these elements are generally perceived as genomic parasites, they have the potential to influence host genome function in many beneficial ways. This article discusses the role TEs have played in the evolution of the placenta and pregnancy in viviparous mammals. Using examples from our own research and the literature, we argue that frequent recruitment of TEs, in particular of retroelements, has facilitated the extreme diversification of tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. We also discuss the mechanisms by which TEs have been recruited for functions during pregnancy. We argue that retroelements are pre-adapted to becoming cis-regulatory elements for host genomes because they need to utilize host regulatory signals for their own life cycle. However, although TEs contain some of the signals necessary for host functions upon insertion, they often require modification before acquiring a biological role in a host tissue. We discuss the process by which one TE was transformed into a promoter for prolactin expression in the endometrium, describing a model for TE domestication called 'epistatic capture'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Emera
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Bonagura TW, Babischkin JS, Aberdeen GW, Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Prematurely elevating estradiol in early baboon pregnancy suppresses uterine artery remodeling and expression of extravillous placental vascular endothelial growth factor and α1β1 and α5β1 integrins. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2897-906. [PMID: 22495671 PMCID: PMC3359598 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that advancing the increase in estradiol levels from the second to the first third of baboon pregnancy suppressed placental extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion and remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries. Cell culture studies show that vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) plays a central role in regulating EVT migration and remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries by increasing the expression/action of certain integrins that control extracellular matrix remodeling. To test the hypothesis that the estradiol-induced reduction in vessel remodeling in baboons is associated with an alteration in VEGF and integrin expression, extravillous placental VEGF and integrin expression was determined on d 60 of gestation (term is 184 d) in baboons in which uterine artery transformation was suppressed by maternal estradiol administration on d 25-59. EVT uterine spiral artery invasion was 5-fold lower (P < 0.01), and VEGF protein expression, quantified by in situ proximity ligation assay, was 50% lower (P < 0.05) in the placenta anchoring villi of estradiol-treated than in untreated baboons. α1β1 and α5β1 mRNA levels in cells isolated by laser capture microdissection from the anchoring villi and cytotrophoblastic shell of estradiol-treated baboons were over 2-fold (P < 0.01) and 40% (P < 0.05) lower, respectively, than in untreated animals. In contrast, placental extravillous αvβ3 mRNA expression was unaltered by estradiol treatment. In summary, extravillous placental expression of VEGF and α1β1 and α5β1 integrins was decreased in a cell- and integrin-specific manner in baboons in which EVT invasion and remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries were suppressed by prematurely elevating estradiol levels in early pregnancy. We propose that estrogen normally controls the extent to which the uterine arteries are transformed by placental EVT in primate pregnancy by regulating expression of VEGF and particular integrin extracellular remodeling molecules that mediate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Bonagura
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Studies in Reproduction, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Gambino YP, Pérez Pérez A, Dueñas JL, Calvo JC, Sánchez-Margalet V, Varone CL. Regulation of leptin expression by 17beta-estradiol in human placental cells involves membrane associated estrogen receptor alpha. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:900-10. [PMID: 22310000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The placenta produces a wide number of molecules that play essential roles in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. In this context, leptin has emerged as an important player in reproduction. The synthesis of leptin in normal trophoblastic cells is regulated by different endogenous biochemical agents, but the regulation of placental leptin expression is still poorly understood. We have previously reported that 17β-estradiol (E(2)) up-regulates placental leptin expression. To improve the understanding of estrogen receptor mechanisms in regulating leptin gene expression, in the current study we examined the effect of membrane-constrained E(2) conjugate, E-BSA, on leptin expression in human placental cells. We have found that leptin expression was induced by E-BSA both in BeWo cells and human placental explants, suggesting that E(2) also exerts its effects through membrane receptors. Moreover E-BSA rapidly activated different MAPKs and AKT pathways, and these pathways were involved in E(2) induced placental leptin expression. On the other hand we demonstrated the presence of ERα associated to the plasma membrane of BeWo cells. We showed that E(2) genomic and nongenomic actions could be mediated by ERα. Supporting this idea, the downregulation of ERα level through a specific siRNA, decreased E-BSA effects on leptin expression. Taken together, these results provide new evidence of the mechanisms whereby E(2) regulates leptin expression in placenta and support the importance of leptin in placental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yésica P Gambino
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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42
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Miehle K, Stepan H, Fasshauer M. Leptin, adiponectin and other adipokines in gestational diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:2-11. [PMID: 21951069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteins secreted from adipocytes - so-called adipokines - influence metabolic and vascular function. Recent data suggest that various adipokines are dysregulated in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-eclampsia (PE) and might be of pathophysiological and prognostic significance in these complications of pregnancy. This review gives an overview on the regulation and pathophysiology of leptin and adiponectin in GDM and PE. Furthermore, data on novel adipokines including resistin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein 4 and vaspin are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Miehle
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Nephrology), University of Leipzig, Germany
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43
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Role of transcription factor modifications in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2012:716425. [PMID: 22110478 PMCID: PMC3205681 DOI: 10.1155/2012/716425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by fat accumulation in the liver not due to alcohol abuse. NAFLD is accompanied by variety of symptoms related to metabolic syndrome. Although the metabolic link between NAFLD and insulin resistance is not fully understood, it is clear that NAFLD is one of the main cause of insulin resistance. NAFLD is shown to affect the functions of other organs, including pancreas, adipose tissue, muscle and inflammatory systems. Currently efforts are being made to understand molecular mechanism of interrelationship between NAFLD and insulin resistance at the transcriptional level with specific focus on post-translational modification (PTM) of transcription factors. PTM of transcription factors plays a key role in controlling numerous biological events, including cellular energy metabolism, cell-cycle progression, and organ development. Cell type- and tissue-specific reversible modifications include lysine acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation. Moreover, phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation on serine and threonine residues have been shown to affect protein stability, subcellular distribution, DNA-binding affinity, and transcriptional activity. PTMs of transcription factors involved in insulin-sensitive tissues confer specific adaptive mechanisms in response to internal or external stimuli. Our understanding of the interplay between these modifications and their effects on transcriptional regulation is growing. Here, we summarize the diverse roles of PTMs in insulin-sensitive tissues and their involvement in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
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Vaskú JAB, Vaskú A, Dostálová Z, Bienert P. Association of leptin genetic polymorphism -2548 G/A with gestational diabetes mellitus. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 1:117-23. [PMID: 18850205 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations of -2548 G/A polymorphism in leptin gene promoter and pregnancy-associated diseases with abnormal fetal growth such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. The study was also focused on whether it is rather maternal or fetal variants that determines the pathological growth status. Peripheral or cord blood samples obtained from 49 preeclamptic women and their 39 newborns, 53 healthy controls and their 53 healthy newborns and 48 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus were evaluated for leptin gene (LEP) locus -2548 genotypes. The significantly higher risk for gestational diabetes mellitus was observed in the presence of an allele (AA and AG genotypes) against carriers of GGgenotype(OR=2.84, 95%CI1.14-7.07,p=0.02). Thereisa significant risk of diabetes mellitus associated to A allele (OR=1.79, 95%CI 1.02-3.14, p=0.03). Furthermore, evaluations of preeclamptic patients' data revealed a significant association of genotype distribution and delivery and spontaneous abortion rate, where the GG carriers performed the highest pregnancy rate while the AG carriers performed the lowest spontaneous abortion rate. Our results support the hypothesis for -2548 G/A leptin gene polymorphism involvement in ethiopathogenesis of pregnancy-associated diseases with abnormal fetal growth, especially gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Anna Bienertová Vaskú
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 662 43, Brno, Czech Republic,
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Maymó JL, Pérez Pérez A, Gambino Y, Calvo JC, Sánchez-Margalet V, Varone CL. Review: Leptin gene expression in the placenta--regulation of a key hormone in trophoblast proliferation and survival. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl 2:S146-53. [PMID: 21303721 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a 16000 MW protein originally described as an adipocyte-derived signaling molecule for the central control of metabolism. However, pleiotropic effects of leptin have been identified in reproduction and pregnancy. The leptin gene is expressed in placenta, where leptin promotes proliferation and survival of trophoblast cells. Study of the major signaling pathways known to be triggered by leptin receptor has revealed that leptin stimulates JAK/STAT, MAPK and PI3K pathways in placental cells. Leptin also exerts an antiapoptotic action in placenta and this effect is mediated by the MAPK pathway. Moreover, leptin stimulates protein synthesis by activating the translational machinery via both PI3K and MAPK pathways. Expression of leptin in placenta is highly regulated, suggesting that certain key pregnancy molecules participate in such regulation. An important hormone in reproduction, hCG, induces leptin expression in trophoblast cells and this effect involves the MAPK signal transduction pathway. Moreover, the cyclic nucleotide cAMP, which has profound actions upon human trophoblast function, also stimulates leptin expression and this effect seems to be mediated by crosstalk between the PKA and MAPK signaling pathways. Estrogens play a central role in reproduction. 17β-estradiol upregulates leptin expression in placental cells through genomic and non-genomic actions, probably via crosstalk between estrogen receptor-α and the MAPK and PI3K signal transduction pathways. Taken together these findings give a better understanding of the function of leptin and the regulatory mechanisms of leptin expression in human placental trophoblast and further support the importance of leptin in the biology of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Maymó
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Oliver KR, Greene WK. Mobile DNA and the TE-Thrust hypothesis: supporting evidence from the primates. Mob DNA 2011; 2:8. [PMID: 21627776 PMCID: PMC3123540 DOI: 10.1186/1759-8753-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are increasingly being recognized as powerful facilitators of evolution. We propose the TE-Thrust hypothesis to encompass TE-facilitated processes by which genomes self-engineer coding, regulatory, karyotypic or other genetic changes. Although TEs are occasionally harmful to some individuals, genomic dynamism caused by TEs can be very beneficial to lineages. This can result in differential survival and differential fecundity of lineages. Lineages with an abundant and suitable repertoire of TEs have enhanced evolutionary potential and, if all else is equal, tend to be fecund, resulting in species-rich adaptive radiations, and/or they tend to undergo major evolutionary transitions. Many other mechanisms of genomic change are also important in evolution, and whether the evolutionary potential of TE-Thrust is realized is heavily dependent on environmental and ecological factors. The large contribution of TEs to evolutionary innovation is particularly well documented in the primate lineage. In this paper, we review numerous cases of beneficial TE-caused modifications to the genomes of higher primates, which strongly support our TE-Thrust hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Oliver
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth W. A. 6150, Australia
| | - Wayne K Greene
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth W. A. 6150, Australia
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Ge YC, Li JN, Ni XT, Guo CM, Wang WS, Duan T, Sun K. Cross talk between cAMP and p38 MAPK pathways in the induction of leptin by hCG in human placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Reproduction 2011; 142:369-75. [PMID: 21562093 DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leptin produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblasts participates in a number of processes in pregnancy including implantation, proliferation of the cytotrophoblasts, and nutrient transfer across the placenta. Despite the functional significance of leptin in pregnancy, the regulation of leptin synthesis is poorly understood in human placental syncytiotrophoblasts. In this study, we investigated the role of endogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the regulation of leptin production as well as the underlying mechanism involving the cross talk between cAMP and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. We found that neutralization of endogenous hCG with its antibody dose dependently decreased leptin mRNA level and secretion, whereas exogenous hCG increased leptin mRNA level and secretion. Activation of the cAMP pathway with dibutyryl cAMP (db cAMP) or forskolin recapitulated the stimulatory effect of hCG on leptin expression. Inhibition of protein kinase A with H89 not only reduced the basal leptin expression but also attenuated the induced leptin expression by hCG. Treatment of the syncytiotrophoblasts with db cAMP and hCG phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB203580 not only reduced the basal leptin production but also attenuated the leptin-induced production by both hCG and db cAMP. These data suggest that endogenous hCG plays a significant role in maintaining leptin production in human placental syncytiotrophoblasts, and this effect involves a cross talk between cAMP and p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Ge
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
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Sugathadasa BHKR, Tennekoon KH, Karunanayake EH, Kumarasiri JM, Wijesundere APDS. Association of -2548 G/A polymorphism in the leptin gene with preeclampsia/pregnancy-induced hypertension. Hypertens Pregnancy 2011; 29:366-74. [PMID: 20462372 DOI: 10.3109/10641950903214617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate −2548 G/A polymorphism of LEP gene, plasma leptin and soluble leptin receptor in preeclampsia/pregnancy induced hypertension. METHODS Sixty-two patients and 63 controls (normal pregnancies) studied in the third trimester. Leptin and soluble leptin receptor measured by enzyme immunosorbent assay and −2548 G/A polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction enzyme digestion. RESULTS Frequency of the AA genotype was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in patients. The A allele conferred a relative risk of 1.67 for the disease (p < 0.0001). Preeclampsia/pregnancy induced hypertension significantly (p < 0.001 to 0.0001) affected leptin and soluble leptin receptor concentrations, free leptin index and leptin normalized to body mass index. Genotype significantly (p < 0.05) influenced only the soluble leptin receptor concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Preeclampsia/pregnancy induced hypertension appears to be associated with higher circulating leptin and lower SLR levels, and with the AA genotype of −2548 G/A polymorphism of the leptin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H K R Sugathadasa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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49
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Hinuy HM, Hirata MH, Sampaio MF, Armaganijan D, Arazi SS, Salazar LA, Hirata RDC. Relationship between variants of the leptin gene and obesity and metabolic biomarkers in Brazilian individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 54:282-8. [PMID: 20520958 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302010000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between variants of the leptin gene (LEP) and obesity and metabolic biomarkers was investigated in Brazilian individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS One-hundred-ten obese (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) and 100 non-obese individuals (145 women and 65 men, aged 49 +/- 14 years) were randomly selected. Plasma leptin, glycemia, serum lipid measurements and LEP -2548G>A and 3'HVR polymorphisms were analyzed. RESULTS The LEP -2548GG genotype was associated with a 2.2% and 2.0% increase in BMI (p = 0.009) and plasma leptin (p = 0.031), respectively. 3'HVR I/II (classes I/I+I/II) genotypes contributed with 1.8% of BMI values (p = 0.046). LEP I/G combined genotypes (I/IGG, I/IGA and I/IIGG) were associated with obesity, and increased BMI, waist circumference, leptin and triglycerides (p < 0.05). These relationships were found in women (p < 0.05) but not in men. LEP I/G combined genotypes were not associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS LEP I/G combined genotypes are associated with obesity-related metabolic biomarkers and phenotype in a gender-dependent manner.
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50
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Maymó JL, Pérez Pérez A, Dueñas JL, Calvo JC, Sánchez-Margalet V, Varone CL. Regulation of placental leptin expression by cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate involves cross talk between protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3738-51. [PMID: 20484458 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, a 16-kDa protein mainly produced by adipose tissue, has been involved in the control of energy balance through its hypothalamic receptor. However, pleiotropic effects of leptin have been identified in reproduction and pregnancy, particularly in placenta, where it was found to be expressed. In the current study, we examined the effect of cAMP in the regulation of leptin expression in trophoblastic cells. We found that dibutyryl cAMP [(Bu)(2)cAMP], a cAMP analog, showed an inducing effect on endogenous leptin expression in BeWo and JEG-3 cell lines when analyzed by Western blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. Maximal effect was achieved at 100 microM. Leptin promoter activity was also stimulated, evaluated by transient transfection with a reporter plasmid construction. Similar results were obtained with human term placental explants, thus indicating physiological relevance. Because cAMP usually exerts its actions through activation of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, this pathway was analyzed. We found that cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation was significantly increased with (Bu)(2)cAMP treatment. Furthermore, cotransfection with the catalytic subunit of PKA and/or the transcription factor CREB caused a significant stimulation on leptin promoter activity. On the other hand, the cotransfection with a dominant negative mutant of the regulatory subunit of PKA inhibited leptin promoter activity. We determined that cAMP effect could be blocked by pharmacologic inhibition of PKA or adenylyl ciclase in BeWo cells and in human placental explants. Thereafter, we decided to investigate the involvement of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in the cAMP effect on leptin induction. We found that 50 microm PD98059, a MAPK kinase inhibitor, partially blocked leptin induction by cAMP, measured both by Western blot analysis and reporter transient transfection assay. Moreover, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation was significantly increased with (Bu)(2)cAMP treatment, and this effect was dose dependent. Finally, we observed that 50 microm PD98059 inhibited cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of CREB in placental explants. In summary, we provide some evidence suggesting that cAMP induces leptin expression in placental cells and that this effect seems to be mediated by a cross talk between PKA and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta L Maymó
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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